8

Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs

f‚wgKv
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ wewfbœ Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg| Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kg©¶gZv‡K mv_©Kfv‡e
Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ `iKvi m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wbf©yj I mwVK †cÖvMÖvg| Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg wbf©yj, hyw³cyY© Ges †QvU n‡j
Kw¤úDUvi `ªyZ MwZ‡Z I wbf©yjfv‡e cÖwµqvKi‡Yi djvdj cÖ`v‡b m¶g nq| myZivs Kw¤úDUvi e¨env‡ii Rb¨
wbf©yj I Dchy³ †cÖvMÖv‡gi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| Kw¤úDUv‡ii GB mg¯Í †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi K‡ib Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi|
†cÖvMÖvg ˆZwii g~j kZ© nj Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b| GB BDwb‡U Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi wewfbœ
w`K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
D‡Ïk¨
GB BDwbU †k‡l Avcwb-
0 Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUvi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges G‡`i Zzjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
0 †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 G¨vjMwi`g I cÖevnwPÎ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
0 my‡Wv‡KvW m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 1 †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlv

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlv m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,

‡cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlvi †kªYx wefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,

hvwš¿K fvlv, G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv I D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlv m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,

G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi myweav I Amyweav¸‡jv wjL‡Z cvi‡eb|

†cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlv
c„w_ex‡Z gvbyl KvRKg© Kivi Rb¨, GKRb Av‡iKR‡bi mv‡_ fve wewbgq ev m¤ú‡K©i Rb¨ Zv‡`i wbR¯^ fvlv
e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| GB fvlv wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i, †gŠwLK fvlv n‡Z cv‡i ev ms‡K‡Zi mvnv‡h¨I n‡Z cv‡i| KvD‡K
w`‡q KvR Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ †h wb‡`©k e¨envi Kiv nq Zv‡K fvlv e‡j| Avi GB wb‡`©k hw` eySv bv hvq Z‡e Zvi
mvnv‡h¨ †h KvR n‡e Zv wVKfv‡e n‡e bv| fvlvi e¨envi mvaviYZ gvby‡li g‡a¨ mxgve×| RxeRšÍzi fvlv
mvaviYZ ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡gB N‡U _v‡K| Z‡e wb®cÖvY c`v‡_© fvlv †bB| wb®cÖvY c`v_©‡K gvbyl wb‡R ev h‡š¿i
mvnv‡h¨ Kv‡R jvwM‡q _v‡K| hš¿I wb®cÖvY| Z‡e AvKRvj KvR Kivi Rb¨ wKQy h‡š¿i m‡½ fvlvi e¨envi †`Lv
hvq|Gme hš¿ B‡jKUªwbK hš¿| †hgb- †Uwjwfkb, wfwWI †Mgm, K¨vjKz‡jUi, Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw`| B‡jKUªwbK
hš¿¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kw¤úDUvi Qvov Ab¨ hš¿¸wji GKwU wbw`©ó wb‡`©k †eu‡a †`Iqv _v‡K, GB †eu‡a †`Iqv wb‡`©k Qvov
†mB me hš¿ Ab¨ †Kvb KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Avi GB †eu‡a †`Iqv wb‡`©k‡K e‡j †cÖvMÖvg|
gvbyl A‡bK iK‡gi fvlv e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| Kw¤úDUvi Gme fvlvi GKwUI †ev‡S bv| Kw¤úDUvi gvÎ GKwU
fvlvq eyS‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡”Q Zvi h‡š¿i fvlv| Avi GB h‡š¿i fvlv ˆZix nq evBbvix msL¨v c×wZ‡Z| evBbvix
msL¨vi c×wZ‡Z gvÎ `ywU AsK e¨envi nq, k~b¨ (0) Ges GK (1)| GB k~b¨ (0) Ges GK (1) w`‡qB Kw¤úDUvi
gvby‡li †`qv wb‡`©k eyS‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr †h fvlvq †`Iqv wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUvi eyS‡Z cv‡i †mB fvlv‡KB Kw¤úDUv‡i
†cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlv ejv nq|

†cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi fvlvq †kªYx wefvM

Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li gZ fvlv ev wb‡`©k eyS‡Z cv‡i bv| GBRb¨ Kw¤úDUvi‡K mwVK fv‡e wb‡`©k w`‡Z nq| Zv
bvn‡j Kw¤úDUvi KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv ev fzj KvR K‡i _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡i †h me fvlv e¨envi nq Zv wZb ai‡bi
n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
(K) hvwš¿K fvlv (Machine Language)
(L) G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv (Assembly Language)
(M) D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv (High Level Language)

hvwš¿K fvlv (Machine Langauge)

hvwš¿K fvlvi mvaviY A_© n‡”Q h‡š¿i wbR¯^ fvlv| †h fvlv Kw¤úDUvi hš¿ mivmwi eyS‡Z cv‡i Zv‡KB
Kw¤úDUv‡ii hvwš¿K fvlv ev †gwkb j¨v½y‡qR ejv n‡q _v‡K| Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q †h gvby‡li †Kvb fvlvB
Kw¤úDUvi eyS‡Z cv‡i bv|Kw¤úDUvi gvÎ GKwU fvlvq eyS‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv Zvi h‡š¿i fvlv| Avi GB h‡š¿i fvlv
ˆZix nq evBbvix msL¨v c×wZ‡Z, hv k~b¨ (0) Ges GK (1) Gi mgb¦‡q N‡U _v‡K| Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨enviKvix †h

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-86

 Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v

fvlv‡Z BbcyU w`‡q _v‡K gwbU‡i dj wnmv‡e †mB fvlv‡ZB †`L‡Z cvq| wKšÍz Kw¤úDUvi BbcyU †`Iqv †_‡K
A_©vr Kv‡Ri ïiy †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ mKj KvRB K‡i _v‡K evBbvix c×wZ‡Z A_©vr k~b¨ (0) Ges GK (1) Gi
gva¨‡g| gvby‡li c‡¶ mKj cÖKvi Kv‡Ri wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUvi‡K evBbvix c×wZ‡Z †`Iqv m¤¢e bq| evBbvix msL¨v
c×wZi msL¨v g‡b ivLv Ges mwVKfv‡e e¨envi Kiv KwVb KvR| †hgbt `kwgK c×wZi 9 Gi mgZzj¨ evBbvix
msL¨v, 1001 Ges 20Gi mgZzj¨ evBbvix msL¨v 10100|
Avevi hw` GKwU †cÖvcÖv‡gi GKwU jvBb GiKg nq C = A+B, Zvn‡j A Gi B eY© `ywUi gvb w`‡j Kw¤úDUvi
wn‡me K‡i C e‡Y©i dj w`‡e| wKšÍz GB GKwU jvBb hw` evBbvix c×wZ‡Z Kiv nZ Zvn‡j A‡bK¸wj jvB‡bi
†cÖvMÖvg iPbvi cÖ‡qvRb nZ| cÖwZwU eY© Gi msL¨vi evBbvix gvb g‡b ivLv Ges e¨envi Kiv Lye KwVb KvR Ges
A‡bK mg‡qiI cÖ‡qvRb nq| †gvU K_v hvwš¿K fvlvB e¨env‡ii myweavi †P‡q AmyweavB †ewk|
G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv (Assembly Language)
G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv‡K mvs‡KwZK (Symbolic) fvlvI ejv nq| Gi cÖPjb ïiy nq 1950 mvj †_‡K| hvwš¿K fvlvq
†cÖvMÖvg ˆZix, KwVb KvR‡K mnR K‡i Zzjv, mg‡qi AcPq `~i Kiv, †cÖvMÖv‡gi fzj ms‡kvab I cwieZ©‡bi KvR
mnRZi K‡i MwZkxj Kivi Rb¨B G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi Dbœqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb- hvwš¿K fvlvq Kw¤úDUvi‡K GKwU
¸‡Yi wb‡`©k †`qvi Rb¨ aiv hvK, evBbvix c×wZ‡Z 100010010 BZ¨vw` UvBc Ki‡Z nZ| wKšÍz G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq
mivmwi MULT UvBc Ki‡jB ¸Y Kivi wb‡`©k Kvh©Ki n‡e| MULT wb‡`©kwU Kw¤úDUvi m‡½ m‡½ 100010010
(KvíwbK) ms‡K‡Z Abyev` K‡i eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, Zv‡K ¸‡Yi wb‡`©k †`Iqv n‡q‡Q| GB Abyev‡`i KvRwU K‡i
G¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler) bvgK GKwU mdUIq¨vi| G¨v‡m¤^jv‡ii KvR n‡”Q G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvq wjwLZ wb‡`©k‡K
hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Kiv Ges Kvh©Ki Kiv|
G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi myweav I Amyweav
(1) hvwš¿K fvlvi †P‡q GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv mnR|
(2) GB fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z Kg mgq jv‡M|
(3) mn‡R fzj mbv³ Kiv Ges ms‡kvab I cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv †gwkb wbf©i fvlv| GB fvlvi †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡Z n‡j †gwkb m¤ú‡K© fvj Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| GB
fvlvi †cÖvMÖvg iPbv †gwk‡bi fvlvi Zzjbvq mnRZi n‡jI h‡_ó Kómva¨ Ges mgq mv‡c¶|

D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlv (Hight Level Language)

hvwš¿K fvlv I G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi me‡P‡q eo Amyweav nj, GK ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ ˆZix †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨ ai‡bi
Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| GB Amyweav †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨ D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvi AvMgb N‡U| GB D”P ¯Í‡ii
fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg wewfbœ ai‡bi †gwk‡b e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e| GRb¨ Gme fvlv‡K D”PZi fvlv ejv nq| GB
¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i fvlvI ejv nq| †h‡nZz mvaviY Bs‡iRx‡Z GB fvlv iPbv Kiv nq AZGe mvaviY
Bs‡iRx Rvbv gvby‡li c‡¶ GB fvlv †evSv m¤¢e| D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K h‡š¿i fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ K¤úvBjvi
(Compiler) I B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter) bvgK Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
¯^vfvweK fvlvi gZ D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvq wKQy MVbMZ (Syntax) wbqg-Kvbyb Av‡Q| wb‡¤œ G fvlvq K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨
†`Iqv nj|
(1) D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlvq ¯^vfvweK fvlvi (†hgb Bs‡iwR) A‡bK kã e¨envi Kiv hvq|
(2) †cÖvMÖv‡gi Kvh©eY©bv msw¶ß nq ev †cÖvMÖvg †QvU nq|
(3) †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi mgq Kw¤úDUvi‡K †gwk‡bi K_v fve‡Z nq bv|
(4) AmsL¨ ˆZix jvB‡eªix †cÖvMÖv‡gi myweav we`¨gvb| cuvPwUi gZ mvaviY D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv Av‡Q, Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb
nj, †Kvej, †dviUªb, c¨v¯‹vj wm, †ewmK BZ¨vw`|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-87

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Kw¤úDUv‡ii c‡¶ hvwš¿K fvlv †evSv mnR n‡jI gvby‡li c‡¶ D”P¯Íi fvlvB myweavRbK| D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvi cÖavb
myweav nj-
(1) D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvq wjwLZ †cÖvMÖvg †h †Kvb Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv hvq|
(2) gvby‡li c‡¶ D”P¯Íi fvlv †kLv mnR|
(3) D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvq ZvovZvwo †cÖvMÖvg †jLv hvq|
(4) hvwš¿K fvlvi †¶‡Î †hLv‡b Pvi ev cuvPwU wb‡`©k w`‡Z nq, †mLv‡b D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlvq gvÎ GKwU evK¨
wjL‡jB P‡j|
(5) †cÖvMÖv‡gi fzj mbv³ I ms‡kvab Kiv mnR|

D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- (1) mvaviY Kv‡Ri (General purpose) fvlv I (2) we‡kl Kv‡Ri
(Special purpose) fvlv|
†h fvlv me ai‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨envi nq Zv‡K mvaviY Kv‡Ri fvlv e‡j| †hgb- †ewmK, wm, c¨vmKj BZ¨vw`|
†h fvlv ïay we‡kl we‡kl Kv‡R e¨envi nq Zv‡K we‡kl Kv‡Ri fvlv e‡j| †hgb- †Kvej, †dviUªvb| we‡kl
Kv‡Ri fvlv‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
evwYwR¨K cÖ‡qv‡Mi fvlv - †Kvej|
ˆeÁvwbK cÖ‡qv‡Mi fvlv - diUªvb|
eûcÖ‡qv‡Mi fvlv - †ewmK, diUªvb, G¨vWv BZ¨vw`|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 8.1

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. †KvbwU D”PZi †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv bq?
K. wm L. c¨v‡¯‹j
M. Bs‡iRx N. G¨vWv|
2. Kw¤úDUvi gvby‡li fvlv-
K. KLbI eyS‡Z cv‡i bv L. mivmwi eyS‡Z cv‡i
M. AvswkK eyS‡Z cv‡i N. hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍi n‡j eyS‡Z cv‡i|
3. evBbvix msL¨v c×wZ †h `yB AsK e¨envi nq Zv n‡”Q-
K. k~b¨ (0) I bq (9) L. `yB (2) I wZb (3)
M. k~b¨ (0) Ges GK (1) N. k~b¨ (0) Ges k~b¨ (0)
4. G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi Rb¨ Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg-
K. `iKvi nq bv L. AvswkK `iKvi nq
M. `iKvi nq| N. †KvbwUB bq|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-88

 Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v

cvV 2 K¤úvBjvi, B›Uvi‡cÖUvi I †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,

K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii Zzjbvg~jK m¤úK© wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb,

†ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs m¤ú‡K© mvgwMÖKfv‡e eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Compiler and Interpreter)

Avgiv Rvwb, Kw¤úDUvi GKgvÎ hvwš¿K fvlv Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb fvlv †ev‡S bv| Avi ZvB Avgiv †h fvlvq †cÖvMÖvg
†jwL bv †Kb †mUv‡K †gwk‡bi fvlvq Abyev` bv Kiv ch©šÍ †m wKQyB eyS‡Z cv‡i bv ev KvRI Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
D”P¯Íi fvlv ˆZix n‡q‡Q g~jZ hvwš¿K fvlvi Amyweav `~i Kivi Rb¨| D”P¯Íi fvlvi †¶‡Î Abyev`K †cÖvMÖv‡gi
e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| Abyev`K †cÖvMÖv‡gi KvR n‡”Q D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i KvR Kiv| Drm
(Source) †cÖvMÖvg‡K e¯Íy (Object) †cÖvMÖv‡g cwiYZ Ki‡Z †h mdUIq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb nq Zv‡K Abyev`K e‡j|
Abyev`K wZb ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| h_v-
(1) K¤úvBjvi (Compiter)
(2) B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter)
(3) G¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler)
K¤úvBjvi (Compiler)
K¤úvBjv‡ii KvR D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv| K¤úvBjvi †MvUv †cÖvMÖvg‡K GKev‡i c‡o Ges
GK mv‡_ Abyev` K‡i| †cÖvMÖv‡g fzj _vK‡j me¸‡jv fzj‡K GKmv‡_ Zz‡j a‡i| K¤úvBjv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †cÖvMÖvg‡K
GKevi hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡j cieZx©‡Z †cÖvMÖvgwU Pvjbvi mgq Avi Abyev‡`i `iKvi nq bv|
K¤úvBjv‡ii gva¨‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ †cÖvMÖvg c~Y©v½ hvwš¿K †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| GB †cÖvMÖvg‡K Ae‡R± †cÖvMÖvg e‡j|
eo ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡ii K¤úvBjvi †ekx e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| wfbœ wfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ K¤úvBjvi `iKvi
nq| GK ai‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ ˆZix K¤úvBjvi Ab¨ ai‡bi †cÖvMÖv‡gi Abyev‡`i Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv hvq bv|
G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv‡K hvwš¿K fvlvq Abyev` Kivi †P‡q D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K hvwš¿K fvlvq Abyev` Kiv KwVb e‡j
K¤úvBjvi G¨v‡m¤^jv‡ii †P‡q †ewk RwUj nq| d‡j K¤úvBjvi †ggwi ev ¯§„wZ Ae¯’v‡bi †ekx RvqMv `Lj K‡i|

B›Uvi‡cÖUvi (Interpreter)
B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii KvRI D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv| B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii Abyev` Kivi c×wZ Avjv`v|
B›Uvi‡cÖUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi GK jvBb K‡i c‡o Ges †mB jvB‡j fzj _vK‡j Zv Zz‡j a‡i Ges fzj ms‡kvab bv nIqv
ch©šÍ Abyev‡`i KvR eÜ iv‡L|fzj ms‡kvab K‡i w`‡jB Avevi Abyev‡`i Rb¨ c‡ii jvB‡b P‡j hvq| Gfv‡e av‡c
av‡c †cÖvMÖvg ch©‡e¶Y K‡i Ges mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡e †MvUv †cÖvMÖvg‡K Abyev` K‡i †d‡j|
B›Uv‡cÖUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ †cÖvMÖvg hZevi Pvjbv Kiv nq ZZeviB bZzb K‡i hvwš¿K fvlvq
iƒcvšÍ‡ii `iKvi nq| B›Uv‡cÖUv‡ii gva¨‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ †cÖvMÖvg c~Y©v½ hvwš¿K †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ nq bv| GB †cÖvMÖvg
wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ †ekx mgq cÖ‡qvRb nq|GB †cÖvMÖvgwU mvaviYZ †QvU n‡q _v‡K| d‡j cÖavb ¯§„wZ‡Z Kg RvqMvq
cÖ‡qvRb nq| gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i Ges c‡KU Kw¤úDUv‡i Gi †ekx e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv-89
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

G¨v‡m¤^jvi (Assembler)
G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlvi Rb¨ ˆZix Abyvev`K †cÖvMÖvg‡K ejv nq G¨v‡m¤^jvi|
K¤úvBjvi I B›Uv‡cÖUv‡ii Zzjbvg~jK m¤úK©
1| K¤úvBjvi †MvUv †cÖvMÖvg‡K GKev‡i hvwš¿K fvlvq Abyev` K‡i Ges †MvUv ‡cÖvMÖv‡gi fzj GKev‡i Zz‡j a‡i|
Acic‡¶ B›Uvi‡cÖUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi GKwU K‡i jvBb c‡o Ges Abyev` K‡i| jvB‡bi †hLv‡b fzj aiv c‡o
†mLv‡b Zz‡j a‡i Abyev‡`i KvR eÜ iv‡L Ges fzj mv‡_ mv‡_ wVK K‡i w`‡j Avevi Abyev‡`i KvR ïiy
K‡i|
2| K¤úvBjv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †cÖvMÖvg‡K hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Kivi ci cieZx© †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbvi mgq Avi Abyev‡`i
`iKvi nq bv| wKš‘ B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii †¶‡Î hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ †cÖvMÖvg hZevi Pvjbv Kiv nq ZZeviB
bZzb K‡i hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍ‡ii `iKvi nq| KviY K¤úvBjv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ iƒcvšÍwiZ †cÖvMÖvg c~Y©v½ hvwš¿K
†cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ nq wKšÍz B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii gva¨‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ †cÖvMÖvg c~Y©v½ hvwš¿K †cÖvMÖv‡g iƒcvšÍwiZ nq bv|
3| K¤úvBjvi eo ai‡bi Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| wKšÍz B›Uvi‡cÖUvi gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi Ges c‡KU
Kw¤úDUv‡i †ekx e¨envi n‡q _v‡K|

†ewmK (BASIC) †cÖvMÖvwgs

†ewmK Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU RbwcÖq D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvi bvg| Bs‡iRx BASIC kãwU Beginners All Purpose
Symbolic Instruction Code Gi msw¶ß iƒc| 1964 mv‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi WvU© gvDm K‡j‡Ri `yBRb Aa¨vcK
Rb wR †Kwgwb I Ugvm-B KvU©R QvÎ-QvÎx‡`i‡K mn‡R †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlv †kLv‡bvi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g †ewmK fvlvi
cÖeZ©b K‡ib| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU mnR †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlvI e‡U| mËi `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq †_‡K
gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Zv‡`i Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ †ewmK‡K Standard fvlv wnmv‡e MÖnY
K‡i|

†ewmK (BASIC) Gi myweav I ˆewkó¨

(1) †ewm‡Ki wb‡`©k †`Iqvi fvlv Bs‡iRxi m‡½ wgj †i‡L ˆZix| GB fvlvq Kg msL¨K wb‡`©k _vKvi G‡K
AvqË Kiv mnR| GB fvlvq e¨vKiY mn‡R †evSv hvq| †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi wKQy msiw¶Z kã Av‡Q|
†hgb- LET, DATA, END, READ, SIN, COS BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov †ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvRv‡bvi c×wZI mnR|
mvaviY wbq‡g mgm¨v I mgvavb av‡c av‡c wj‡L ˆZix Kiv hvq|
(2) †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi mvnv‡h¨ MvwYwZK KvR Kiv hvq| Gi MvwYwZK cÖwµqv¸wj mvaviY exRMwY‡Zi gZ|
MvwYwZK I e¨emv msµvšÍ Kv‡RI G‡K e¨envi Kiv hvq|
(3) †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUvi †QvU nIqvq †QvU Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨envi Kiv myweavRbK| GB
†¶‡Î †Kvb †cÖvMÖv‡gi MVbMZ (Syntax) fzj Kw¤úDUviB awi‡q †`q, d‡j fzj ms‡kva‡bi c‡i ms‡kvwaZ
†cÖvMÖvg mn‡RB Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq|
(4) gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ †ewmK Gi cÖPjb nq Ges eZ©gv‡b me gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i †ewmK †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbvi
my‡hvM-myweav i‡q‡Q|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-90

 Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v

†ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi MVb

†ewmK †cÖvMÖvg A‡bK mnR †cÖvMÖvg| †ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi †¶‡Î †Kvb evavaiv wbqg †bB| wm (C) †cÖvMÖv‡gi †¶‡Î
†gBb (Main) bv‡g GKwU dvsk‡bi e¨envi Aek¨B _vK‡Z nq| Avi G dvskb †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbvi KvR ïiy
nq| c¨v‡¯‹‡jI †cÖvMÖv‡gi †÷U‡g›U Ask ïiy Ki‡Z nq begin Øviv Ges †kl Ki‡Z nq End Øviv| wb‡`©‡ki c‡i
Aek¨B dzj÷c (.) e¨envi Ki‡Z nq| wKšÍz †ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi ïiy‡Z Main ev begin RvZxq dvsk‡bi `iKvi nq
bv| †k‡l END e¨envi Kiv nq, Z‡e bv Ki‡jI †Kvb ¶wZ nq bv| G Rb¨ †ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi MVb‡K gy³ cÖK…wZi
MVb ejv nq|

†ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs KgvÛ I wm‡÷g KgvÛ

†ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi Rb¨ `yB ai‡bi KgvÛ e¨envi nq| h_v-
(1) †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs KgvÛ Ges
(2) †ewmK wm‡÷g KgvÛ|
†ewmK †cÖvMÖvg ˆZixi Rb¨ †h KgvÛ e¨envi nq Zv‡K †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs KgvÛ ejv nq Ges GB †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbvi
Rb¨ †h KgvÛ ev wb‡`©k e¨envi nq Zv‡K †ewmK wm‡÷g KgvÛ e‡j| †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi KgvÛ- LET, DATA,
END, TO, IF, PRINT, READ, THEN BZ¨vw` KgvÛ w`‡q †ewmK †cÖvMÖvg ˆZix Kiv hvq|

†ewmK wm‡÷g KgvÛ- hv Kw¤úDUv‡ii †fZ‡ii As‡ki KvR K‡i _v‡K| †hgb- RUN, SAVE, LOAD, NEW
BZ¨vw`| GLv‡b SAVE Kgv‡Ûi e¨vL¨v †`qv nj| GB wm‡÷g KgvÛ w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii mnvqK ¯§„wZ‡Z †cÖvMÖvg
msi¶Y K‡i _v‡K|

†ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi wbR¯^ kãvejx

†cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi wbR¯^ kãvejx‡K msiw¶Z kãvejx (Reserved Words) ev Kx kãvejx (Key words) ejv nq|
†ewmK fvlvq cÖvq `yBk‡ZiI †ewk msiw¶Z kã e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| Gme †ewmK k‡ãi we‡kl A_© Av‡Q, ZvB
Gme kã‡K aªyeK ev PjK wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| wb‡æ K‡qKwU msiw¶Z k‡ãi D`vniY †`Iqv nj-DATA,
DIM, GO, END, IF, INPUT, LET, RUN, THEN, TO, LIST, FOR, READ, SIN, TAN, COS, CLS, NEXT,
OUT, TAB BZ¨vw`|

†cÖvMÖvg iPbvi wewfbœ avc

†Kvb KvR mwVKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB wPšÍv K‡i cwiKíbv ˆZix K‡i wb‡Z nq| KvRwU †Kvb c×wZ‡Z Ki‡j
`ªyZ Ges mwVK fv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv hv‡e Ges fvj dj cvIqv hv‡e ZvI wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq| Gici H cwiKíbv Abyhvqx
av‡c av‡c AMÖmi n‡Z nq|
GKwU mwVK I cwic~Y© †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi Rb¨ †MvUv †cÖvMÖvgwU K‡qKwU ch©vqµwgK av‡c fvM K‡i wb‡Z nq| avc¸‡jv
n‡”Q-
(1) cÖ‡qvRb ev mgm¨v mbv³ ev wba©viY Kiv Ges we‡kølY Kiv|
(2) G¨vjMwi`g I cÖevnwPÎ (Flowchart) ˆZwi Kiv|
(3) †cÖvMÖvg wjLb ev †KvW Kiv (Coding)|
(4) †cÖvMÖv‡gi fzjÎywU ms‡kvab Kiv (Debugging)|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-91

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 8.2

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. GKwU †ewmK msiw¶Z k‡ãi D`vniY njt
K. FOR L. MONT
M. AX N. MX

2. †ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ Kq ai‡bi KgvÛ e¨envi nq-

K. wZb L. Pvi
M. `yB N. mvZ

3. K¤úvBjvi e¨envi n‡q _v‡K-

K. †QvU Kw¤úDUv‡i L. gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡i
M. eo Kw¤úDUv‡i N. c‡KU Kw¤úDUv‡i

4. †ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi MVb-

K. †gwk‡bi fvlvi mgZzj¨ L. `y‡e©va¨
M. RwUj cÖK…wZi N. gy³ cÖK…wZi|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-92

 Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v

cvV 3 G¨vjMwi`g I cÖevn wPÎ

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

cÖevn wPÎ m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z cvi‡eb,

G¨vjMwi`g (Algorithm) ˆZix K‡i wbw`©ó †Kvb mgm¨v av‡c av‡c mgvavb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

G¨vjMwi`g (Algorithm)
G¨vjMwi`g kãwU Avie †`‡ki MwYZwe` ÔAvj LvwiRgx' Gi bvg n‡Z DrcwË n‡q‡Q| G¨vjMwi`g A_© av‡c av‡c
mgm¨v mgvavb A_©vr GKwU mgm¨v‡K K‡qKwU av‡c ci ci mgvavb K‡i †MvUv mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv| Kw¤úDUvi
wPšÍv K‡i wKQy Ki‡Z cv‡i bv e‡jB av‡c av‡c Zv‡K ci ci wK Ki‡Z n‡e †mB wb‡`©k w`‡Z nq| Giƒc wm×všÍ
µg‡KB †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlvq ejv nq G¨vjMwi`g (Algorithm).
G¨vjwi`g ˆZwii Rb¨ e¨enviKvix‡K cÖ_‡gB wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e Kx cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ ev Kx mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
Rb¨ wZwb †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Ki‡eb| e¨enviKvix Zvi cÖ‡qvRb ev mgm¨vi g‡a¨ †KvbwU AMÖvwaKvi w`‡eb, †Kb Ki‡eb,
Kxfv‡e mgvavb Ki‡eb, Kx ai‡bi dj cÖZ¨vkv K‡ib BZ¨vw` we‡kølY K‡i †`L‡eb Ges cwiKíbv Abyhvqx av‡c
av‡c AMÖmi n‡eb|
aiyb GKRb Qv‡Îi cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q cov ˆZix Kiv| G‡¶‡Î †m we‡kølY K‡i †`L‡jv Zvi GB mg‡q AsK cov ˆZwi
Kiv †ewk Riyix|†m AsK Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|g‡b Kiyb QvÎwU AsK cov ˆZix Kivi wm×všÍ MÖnY
K‡i‡Q| GB D`vni‡Yi wfwˇZ G¨vjMwi`gwU n‡Z cv‡i wb¤œiƒc t
(1) Kv‡Ri we‡kølY K‡i AsK cov ˆZixi wm×všÍ MÖnY|
(2) AsK eB wb‡q co‡Z emv|
(3) AsK Kivi KvR ïiy|
(4) AsK LvZvq †jLv|
(5) me KqwU ï× n‡q‡Q wKbv cix¶v Kiv|
(6) meKqwU ï× n‡q‡Q?
(K) nu¨v, AZGe 7bs av‡c Mgb|
(L) bv| Zvn‡j 4bs av‡c Mgb|
(7) cov ˆZix Kivi KvR mgvß|
G¨vjMwi`g Ggbfv‡e ˆZix Ki‡Z nq, †hb †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni avc¸‡jv mij Ges ¯úó nq|
D`vniYt
K‡qKwU msL¨vi †hvMdj †ei Kivi Rb¨ GKwU G¨vjMwi`g| G¨vjMwi`gwU n‡e Giƒc-
avc-1 t msL¨v¸wj co|
avc -2 t msL¨v¸wji †hvMdj †ei Ki|
avc- 3 t †hvMdj QvcvI|
avc- 4 t †kl Ki|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-93

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖevnwPÎ (Flowchart)
G¨vjMwi`‡gi wPÎiƒc‡KB †d¬vPvU© ev cÖevnwPÎ ejv nq| GB wP‡Î †cÖvMÖv‡gi c~Y©v½ cwiKíbv †`qv nq Ges †d¬vPvU©
AbymiY K‡i cÖK…Z †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv nq| QvÎwUi AsK cov ˆZix Kivi cÖevnwPÎ †`Lv‡bv wb‡¤œ †`Lvb nj|
KvR ïiy
↓
AsK cov ˆZix Kivi cÖ‡qvRb
↓
covi Rb¨ AsK eB wb‡q emv
↓
AsK Klvi KvR ïiy
↓
AsK LvZvq †jLv
↓
ÎywU cix¶Y
↓
bv
wbf©yj

↓ nu¨v
mgvß
cÖevn wPÎ

†d¬vPv‡U© e¨eüZ wewfbœ N‡ii KvR wb¤œiƒcÑ

KvR ïiy I mgvß

→ DcvË MÖnY

cÖwµqvKiY

wm×všÍ gyjK KvR

→ GKwU cÖwµqvi ci cieZx©

cÖwµqv wb‡`©k Kiv nq

cÖevn wPÎ ev †d¬vPvU© MV‡bi e¨vcv‡i g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e-

(1) cÖevn †iLvi Øviv †Kvb wP‡ýi ci †Kvb wP‡ýi KvR n‡e Zv †evSvb nq| mvaviYZ Dci †_‡K bx‡P ev evg
†_‡K Wvbw`‡K cÖevn AMÖmi nq| GKvwaK cÖevn‡iLv ci¯úi‡K †Q` Ki‡jI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM †evSvq
bv|
(2) cÖ‡Z¨K †d¬vPv‡U©i GKwU bvg _vK‡e, ZvQvov iPwqZvi bvg I ZvwiL w`‡Z n‡e|
(3) hZ`~i m¤¢e †iLvi †Q` Kg nIqv fvj| †ewk ms‡hvM †iLvi cwie‡Z© ms‡hvM cÖZxK e¨envi Kiv fvj|
(4) cÖevnwPÎ hZUv m¤¢e mij (Simple) ev ms‡¶‡c nIqv DwPZ|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-94

 Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v

(5) cÖevnwPÎ ˆZixi mgq AcÖ‡qvRbxq PµveZ© (Loop) ev kvLv Gwo‡q Pjv DwPr|
(6) †d¬vPv‡U© ev cÖevnwP‡Î we‡kl †Kvb †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlvq †jLv wVK bq|
cÖevnwPÎ ˆZixi cieZx© ch©vq n‡”Q Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi KvR ïiy Kiv| cÖevn wP·K ZvB †cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi wfwË
ejv †h‡Z cv‡i|cÖevn wP‡Îi welq‡K Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlvq iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv‡K ejv nq †KvwWs (Coding)|

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 8.3

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| †KvbwU †_‡K †d¬vPvU© ˆZix Ki‡Z nq?
K. †cÖvMÖvg L. G¨vjMwi`g
M. mgm¨vi eY©bv N. K I L `yBwU
2| cÖevnwPÎ †hgb nIqv DwPZ|
K. Lye RwUj L. mvgvb¨ RwUj
M. mij N. †KvbwUB bq|
3| G¨vjMwi`‡gi DrcwË nq Kvi bvg Abymv‡i|
K. Avj wZiwgRx L. Ugvm KvU©R
M. Avj LvwiRgx N. G¨vWv AMv÷v|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-95

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV 4 my‡Wv‡KvW
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

my‡Wv‡KvW Kx-Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ÎywU ms‡kvab (Debugging) †hgb- wPývw`i ÎywU (Syntax error), jwRK fzj ev hyw³ msµvšÍ
ÎywU (Logical Error), wbe©vn RwbZ ÎywU (Execution Error) m¤ú‡K© mZK© n‡Z cvi‡eb|

my‡Wv‡KvW (Pseudo Code)

my‡Wv (pseudo) GKwU MÖxK kã| my‡Wv k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q QÙ ev hv mZ¨ bq| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi Rb¨ A‡b‡KB †cÖvMÖv‡gi
my‡Wv‡KvW cÖYqb K‡i _v‡Kb| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvq c~e© cÖ¯ÍzwZ ev c~e©avc wnmv‡e my‡Wv‡KvW cÖYqb K‡i †bIqv hvq|
my‡Wv‡KvW‡K G¨vjMwi`‡gi weKíI ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| †cÖvMÖv‡gi aib Ges Kvh©cÖYvjx msewjZ wKQy msL¨K wb‡`©k
ev †÷U‡g‡›Ui mgvnvi‡KB my‡Wv‡KvW ejv nq| G¨vjMwi`‡gi D`vni‡Y, Qv‡Îi cov ˆZixi GKwU bgybv †cÖvMÖvg‡K
8 fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡¶‡Î av‡ci msL¨v Kgv‡bv hvq Avevi evov‡bv hvq| cÖPwjZ Ges mvaviY wbqg n‡”Q
G¨vjMwi`‡gi wfwˇZ cÖevnwPÎ ˆZix Kiv Ges cÖevnwP‡Îi wfwˇZ †cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv| A‡bK `¶ †cÖvMÖvgvi QÙ
†cÖvMÖvg QvovB †cÖvMªvg iPbv K‡i _v‡Kb|

ÎywU ms‡kvab (Debugging)

†cÖvMÖv‡gi fzjÎywU Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Zv ms‡kvab Kiv‡K ejv nq wWevwMs, Gi Av¶wiK A_© †cvKv evQv| me fzjÎywU
`~i bv nIqv ch©šÍ †Kvb †cÖvMÖvgB e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| †cÖvMÖv‡gi fzjÎywUi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q-
(1) wPývw` ÎywU (Syntan error)
(2) hyw³ msµvšÍ ÎywU (Logical Error)
(3) wbe©vnRwbZ ÎywU (Execution Error)
GB wZbwU fz‡ji †h †Kvb GKwU fzj hwZ †_‡K hvq Z‡e †cÖvMÖvg wbe©v‡ni KvR eÜ _vK‡e|

wPývw`i ÎywU (Syntax Error)

wmbU¨v· fzj ej‡Z †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvi e¨vKiYMZ fzj‡K †evSvq| †hgb, evbvb fzj (PRINT †K PRIMT †jLv
BZ¨vw`); Kgv, eªv‡KU wVKgZ bv †`Iqv, †Kvb P‡ji gvb bv Rvbv‡bv cÖf…wZ| Gme fzj ms‡kvab mnR, KviY
wmbU¨v· fz‡ji †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi GKwU fz‡ji evZ©v Qvcvq| †hgb- 5 b¤^i jvB‡b AgyK fzj Av‡Q|
Avevi †h me MvwYwZK KvR Kiv hvq bv Zv Ki‡Z †M‡jI wmbU¨v· fzj nq| †hgb- k~b¨ w`‡q fvM Kiv wKsev
jMvwi`g †ei Kiv| Gme †¶‡ÎI fz‡ji evZ©v Qvcv nq|

jwRK fzj hv hyw³ msµvšÍ ÎywU (Logical Error)

†cÖvMÖv‡g hyw³i fzj _vK‡j Zv‡K e‡j jwRK fzj| mvaviYZ mgm¨v wVKgZ bv †evSvi Rb¨B GB fzj nq| †hgb,
R<J Gi ¯’v‡b R>J ev S=A+B Gi ¯’v‡b P= A+B wjL‡j jwRK fzj nq| wmbU¨v· fz‡ji †¶‡Î MYbv m¤¢e bv
nIqvq †Kvb DËi cvIqv hvq bv, wKšÍz jwRK fz‡ji †¶‡Î GKwU DËi cvIqv hvq hw`I Zv fzj nq| G‡¶‡Î
Kw¤úDUvi †Kvb fz‡ji evZ©v cvVvq bv e‡j jwRK fzj ms‡kvab Kiv KwVb|

wbe©vnRwbZ ÎywU (Execution Error)

wbe©vnRwbZ ÎywU n‡”Q wØZxq ch©v‡qi ÎywU| wPývw`i ÎywU ms‡kvab K‡i †cÖvMÖvg Pvjbv Kivi ch©v‡q G ÎywU aiv
c‡i| †hgb, 40 bs jvB‡b Av‡Q, 40 LET A = A+2

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-96

 Kw¤úDUvi wk¶v

Gi Av‡M †Kvb jvB‡b A Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨ †Kvb gvb _vK‡Z n‡e| bv n‡j wbe©vnRwbZ ÎywU †`Lv w`‡e| wbe©vnRwbZ
ÎywUi †¶‡Î Kw¤úDUvi fz‡ji evZ©v cvVvq bv d‡j wbe©vnRwbZ ÎywU ms‡kvab KivI KwVb KvR|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ 8.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1| †cÖvMÖv‡gi ÎywU ms‡kva‡bi c×wZ‡K ejv nq-
K. Debugging L. Amending
M. Encoding N. Correction.
2| my‡Wv (Pseudo) †Kvb fvlv n‡Z DrcwË-
K. Pxb L. Bs‡iRx
M. evsjv N. MÖxK
3| Syntax Error mvaviYZ n‡q _v‡K-
K. e¨vKiYMZ fz‡ji Rb¨ L. fzj UvB‡ci Rb¨
M. Kgv, eªv‡KU bv †`Iqvi Rb¨ N. Dc‡ii meKqwUi Rb¨|
4| my‡Wv‡KvW A_© wK?
K. G¨vjMwi`g L. cÖevnwPÎ
M. QÙ-†cÖvMÖvg N. †KvbwUB bq|

mvigg©
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs
Kw¤úDUvi Øviv †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ c~e© cwiKwíZ Ges mwVKfv‡e mvRv‡bv wb‡`©kbvejxi
mgb¦‡q MwVZ nq †cÖvMÖvg| †cÖvMÖvg Øviv Kvh© m¤úbœ Kivi cÖwµqv‡K †cÖvMÖvwgs e‡j|
†cÖvMÖvwgs-Gi fvlv t †h fvlvq †`Iqv wb‡`©k Kw¤úDUvi eyS‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi fvlv e‡j| †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi
fvlv wZb ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| (1) hvwš¿K fvlv, (2) G¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv, (3) D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlv|
hvwš¿K fvlv t hvwš¿K fvlv n‡”Q Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbR¯^ fvlv| GB fvlv `ywU gvÎ eY© Av‡Q, k~b¨ (0) Ges GK (1)| G
`ywU msL¨vi mvnv‡h¨ wnmv‡ei c×wZ‡K evBbvix c×wZ ejv nq|
K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUvi t GB `ywU‡KB Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg ejv n‡q _v‡K| GB `ywUi mvnv‡h¨B D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv‡K
hvwš¿K fvlvq iƒcvšÍi Kiv hvq|
†cÖvMÖv‡gi avc t mgm¨v eY©bv, we‡kølY, †cÖvMÖvg cwiKíbv, wjLY, cix¶v Ges †jL¨ cÖ¯ÍZKiY|
G¨vjMwi`g t mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hŠw³K µgvbymvix eY©bv| GB eY©bvi wfwˇZ †d¬vPvU© A¼b Øviv nq|
cÖevnwPÎ t G¨vjMwi`‡gi wPÎiƒc| GB wP‡Î †cÖvMÖv‡gi c~Y©v½ cwiKíbv †`qv nj| †d¬vPvU© Abymib K‡i cÖK…Z
†cÖvMÖvg iPbv Kiv nq|
†ewmK KgvÛ t †ewmK †cÖvMÖvg †jLvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ kã, †hgb- PRINT, LET, GOTO BZ¨vw`|
†ewmK msiw¶Z kã t Gme kã †ewmK PjK wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv wb‡la| †hgb- LIST, PRINT, READ BZ¨vw`|
my‡Wv‡KvW t †cÖvMÖv‡gi aib I Kvh©vejx Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ wKQy msL¨K wb‡`©k ev †÷U‡g‡›Ui mgvnvi‡KB my‡Wv‡KvW
ejv nq| Pseudo A_© QÙ| my‡hv‡KvW A_© QÙ-†cÖvMÖvg|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-97

GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Abykxjbx
msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| †ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi Rb¨ Kq ai‡bi KgvÛ e¨eüZ nq?
2| †ewmK fvlvi D™¢ve‡Ki bvg wjLyb|
3| †ewmK msiw¶Z kã ej‡Z wK eySvq? K‡qKwU D`vniY w`b|
4| K‡qKwU D”PZi †cÖvMÖv‡gi fvlvi bvg wjLyb|
5| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi avc¸wj wK wK wjLyb|
6| G¨vjMwi`g wK?
7| †d¬vPvU© wK? †d¬vPvU© A¼‡b e¨eüZ wPÎvsk¸wji Zvrch© wjLyb|
8| †KvwWs ej‡Z wK †evSv‡bv nq?
9| †ewmK †cÖvMÖv‡gi MVb‡K gy³ cÖK…wZi ejv nq †Kb?
10| †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi myweav I ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Kiyb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| hvwš¿K fvlv ej‡Z wK eySvq? hvwš¿K fvlv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wjLyb|
2| D”P¯Í‡ii fvlv ej‡Z wK eySvq? D”P¯Í‡ii fvlvi myweav¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
3| Abyev`K wK? wewfbœ cÖKvi Abyev`K mdUIq¨vi m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wjLyb|
4| K¤úvBjvi I B›Uvi‡cÖUv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
5| †cÖvMÖvg iPbvi wewfbœ avc¸‡jv wK wK? mgm¨v mbv³ Kiv I we‡kølY Kivi cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiyb|
6| G¨vjMwi`g I †d¬vPv‡U©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
7| †ewmK †cÖvMÖvwgs Gi KgvÛ I wm‡÷g Kgv‡Ûi eY©bv w`b|
8| †d¬vPv‡U©i ˆewkó¨ wK ai‡bi nIqvi `iKvi we¯ÍvwiZ wjLyb|
9| G¨vjMwi`g Kv‡K e‡j eywS‡q wjLyb|
10| my‡Wv‡KvW m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ wjLyb|

DËigvjv
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 8.1
1.M 2.N 3.M 4.M

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 8.2

1.K 2.M 3.M 4.N

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 8.3

1.L 2.M 3.M

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ 8.4

1.K 2.N 3.N 4.M

BDwbU AvU c„ôv-98