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    Adverse Effects of Transfusion

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    lubna aloshibi
    This document discusses several potential adverse effects of blood transfusion, including acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by ABO incompatibility, febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by white blood cell cytokines, bacterial contamination from infected donor units, transfusion-associated lung injury from antibody reactions, anaphylactic reactions in IgA-deficient patients, allergic reactions to donor plasma proteins, and volume overload from too rapid or excessive transfusion. Proper screening and matching can prevent many adverse effects, but transfusion still carries risks that must be weighed against its life-saving benefits in appropriate clinical settings.

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    Adverse Effects of Transfusion

    Uploaded by

    lubna aloshibi
    30 views5 pages
    This document discusses several potential adverse effects of blood transfusion, including acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by ABO incompatibility, febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by white blood cell cytokines, bacterial contamination from infected donor units, transfusion-associated lung injury from antibody reactions, anaphylactic reactions in IgA-deficient patients, allergic reactions to donor plasma proteins, and volume overload from too rapid or excessive transfusion. Proper screening and matching can prevent many adverse effects, but transfusion still carries risks that must be weighed against its life-saving benefits in appropriate clinical settings.

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    This document discusses several potential adverse effects of blood transfusion, including acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by ABO incompatibility, febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by white blood cell cytokines, bacterial contamination from infected donor units, transfusion-associated lung injury from antibody reactions, anaphylactic reactions in IgA-deficient patients, allergic reactions to donor plasma proteins, and volume overload from too rapid or excessive transfusion. Proper screening and matching can prevent many adverse effects, but transfusion still carries risks that must be weighed against its life-saving benefits in appropriate clinical settings.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    30 views5 pages

    Adverse Effects of Transfusion

    Uploaded by

    lubna aloshibi
    This document discusses several potential adverse effects of blood transfusion, including acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by ABO incompatibility, febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by white blood cell cytokines, bacterial contamination from infected donor units, transfusion-associated lung injury from antibody reactions, anaphylactic reactions in IgA-deficient patients, allergic reactions to donor plasma proteins, and volume overload from too rapid or excessive transfusion. Proper screening and matching can prevent many adverse effects, but transfusion still carries risks that must be weighed against its life-saving benefits in appropriate clinical settings.

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    Adverse Effects of Transfusion

     Blood transfusion is a life saving procedure in an


    appropriate setting and there are no side-effects in
    majority of cases.
     However, it is a potentially harmful procedure and every
    recipient of transfusion is at risk of an adverse reaction.

    ACUTE HEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION REACTION :

     This is a medical emergency and results from


    intravascular destruction of donor red cells by antibodies
    in the recipient.
     It results from transfusion of ABOmismatched blood to
    the recipient due most commonly to a clerical error.
     Pathophysiology consists of antigen-antibody reaction
    that leads to complement activation and intravascular
    hemolysis.
     . This causes hypotension, shock, acute renal failure, and
    disseminated intravascular coagulation
     Signs and symptoms include fever, pain at the infusion
    site, loin pain, tachycardia, hemoglobinuria, and
    hypotension.
    Laboratory features are:

    • Hemoglobinemia (pink coloration of plasma after


    centrifugation of post-transfusion sample)

    • Positive direct antiglobulin test

    • Hemoglobinuria

    • Schistocytes (fragmented red cells) and spherocytes on


    blood smear

    • Elevated indirect serum bilirubin..


    FEBRILE NON-HEMOLYTIC TRANSFUSION
    REACTION:

     This is the most common transfusion reaction


     . It occurs in about 1% of all transfusions and is defined
    as an unexplained rise of temperature of atleast 1°C
    during or shortly after transfusion.
     It is caused by the release of pyrogenic cytokines from
    white cells (during storage of blood unit
     .. This reaction is common in multiply-transfused
    patients.
     Signs and symptoms include fever, chills, and
    tachycardia. Diagnosis depends on exclusion of other
    causes of febrile transfusion reaction.
    BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION OF DONOR UNIT
     Transfusion of an infected blood product is more
    common with platelet concentrates since platelets are
    stored at a higher temperature (20-24°C) that promotes
    multiplication of contaminating bacteria.
     Organisms depend on the nature of blood product.
    Platelets are usually contaminated with gram-positive
    cocci, while red cells are contaminated with Yersinia
    enterocolitica, Escherichia coli, or Pseudomonas species.
     Signs and symptoms include high grade fever with rigors,
    hypotension, and shock.
     Laboratory studies include inspection of blood bag for
    discoloration, and Gram staining and culture of blood
    from the blood bag and from the recipient. Direct
    antiglobuin test is negative.

    TRANSFUSION-ASSOCIATED LUNG INJURY


    This is an acute respiratory disorder that manifests with fever,
    chills, dyspnea, and dry cough.
    X-ray shows diffuse pulmonary infiltrates.
    One probable mechanism is reaction of anti-HLA or anti-
    neutrophil antibodies in donor blood with leukocytes of the
    recipient leading to the formation of leukocyte aggregates;
    these aggregates deposit in pulmonary vasculature and cause
    increased vascular permeability and pulmonary edema.
    ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION
     This rare reaction occurs in IgA-deficient recipients in
    whom anti-IgA antibodies react with IgA in donor
    plasma, leading to activation of complement and
    formation of anaphylatoxins (C3a and C5a). Signs and
    symptoms include development of acute hypotension,
    shock, and dyspnoea after transfusion of a few drops of
    blood.

    ALLERGIC REACTION
     This results from type I hypersensitivity reaction to some
    donor plasma proteins. It is the second most frequently
    reported transfusion reaction.
     Signs and symptoms include mild urticaria, rash, and
    pruritus.

     VOLUME OVERLOAD

     This occurs if transfusion rate is too rapid, or excessive,


    or if cardiac or renal impairment is present.
     It causes cardiac failure and lung edema.

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