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    AP Chemistry: Solution Stoichiometry

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    Ari Mendler
    The document discusses various ways to express the concentration of solutions, including percent by mass, molarity, molality, density, and mole fraction. It then provides examples of calculating concentrations using these different units and solving stoichiometry problems involving reactions in solution.

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    AP Chemistry: Solution Stoichiometry

    Uploaded by

    Ari Mendler
    134 views3 pages
    The document discusses various ways to express the concentration of solutions, including percent by mass, molarity, molality, density, and mole fraction. It then provides examples of calculating concentrations using these different units and solving stoichiometry problems involving reactions in solution.

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    apchemistrysolutionstoichiometrycompletednotes20061

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    The document discusses various ways to express the concentration of solutions, including percent by mass, molarity, molality, density, and mole fraction. It then provides examples of calculating concentrations using these different units and solving stoichiometry problems involving reactions in solution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    134 views3 pages

    AP Chemistry: Solution Stoichiometry

    Uploaded by

    Ari Mendler
    The document discusses various ways to express the concentration of solutions, including percent by mass, molarity, molality, density, and mole fraction. It then provides examples of calculating concentrations using these different units and solving stoichiometry problems involving reactions in solution.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    AP Chemistry: Solution Stoichiometry

    Text References I. Ways to Express the Concentration of a Solution


    and Additional
    Notes
    Pages 139-143 and
    A. Percent by Mass
    514-517
    mass of solute
    A solution contains
    Percent by mass = × 100
    total mass of solution (solute + solvent)
    two parts.
    Solute – substance
    being dissolved. B. Molarity (M)
    Solvent – substance
    doing the moles of solute millimoles of solute
    dissolving. Molarity (M) = or
    Liters of solution milliliters of solution

    In an aqueous
    solution, the solvent
    C. Molality (m)
    is water.
    moles of solute
    Molality (m) =
    kg of solvent

    D. Density

    mass of solution
    Density (D) =
    volume of solution

    E. Mole Fraction (X)

    moles of component
    Mole Fraction (X) =
    total moles of solute and solvent
    When a solution is II. Dilutions
    diluted by mixing it M1V1=M2V2
    with more solvent,
    the amount of
    The subscript 1 is used to represent the concentrated solution and the
    solute present does subscript 2 represents the dilute solution.
    not change.
    III. Example Problems
    A. Determine the percent by mass of glucose in a solution if 15.9 grams
    of glucose are dissolved in 75.0 mL of water. The density of water =
    1.0 g/mL.
    mass of solute 15.9g
    Percent by mass = × 100 = × 100 = 17.5%
    total mass of solution (solute + solvent) 15.9g + 75.0g
    (The mass of 75.0 mL of water is 75.0 g since the density is 1.0 g/mL.)

    B. A solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0 g of magnesium chloride in


    enough water to make 450.0 mL of solution. Calculate the molarity.
    moles of solute 25.0 g MgCl 2 1 mole MgCl 2
    Molarity (M) = = × = 0.584 M
    Liters of solution 0.4500 L 95.21 g MgCl 2
    (The molar mass of MgCl2 is 95.21 g/mol.)

    C. What volume of 12 M HCl is needed to prepare 500.0 mL of 3.0 M


    HCl?
    M1V1=M2V2
    M 2 V2 (3.0M)(500.0mL)
    V 1= = = 125 mL of 12 M HCl are needed.
    M1 12M

    1
    D. How would you prepare 100.0 mL of 0.050 M sodium hydroxide
    solution?
    molesofsolute
    Molarity (M) = moles = M x L = (0.050 M)(0.1000 L) = 0.0050 mol NaOH
    Litersofsolution
    40.01gNaOH
    0.0050 mol NaOH × = 0.20 g NaOH
    1molNaOH
    Obtain a 100 mL volumetric flask. Add 0.20 g NaOH to enough water to make 100 mL of
    solution.

    E. If 8.36 g of sodium chloride are dissolved in 60.0 mL of water


    (density of water = 1.0 g/mL), what is the molality of the solution?
    molesofsolute 8.36gNaCl 1molNaCl
    Molality (m) = = × = 2.38 m NaCl
    kgofsolvent 0.06kgH 2 O 58.45gNaCl
    (The mass of 60.0 mL of water in kg is 0.06 kg since the density of water is 1.0
    g/mL)

    F. If the solution of salt water from example E above has a density of


    1.09 g/mL, what is its molarity?
    1molNaCl
    First determine the moles of solute. The moles of NaCl = 8.36gNaCl × =0.143 mol NaCl
    58.45gNaCl
    The mass of the solution is 8.36 g NaCl + 60.0 g H2O = 68.36 g solution. The mass of the solution and
    the density can be used to determine the volume of the solution.
    1mL 1L
    The volume of the solution = 68.36g × × = 0.0627 L solution.
    1.09g 1000 mL
    molesofsolute 0.143molNaCl
    Molarity (M) = = = 2.28 M NaCl
    Lofsolution 0.0627 LofSolution

    Decane and hexane G. A solution is prepared by mixing 85.0 g of hexane and 45.0 g of
    are organic decane. Calculate the mole fraction of each component in the
    compounds called mixture.
    alkanes. The 1molhexane
    general formula for Moles of hexane = 85.0ghexane × = 0.986 mol hexane
    86.20ghexane
    an alkane is 1moldecane
    CnH2n+2. Moles of decane = 45.0gdecane ×
    142.32gdecane
    = 0.316 mol decane
    Hexane = C6H14
    n hexane 0.986mol
    Decane = C10H22 Mole Fraction of hexane = = = 0.757
    n hexane + n decane 0.986mol + 0.316mol
    Mole Fraction of decane = 1 – 0.757 = 0.243

    H. A nitric acid solution is 20.0% by mass. What is the molarity of the


    nitric acid? The density of the nitric acid solution is 1.117 g/mL.
    First determine the number of moles of solute. Since the solution is 20.0% by mass, the mass of nitric
    1molHNO 3
    acid is 20.0 g. The number of moles of nitric acid = 20.0gHNO 3 × = 0.317 mol HNO3
    63.02gHNO 3
    Next determine the volume of the solution.
    1mLsolution 1L
    The volume of solution = 100gsolution × × = 0.895 L
    1.117g 1000mL
    molesofsolute 0.317 mole
    Molarity (M) = = = 3.54 M HNO3
    Litersofsolution 0.895L

    2
    IV. Solution Stoichiometry Problems
    A. Calculate the volume in liters of a 0.324 M solution of sulfuric acid
    required to react completely with 2.792 g of Na2CO3 according to the
    following reaction.
    H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

    1molNa 2 CO 3 1molH 2SO 4 1LH 2SO 4 so ln


    2.792gNa 2 CO 3 × × × = 0.0813 L H2SO4 soln
    106.01gNa 2 CO 3 1molNa 2 CO 3 0.324molH 2SO 4

    B. Find the volume in liters of a 0.505 M NaOH solution required to


    react with 40.0 mL of 0.505 M H2SO4 solution according to the
    following reaction.
    H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

    0.505MH 2SO 4 2molNaOH 1LNaOH


    0.0400LH 2SO 4 ×
    1LH 2SO 4
    × ×
    1molH 2SO 4 0.505molNaOH
    = 0.0800 L NaOH

    C. Calculate the number of grams of carbon dioxide, CO2, that can react
    with 135 mL of a 0.357 M solution of potassium hydroxide, KOH,
    according to the following reaction.
    2KOH + CO2 → K2CO3 + H2O

    0.357 molKOH 1molCO 2 44.01gCO 2


    0.135LKOH × × × = 1.06 g CO2
    1LKOH 2molKOH 1molCO 2

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