VDT Risk: Display Screen Work and The Ergonomics of Workstations
VDT Risk: Display Screen Work and The Ergonomics of Workstations
VDT Risk: Display Screen Work and The Ergonomics of Workstations
VDT risk: display screen work and the ergonomics of workstations
Slide 2: Applicable legislation
Legislative Decree 81 of 2008, section VII, constitutes the applicable legislation regarding health and safety
in work activities carried out on display screen equipment. This module is an instrument for information
and training on the procedures required by the current regulations.
Slide 3: Objectives of the module
The objectives of this module are to provide the worker with the tools for:
‐ making a self‐evaluation of the workstation;
‐ correctly configuring the workstation to minimise the ergonomic risks;
‐ learning the main risk factors related to the use of display screen equipment and health monitoring for
exposed workers.
Slide 4: Structure of the module
To reach the objectives of this module, we will see together:
‐ what the tools for evaluating the workstation are, according to the environmental and ergonomic
requirements;
‐ what should be the optimum position to maintain when working with display screen equipment;
‐ what are the main risk factors related to the use of display screen equipment, and how health monitoring
for exposed workers is organised.
Slide 5: Display screen operator
As indicated in article 175 of Legislative Decree 81/2008, a display screen operator is considered to be one
who is engaged in its use in a frequent and systematic manner for at least 20 hours per week, less the
breaks required by legislation.
Slide 6: Ergonomics
The formalities laid down in art. 175 of Legislative Decree 81/2008 relate to the ergonomics of display
screen equipment workstations.
Ergonomics is the science that deals with the study of human‐machine interaction.
Slide 7: Workstation
The workstation is the unit which comprises the equipment fitted with a display screen, possibly including a
keyboard or other data entry device, including a mouse, the optional accessories, the connected equipment
(telephone, modem, printer, disk unit, document support, chair, work surface) as well as the surrounding
environment.
Slide 8: Obligations of the employer
The legislation provides for evaluation of the workstations by the employer and for their adaptation to
some minimum requirements as laid down by the same legislation.
The employer must adopt all necessary measures to avoid: risks to eyesight and to the eyes, problems
related to posture, to physical and mental fatigue, and to the ergonomic and environmental hygiene
conditions.
Finally, the employer must provide employees with information and training with regards to the methods
of working with display screen equipment.
Slide 9: Environmental and ergonomic requirements
The tools for evaluating the workstation must take two groups of requirements into consideration: the
environmental requirements (that is, related to the environment in which the operator is located) and the
ergonomic requirements (related to the equipment used by the operator).
Slide 10: Workstation evaluation ‐ environmental requirements
By clicking on the buttons to the left of the image, you can see specifically what the environmental
requirements of your workstation should be.
Space: the workstation should be a good size, with sufficient space to allow the operator changes in
position and operational movements. The space beneath the work surface should be of sufficient
depth to allow for semi‐extended legs.
Illumination: the illumination should be sufficient and should guarantee an appropriate contrast
between the screen and the surrounding environment.
The windows should be fitted with an appropriate adjustable shading device (Venetian blinds are
particularly suitable) to attenuate the daylight.
Artificial lights should have adequate shielding and should be free of flicker.
Annoying glare and reflections on the screen should be avoided by organising the workplace
according to the location of the light sources: the workstation, and especially the monitor, should
be positioned at 90 degrees with respect to the sources of natural light (window next to the
operator).
Noise: the noise emitted by equipment that is part of the display screen equipment workstations
should be contained so as not to disturb concentration and verbal communication.
Microclimate: the heat dissipated from the equipment that is part of the display screen equipment
workstation should not constitute a source of annoyance for the workers; the temperature and
humidity of the air should guarantee the standards of well‐being.
Air quality: the exchanges of air should be sufficient.
Slide 11: Workstation evaluation ‐ ergonomic requirements
By clicking on the buttons to the left of the image, you can see specifically what the ergonomic
requirements of your workstation should be.
Monitor: a suitable monitor should have sharp, legible characters, of clear form and sufficient size.
The image should be stable: there should be no flicker or shaking. The brightness and/or the
contrast between the characters and the screen background should be easily adjustable to the
environmental conditions. All these characteristics are optionable: the operator can select the
brightness and contrast as preferred through the use of buttons present on the monitor and by
setting the screen properties (by right‐clicking on the desktop with the mouse).
The screen should be in primary position, which is to say exactly in front of the operator. It should
be easily adjustable and inclinable so as to allow the operator to position it a little lower than the
height of the eyes and at approximately 50‐70 cm distance from the eyes.
Keyboard: the keyboard, detached from the screen, should be positioned at approximately 15 cm
from the edge of the table to allow the operator to assume a comfortable position, with the
forearms resting on the table, so as not to cause fatigue in the muscles of the neck and shoulders.
Work surface: the work surface should have a light‐coloured surface which is not very reflective. It
should be at least 80 cm deep and 120 cm wide to allow a certain flexibility in the arrangement of
the work tools. The height of the work surface should be approximately 72 cm to allow for housing
the knees.
Work seat: the operator's chair should be stable, adjustable, comfortable. A five spoke support with
wheels ensures strength and allows a certain liberty of movement. In order that the legs can be
bent at a 90 degree angle and the feet placed on the floor, but especially to allow a relaxed position
of the shoulders and the cervical muscles, the height of the chair should be regulated so that the
height of the elbows are level with the table.
The seat back should be adjustable in height and inclination, in order to support the entire lumbar
region. Finally, the seat should be well shaped, with lumbar support and breathable fabric.
Accessories: other tools and accessories should be made available to those who require them: the
footrest is useful for those of a short height who are unable to reach the optimum position of legs
and feet; the document‐holder is useful in operations of data entry, to position the document in
such a way as to reduce repetitive movement of the head and the eyes; the table lamp satisfies the
various illumination requirements of the work environment.
Slide 12: Self‐assessment quiz
Slide 13: What is the optimum position?
The optimum position is upright and relaxed, without tensing the shoulders, the feet placed on the floor or
footrest, the chair back adjusted so as to support the lumbar region, the forearms and thighs parallel to the
horizontal plane, and with the keyboard placed at least 15 cm distance from the edge of the table.
Slide 14: Evaluation of the optimum position
Click on the active areas to see how to adjust your workstation.
‐ To obtain this position, the seat should be positioned at a height to allow maintaining the legs at
90° and the feet on the floor.
‐ The seat back should be positioned so as to support the whole lumbar region, avoiding excessive
forward inclination (incline as desired between 90° and 110°).
‐ It is advisable to leave a space between the keyboard and the forward edge of the table for resting
the forearms and supporting them as much as possible during keyboard use.
‐ To avoid visual and musculoskeletal pain, it is advisable to take breaks and make changes in
posture during activity.
Slide 15: Self‐assessment quiz
Slide 16: Problems connected to the use of VDT
Numerous studies have highlighted the main problems connected to the use of display screen equipment:
musculoskeletal pain, visual aches, and stress‐related aches.
The musculoskeletal pain can be caused by the repetitiveness of movements or by the steadiness and/or
unsuitability of the seated position. The visual aches can be caused by prolonged, static, close visual work.
These aches and pains can be prevented by taking care with respect to the environmental and ergonomic
requirements in the organisation of the workstation.
Slide 17: Repetitiveness of movements
Some actions, such as keyboard use and mouse use, if repeated often and for long periods, can cause pain
and tingling in the fingers: this is because the nerves and tendons of the hand and the forearm during rapid
and repetitive movement are overloaded or compressed and they can become inflamed.
Slide 18: Cleaning the mouse
It should be noted that the mouse should be kept comfortably under the hand in a relaxed position and
that it is useful to carry out periodic cleaning to prevent painful symptoms in the hand or shoulder.
A mechanical mouse should be cleaned periodically by extracting the little trackball and cleaning it, while
an optical mouse should be cleaned by removing the dust that settles on those protruding parts covered by
a layer of wax.
Slide 19: Steadiness of position
Muscular pain occurs most often because positions of static muscular contraction are assumed, as in the
case in which the operator is unable to keep the forearms rested on the work surface. In these cases, less
blood than is necessary is delivered to the muscles and, malnourished, they become tired and painful.
Slide 20: Visual fatigue
The excess or inadequacy of illumination, the presence of reflections on the monitor, inadequate definition
of the characters on the screen, and also excessive proximity of the operator to the screen can all generate
oculo‐visual pain, also known as eye strain. These are: burning, teary but also dry eyes, feeling of a foreign
body in the eye, light sensitivity, double vision, headache.
Slide 21: Work stress
Work stress can have multiple causes: when there is no balance between the worker's capabilities and the
expected results, or when the content of the work is monotonous and repetitive or even too complex;
when the workload is too high or low, unrewarding or with high responsibility, when relationships with
colleagues and superiors are non‐existent or confrontational and, finally, when there is insufficient space in
the workplace or noise does not allow for concentration.
Slide 22: Self‐assessment quiz
Slide 23: Health monitoring
The health monitoring to which workers exposed to risk from display screen equipment use are subjected
comprises an occupational health consultation, carried out by the authorised doctor, and an examination to
assess the functionality of the visual apparatus as a whole.
These checks are normally every five years, but are biannual for those who are over 50 years of age and for
those who have been classified as fit for the job but with limitations or provisions (for example,
modifications to the normal breaks in order to ensure visual rest and change of posture).
Slide 24: Health checks
Beyond the periodic checks, each worker can ask to be subjected to health checks should they never have
had one or for the onset of symptoms reportable to work. A worker who has never been subjected to
health checks and who uses display screen equipment for at least 20 hours per week, can complete the
questionnaire for the description of display screen work (available on the Prevention and Protection Service
site) and so request a sight check.
Slide 25: How to request a check
A worker who has never been subjected to health checks and who uses display screen equipment for at
least 20 hours per week, can complete the questionnaire for the description of display screen work
(available on the Prevention and Protection Service site) and so request a sight check.