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AP Chemistry: Solution Stoichiometry

The document discusses various ways to express the concentration of solutions, including percent by mass, molarity, molality, density, and mole fraction. It then provides examples of calculating concentrations using these different units and solving stoichiometry problems involving reactions in solution.

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Ari Mendler
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213 views

AP Chemistry: Solution Stoichiometry

The document discusses various ways to express the concentration of solutions, including percent by mass, molarity, molality, density, and mole fraction. It then provides examples of calculating concentrations using these different units and solving stoichiometry problems involving reactions in solution.

Uploaded by

Ari Mendler
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AP Chemistry: Solution Stoichiometry

Text References I. Ways to Express the Concentration of a Solution


and Additional
Notes
Pages 139-143 and
A. Percent by Mass
514-517
mass of solute
A solution contains
Percent by mass = × 100
total mass of solution (solute + solvent)
two parts.
Solute – substance
being dissolved. B. Molarity (M)
Solvent – substance
doing the moles of solute millimoles of solute
dissolving. Molarity (M) = or
Liters of solution milliliters of solution

In an aqueous
solution, the solvent
C. Molality (m)
is water.
moles of solute
Molality (m) =
kg of solvent

D. Density

mass of solution
Density (D) =
volume of solution

E. Mole Fraction (X)

moles of component
Mole Fraction (X) =
total moles of solute and solvent
When a solution is II. Dilutions
diluted by mixing it M1V1=M2V2
with more solvent,
the amount of
The subscript 1 is used to represent the concentrated solution and the
solute present does subscript 2 represents the dilute solution.
not change.
III. Example Problems
A. Determine the percent by mass of glucose in a solution if 15.9 grams
of glucose are dissolved in 75.0 mL of water. The density of water =
1.0 g/mL.
mass of solute 15.9g
Percent by mass = × 100 = × 100 = 17.5%
total mass of solution (solute + solvent) 15.9g + 75.0g
(The mass of 75.0 mL of water is 75.0 g since the density is 1.0 g/mL.)

B. A solution is prepared by dissolving 25.0 g of magnesium chloride in


enough water to make 450.0 mL of solution. Calculate the molarity.
moles of solute 25.0 g MgCl 2 1 mole MgCl 2
Molarity (M) = = × = 0.584 M
Liters of solution 0.4500 L 95.21 g MgCl 2
(The molar mass of MgCl2 is 95.21 g/mol.)

C. What volume of 12 M HCl is needed to prepare 500.0 mL of 3.0 M


HCl?
M1V1=M2V2
M 2 V2 (3.0M)(500.0mL)
V 1= = = 125 mL of 12 M HCl are needed.
M1 12M

1
D. How would you prepare 100.0 mL of 0.050 M sodium hydroxide
solution?
molesofsolute
Molarity (M) = moles = M x L = (0.050 M)(0.1000 L) = 0.0050 mol NaOH
Litersofsolution
40.01gNaOH
0.0050 mol NaOH × = 0.20 g NaOH
1molNaOH
Obtain a 100 mL volumetric flask. Add 0.20 g NaOH to enough water to make 100 mL of
solution.

E. If 8.36 g of sodium chloride are dissolved in 60.0 mL of water


(density of water = 1.0 g/mL), what is the molality of the solution?
molesofsolute 8.36gNaCl 1molNaCl
Molality (m) = = × = 2.38 m NaCl
kgofsolvent 0.06kgH 2 O 58.45gNaCl
(The mass of 60.0 mL of water in kg is 0.06 kg since the density of water is 1.0
g/mL)

F. If the solution of salt water from example E above has a density of


1.09 g/mL, what is its molarity?
1molNaCl
First determine the moles of solute. The moles of NaCl = 8.36gNaCl × =0.143 mol NaCl
58.45gNaCl
The mass of the solution is 8.36 g NaCl + 60.0 g H2O = 68.36 g solution. The mass of the solution and
the density can be used to determine the volume of the solution.
1mL 1L
The volume of the solution = 68.36g × × = 0.0627 L solution.
1.09g 1000 mL
molesofsolute 0.143molNaCl
Molarity (M) = = = 2.28 M NaCl
Lofsolution 0.0627 LofSolution

Decane and hexane G. A solution is prepared by mixing 85.0 g of hexane and 45.0 g of
are organic decane. Calculate the mole fraction of each component in the
compounds called mixture.
alkanes. The 1molhexane
general formula for Moles of hexane = 85.0ghexane × = 0.986 mol hexane
86.20ghexane
an alkane is 1moldecane
CnH2n+2. Moles of decane = 45.0gdecane ×
142.32gdecane
= 0.316 mol decane
Hexane = C6H14
n hexane 0.986mol
Decane = C10H22 Mole Fraction of hexane = = = 0.757
n hexane + n decane 0.986mol + 0.316mol
Mole Fraction of decane = 1 – 0.757 = 0.243

H. A nitric acid solution is 20.0% by mass. What is the molarity of the


nitric acid? The density of the nitric acid solution is 1.117 g/mL.
First determine the number of moles of solute. Since the solution is 20.0% by mass, the mass of nitric
1molHNO 3
acid is 20.0 g. The number of moles of nitric acid = 20.0gHNO 3 × = 0.317 mol HNO3
63.02gHNO 3
Next determine the volume of the solution.
1mLsolution 1L
The volume of solution = 100gsolution × × = 0.895 L
1.117g 1000mL
molesofsolute 0.317 mole
Molarity (M) = = = 3.54 M HNO3
Litersofsolution 0.895L

2
IV. Solution Stoichiometry Problems
A. Calculate the volume in liters of a 0.324 M solution of sulfuric acid
required to react completely with 2.792 g of Na2CO3 according to the
following reaction.
H2SO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

1molNa 2 CO 3 1molH 2SO 4 1LH 2SO 4 so ln


2.792gNa 2 CO 3 × × × = 0.0813 L H2SO4 soln
106.01gNa 2 CO 3 1molNa 2 CO 3 0.324molH 2SO 4

B. Find the volume in liters of a 0.505 M NaOH solution required to


react with 40.0 mL of 0.505 M H2SO4 solution according to the
following reaction.
H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

0.505MH 2SO 4 2molNaOH 1LNaOH


0.0400LH 2SO 4 ×
1LH 2SO 4
× ×
1molH 2SO 4 0.505molNaOH
= 0.0800 L NaOH

C. Calculate the number of grams of carbon dioxide, CO2, that can react
with 135 mL of a 0.357 M solution of potassium hydroxide, KOH,
according to the following reaction.
2KOH + CO2 → K2CO3 + H2O

0.357 molKOH 1molCO 2 44.01gCO 2


0.135LKOH × × × = 1.06 g CO2
1LKOH 2molKOH 1molCO 2

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