Wheatstone Bridge
Wheatstone Bridge
Wheatstone Bridge
bridge Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wheatstone bridge
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit used to measure
an unknown electrical resistance by balancing two legs of a
bridge circuit, one leg of which includes the unknown
component. The primary benefit of a wheatstone bridge is its
ability to provide extremely accurate measurements (in
contrast with something like a simple voltage divider).[1] Its
operation is similar to the original potentiometer.
The Wheatstone bridge was invented by Samuel Hunter
Christie in 1833 and improved and popularized by Sir Charles
Wheatstone in 1843. One of the Wheatstone bridge's initial
uses was for the purpose of soils analysis and comparison.[2]
Wheatstone bridge circuit diagram. The unknown
resistance Rx is to be measured; resistances R1, R2
Contents and R3 are known and R2 is adjustable. If the
measured voltage Vg is 0, then R2/R1 = Rx/R3.
1 Operation
2 Derivation
3 Significance
4 Modifications of the fundamental bridge
5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Operation
In the figure, is the unknown resistance to be measured; , and are resistors of known resistance and the
resistance of is adjustable. If the ratio of the two resistances in the known leg is equal to the ratio of the
two in the unknown leg , then the voltage between the two midpoints (B and D) will be zero and no current
will flow through the galvanometer . If the bridge is unbalanced, the direction of the current indicates whether
is too high or too low. is varied until there is no current through the galvanometer, which then reads zero.
At the point of balance, the ratio of
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Derivation
First, Kirchhoff's first rule is used to find the currents in
junctions B and D:
Then, Kirchhoff's second rule is used for finding the voltage in
the loops ABD and BCD:
When the bridge is balanced, then IG = 0, so the second set of
equations can be rewritten as: Directions of currents arbitrarily assigned
Then, the equations are divided and rearranged, giving:
From the first rule, I3 = Ix and I1 = I2. The desired value of Rx is now known to be given as:
If all four resistor values and the supply voltage (VS) are known, and the resistance of the galvanometer is high
enough that IG is negligible, the voltage across the bridge (VG) can be found by working out the voltage from each
potential divider and subtracting one from the other. The equation for this is:
where VG is the voltage of node D relative to node B.
Significance
The Wheatstone bridge illustrates the concept of a difference measurement, which can be extremely accurate.
Variations on the Wheatstone bridge can be used to measure capacitance, inductance, impedance and other
quantities, such as the amount of combustible gases in a sample, with an explosimeter. The Kelvin bridge was
specially adapted from the Wheatstone bridge for measuring very low resistances. In many cases, the significance
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of measuring the unknown resistance is related to measuring the impact of some physical phenomenon (such as
force, temperature, pressure, etc.) which thereby allows the use of Wheatstone bridge in measuring those elements
indirectly.
The concept was extended to alternating current measurements by James Clerk Maxwell in 1865 and further
improved by Alan Blumlein around 1926.
Modifications of the fundamental bridge
The Wheatstone bridge is the fundamental bridge, but there are
other modifications that can be made to measure various kinds
of resistances when the fundamental Wheatstone bridge is not
suitable. Some of the modifications are:
Carey Foster bridge, for measuring small resistances
Kelvin bridge, for measuring small fourterminal
resistances
Maxwell bridge, for measuring reactive components.
Kelvin bridge
See also
Phantom circuit – a circuit using a balanced bridge
Post Office Box
Potentiometer
Potential divider
Ohmmeter
Resistance thermometer
Strain gauge
References
1. "Circuits in Practice: The Wheatstone Bridge, What It Does, and Why It Matters", as discussed in this MIT ES.333
class video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdySnSSG4)
2. "The Genesis of the Wheatstone Bridge" by Stig Ekelof discusses Christie's and Wheatstone's contributions, and why the
bridge carries Wheatstone's name. Published in "Engineering Science and Education Journal", volume 10, no 1, February
2001, pages 37–40.
External links
Wheatstone Bridge – Interactive Tutorial (https://nationalmaglab.org/education/magnetacademy/watchpla
y/interactive/wheatstonebridge) National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
Test Set I49 (http://radionerds.com/index.php/I49)
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