Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 46 views

    Week2 - Dawn - of - QP QM102

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Sharma
    This document provides an overview of classical mechanics and introduces some problems that emerged in physics around 1890 that classical mechanics could not explain. It describes experiments on blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect that showed results inconsistent with classical theories. This motivated the development of quantum mechanics and other theories that formed the foundation of modern physics in the early 20th century. Quantum mechanics, developed to address these inconsistencies, is the focus of the course described in this document.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Week2 - Dawn - of - QP QM102

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Sharma
    46 views32 pages
    This document provides an overview of classical mechanics and introduces some problems that emerged in physics around 1890 that classical mechanics could not explain. It describes experiments on blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect that showed results inconsistent with classical theories. This motivated the development of quantum mechanics and other theories that formed the foundation of modern physics in the early 20th century. Quantum mechanics, developed to address these inconsistencies, is the focus of the course described in this document.

    Original Title

    Week2_dawn_of_QP QM102

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of classical mechanics and introduces some problems that emerged in physics around 1890 that classical mechanics could not explain. It describes experiments on blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect that showed results inconsistent with classical theories. This motivated the development of quantum mechanics and other theories that formed the foundation of modern physics in the early 20th century. Quantum mechanics, developed to address these inconsistencies, is the focus of the course described in this document.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views32 pages

    Week2 - Dawn - of - QP QM102

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Sharma
    This document provides an overview of classical mechanics and introduces some problems that emerged in physics around 1890 that classical mechanics could not explain. It describes experiments on blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect that showed results inconsistent with classical theories. This motivated the development of quantum mechanics and other theories that formed the foundation of modern physics in the early 20th century. Quantum mechanics, developed to address these inconsistencies, is the focus of the course described in this document.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 32

    Week 2 PHY 106 Quantum Physics

    Instructor: Sebastian Wüster, IISER Bhopal, 2018


    These notes are provided for the students of the class above only.
    There is no warranty for correctness, please contact me if you spot a mistake.

    1.2) Some Mechanics and Math


    To understand why the invention of quantum
    mechanics (PHY106) was necessary, we have to first
    know classical mechanics (PHY101)

    To understand mechanics, we need some math.

    The following is the shortest possible crash-course,


    anything not familiar, please revise…
    Harmonic oscillator
    PHY 101

    Harmonic oscillator
    Newton’s equation
    ·· = − kx(t)
    F(t) = ma(t) = m x(t)
    k
    x(t) Differential equation
    d 2 x(t)
    m = − kx(t)
    m dt 2
    x=0
    Harmonic oscillator

    Differential equation What does it mean?


    d 2 x(t) How do I solve it?
    m = − kx(t)
    dt 2

    Revise: MTH 101


    OR find “mathematics for engineers” type online course, e.g.
    https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mathematics/18-01sc-single-variable-calculus-fall-2010/
    index.htm
    Harmonic oscillator
    Differential equation
    What does it mean?
    d 2 x(t) How do I solve it?
    = − kx(t)
    dt 2
    slope of tangent line at x(t)
    dx(t)
    dt

    slope of slope at x(t)

    d 2 x(t)
    Fig. 1
    dt 2
    Graph (position x as time t goes on)
    Graph (height of mountain x as we go from left to right along t)
    Harmonic oscillator
    Differential equation
    = find a function which has “slope
    d 2 x(t) of slope” equal to -k/m* itself
    m = − kx(t)
    dt 2

    Solution 1: https://www.wolframalpha.com/
    DSolve[D[x[t],{t,2}]==-k/m x[t],x[t],t]
    and: download and install “mathematica” from CC

    Solution 2: Math course on “solving ODE”s.


    d 2 x(t) 2
    Solution 3: Ansatz / Guess dt 2 = − Aω0 cos(ω0t)

    k dx(t)
    ω0 = x(t) = A cos(ω0t) = − Aω0 sin(ω0t)
    m dt
    Driven harmonic oscillator

    See demo of driven pendulum.


    e.g. http://www.walter-fendt.de/html5/phen/resonance_en.htm

    Additional driving force and damping


    d 2 x(t)
    m = − kx(t) + F(t) − γ̃v(t)
    dt 2
    dx(t)
    = F̃0 sin(ωt) = − γ̃
    dt
    Cleanup NOT ω0
    d 2 x(t) 2 dx(t)
    = − ω0 x(t) + F0 sin(ωt) − γ
    dt 2 dt
    DSolve[D[x[t],{t,2}]==-omega0^2 x[t] + F0 Sin[omega t] - gamma D[x[t],t],x[t],t]
    Driven harmonic oscillator

    Additional driving force and damping


    d 2 x(t) 2 dx(t)
    = − ω0 x(t) + F0 sin(ωt) − γ (1)
    dt 2 dt

    Ansatz / Guess
    x(t) = A sin(ωt) + B cos(ωt)

    Exercise: • Find A, B from (1) , using that sin


    and cos are independent.
    • Then rewrite as:
    x(t) = C sin(ωt + φ)
    Driven harmonic oscillator
    We find this driven oscillator
    response:
    x(t) = C sin(ωt + φ) (2)

    Amplitude
    | F0 |
    C=
    (3)
    γ 2ω 2 + (ω 2 − ω02)2
    Driven harmonic oscillator
    We find this driven oscillator
    response:
    x(t) = C sin(ωt + φ) (2)

    Amplitude
    | F0 |
    C=
    (3)
    γ 2ω 2 + (ω 2 − ω02)2

    Phase

    ( ω − ω0 )
    γω
    φ = arctan 2 2
    {−π}
    (4)
    Driven harmonic oscillator

    This is called a resonance


    x(t) = C sin(ωt + φ) (2)

    Amplitude
    | F0 |
    C=
    (3)
    γ 2ω 2 + (ω 2 − ω02)2

    One of the most important results


    of physics!!!!
    Driven harmonic oscillator

    We skipped the math about the initial transient

    Initially, oscillator takes some time to “settle”


    1.3) The dawn of quantum physics
    (more motivation)

    As discussed in the movies, around 1900


    is said to mark the dawn of quantum
    physics, or more generally modern
    physics.

    What came before is hence called


    classical physics.
    Status of Physics ~1890
    fill in lecture

    Electromagnetism
    fill in lecture

    Mechanics
    Celestial bodies Generators, light bulbs

    Classical Physics
    Radio waves
    Engineering/
    construction Thermodynamics
    fill in lecture

    Steam engines

    Hot Air Balloon


    Physics a solved case? ~1890

    Newton’s equations, motion gravity: 1687

    Maxwell’s equations, electro-magnetism: 1864

    Thermodynamics, Statistical mechanics: 1850-1871

    some thought around that time, theoretical physics


    was approaching completeness and now all that is
    left is get more precision and apply it to details…..

    Problems in: Combining the disciplines


    The problem with blackbody radiation

    movie from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISFmvNEIeR4


    Temperatures and color
    T~6000°
    (Flame)
    Sun
    T~500°

    T~1500°

    T~500°
    T~300°

    Hot metal
    T~500°
    T~1000°
    T~1200°
    The problem with blackbody radiation
    Black-body:
    Object that absorbs and re-emits all incoming
    radiation. Such as small hole in a hollow box.

    Emitted light
    = electro-magnetic radiation:

    Should all be explainable by combining


    thermodynamics and electro-magnetism
    Radiation spectrum

    Prism
    The problem with blackbody radiation
    Blackbody spectroscopy using prism
    Spectrum = how much
    Blackbody Prism light at which wavelength

    T~500°
    visible range

    T~1000°

    T~1500°
    The problem with blackbody radiation

    more details and math: Week (4)


    The problem with the Photoeffect

    movie from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kcSYV8bJox8, Univ. Cal. Berkeley


    The problem with the Photoeffect
    Electron experiencing classical force
    due to electric field in the light:

    Energy Efield

    z
    The problem with the Photoeffect
    Classically: -Effect depends on Force F = − eE
    -Transient!
    Amplitude
    | F0 |
    C=
    γ 2ω 2 + (ω 2 − ω02)2

    Energy Efield

    z
    The problem with the Photoeffect
    experimental observation classical expectation
    fill in lecture fill in lecture

    No Photo-electrons eject With sufficient intensity,


    for too low frequencies there should be some e- for
    all frequencies
    Kinetic energy of Photo- It should rather depend on
    electrons depends only on light intensity
    frequency
    e- should require some time
    First Photo-electrons eject to acquire enough energy to
    immediately after light arrival eject

    more details and math: Week (4)


    Solving those problems

    Addressing these problems


    resulted in a revolution of all fields
    of physics ➡Modern Physics
    New Physics after 1900
    Quantum mechanics Quantum electro-dynamics/
    (this course)
    -quanta of elm fields
    Classical:
    -quanta of charge
    -anti-particles

    Quantum thermodynamics
    Quantum: Bosons like Fermions avoid
    each other each other

    Modern Physics
    New Physics after 1900
    Particle physics Material science

    superconductors
    -what is the world data storage
    really made of?
    new stuff:
    -quarks, leptons
    -strong and weak forces
    -neutrinos, Higgs semi-conductors
    synthetic/exotic materials
    New Physics after 1900
    due to one more problem with classical physics, see book
    fill in lecture

    Special Relativity General Relativity


    fill in
    lecture

    mass warps space-time


    v<c black holes
    time dilation cosmology
    length contraction

    Modern Physics
    Quantum mechanics around us
    Smartphone:
    fill in lecture

    LED:
    fill in

    -transistors
    -storage -Light emitting diode /
    -GPS semi-conductors

    Laser:
    fill in
    CCD camera:
    fill in

    light amplification
    and coherence
    MRI, GPS, -photon detection
    -industry
    -research Solar Cell, STM
    Open fundamental questions
    Quantum gravity Dark Matter and Energy

    ???
    String theory?
    (problem in merging
    disciplines)
    we don’t understand 95% of
    stuff in the universe
    Open fundamental questions
    Quantum-classical
    Unification transition

    from https://www.hep.ucl.ac.uk/theory/bsm.shtml animation from:


    homepages.physik.uni-
    muenchen.de/~milq/
    Quantum physics in chemistry, biology

    Chemistry = quantum physics


    (+some thermal physics)
    sketch of Benzene molecule

    Quantum Biology ???

    sense of smell ⊃
    vibration spectroscopy
    magnetic field “vision” of birds

    You might also like