Lightning Example: ECE 524 Transients in Power Systems Session 43 Page 1/22 Spring 2018

ECE 524 Session 43; Page 1/22
Transients in Power Systems Spring 2018
Lightning Example
Consider a transmission line with towers that are 40m tall and spaced 280m apart. Assume that
there is a single shield wire with a characteristic impedance of 520 ohm and assume that the
tower ground strap has a characteristic impedance of 135 ohm and the tower has a footing
resistance of 30 ohm. Assume a propagation velocity of the speed of light for the ground wires
and 0.85 times the speed of light for the tower ground strap. Assume that the phase conductors
are 75% of the way up the tower and that the ground wire is segmented and open at the top of
each of the adjacent towers.
Consider the case of a lightning strike where the current rises to 40kA in 2 s and falls to 20kA
after 40 s.
Define parameters: Rfoot  30ohm Zc_gw  520ohm
Htower  40m Zc_tower  135ohm
Hconductor  0.75 Htower Hconductor  30 m
Dspan  280m
7H  12 F
Define speed of light: μo  4 π 10 εo  8.854 10
m m
1 5 km
c  c  3  10 
μo εo sec
νgw  c
5 km
νtower  0.85 c νtower  2.5483  10 
sec
6
μsec  10  sec
(a) Find the peak voltage at the tower top, the bottom of the tower and at the conductor height if the
lightning strike the top of the tower.
ATPDraw Schematic
I STROKE
Grnd Wire Grnd Wire

VFARL
VFARR
TTOP
TOWER
CROSSA
TOWER
RFOOT
30 ohm
ATP Data File
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE

C --------------------------------------------------------
C Generated by ATPDRAW April, Wednesday 25, 2012
C A Bonneville Power Administration program
C by H. K. Høidalen at SEfAS/NTNU - NORWAY 1994-2009
C --------------------------------------------------------
C dT >< Tmax >< Xopt >< Copt ><Epsiln>
2.5E-9 5.E-5
500 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
/BRANCH
C < n1 >< n2 ><ref1><ref2>< R >< L >< C >
C < n1 >< n2 ><ref1><ref2>< R >< A >< B ><Leng><><>0
RFOOT 30. 2
-1CROSSARFOOT 135.2.55E8 30. 1 0 0
-1TTOP CROSSA 135.2.55E8 10. 1 0 0
-1VFARL TTOP 520. 3.E8 280. 1 0 0
-1TTOP VFARR 520. 3.E8 280. 1 0 0
/SWITCH
C < n 1>< n 2>< Tclose ><Top/Tde >< Ie ><Vf/CLOP >< type >
STROKETTOP MEASURING 1
/SOURCE
C < n 1><>< Ampl. >< Freq. ><Phase/T0>< A1 >< T1 >< TSTART >< TSTOP >
13STROKE-1 4.E4 2.E-6 2.E4 4.2E-5 1.
/OUTPUT
TTOP CROSSA
BLANK BRANCH
Plot of lightning current:

40
*10 3
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -6 50
(f ile prob2a.pl4; x-v ar t) c:STROKE-TTOP
Voltages at tower top, cross arm and footing resistance.
1.6
*10 6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -6 50
(f ile prob2a.pl4; x-v ar t) v :TTOP v :CROSSA v :RFOOT -
Zoom in on peak of voltage waveform:

1.6
*10 6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 *10 -6 16
(f ile prob2a.pl4; x-v ar t) v :TTOP v :CROSSA v :RFOOT -
As one would expect, the top shows the biggest peaks in voltage.
Note also the time delay in the voltage at the footing resistor.
3
Vpeak_top  1.5609 10 kV at ttop  2.5075μsec
3
Vpeak_crossarm  1.4876 10 kV at tcross  2.5400μsec
3
Note that this is actually the
Vpeak_foot  1.3294 10 kV at tfoot  4.3275μsec second relative
peak in this waveform
(b) Repeat of the lightning strike occurs 100m away from the tower top (in either direction).
I STROKE
ATP Draw Circuit Diagram
Grnd Wire Gnd Wire Grnd Wire

VFARL
VFARR
STRIKE
TTOP
TOWER
CROSSA
TOWER
RFOOT
30 ohm
2.5
*10 6
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -6 50
(f ile prob2b.pl4; x-v ar t) v :TTOP v :CROSSA v :RFOOT -
Note that the peak voltages are higher in this case.


2.2
*10 6
1.8
1.4
1.0
0.6
0.2
0 3 6 9 12 *10 -6 15
(f ile prob2b.pl4; x-v ar t) v :TTOP v :CROSSA v :RFOOT -
Again,the top shows the biggest peaks in voltage. Note also the time
delay in the voltage at the footing resistor.
3
Note that the time to the peak is delayed, due to travel time along the ground wire.
3
3
Vpeak_foot  1.6244 10 kV at tfoot  4.0525μsec
Note that this is actually the second relative

peak in this waveform, but it is earlier than the last
case.
(c) Repeat part (a) if the adjacent towers are each grounded, with the same ground strap characteristics
and the same footing resistances.
 For this case, we will just model the adjactent towers in detail, since we aren't concerned
with waiting for further reflections to come back.
 We do model both ground wires at the top of each though.
I
STROKE
Grnd Wire Grnd Wire Grnd Wire Grnd Wire

VFARL VLFT VRGHT VFARR
TTOP
TOWER TOWER TOWER
CROSSA
TOWER TOWER TOWER
RFOOT
30 ohm 30 ohm 30 ohm
1.5
*10 6
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -6 50
(f ile prob2c.pl4; x-v ar t) v :TTOP v :CROSSA v :RFOOT -
1.5
*10 6
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 *10 -6 12
(f ile prob2c.pl4; x-v ar t) v :TTOP v :CROSSA v :RFOOT -
350
*10 3
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 10 20 30 40 *10 -6 50
(f ile prob2c.pl4; x-v ar t) v :VFARR v :VFARL
(a) Find the peak voltage at the tower top, the bottom of the tower and at the conductor height if the
lightning strike the top of the tower.
PSCAD Schematic from file Lightning1.psc
Ia
TIME
Surge
Simple Lightning Surge:
I = 40kA/T1 * t - C1(t-T1) Vtop
T T
10e10 [ohm]
GWL GWR
10e10 [ohm]
GWL GWL GWR GWR
Tower1
T
Tow er1
Tower1
Vtop
CrossA
CrossA
Vfoot
Tower2
Notes: T
 Note the transmission line models used for the ground Tow er2
straps and static wires

Tower2
 PSCAD requires a terminating impedance at the end

of a line, it can't be open circuited. A very large
VFOOT
resistance has been placed at the end of the line

30[ohm]
Current surge source dialog box:
Plot of lightning current:

Main : Graphs
Surge
40.0k
35.0k
30.0k
25.0k
y (kA)
20.0k
15.0k
10.0k
5.0k
0.0
0.000 0.010m 0.020m 0.030m 0.040m 0.050m

Main : Graphs
Vtop CrossA Vfoot
1.6M
1.4M
1.2M
1.0M
y (kV)
0.8M
0.6M
0.4M
0.2M
0.0
0.000 0.010m 0.020m 0.030m 0.040m 0.050m

Main: Graphs
Vtop CrossA Vfoot
1.6M
1.4M
1.2M
1.0M
y (kV)
0.8M
0.6M
0.4M
0.2M
0.0
0.000 0.002m 0.004m 0.006m 0.008m 0.010m 0.012m 0.014m 0.016m 0.018m
As one would expect, the top shows the biggest peaks in voltage.
Note also the time delay in the voltage at the footing resistor.
3
3
3
Note that this is actually the
Vpeak_foot  1.3294 10 kV at tfoot  4.3275μsec second relative
peak in this waveform
(b) Repeat of the lightning strike occurs 100m away from the tower top (in either direction).
PSCAD Circuit Diagram from file Lightning2.psc
Ia
TIME
Surge
I = 40kA/T1 * t - C1(t-T1)
T T Vtop T
GWL2 GWL GWR
10e10 [ohm]
10e10 [ohm]
GWL2 GWL2 GWL GWL GWR GWR

Tower1
T
Tow er1
Tower1
Vtop CrossA
CrossA
Vfoot
Tower2
T
Tow er2
Tower2
VFOOT
30[ohm]

Main : Graphs
Vtop CrossA Vfoot
2.3M
2.0M
1.8M
1.5M
1.3M
Note that the peak voltages
y (kV)
1.0M
are higher in this case.
0.8M
0.5M
0.3M
0.0
0.000 0.010m 0.020m 0.030m 0.040m 0.050m
Main : Graphs
Vtop CrossA Vfoot
2.3M
2.0M Zoom in on peak of
1.8M voltage waveform:
1.5M
1.3M
y (kV)
1.0M
0.8M
0.5M
0.3M
0.0
0.000 0.002m 0.004m 0.006m 0.008m 0.010m 0.012m 0.014m 0.016m
Again,the top shows the biggest peaks in voltage. Note also the time delay in the voltage at the footing resistor.
3
Note that the time to the peak is delayed, due to travel time along the ground wire.
3
3
Vpeak_foot  1.6244 10 kV at tfoot  4.0525μsec
Note that this is actually the second relative

peak in this waveform, but it is earlier than the last case.
(c) Repeat part (a) if the adjacent towers are each grounded, with the same ground strap characteristics
and the same footing resistances.
 For this case, we will just model the adjacent towers in detail, since we aren't concerned
with waiting for further reflections to come back.
 We do model both ground wires at the top of each though.
 The model includes the static wires beyond the next tower as well, terminated with a very
large resistance
 From file Lightning3.psc
Ia
TIME
Surge
I = 40kA/T1 * t - C1(t-T1)
T
Vtop
GWL2
T T T
10e10 [ohm]
GWL GWR GWR2
10e10 [ohm]
GWL2 GWL2
GWL GWL GWR GWR GWR2 GWR2
Tower4
Tower3
Tower1
T T
Tow er4 Tow er3
T
Tow er1
Tower4
Tower3
Tower1
Vtop
CrossA
CrossA
30[ohm]
30[ohm]
Vfoot
Tower2
T
Tow er2
Tower2
VFOOT
30[ohm]
Main : Graphs
Vtop CrossA Vfoot
1.4M
1.2M
1.0M
Voltages at tower top,
cross arm and footing
0.8M resistance.
y (kV)
0.6M
0.4M
0.2M
0.0
0.000 0.010m 0.020m 0.030m 0.040m 0.050m
Main : Graphs
Vtop CrossA Vfoot
1.4M
1.2M
1.0M  Zoomed voltages at

tower top, cross arm
0.8M
and footing resistance.
y (kV)
0.6M  Note that the peak

0.4M voltage is significantly
lower than the other
0.2M
cases
0.0
0.000 0.002m 0.004m 0.006m 0.008m 0.010m 0.012m 0.014m 0.016m
Main : Graphs
VTopL VTopR
350.00k
300.00k
250.00k Voltages at tops of the

next towers to the left
200.00k
and right
y (kV)
150.00k
100.00k
50.00k
0.00
0.000 0.005m 0.010m 0.015m 0.020m 0.025m 0.030m 0.035m
 Now add the phase conductors to the model. Closest to case 3 above
 Note that this is simplified to illustrate how to model
STROKE
I
V
V
SWS BUS1 F2 F3 BUS2
ZSRC LCC F1 V V V LCC ZSRC
F1 LCC FS2 LCC I
VS VR
TTOP1 TTOP2
40. km 10. km
ABC 0.28 km 0.28 km
30 ohm
30 ohm
30 ohm
TTOP2 TTOP3
TTOP1
TOWER TOWER TOWER
CRSA1 CRSA2 CRSA3
TOWER TOWER TOWER
RFOOT1 RFOOT2 RFOOT3

30 ohm 30 ohm 30 ohm
1.5
[MV]
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(file ltngcase4.pl4; x-var t) v:TTOP2 v:CRSA2 v:RFOOT2-
Compare cross arm voltage to case 3:

1 .5
[M V ]
1 .2
0 .9
0 .6
0 .3
0 .0
0 2 4 6 8 10 [us ] 12
ltngc as e4.pl4: v:C R S A2
ltngc as e3.pl4: v:C R O S S A
Voltages on the footing resistors of the other uprights:
50
[kV]
40
30
20
10
-10
-20
-30
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(file ltngcase4.pl4; x-var t) v:G1R - v:G2R - v:G3R -
Phase conductor voltages (with cross arm level on ground strap)
1 .4
[M V ]
1 .1
0 .8
0 .5
0 .2
-0 .1
-0 .4
0 10 20 30 40 [us ] 50
(file ltng c a s e4 .p l4; x-va r t) v:F 2A v:F 2B v:F 2 C v:C R S A2
 Same voltages without the lightning strike:
500
[k V ]
400
300
200
100
-1 0 0
-2 0 0
-3 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 [us ] 50
(file ltn g c a s e 4 .p l4 ; x-va r t) v:F 2 A v:F 2 B v:F 2 C v:C R S A2
Phase Currents Don't show much effect
3000
[A ]
2000
1000
-1 0 0 0
-2 0 0 0
0 .0 0 .1 0 .2 0 .3 0 .4 [m s ] 0 .5
( f ile lt n g c a s e 4 . p l4 ; x - v a r t ) c :F S 2 A -F 2 A c :F S 2 B -F 2 B c :F S 2 C -F 2 C
Zoom on one phase:
2650
[A ]
2620
2590
2560
2530
2500
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 [ms] 0.5
(file ltngcase4.pl4; x-var t) c :FS2A -F2A
 Now add voltage dependent flashover

switches: FS2 F2
V
V
F1 LCC FS2 LCC
TTOP1 TTOP2
0.28 km 0.28 km
30 ohm
30 ohm
TTOP2
UI
+ Vf -
UI
+ Vf -
CRSA2 UI
+ Vf -
RFOOT2
30 ohm
Switch voltages:
1 .5
[M V ]
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0
-0 .5
-1 .0
0 .0 0 0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 6 0 .0 8 [m s ] 0 .1 0
(file ltn g c a s e 4 .p l4 ; x-va r t) v:C R S A2 -F 2 A v:C R S A2 -F 2 B v:C R S A2 -F 2 C
Phase currents (between towers):
4000
[A ]
2500
1000
-5 0 0
-2 0 0 0
-3 5 0 0
-5 0 0 0
0 .0 0 0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 6 0 .0 8 [m s ] 0 .1 0
( file ltn g c a s e 4 .p l4 ; x -v a r t) c :F S 2 A -F 2 A c :F S 2 B -F 2 B c :F S 2 C - F 2 C
Phase voltages at Bus 2 (closer bus)

1 .5
[M V ]
1 .0
0 .5
0 .0
-0 .5
-1 .0
0 .0 0 0 .0 2 0 .0 4 0 .0 6 0 .0 8 [m s ] 0 .1 0
(file ltng c as e4.pl4 ; x-var t) v:B U S 2A v:B U S 2B v:B U S 2C
Phase Currents at Bus 2:
2000
[A]
1000
-1000
-2000
-3000
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 [ms] 0.10
(file ltngcase4.pl4; x-var t) c:SWRA -BUS2A c:SWRB -BUS2B c:SWRC -BUS2C

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ECE 524 Session 43; Page 1/22

Transients in Power Systems Spring 2018

Define parameters: Rfoot  30ohm Zc_gw  520ohm

Htower  40m Zc_tower  135ohm

Hconductor  0.75 Htower Hconductor  30 m

Grnd Wire Grnd Wire

ATP Data File

BEGIN NEW DATA CASE

Plot of lightning current:

Voltages at tower top, cross arm and footing resistance.

Zoom in on peak of voltage waveform:

Grnd Wire Gnd Wire Grnd Wire

Note that the peak voltages are higher in this case.

Zoom in on peak of voltage waveform:

Note that this is actually the second relative

Grnd Wire Grnd Wire Grnd Wire Grnd Wire

TOWER TOWER TOWER

TOWER TOWER TOWER

Simple Lightning Surge:

I = 40kA/T1 * t - C1(t-T1) Vtop

straps and static wires

 PSCAD requires a terminating impedance at the end

resistance has been placed at the end of the line

Current surge source dialog box:

Plot of lightning current:

Voltages at tower top, cross arm and footing resistance.

Zoom in on peak of voltage waveform:

Simple Lightning Surge:

GWL2 GWL2 GWL GWL GWR GWR

Voltages at tower top, cross arm and footing resistance.

Note that this is actually the second relative

Simple Lightning Surge:

GWL GWR GWR2

1.0M  Zoomed voltages at

0.6M  Note that the peak

250.00k Voltages at tops of the

CRSA1 CRSA2 CRSA3

TOWER TOWER TOWER

RFOOT1 RFOOT2 RFOOT3

Compare cross arm voltage to case 3:

Voltages on the footing resistors of the other uprights:

Phase conductor voltages (with cross arm level on ground strap)

 Same voltages without the lightning strike:

Phase Currents Don't show much effect

Zoom on one phase:

 Now add voltage dependent flashover

Phase currents (between towers):

Phase voltages at Bus 2 (closer bus)

Phase Currents at Bus 2:

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