O bject - O riented
Programming
Concepts
2000. 4. 14.
Kwang Shin Oh
Dept. of Research & Development
http://raytrust.pe. kr
raytrust@raytrust.pe. kr
Copyright 2000 © Kwang Shin Oh
Http://raytrust.pe.kr
OO Concept
if you’ve never programmed using an
object-oriented language before
need to understand what objects and
classes are
need to understand how these concepts
translate to code
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
this document provides the conceptual
basis for object-oriented languages in
general
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Object-Oriented Concepts
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Object?
objects are key to understanding
object-oriented technology
many examples of real-world objects
your dog, your desk, your television set,
your bicycle
real-world objects share two
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
characteristics
they all have state
they all have behavior
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Object-Oriented Concepts
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What is an Object?
for example
dogs have state
name, color, breed, hungry
dogs have behavior
barking, fetching, slobbering
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
bicycles have state
speed, pedal cadence, current gear
bicycles have behavior
braking, changing cadence, changing gears
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Object-Oriented Concepts
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Object?
software objects
modeled after real-world objects in that
they have state and behavior
maintains its state in variables
implements its behavior with methods
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
Definition : An object is a
software bundle of variables and
related methods
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Object-Oriented Concepts
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Object?
represent real-world objects using
software objects
also use software objects to model
abstract concepts
Visual Representation Private
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
of a Software Object Implementation
Details
Public
API
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Object-Oriented Concepts
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Object?
software object that modeled your
real-world bicycle
have variables that indicated the bicycle’s
current state
its speed is 10 mph
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
its pedal cadence is 90 rpm
its current gear is the 5th gear
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Object-Oriented Concepts
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Object?
these variables and methods are
formally known as instance
variables and instance methods
to distinguish them from class variables
and class methods
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Bicycle Modeled change gears 10 mph
as a Software Object 90 rpm
brake
5 th gear
change cadence
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Object-Oriented Concepts
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Object?
anything that an object does not know
or cannot do is excluded from the
object
for example
bicycle (probably) doesn’t have a name, and
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
it can’t run, bark, or fetch
thus there are no variables or methods for
those states and behaviors in the bicycle
class
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Object-Oriented Concepts
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Object?
the object’s variables make up the
center or nucleus of the object
methods surround and hide the
object’s nucleus from other objects in
the program
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encapsulation
packaging an object’s variables within the
protective custody of its methods
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Object?
encapsulation is used to hide
unimportant implementation details
from other objects
in real world
when you want to change gears on your
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
bicycle
you don’t need to know how the gear
mechanism works
you just need to know which lever to move
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Object?
in software programs
you don’t need to know how a class is
implemented
you just need to know which methods to
invoke
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thus, the implementation details can
change at any time without affecting
other parts of the program
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Object?
often, for implementation or efficiency
reasons
an object may wish to expose some of its
variables or hide some of its methods
so, in many languages, including Java
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an object can choose to expose its
variables to other objects allowing those
other objects to inspect and even modify
the variables
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Object?
The Benefits of Encapsulation
Modularity
the source code for an object can be written
and maintained independently of the source
code for other obejcts
an object can be easily passed around in the
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
system
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Object?
Information hiding
an object has a public interface that other
objects can use to communicate with it
the object can maintain private information
and methods that can be changed at any
time without affecting the other objects that
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
depend on it
you don’t need to understand the gear
mechanism on your bike in order to use it
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Message?
a single object alone
not very useful
usually appears as a component of a
larger program or application that
contains many other object
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
so, the interaction of these objects
programmers achieve higher order
functionality and more complex behavior
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Message?
software objects interact and
communicate with each other by
sending messages to each other
when object A wants object B to
perform one of B’s methods
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
object A sends a message to object B
Message
Object A
Object B 17 Concepts
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Message?
sometimes the receiving object needs
more information so that it knows
exactly what to do
this information is passed along with the
message as parameters
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Three components comprise a
message
1. The object to whom the message is addressed
2. The name of the method to perform
3. Any parameters needed by the method 18 Concepts
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Message?
three components are enough
information for the receiving object
to perform the desired method
No other information or context is
required
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
changeGears(lowerGear)
You
Your Bicycle
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Message?
The Benefits of Messages
an object’s behavior is expressed through
its methods
so message passing supports all possible
interactions between objects
objects don’t need to be int the same
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
process or even on the same machine
to send and receive messages back and forth
to each other
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What is a Class?
in the real world
often have many objects of the same kind
for example, your bicycle is just one of many
bicycles in the world
using object-oriented terminology
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
your bicycle obejct is an instance of the
class of objects known as bicycles
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What is a Class?
bicycles have some state(speed, current
cadence, current gear) and
behavior(change gears, brake, change
cadence) in common
however, each bicycle’s state is
independent of and can be different
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
fromother bicycles
produce a new blueprint for every individual
bicycle they manufactured
it would be very inefficient!!!!
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What is a Class?
in object-oriented software
it’s also possible to have many objects of
the same kind that share characteristics
rectangles, employee records, video clips and
so on
you can take advantage of the fact
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
objects of the same kind are similar and you
can create a blueprint for those objects
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What is a Class?
software “blueprints” for objects are
called classes
Definition
A class is a blueprint or prototype
that defines the variables and
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methods common to all objects of a
certain kind
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What is a Class?
the values for instance variables are
provided by each instance of the class
so, after you’ve created the bicycle
class
you must instantiate it(create an instance
of it) before you can use it
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when you create an instance of a
class
you
create an object of that type 25 Concepts
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What is a Class?
system
allocates memory for the instance variables
declared by the class
then you can invoke the object’s
instance methods
to make it do domething
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Instances of the same class
share the same instance method
implementations, which reside in the
class itself
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What is a Class?
in addition to instance variables and
methods, classes can also define
class variables and class
methods
you can access class variables and
methods from
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an instance of the class
directly from a class
you don’t have to instantiate a class
to use its class variables and methods
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What is a Class?
class methods can only operate on
class variables
they do not have access to instance
variables or instance methods
the first time it encounters the class
the system creates a single copy of all
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
class variables for a class
all instances of that class share its
class variables
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What is a Class?
the illustrations of objects and classes
look very similar to one another
the difference between classes and
objects is often the source of some
confusion
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in the real-world it’s obvious
that classes are not themselves the
objects that they describe
a blueprint of a bicycle is not a bicycle
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What is a Class?
however, in software
it’s a little more difficult to differentiate
classes and objects
because
software objects are merely electronic
models of real-world objects or abstract
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
concepts in the first place
many people use the term “object”
inconsistently and use it to refer to both
classes and instances
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What is a Class?
The Benefit of Classes
reusability
bicycle manufacturers reuse the same
blueprint over and over again to build lots of
bicycles
software programmers use the same class,
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
and thus the same code, over and over again
to create many object
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Inheritance?
generally speaking, objects are
defined in terms of classes
know a lot about an object by knowing
its class
even if you don’t know what a penny-
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
farthing is
if I told you it was a bicycle
you would know that it had two wheels,
handle bars, and pedals
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Inheritance?
object-oriented systems
take this a step further
allow classes to be defined in terms of
other classes
for example
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and
tandems are all different kinds of bicycles
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Inheritance?
in object-oriented terminology
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and
tandems are all subclasses of the
bicycle class
similarly, the bicycle class is the
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
superclass of mountain bikes, racing
bikes, and tandems
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Inheritance?
Bicycles
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
Mountain Bikes Racing Bikes Tandem Bikes
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Inheritance?
each subclass inherits state (int the form
of variable declarations) from the
superclass
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and tandems
share some states
cadence, speed, and the like
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
also, each subclass inherits methods from
the superclass
mountain bikes, racing bikes, and tandems
share some behaviors
braking and changing pedaling speed
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Inheritance?
however, subclasses are not limited to
the state and behaviors provided to
them by their superclass
what would be the point in that?
subclasses can add variables and
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
methods to the ones they inherit from the
superclass
for examples, tandem bicycles have two
seats and two sets of handle bars
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Inheritance?
subclasses can also override inherited
methods and provide specialized
implementations for those methods
for example
if you had a mountain bike with an extra
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
set of gears
you would override the “change gears”
method so that the rider could actually
use those new gears
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Inheritance?
not limited to just one layer of
inheritance
the inheritance tree, or class hierarchy
can be as deep as needed
methods and variables are inherited
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down through the levels
in general, the further down in the
hierarchy a class appears, the more
specialized its behavior
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Inheritance?
The Benefits of Inheritance
reuse the code
subclasses provide specialized behaviors
from the basis of common elements provided
by the superclass
through the use of inheritance, programmers
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
can reuse the code in the superclass many
times
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Inheritance?
abstract classes
programmers can implement superclasses
called abstract classes that define “generic”
behaviors
the abstract superclass defines and may
partially implement the behavior
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
but, much of the class is undefined and
unimplemented
other programmers fill in the details with
specialized subclasses
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What is an
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Interface?
in English
an interface is a device or system that
unrelated entities use to interact
according to this definition
remote control
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
an interface between you and television set
English language
an interface between two people
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What is an
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Interface?
protocol of behavior enforced in the
military
an interface between people of different
ranks
within the Java programming
language
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
interface
a device that unrelated objects use to interact
with one another
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What is an
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Interface?
interfaces are probably most analogous
to protocols(an agreed-upon behavior)
in fact, other object-oriented
languages
have the functionality of interfaces
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
but they call their interfaces protocols
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What is an
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Interface?
the bicycle class and its class
hierarchy defines
what bicycles can and cannot do in terms
of its “bicycle-ness”
but bicycles interact with the world on
other terms
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
for example
a bicycle in a store is an inventory item with a
retail price, a part number, a parts list, and so
on
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Object-Oriented
What is an
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Interface?
to set or get this sort of information from
a bicycle object
an inventory program and the bicycle class
must agree on a protocol of communication
this protocol comes in the form of an
interface
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
let’s call it InventoryItem , that contains
method definitions
the InventoryItem interface would
define methods such as setRetailPrice,
getRetailPrice, and so on
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What is an
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Interface?
to work within the inventory program
the bicycle class must agree to this
protocol
by implementing the InventoryItem
interface
when a class implements an interface
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
the class agrees to implement all of the
methods defined in the interface
thus, the bicycle class would have to
implement setRetailPrice, getRetailPrice
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What is an
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Interface?
The Benefit of Interfaces
you use an interface to define a protocol of
behavior that can be implemented by any class
anywhere in the class hierarchy
Capturing similarities
capturing similarities between unrelated
classes without artificially forcing a class
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
relationship
Declaring methods
declaring methods that one or more classes
are expected to implement
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What is an
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Interface?
Revealing API
revealing an object’s programming interface
without revealing its class
objects such as these are called anonymous
objects
and can be useful when shipping a package
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
of classes to other developers
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Reference
The JavaTM Tutorial
Trail
Learning the Java Language
Lesson
Object-Oriented Programming Concepts
©2000 Kwang Shin Oh
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