ASSIGNMENT

NAME : NISHAT TASNIM

1.Prototyping
2.Outsourcing
3.Rapid Application Development
4.Mobile Application Development

1.Prototyping

Prototyping is the process of building a model of the system. Prototypes are employed to help

system designers build an information system that easy to manipulate for end users. It is a part of

the analysis phase of the systems development life cycle. Steps in prototyping:

A. Identify the user's basic requirements.

B. Develop a working prototype.

C. Use the prototype.

D. Revise and enhance the prototype.

 Advantages of Prototyping
a) Reduces development time.
b) Reduces development costs.
c) Developers receive quantifiable user feedback.
d) It fulfills end users’ requirements.
e) Often used for end user interface design.
f) Useful if some uncertainly in requirements
g) Requires user involvement.
h) Facilitates system implementation since users
know what to expect.
 i) user requests are easier to determine, helping to produce a system that better meets the
users' needs; and results in greater user satisfaction.
j) Exposes developers to potential future system enhancements.
k)  systems are easier for end-users to learn and use because they are more involved in the
development process.

 Disadvantages of Prototyping
a) Can lead to insufficient analysis.
b) May skip some important steps.
c) Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation, since it does not undergo testing.
d) May gloss over essential steps in systems development if done rapidly.
e) May not accommodate large quantities of data or large number of users.
f)   May result in system that is that are technically inadequate for a production
environment.
g) The rapid creation of prototypes can result in systems that have not been completely
tested or documented.
h) Developer misunderstanding of user objectives.
i)  Excessive development time of the prototype.
j) Expense of implementing prototyping.
k) Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype.
l) Developers can become too attached to their prototypes.
m)   Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready.
n) If sophisticated software prototypes (4th GL or CASE Tools) are employed, the time
saving benefit of prototyping can be lost.

So, Prototyping is most useful when some uncertainty exists about user requirements or a

design solution. It is especially valuable for the design of the end user interface of an

information system such as on-line display and data entry screens. End-user involvement

means that the system is more likely to fill user requirements.

In business outsourcing is an agreement in which one company contracts its own internal activity

to different company. It involves the contracting out of a business process and operational,

functions to another party. The concept "outsourcing" came from the American Glossary 'outside

resourcing' and it dates back to at least 1981. Outsourcing sometimes, though not always,

involves transferring employees and assets from one firm to another. Outsourcing is also the

practice of handing over control of public services to private enterprise. Outsourcing includes

both foreign and domestic contracting. Outsourcing is often confused with offshoring, however,

they can be distinguished: a company can outsource and not offshore to a distant country. For

example, in 2003 Procter & Gamble outsourced their facilities' management support, but it did

not involve offshoring. Financial savings from lower international labor rates can provide a

major motivation for outsourcing or offshoring. There can be tremendous savings from lower

international labor rates when offshoring.

accessed from any device with an Internet connection and web browser. In this web-

based model, software vendors host and maintain the servers, databases and code that

constitute an application. This is a significant departure from the on premise software

delivery model. First, companies don’t have to invest in extensive hardware to host the

software, and this in turn, allows buyers to outsource most of the IT responsibilities

typically required to troubleshoot and maintain the software. The SaaS vendor takes care

of it all.

 External vendors: A vendor is a party in the supply chain that makes goods and services

available to companies or consumers. The term "vendor" is typically used to describe the

entity that is paid for goods that are provided, rather than the manufacturer of the goods

itself.

 Advantages of Outsourcing
a) Cost advantages.
b) Increased efficiency.
c) Save on infrastructure and technology
d) Access to skilled resources
e) Time zone advantages
f) Faster and better service

 Disadvantages of Outsourcing
a) The risk of losing sensitive data.
b) Do not give 100% time and attention to a single company.
c) Hidden costs and legal problems.
d) Losing management control.
e) Bankruptcy and financial loss cannot be controlled.
3.Rapid Application Development
Rapid application development is a

software development

methodology that uses minimal

planning in favor of rapid prototyping.

A prototype is a working model that is

functionally equivalent to a component

of the product. RAD usually embraces object-oriented programming methodology, which

inherently fosters software re-use. The most popular object-oriented programming languages, C+

+and Java, are offered in visual programming packages often described as providing rapid

application development. RAD uses predefined prototyping techniques and tools to produce

software applications. It encompasses a graphical user interface (GUI) development

environment, allowing end users to easily drag and drop required software application

components. RAD is a popular software development methodology employing various tools and

techniques to quickly produce minimally-coded software applications.

 Advantages of RAD

a) Increases reusability of components

 Disadvantages of RAD
a) Requires highly skilled developers.
b) High dependency on modeling skills.
c) Only systems that can be modularized can be built using RAD
 d) Depends on strong team and individual performances for identifying business
requirements.

4.Mobile Application Development

Mobile application development is similar to Web application development and has its roots in

more traditional software development. One critical difference, however, is that mobile

applications (apps) are often written specifically to take advantage of the unique features a

particular mobile device offers.  For instance, a gaming app might be written to take advantage

of the iPhone's accelerometer. One way to ensure that applications show optimum performance

on a given device is to develop the application (app) natively on that device. This means that at a

very low level, the code is written specifically for the processor in a particular device. When an

app needs to run on multiple operating systems, however, there is little -- if any -- code that can

be reused from the initial development.

 Advantages of MAD
a) Improves efficiency.
b) Offers high Scalability.
c) Secures your app data.
d) Integrates with existing software.
e) Easy to maintain.
f) Improves customer relationship.
g) Facilitates new client data retrieval.
h) Provides real time project access.
i) Ease in project management.

 Disadvantages of MAD
a) The high cost of developing an app.
b) The complex app development process.
c) Complex maintenance.
d) Profit sharing with the app store.
e) Additional requirements for marketing.
f) Challenges in tracking and fetching data.