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    D Factor

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    Buyung Riyarto
    The document provides guidelines for estimating a disturbance factor (D) when describing the quality and condition of a rock mass surrounding excavations like tunnels. The disturbance factor ranges from 0 for minimal disturbance to 1 for severe disturbance. Higher values of D from 0.5 to 1.0 are suggested when blasting, stress relief, or heavy production techniques are used, while lower values below 0.5 apply when controlled blasting, mechanical excavation, or tunnel boring machines are used.

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    D Factor

    Uploaded by

    Buyung Riyarto
    38 views1 page
    The document provides guidelines for estimating a disturbance factor (D) when describing the quality and condition of a rock mass surrounding excavations like tunnels. The disturbance factor ranges from 0 for minimal disturbance to 1 for severe disturbance. Higher values of D from 0.5 to 1.0 are suggested when blasting, stress relief, or heavy production techniques are used, while lower values below 0.5 apply when controlled blasting, mechanical excavation, or tunnel boring machines are used.

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    The document provides guidelines for estimating a disturbance factor (D) when describing the quality and condition of a rock mass surrounding excavations like tunnels. The disturbance factor ranges from 0 for minimal disturbance to 1 for severe disturbance. Higher values of D from 0.5 to 1.0 are suggested when blasting, stress relief, or heavy production techniques are used, while lower values below 0.5 apply when controlled blasting, mechanical excavation, or tunnel boring machines are used.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    38 views1 page

    D Factor

    Uploaded by

    Buyung Riyarto
    The document provides guidelines for estimating a disturbance factor (D) when describing the quality and condition of a rock mass surrounding excavations like tunnels. The disturbance factor ranges from 0 for minimal disturbance to 1 for severe disturbance. Higher values of D from 0.5 to 1.0 are suggested when blasting, stress relief, or heavy production techniques are used, while lower values below 0.5 apply when controlled blasting, mechanical excavation, or tunnel boring machines are used.

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    Table 1: Guidelines for estimating disturbance factor D

    Appearance of rock mass Description of rock mass Suggested


    value of
    D

    Excellent quality controlled blasting or excavation by


    Tunnel Boring Machine results in minimal disturbance D=0
    to the confined rock mass surrounding a tunnel.

    Mechanical or hand excavation in poor quality rock


    masses (no blasting) results in minimal disturbance to D=0
    the surrounding rock mass.
    Where squeezing problems result in significant floor
    D = 0.5
    heave, disturbance can be severe unless a temporary
    No invert
    invert, as shown in the photograph, is placed.

    Very poor quality blasting in a hard rock tunnel results


    in severe local damage, extending 2 or 3 m, in the D = 0.8
    surrounding rock mass.

    Small scale blasting in civil engineering slopes results D = 0.7


    in modest rock mass damage, particularly if controlled Good blasting
    blasting is used as shown on the left hand side of the
    photograph. However, stress relief results in some D = 1.0
    disturbance. Poor blasting

    Very large open pit mine slopes suffer significant D = 1.0


    disturbance due to heavy production blasting and also Production
    due to stress relief from overburden removal. blasting

    In some softer rocks excavation can be carried out by D = 0.7


    ripping and dozing and the degree of damage to the Mechanical
    slopes is less. excavation

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