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Useful Phrases and Sentences for Academic & Research Paper

Overview | Abstract | Introduction | Literature Review | Materials & Methods | Results & Discussion |
Conclusion & Future Work | Acknowledgements & Appendix

1. Abstract

An abstract is a self-contained and short synopsis that describes a larger work. The abstract is the only
part of the paper that is published online and in most conference proceedings. Hence abstract
constitutes a very important section of your paper. Also, when you submit your paper to a journal,
potential reviewers only see the abstract when invited by an editor to review a manuscript. The abstract
should include one or two lines briefly describing the topic, scope, purpose, results, and conclusion of
your work. The abstract is indexed by search engines, so make sure that it has all the right words that a
fellow researcher in the same field will be using while searching for articles online. Also, make sure it is
rich with data and numbers to demonstrate the scientific rigor of your article. Be very clear and confident
about your findings. Keep it punchy and straight to the point.

The abstract section of your research paper should include the following:

Topic
Purpose
Scope
Results

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Conclusion

Click here for the academic phrases and vocabulary for the abstract section of the research paper…

2. Introduction

Introduction section comes after the abstract. Introduction section should provide the reader with a brief
overview of your topic and the reasons for conducting research. The introduction is a perfect place to set
the scene and make a good first impression. Regarding word count, introduction typically occupies 10-
15% of your paper, for example, if the total word count of your paper is 3000, then you should aim for an
introduction of around 600 words. It is often recommended that the introduction section of the paper is
written after finishing the other sections of the paper. This is because it is difficult to figure out what
exactly to put in the introduction section of the paper until you have seen the big picture. Sound very
confident about your chosen subject area and back up your arguments with appropriate references.
After reading the introduction, the reader must have a clear idea of what to expect from the rest of your
research paper.

The introduction section of your research paper should include the following:

General introduction
Problem definition
Gaps in the literature
Problems solution
Study motivation
Aims & objectives
Significance and advantages of your work

Click here for the academic phrases and vocabulary for the introduction section of the research paper…

3. Literature review

The literature review should clearly demonstrate that the author has a good knowledge of the research
area. Literature review typically occupies one or two passages in the introduction section. A well-written
literature review should provide a critical appraisal of previous studies related to the current research
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area rather than a simple summary of prior works. The author shouldn’t shy away from pointing out the
shortcomings of previous works. However, criticising other’s work without any basis can weaken your
paper. This is a perfect place to coin your research question and justify the need for such a study. It is
also worth pointing out towards the end of the review that your study is unique and there is no direct
literature addressing this issue. Add a few sentences about the significance of your research and how
this will add value to the body of knowledge.

The literature review section of your research paper should include the following:

Previous literature
Limitations of previous research
Research questions
Research to be explored

Click here for the academic phrases and vocabulary for the literature review section of the research
paper…

4. Methods

The methods section that follows the introduction section should provide a clear description of the
experimental procedure, and the reasons behind the choice of specific experimental methods. The
methods section should be elaborate enough so that the readers can repeat the experimental procedure
and reproduce the results. The scientific rigor of the paper is judged by your materials and methods
section, so make sure you elaborate on all the fine details of your experiment. Explain the procedures
step-by-step by splitting the main section into multiple sub-sections. Order procedures chronologically
with subheadings. Use past tense to describe what you did since you are reporting on a completed
experiment. The methods section should describe how the research question was answered and explain
how the results were analyzed. Clearly explain various statistical methods used for significance testing
and the reasons behind the choice.

The methods section of your research paper should include the following:

Experimental setup
Data collection
Data analysis
Statistical testing
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Assumptions
Remit of the experiment

Click here for the academic phrases and vocabulary for the methods section of the research paper…

5. Results and Discussion

The results and discussion sections are one of the challenging sections to write. It is important to plan
this section carefully as it may contain a large amount of scientific data that needs to be presented in a
clear and concise fashion. The purpose of a Results section is to present the key results of your
research. Results and discussions can either be combined into one section or organized as separate
sections depending on the requirements of the journal to which you are submitting your research paper.
Use subsections and subheadings to improve readability and clarity. Number all tables and figures with
descriptive titles. Present your results as figures and tables and point the reader to relevant items while
discussing the results. This section should highlight significant or interesting findings along with P values
for statistical tests. Be sure to include negative results and highlight potential limitations of the paper.
You will be criticized by the reviewers if you don’t discuss the shortcomings of your research. This often
makes up for a great discussion section, so do not be afraid to highlight them.

The results and discussion section of your research paper should include the following:

Findings
Comparison with prior studies
Limitations of your work
Casual arguments
Speculations
Deductive arguments

Click here for the academic phrases and vocabulary for the results and discussion section of the
research paper…

6. Conclusion and Future Work:

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A research paper should end with a well-constructed conclusion. The conclusion is somewhat similar to
the introduction. You restate your aims and objectives and summarize your main findings and evidence
for the reader. You can usually do this in one paragraph with three main key points, and one strong take-
home message. You should not present any new arguments in your conclusion. You can raise some
open questions and set the scene for the next study. This is a good place to register your thoughts about
possible future work. Try to explain to your readers what more could be done? What do you think are the
next steps to take? What other questions warrant further investigation? Remember, the conclusion is the
last part of the essay that your reader will see, so spend some time writing the conclusion so that you
can end on a high note.

The conclusion section of your research paper should include the following:

Overall summary
Further research

Click here for the academic phrases and vocabulary for the conclusions and future work sections of the
research paper…

7. Acknowledgements and Appendix:

There is no standard way to write acknowledgements. This section allows you to thank all the people
who helped you with the project. You can take either formal or informal tone; you won’t be penalized.
You can place supplementary materials in the appendix and refer to them in the main text. There is no
limit on what you can place in the appendix section. This can include figures, tables, costs, budget,
maps, etc. Anything that is essential for the paper but might potentially interrupt the flow of the paper
goes in the appendix.

Click here for the academic phrases and vocabulary for the acknowledgements and appendix sections
of the research paper…

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This Post Has 2 Comments

Omar Amer
December 12, 2018 at 4:21 pm

Thanks for your effort. could I have a PDF having all the info included here.

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