Precalculus m4 Student Materials

NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Lesson 1 M4
PRECALCULUS AND ADVANCED TOPICS
Lesson 1: Special Triangles and the Unit Circle
Classwork
Example 1
𝜋𝜋
Find the following values for the rotation 𝜃𝜃 = around the carousel. Create a sketch of the situation to help you.
3
Interpret what each value means in terms of the position of the rider.
a. sin(𝜃𝜃)
b. cos(𝜃𝜃)
c. tan(𝜃𝜃)

S.1
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Exercise 1
Assume that the carousel is being safety tested, and a safety mannequin is the rider. The ride is being stopped at
different rotation values so technicians can check the carousel’s parts. Find the sine, cosine, and tangent for each
rotation indicated, and explain how these values relate to the position of the mannequin when the carousel stops at
these rotation values. Use your carousel models to help you determine the values, and sketch your model in the space
provided.
𝜋𝜋
a. 𝜃𝜃 =
4
𝜋𝜋
b. 𝜃𝜃 =
6

S.2
Example 2
Use your understanding of the unit circle and trigonometric functions to find the values requested.
𝜋𝜋
a. sin �− �
3
5𝜋𝜋
b. tan � �
4
Exercise 2
Use your understanding of the unit circle to determine the values of the functions shown.
11𝜋𝜋
a. sin � �
6
3𝜋𝜋
b. cos � �
4
c. tan(−𝜋𝜋)

S.3
Problem Set
1. Complete the chart below.
𝜽𝜽 𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅
𝟔𝟔 𝟒𝟒 𝟑𝟑
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝜽𝜽)
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝜽𝜽)
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭(𝜽𝜽)
2. Evaluate the following trigonometric expressions, and explain how you used the unit circle to determine your
answer.
𝜋𝜋
a. cos �𝜋𝜋 + �
3
𝜋𝜋
b. sin �𝜋𝜋 − �
4
𝜋𝜋
c. sin �2𝜋𝜋 − �
6
𝜋𝜋
d. cos �𝜋𝜋 + �
6
𝜋𝜋
e. cos �𝜋𝜋 − �
4
𝜋𝜋
f. cos �2𝜋𝜋 − �
3
𝜋𝜋
g. tan �𝜋𝜋 + �
4
𝜋𝜋
h. tan �𝜋𝜋 − �
6
𝜋𝜋
i. tan �2𝜋𝜋 − �
3
3. Rewrite the following trigonometric expressions in an equivalent form using 𝜋𝜋 + 𝜃𝜃, 𝜋𝜋 − 𝜃𝜃, or 2𝜋𝜋 − 𝜃𝜃 and evaluate.
𝜋𝜋
a. cos � �
3
𝜋𝜋
b. cos �− �
4
𝜋𝜋
c. sin � �
6
4𝜋𝜋
d. sin � �
3
𝜋𝜋
e. tan �− �
6
5𝜋𝜋
f. tan �− �
6

S.4
4. Identify the quadrant of the plane that contains the terminal ray of a rotation by 𝜃𝜃 if 𝜃𝜃 satisfies the given conditions.
a. sin(𝜃𝜃) > 0 and cos(𝜃𝜃) > 0
b. sin(𝜃𝜃) < 0 and cos(𝜃𝜃) < 0
c. sin(𝜃𝜃) < 0 and tan(𝜃𝜃) > 0
d. tan(𝜃𝜃) > 0 and sin(𝜃𝜃) > 0
e. tan(𝜃𝜃) < 0 and sin(𝜃𝜃) > 0
f. tan(𝜃𝜃) < 0 and cos(𝜃𝜃) > 0
g. cos(𝜃𝜃) < 0 and tan(𝜃𝜃) > 0
h. sin(𝜃𝜃) > 0 and cos(𝜃𝜃) < 0
5. Explain why sin2 (𝜃𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃𝜃) = 1.
6. Explain how it is possible to have sin(𝜃𝜃) < 0, cos(𝜃𝜃) < 0, and tan(𝜃𝜃) > 0. For which values of 𝜃𝜃 between 0 and 2𝜋𝜋
does this happen?
7. Duncan says that for any real number 𝜃𝜃, tan(𝜃𝜃) = tan(𝜋𝜋 − 𝜃𝜃). Is he correct? Explain how you know.
8. Given the following trigonometric functions, identify the quadrant in which the terminal ray of 𝜃𝜃 lies in the unit
circle shown below. Find the other two trigonometric functions of 𝜃𝜃 of sin(𝜃𝜃), cos(𝜃𝜃), and tan(𝜃𝜃).
1
a. sin(𝜃𝜃) = and cos(𝜃𝜃) > 0.
2
1
b. cos(𝜃𝜃) = − and sin(𝜃𝜃) > 0.
2
c. tan(𝜃𝜃) = 1 and cos(𝜃𝜃) < 0.
�3
d. sin(𝜃𝜃) = − and cot(𝜃𝜃) < 0.
2
e. tan(𝜃𝜃) = −√3 and cos(𝜃𝜃) < 0.
f. sec(𝜃𝜃) = −2 and sin(𝜃𝜃) < 0.
g. cot(𝜃𝜃) = √3 and csc(𝜃𝜃) > 0.

S.5
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
9. Toby thinks the following trigonometric equations are true. Use 𝜃𝜃 = , , and to develop a conjecture whether or
6 4 3
not he is correct in each case below.
𝜋𝜋
a. sin(𝜃𝜃) = cos � − 𝜃𝜃�.
2
𝜋𝜋
b. cos(𝜃𝜃) = sin � − 𝜃𝜃�.
2
10. Toby also thinks the following trigonometric equations are true. Is he correct? Justify your answer.
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. sin �𝜋𝜋 − � = sin(𝜋𝜋) − sin � �
3 3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
b. cos �𝜋𝜋 − � = cos(𝜋𝜋) − cos � �
3 3
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
c. tan � − � = tan � � − tan � �
3 6 3 6
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
d. sin �𝜋𝜋 + � = sin(𝜋𝜋) + sin � �
6 6
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
e. cos �𝜋𝜋 + � = cos(𝜋𝜋) + cos � �
4 4

S.6
Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions
Classwork
Opening Exercise
The graphs below depict four trigonometric functions. Identify which of the graphs are 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin(𝑥𝑥), 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = cos(𝑥𝑥),
and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = tan(𝑥𝑥). Explain how you know.

S.7
Exercises 1–4
1. Use the unit circle to evaluate these expressions:
17𝜋𝜋
a. sin � �
4
19𝜋𝜋
b. cos � �
6
c. tan(450𝜋𝜋)
2. Use the identity sin(𝜋𝜋 + 𝜃𝜃) = −sin(𝜃𝜃) for all real-numbered values of 𝜃𝜃 to verify the identity
sin(2𝜋𝜋 + 𝜃𝜃) = sin(𝜃𝜃) for all real-numbered values of 𝜃𝜃.
3. Use your understanding of the symmetry of the sine and cosine functions to evaluate these functions for the given
values of 𝜃𝜃.
𝜋𝜋
a. sin �− �
2
5𝜋𝜋
b. cos �− �
3

S.8
4. Use your understanding of the symmetry of the sine and cosine functions to determine the value of tan(−𝜃𝜃) for all
real-numbered values of 𝜃𝜃. Determine whether the tangent function is even, odd, or neither.
Exploratory Challenge/Exercises 5–6

5. Use your unit circle model to complete the table. Then use the completed table to answer the questions that
follow.
𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅
𝜽𝜽 � + 𝜽𝜽� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 � + 𝜽𝜽� 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 � + 𝜽𝜽�
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎
𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐
𝝅𝝅
𝟑𝟑𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅
𝜋𝜋
a. What does the value � + 𝜃𝜃� represent with respect to the rotation of the carousel?
2
𝜋𝜋
b. What pattern do you recognize in the values of sin � + 𝜃𝜃� as 𝜃𝜃 increases from 0 to 2𝜋𝜋?
2
𝜋𝜋
c. What pattern do you recognize in the values of cos � + 𝜃𝜃� as 𝜃𝜃 increases from 0 to 2𝜋𝜋?
2

S.9
d. Fill in the blanks to formalize these relationships:

𝜋𝜋
sin � + 𝜃𝜃� =
2
𝜋𝜋
cos � + 𝜃𝜃� =
2
6. Use your unit circle model to complete the table. Then use the completed table to answer the questions that
follow.
𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅 𝝅𝝅
𝜽𝜽 � − 𝜽𝜽� 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 � − 𝜽𝜽� 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 � − 𝜽𝜽�
𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐𝟐
𝟎𝟎
𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐
𝝅𝝅
𝟑𝟑𝝅𝝅
𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝝅𝝅
𝜋𝜋
a. What does the value � − 𝜃𝜃� represent with respect to the rotation of a rider on the carousel?
2
𝜋𝜋
b. What pattern do you recognize in the values of sin � − 𝜃𝜃� as 𝜃𝜃 increases from 0 to 2𝜋𝜋?
2
𝜋𝜋
c. What pattern do you recognize in the values of cos � − 𝜃𝜃� as 𝜃𝜃 increases from 0 to 2𝜋𝜋?
2

S.10
d. Fill in the blanks to formalize these relationships:

𝜋𝜋
sin � − 𝜃𝜃� =
2
𝜋𝜋
cos � − 𝜃𝜃� =
2
Exercise 7
7. Use your understanding of the relationship between the sine and cosine functions to verify these statements.
4𝜋𝜋 −𝜋𝜋
a. cos � � = sin � �
3 6
5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
b. cos � � = sin � �
4 4

S.11
Lesson Summary
For all real numbers 𝜃𝜃 for which the expressions are defined,
sin(𝜃𝜃) = sin(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 𝜃𝜃) and cos(𝜃𝜃) = cos(2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 𝜃𝜃) for all integer values of 𝑛𝑛
tan(𝜃𝜃) = tan(𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 + 𝜃𝜃) for all integer values of 𝑛𝑛
sin(−𝜃𝜃) = −sin(𝜃𝜃), cos(−𝜃𝜃) = cos(𝜃𝜃), and tan(−𝜃𝜃) = − tan(𝜃𝜃)
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
sin � + 𝜃𝜃� = cos(𝜃𝜃) and cos � + 𝜃𝜃� = − sin(𝜃𝜃)
2 2
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
sin � − 𝜃𝜃� = cos(𝜃𝜃) and cos � − 𝜃𝜃� = sin(𝜃𝜃)
2 2
Problem Set
1. Evaluate the following trigonometric expressions. Show how you used the unit circle to determine the solution.
13𝜋𝜋
a. sin � �
6
5𝜋𝜋
b. cos �− �
3
25𝜋𝜋
c. tan � �
4
3𝜋𝜋
d. sin �− �
4
5𝜋𝜋
e. cos �− �
6
17𝜋𝜋
f. sin � �
3
25𝜋𝜋
g. cos � �
4
29𝜋𝜋
h. tan � �
6
31𝜋𝜋
i. sin �− �
6
32𝜋𝜋
j. cos �− �
6
18𝜋𝜋
k. tan �− �
3

S.12
2. Given each value of 𝛽𝛽 below, find a value of 𝛼𝛼 with 0 ≤ 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋 so that cos(𝛼𝛼) = cos(𝛽𝛽) and 𝛼𝛼 ≠ 𝛽𝛽.
3𝜋𝜋
a. 𝛽𝛽 =
4
5𝜋𝜋
b. 𝛽𝛽 =
6
11𝜋𝜋
c. 𝛽𝛽 =
12
d. 𝛽𝛽 = 2𝜋𝜋
7𝜋𝜋
e. 𝛽𝛽 =
5
17𝜋𝜋
f. 𝛽𝛽 =
30
8𝜋𝜋
g. 𝛽𝛽 =
11
3. Given each value of 𝛽𝛽 below, find two values of 𝛼𝛼 with 0 ≤ 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋 so that cos(𝛼𝛼) = sin(𝛽𝛽).
𝜋𝜋
a. 𝛽𝛽 =
3
7𝜋𝜋
b. 𝛽𝛽 =
6
3𝜋𝜋
c. 𝛽𝛽 =
4
𝜋𝜋
d. 𝛽𝛽 =
8
4. Given each value of 𝛽𝛽 below, find two values of 𝛼𝛼 with 0 ≤ 𝛼𝛼 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋 so that sin(𝛼𝛼) = cos(𝛽𝛽).
𝜋𝜋
a. 𝛽𝛽 =
3
5𝜋𝜋
b. 𝛽𝛽 =
6
7𝜋𝜋
c. 𝛽𝛽 =
4
𝜋𝜋
d. 𝛽𝛽 =
12
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
5. Jamal thinks that cos �𝛼𝛼 − � = sin �𝛼𝛼 + � for any value of 𝛼𝛼. Is he correct? Explain how you know.
4 4
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
6. Shawna thinks that cos �𝛼𝛼 − � = sin �𝛼𝛼 + � for any value of 𝛼𝛼. Is she correct? Explain how you know.
3 6
7. Rochelle looked at Jamal and Shawna’s results from Problems 5 and 6 and came up with the conjecture below. Is
she correct? Explain how you know.
𝜋𝜋
Conjecture: cos(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) = sin �𝛼𝛼 + � − 𝛽𝛽��.
2

S.13
8. A frog is sitting on the edge of a playground carousel with radius 1 meter. The ray through the frog’s position and
the center of the carousel makes an angle of measure 𝜃𝜃 with the horizontal, and his starting coordinates are
approximately (0.81, 0.59). Find his new coordinates after the carousel rotates by each of the following amounts.
𝜋𝜋
a.
2
b. 𝜋𝜋
c. 2𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋
d. −
2
e. −𝜋𝜋
𝜋𝜋
f. − 𝜃𝜃
2
g. 𝜋𝜋 − 2𝜃𝜃
h. −2𝜃𝜃

S.14
Lesson 3: Addition and Subtraction Formulas
Classwork
Example 1
Consider the figures below. The figure on the right is obtained from the figure on the left by rotating by −𝛽𝛽 about the
origin.
a. Calculate the length of ��

𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 in the figure on the left.
b. Calculate the length of ��

𝐴𝐴′𝐵𝐵′ in the figure on the right.
c. Set 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴′𝐵𝐵′ equal to each other, and solve the equation for cos(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽).

S.15
Exercises 1–2
1. Use the fact that cos(−𝜃𝜃) = cos(𝜃𝜃) to determine a formula for cos(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽).
𝜋𝜋
2. Use the fact that sin(𝜃𝜃) = cos � − 𝜃𝜃� to determine a formula for sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽).
2
Example 2
sin�𝜃𝜃� tan(𝛼𝛼)+tan�𝛽𝛽�
Use the identity tan(𝜃𝜃) = to show that tan(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = .
cos�𝜃𝜃� 1−tan(𝛼𝛼) tan�𝛽𝛽�

S.16
Exercises 3–5
tan(𝛼𝛼)−tan�𝛽𝛽� 𝜋𝜋
3. Verify the identity tan(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) = for all (𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) ≠ + 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋.
1+tan(𝛼𝛼) tan�𝛽𝛽� 2
4. Use the addition and subtraction formulas to evaluate the expressions shown.
5𝜋𝜋
a. cos �− �
12
23𝜋𝜋
b. sin � �
12
5𝜋𝜋
c. tan � �
12
5. Use the addition and subtraction formulas to verify these identities for all real-number values of 𝜃𝜃.
a. sin(𝜋𝜋 − 𝜃𝜃) = sin(𝜃𝜃)
b. cos(𝜋𝜋 + 𝜃𝜃) = −cos(𝜃𝜃)

S.17
Lesson Summary
The sum and difference formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent are summarized below.
For all real numbers 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 for which the expressions are defined,
cos(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) = cos(𝛼𝛼)cos(𝛽𝛽) + sin(𝛼𝛼)sin(𝛽𝛽)
cos(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = cos(𝛼𝛼)cos(𝛽𝛽) − sin(𝛼𝛼)sin(𝛽𝛽)
sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) = sin(𝛼𝛼)cos(𝛽𝛽) − cos(𝛼𝛼)sin(𝛽𝛽)
sin(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = sin(𝛼𝛼)cos(𝛽𝛽) + cos(𝛼𝛼)sin(𝛽𝛽)
tan(𝛼𝛼) − tan(𝛽𝛽)
tan(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) =
1 + tan(𝛼𝛼)tan(𝛽𝛽)
tan(𝛼𝛼) + tan(𝛽𝛽)
tan(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = .
1 − tan(𝛼𝛼)tan(𝛽𝛽)
Problem Set
1. Use the addition and subtraction formulas to evaluate the given trigonometric expressions.
𝜋𝜋
a. cos � �
12
𝜋𝜋
b. sin � �
12
5𝜋𝜋
c. sin � �
12
𝜋𝜋
d. cos �− �
12
7𝜋𝜋
e. sin � �
12
7𝜋𝜋
f. cos �− �
12
13𝜋𝜋
g. sin � �
12
13𝜋𝜋
h. cos �− �
12
i. sin � � cos � � + cos � � sin � �
12 12 12 12
5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
j. sin � � cos � � − cos � � sin � �
12 6 12 6
k. sin � � cos � � + cos � � sin � �
8 8 8 8

S.18
l. cos � � cos � � − sin � � sin � �
8 8 8 8
m. cos � � cos � � + sin � � sin � �
4 12 4 12
n. sin � � cos � � − cos � � sin � �
3 12 3 12
2. Figure 2 is obtained from Figure 1 by rotating the angle by 𝛼𝛼 about the origin.
Use the method shown in Example 1 to show that cos(α + β) = cos(α)cos(β) − sin(α)sin(β).
Figure 1
Figure 2
3. Use the sum formula for sine to show that sin(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) = sin(𝛼𝛼)cos(𝛽𝛽) − cos(𝛼𝛼)sin(𝛽𝛽).
sin�𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽� tan(𝛼𝛼)+tan�𝛽𝛽�
4. Evaluate tan(α + β) = to show tan(𝛼𝛼 + 𝛽𝛽) = . Use the resulting formula to show that
cos�𝛼𝛼+𝛽𝛽� 1−tan(𝛼𝛼) tan�𝛽𝛽�
2 tan(𝛼𝛼)
tan(2𝛼𝛼) = .
1−tan2(𝛼𝛼)
tan(𝛼𝛼)−tan�𝛽𝛽�
5. Show tan(𝛼𝛼 − 𝛽𝛽) = .
1+tan(𝛼𝛼) tan�𝛽𝛽�

S.19
6. Find the exact value of the following by using addition and subtraction formulas.
𝜋𝜋
a. tan � �
12
𝜋𝜋
b. tan �− �
12
7𝜋𝜋
c. tan � �
12
13𝜋𝜋
d. tan �− �
12
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
tan� �+tan� �
412
e. 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
1−tan� � tan� �
4 12
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
tan� �−tan� �
312
f. 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
1+tan� � tan� �
3 12
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
tan� �+tan� �
12
12
g. 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
1−tan� � tan� �
12 12

S.20
Classwork
Exercises
1. Derive formulas for the following:
a. sin(2𝜃𝜃)
b. cos(2𝜃𝜃)
2. Use the double-angle formulas for sine and cosine to verify these identities:
2 tan�𝜃𝜃�
a. tan(2𝜃𝜃) =
1 − tan2�𝜃𝜃�
1 − cos�2𝜃𝜃�
b. sin2 (𝜃𝜃) =
2

S.21
c. sin(3𝜃𝜃) = −4sin3 (𝜃𝜃) + 3sin(𝜃𝜃)
3. Suppose that the position of a rider on the unit circle carousel is (0.8, −0.6) for a rotation 𝜃𝜃. What is the position of
the rider after rotation by 2𝜃𝜃?
𝜃𝜃 cos�𝜃𝜃� + 1
4. Use the double-angle formula for cosine to establish the identity cos � � = ±� .
2 2
5. Use the double-angle formulas to verify these identities:

𝜃𝜃 1 − cos�𝜃𝜃�
a. sin � � = ±�
2 2

S.22
b. tan � � = ±�
2 1 + cos�𝜃𝜃�
6. The position of a rider on the unit circle carousel is (0.8, −0.6) after a rotation by 𝜃𝜃 where 0 ≤ 𝜃𝜃 < 2𝜋𝜋. What is the
𝜃𝜃
position of the rider after rotation by ?
2
7. Evaluate the following trigonometric expressions.

3𝜋𝜋
a. sin � �
8
𝜋𝜋
b. tan � �
24

S.23
Lesson Summary
The double-angle and half-angle formulas for sine, cosine, and tangent are summarized below.
For all real numbers 𝜃𝜃 for which the expressions are defined,
sin(2𝜃𝜃) = 2sin(𝜃𝜃)cos(𝜃𝜃)
cos(2𝜃𝜃) = cos 2 (𝜃𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃𝜃)

= 2cos 2 (𝜃𝜃) − 1
= 1 − 2sin2 (𝜃𝜃)
2tan(𝜃𝜃)
tan(2𝜃𝜃) =
1 − tan2 (𝜃𝜃)
𝜃𝜃 1 − cos(𝜃𝜃)
sin � � = ±�
2 2
𝜃𝜃 cos(𝜃𝜃) + 1
cos � � = ±�
2 2
𝜃𝜃 1 − cos(𝜃𝜃)
tan � � = ±�
2 1 + cos(𝜃𝜃)
Problem Set
1. Evaluate the following trigonometric expressions.

𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
a. 2 sin � � cos � � 2 tan� �
8 8 h.
8
𝜋𝜋
1 − tan2 � �
1 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 8
b. sin � � cos � �
2 12 12
5𝜋𝜋
2 tan�− �
5𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 i.
12
c. 4 sin �− � cos �− � 5𝜋𝜋
12 12 1 − tan2 �− �
12
3𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋
d. cos 2 � � − sin2 � � 𝜋𝜋
8 8 j. cos 2 � �
8
𝜋𝜋
e. 2 cos 2 � �−1 𝜋𝜋
12 k. cos � �
8
𝜋𝜋
f. 1 − 2 sin2 �− � 9𝜋𝜋
8 l. cos �− �
8
11𝜋𝜋
g. cos 2 �− �−2 𝜋𝜋
12 m. sin2 � �
12

S.24
𝜋𝜋
n. sin � �
12
5𝜋𝜋
o. sin �− �
12
𝜋𝜋
p. tan � �
8
𝜋𝜋
q. tan � �
12
3𝜋𝜋
r. tan �− �
8
2. Show that sin(3𝑥𝑥) = 3 sin(𝑥𝑥)cos 2 (𝑥𝑥) − sin3 (𝑥𝑥). (Hint: Use sin(2𝑥𝑥) = 2 sin(𝑥𝑥)cos(𝑥𝑥) and the sine sum formula.)
3. Show that cos(3𝑥𝑥) = cos 3 (𝑥𝑥) − 3 sin2 (𝑥𝑥)cos(𝑥𝑥). (Hint: Use cos(2𝑥𝑥) = cos 2 (𝑥𝑥) − sin2 (𝑥𝑥) and the cosine sum
formula.)
4. Use cos(2𝑥𝑥) = cos 2 (𝑥𝑥) − sin2 (𝑥𝑥) to establish the following formulas.
1 + cos�2𝑥𝑥�
a. cos 2 (𝑥𝑥) =
2
2 (𝑥𝑥) 1 − cos�2𝑥𝑥�
b. sin =
2
𝜃𝜃
5. Jamia says that because sine is an odd function, sin � � is always negative if 𝜃𝜃 is negative. That is, she says that for
2
negative values of, sin � � = −� . Is she correct? Explain how you know.
2 2
6. Ginger says that the only way to calculate sin � � is using the difference formula for sine since = − . Fred
12 12 3 4
𝜋𝜋
says that there is another way to calculate sin � �. Who is correct and why?
12
𝜃𝜃
7. Henry says that by repeatedly applying the half-angle formula for sine we can create a formula for sin � � for any
𝑛𝑛
positive integer 𝑛𝑛. Is he correct? Explain how you know.

S.25
Lesson 5: Tangent Lines and the Tangent Function

Classwork
Exercises 1–12
The circle shown to the right is a unit circle, and the length
𝜋𝜋
� is
of 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 radians.
3
𝜋𝜋
1. Which segment in the diagram has length sin � �?
3
𝜋𝜋
2. Which segment in the diagram has length cos � �?
3
𝜋𝜋
3. Which segment in the diagram has length tan � �?
3
𝜋𝜋
4. Which segment in the diagram has length sec � �?
3
5. Use a compass to construct the tangent lines to the given circle that pass through the given point.

S.26
6. Analyze the construction shown below. Argue that the lines shown are tangent to the circle with center 𝐵𝐵.
7. Use a compass to construct a line that is tangent to the circle below at point 𝐹𝐹. Then choose a point 𝐺𝐺 on the
tangent line, and construct another tangent to the circle through 𝐺𝐺.

S.27
𝜋𝜋
8. � is
The circles shown below are unit circles, and the length of 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 radians.
3
Which trigonometric function corresponds to the length of ��

𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 ?
9. Which trigonometric function corresponds to the length of ��

𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 ?
10. Which trigonometric identity gives the relationship between the lengths of the sides of △ 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂?
11. Which trigonometric identities give the relationships between the corresponding sides of △ 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 and △ 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂?
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
12. What is the value of csc � �? What is the value of cot � �? Use the Pythagorean theorem to support your answers.
3 3

S.28
Problem Set
1. Prove Thales’ theorem: If 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, and 𝑃𝑃 are points on a circle where ��
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a diameter of the circle, then ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a
right angle.
2. Prove the converse of Thales’ theorem: If �� 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a diameter of a circle and 𝑃𝑃 is a point so that ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a right angle,
then 𝑃𝑃 lies on the circle for which ��
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is a diameter.
3. Construct the tangent lines from point 𝑃𝑃 to the circle given below.
4. Prove that if segments from a point 𝑃𝑃 are tangent to a circle at points 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵, then ��
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 ≅ ��
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 .
5. Given points 𝐴𝐴, 𝐵𝐵, and 𝐶𝐶 so that 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, construct a circle so that �� is
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is tangent to the circle at 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
tangent to the circle at 𝐶𝐶.

S.29
Lesson 6: Waves, Sinusoids, and Identities
Classwork
Opening Exercise
When you hear a musical note played on an instrument, the tones are caused by vibrations of the instrument. The
vibrations can be represented graphically as a sinusoid. The amplitude is a measure of the loudness of the note, and the
frequency is a measure of the pitch of the note. Recall that the frequency of a sinusoidal function is the reciprocal of its
period. Louder notes have greater amplitude, and higher pitched notes have larger frequencies.
a. State the amplitude, period, and frequency of each sinusoidal function graphed below.

S.30
b. Order the graphs from quietest note to loudest note.
c. Order the graphs from lowest pitch note to highest pitch note.
Discussion
A wave is a disturbance moving through a medium that disrupts the particles that make up the medium. A medium can
be any substance including solids, liquids, and gases. When a wave is present, the particles that make up the medium
move about a fixed position. Energy is transferred between the particles, but the particles themselves always return to
their fixed positions. This energy transfer phenomenon is a distinguishing feature of a wave.
One type of wave is a transverse wave where the particles oscillate perpendicular to the motion of the wave. Another
type of wave is a longitudinal wave where the particles oscillate in the same direction as the motion of the wave. Sound
waves are examples of longitudinal waves. The up and down motion of a buoy in the ocean as a wave passes is similar to
a transverse wave.

S.31
Exercises 1–7
When two musical notes are played simultaneously, wave interference occurs. Wave interference is also responsible for
the actual sound of the notes that you hear.
1. The graphs of two functions, 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔, are shown below.
a. Model wave interference by picking several points on the graphs of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 and then using those points to
create a graph of ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥).
b. What is a formula for ℎ? Explain how you got your answer.

S.32
2. The graphs of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are shown below.
a. Model wave interference by picking several points on the graphs of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 and then using those points to
create a graph of ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥).
b. What is an approximate formula for ℎ? Explain how you got your answer.

S.33
𝜋𝜋
3. Let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin(𝑥𝑥) and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = cos �𝑥𝑥 + �.
2
a. Predict what the graph of the wave interference function ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) would look like in this situation.
b. Use an appropriate identity to confirm your prediction.
4. Show that in general, the function ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 cos(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 − 𝑐𝑐) can be rewritten as the sum of a sine and cosine function
with equal periods and different amplitudes.

S.34
5. Find an exact formula for ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 12sin(𝑥𝑥) + 5cos(𝑥𝑥) in the form ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 cos(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐). Graph 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 12sin(𝑥𝑥),
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 5cos(𝑥𝑥), and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 12sin(𝑥𝑥) + 5cos(𝑥𝑥) together on the same axes.
6. Find an exact formula for ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 2sin(𝑥𝑥) − 3cos(𝑥𝑥) in the form ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 cos(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐). Graph 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2sin(𝑥𝑥),
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = −3cos(𝑥𝑥), and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 2sin(𝑥𝑥) − 3cos(𝑥𝑥) together on the same axes.

S.35
7. Can you find an exact formula for ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 2sin(2𝑥𝑥) + 4sin(𝑥𝑥) in the form ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑐𝑐)? If not, why not?
Graph 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 2sin(2𝑥𝑥), 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 4sin(𝑥𝑥), and ℎ(𝑥𝑥) = 2sin(2𝑥𝑥) + 4sin(𝑥𝑥) together on the same axes.

S.36
Lesson Summary
A wave is displacement that travels through a medium. Waves transfer energy, not matter. There are two types of
waves: transverse and longitudinal. Sound waves are an example of longitudinal waves.
When two or more waves meet, interference occurs and can be represented mathematically as the sum of the
individual waves.
The sum identity for sine is useful for analyzing the features of wave interference.
Problem Set
1. Rewrite the sum of the following functions in the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑐𝑐 cos(𝑥𝑥 + 𝑘𝑘). Graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥),
and 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) on the same set of axes.
a. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4sin(𝑥𝑥); 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3cos(𝑥𝑥)
b. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = −6sin(𝑥𝑥); 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 8cos(𝑥𝑥)
c. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = √3sin(𝑥𝑥); 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3cos(𝑥𝑥)
d. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = √2sin(𝑥𝑥); 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = √7cos(𝑥𝑥)
e. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3sin(𝑥𝑥); 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = −2cos(𝑥𝑥)
2. Find a sinusoidal function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑎𝑎 sin(𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 + 𝑐𝑐) + 𝑑𝑑 that fits each of the following graphs.
a.
b.

S.37
c.
d.
3. Two functions 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are graphed below. Sketch the graph of the sum 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑔𝑔.
a.
b.

S.38
c.
d.
e.

S.39
Lesson 7: An Area Formula for Triangles
Classwork
Exploratory Challenge/Exercises 1–6: Triangles in Circles
In this Exploratory Challenge, you will find the area of triangles with base along the positive 𝑥𝑥-axis and a third point on
the graph of the circle 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 25.
1. Find the area of each triangle shown below. Show work to support your answer.
a.
b.

S.40
2. Find the area of each of the triangles shown below. Show work to support your answer.
a.
b.
3. Joni said that the area of triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 in Exercise 2 part (b) can be found using the definition of the sine function.
a. What are the coordinates of point 𝐹𝐹 in terms of the cosine and sine functions? Explain how you know.
b. Explain why the 𝑦𝑦-coordinate of point 𝐹𝐹 is equal to the height of the triangle.

S.41
c. Write the area of triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 in terms of the sine function.
d. Does this method work for the area of triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴?
4. Find the area of the following triangles.

a.
b.

S.42
5. Write a formula that will give the area of any triangle with vertices located at 𝐴𝐴(0,0), 𝐶𝐶(5,0), and 𝐵𝐵(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) a point on
the graph of 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 25 such that 𝑦𝑦 > 0.
6. For what value of 𝜃𝜃 will this triangle have maximum area? Explain your reasoning.
Exploratory Challenge/Exercises 7–10: Triangles in Circles

7. Find the area of the following triangle.
8. Prove that the area of any oblique triangle is given by the formula
1
Area = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin(𝐶𝐶)
2
where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are adjacent sides of △ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 and 𝐶𝐶 is the measure of the angle between them.

S.43
9. Use the area formula from Exercise 8 to calculate the area of the following triangles.
a.
b.
c. A quilter is making an applique design with triangular pieces like the one shown below. How much fabric is
used in each piece?

S.44
10. Calculate the area of the following regular polygons inscribed in a unit circle by dividing the polygon into congruent
triangles where one of the triangles has a base along the positive 𝑥𝑥-axis.
a.
b.
c.

S.45
d. Sketch a regular hexagon inscribed in a unit circle with one vertex at (1, 0), and find the area of this hexagon.
e. Write a formula that gives the area of a regular polygon with 𝑛𝑛 sides inscribed in a unit circle if one vertex is at
(1, 0) and 𝜃𝜃 is the angle formed by the positive 𝑥𝑥-axis and the segment connecting the origin to the point on
the polygon that lies in the first quadrant.
f. Use a calculator to explore the area of this regular polygon for large values of 𝑛𝑛. What does the area of this
polygon appear to be approaching as the value of 𝑛𝑛 increases?

S.46
Lesson Summary
The area of △ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is given by the formula:
1
Area = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin(𝐶𝐶)
2
where 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 are the lengths of two sides of the triangle and 𝐶𝐶 is the measure of the angle between these sides.
Problem Set
1. Find the area of the triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 shown to the right, with the following data:
𝜋𝜋
a. 𝜃𝜃 = , 𝑏𝑏 = 3, and 𝑐𝑐 = 6.
6
𝜋𝜋
b. 𝜃𝜃 = , 𝑏𝑏 = 4, and 𝑐𝑐 = 8.
3
𝜋𝜋
c. 𝜃𝜃 = , 𝑏𝑏 = 5, and 𝑐𝑐 = 10.
4
2. Find the area of the triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 shown to the right, with the following data:
3𝜋𝜋
a. 𝜃𝜃 = , 𝑎𝑎 = 6, and 𝑏𝑏 = 4.
4
5𝜋𝜋
b. 𝜃𝜃 = , 𝑎𝑎 = 4, and 𝑏𝑏 = 3.
6
3. Find the area of each triangle shown below. State the area to the nearest tenth of a square centimeter.
a.

S.47
b.
4. The diameter of the circle 𝑂𝑂 in the figure shown to the right is 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 10.
a. Find the area of the triangle 𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂.
b. Find the area of the triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
c. Find the area of the triangle 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷.
d. Find the area of the triangle 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷.
5. Find the area of the equilateral triangle 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 inscribed in a circle with a radius of 6.
6. Find the shaded area in the diagram below.

S.48
7. Find the shaded area in the diagram below. The radius of the outer circle is 5; the length of the line segment
𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 is 2.
8. Find the shaded area in the diagram below. The radius of the outer circle is 5.
9. Find the area of the regular hexagon inscribed in a circle if one vertex is at (2, 0).
10. Find the area of the regular dodecagon inscribed in a circle if one vertex is at (3, 0).
11. A horse rancher wants to add on to existing fencing to create a triangular pasture for colts and fillies. She has
1,000 feet of fence to construct the additional two sides of the pasture.
a. What angle between the two new sides would produce the greatest area?

S.49
b. What is the area of her pasture if she decides to make two sides of 500 ft. each and uses the angle you found
in part (a)?
c. Due to property constraints, she ends up using sides of 100 ft. and 900 ft. with an angle of 30° between them.
What is the area of the new pasture?
12. An enthusiast of Egyptian history wants to make a life-size version of the Great Pyramid using modern building
materials. The base of each side of the Great Pyramid was measured to be 756 ft. long, and the angle of elevation is
about 52°.
a. How much material will go into the creation of the sides of the structure (the triangular faces of the pyramid)?
b. If the price of plywood for the sides is $0.75 per square foot, what is the cost of just the plywood for the sides?

S.50
13. Depending on which side you choose to be the “base,” there are three possible ways to write the area of an oblique
1
triangle, one being 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 sin(𝛾𝛾).
2
a. Write the other two possibilities using sin(𝛼𝛼) and sin(𝛽𝛽).
b. Are all three equal?

2𝐴𝐴
c. Find for all three possibilities.
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
d. Is the relationship you found in part (c) true for all triangles?

S.51
Lesson 8: Law of Sines
Classwork
Exercises
1. Find the value of 𝑥𝑥 in the figure on the left.
2. Find the value of 𝛼𝛼 in the figure on the right.
3. Find all of the measurements for the triangle below.

A
4.2
40°
B
78°
C

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4. �� in the triangle below.

Find the length of side 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
C
55°
B
32°
7.5
5. A hiker at point 𝐶𝐶 is 7.5 kilometers from a hiker at point 𝐵𝐵; a third hiker is at point 𝐴𝐴. Use the angles shown in the
diagram below to determine the distance between the hikers at points 𝐶𝐶 and 𝐴𝐴.
7.5 60°
C 34°

S.53
6. Two sides of a triangle have lengths 10.4 and 6.4. The angle opposite 6.4 is 36°. What could the angle opposite
10.4 be?
7. Two sides of a triangle have lengths 9.6 and 11.1. The angle opposite 9.6 is 59°. What could the angle opposite
11.1 be?

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Problem Set
1. Let △ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 be a triangle with the given lengths and angle measurements. Find all possible missing measurements
using the law of sines.
a. 𝑎𝑎 = 5, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 43°, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐵𝐵 = 80°.
b. 𝑎𝑎 = 3.2, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 110°, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐵𝐵 = 35°.
c. 𝑎𝑎 = 9.1, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 70°, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐵𝐵 = 95°.
d. 𝑎𝑎 = 3.2, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐵𝐵 = 30°, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 45°.
e. 𝑎𝑎 = 12, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐵𝐵 = 29°, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 31°.
f. 𝑎𝑎 = 4.7, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐵𝐵 = 18.8°, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 72°.
g. 𝑎𝑎 = 6, 𝑏𝑏 = 3, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 91°.
h. 𝑎𝑎 = 7.1, 𝑏𝑏 = 7, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 70°.
i. 𝑎𝑎 = 8, 𝑏𝑏 = 5, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 45°.
j. 𝑎𝑎 = 3.5, 𝑏𝑏 = 3.6, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 37°.
k. 𝑎𝑎 = 9, 𝑏𝑏 = 10.1, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 61°.
l. 𝑎𝑎 = 6, 𝑏𝑏 = 8, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴 = 41.5°.
2. A surveyor is working at a river that flows north to south. From her starting point, she sees a location across the
river that is 20° north of east from her current position, she labels the position 𝑆𝑆. She moves 110 feet north and
measures the angle to 𝑆𝑆 from her new position, seeing that it is 32° south of east.
a. Draw a picture representing this situation.
b. Find the distance from her starting position to 𝑆𝑆.
c. Explain how you can use the procedure the surveyor used in this problem (called triangulation) to calculate the
distance to another object.

S.55
3. Consider the triangle pictured below.
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐 sin(𝑚𝑚∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵)
Use the law of sines to prove the generalized angle bisector theorem, that is, = . (Although this
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑏𝑏 sin(𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶)
is called the generalized angle bisector theorem, we do not assume that the bisector of ∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 intersects side
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑐𝑐
��
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 at 𝐷𝐷. In the case that ��
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is an angle bisector, then the formula simplifies to = .)
𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝑏𝑏
𝑐𝑐 𝑏𝑏
a. Use the triangles 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 and 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 to express and as a ratio of sines.
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
b. Note that angles 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 and 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 form a linear pair. What does this tell you about the value of the sines of
these angles?
c. Solve each equation in part (a) to be equal to the sine of either ∠𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 or ∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴.
d. What do your answers to parts (b) and (c) tell you?
e. Prove the generalized angle bisector theorem.
4. As an experiment, Carrie wants to independently confirm the distance to Alpha Centauri. She knows that if she
measures the angle of Alpha Centauri and waits 6 months and measures again, then she will have formed a massive
triangle with two angles and the side between them being 2 AU long.
a. Carrie measures the first angle at 82° 8′ 24.5′′ and the second at 97° 51′ 34′′ . How far away is Alpha Centauri
according to Carrie’s measurements?
b. Today, astronomers use the same triangulation method on a much larger scale by finding the distance
between different spacecraft using radio signals and then measuring the angles to stars. Voyager 1 is about
122 AU away from Earth. What fraction of the distance from Earth to Alpha Centauri is this? Do you think
that measurements found in this manner are very precise?
5. A triangular room has sides of length 3.8 m, 5.1 m, and 5.1 m. What is the area of the room?
6. Sara and Paul are on opposite sides of a building that a telephone pole fell on. The pole is leaning away from Paul at
an angle of 59° and towards Sara. Sara measures the angle of elevation to the top of the telephone pole to be 22°,
and Paul measures the angle of elevation to be 34°. Knowing that the telephone pole is about 35 ft. tall, answer the
following questions.
a. Draw a diagram of the situation.
b. How far apart are Sara and Paul?
c. If we assume the building is still standing, how tall is the building?

S.56
Lesson 9: Law of Cosines
Classwork
Exercises
1. Find the value of 𝑥𝑥 in the triangle below.
26°
x
2. Explain how the figures below are related. Then, describe 𝑥𝑥 in terms of 𝜗𝜗.
5
1
θ θ
cos(θ) x

S.57
3. �� in the triangle below.

Find the length of side 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
C
64°
A B
9
4. Points 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 are located at the edges of a large body of water. Point 𝐴𝐴 is 6 km from point 𝐵𝐵 and 10 km from
point 𝐶𝐶. The angle formed between ��
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 and ��
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 is 108°. How far apart are points 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶?
B
108°
A C
10
5. Use the law of cosines to find the value of 𝜗𝜗 in the triangle below.
13.9
6.4
θ
10.5

S.58
Problem Set
1. Consider the case of a triangle with sides 5, 12, and the angle between them 90°.
a. What is the easiest method to find the missing side?
b. What is the easiest method to find the missing angles?
c. Can you use the law of cosines to find the missing side? If so, perform the calculations. If not, show why not.
d. Can you use the law of cosines to find the missing angles? If so, perform the calculations. If not, show why
not.
e. Consider a triangle with sides 𝑎𝑎, 𝑏𝑏, and the angle between them 90°. Use the law of cosines to prove a well-
known theorem. State the theorem.
f. Summarize what you have learned in parts (a) through (e).
2. �� and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

Consider the case of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 �� of lengths 5 and 12, respectively, with 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 180°.
a. Is 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 a triangle?
b. What is the easiest method to find the distance between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵?
c. Can you use the law of cosines to find the distance between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵? If so, perform the calculations. If not,
show why not.
d. Summarize what you have learned in parts (a) through (c).
3. �� and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

Consider the case of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 �� of lengths 5 and 12, respectively, with 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 0°.
a. Is 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 a triangle?
b. What is the easiest method to find the distance between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵?
c. Can you use the law of cosines to find the distance between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵? If so, perform the calculations. If not,
show why not.
d. Summarize what you have learned in parts (a) through (c).
4. �� and ��

Consider the case of 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 of lengths 5 and 12, respectively, with 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 > 180°.
a. Is the law of cosines consistent in being able to calculate the length of ��
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 even using an angle this large? Try it
for 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 200°, and compare your results to the triangle with 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 160°. Explain your findings.
b. Consider what you have learned in Problems 1–4. If you were designing a computer program to be able to
measure sides and angles of triangles created from different line segments and angles, would it make sense to
use the law of cosines or several different techniques depending on the shape? Would a computer program
created from the law of cosines have any errors based on different inputs for the line segments and angle
between them?

S.59
5. Consider triangles with the following measurements. If two sides are given, use the law of cosines to find the
measure of the third side. If three sides are given, use the law of cosines to find the measure of the angle between
𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏.
a. 𝑎𝑎 = 4, 𝑏𝑏 = 6, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 35°
b. 𝑎𝑎 = 2, 𝑏𝑏 = 3, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 110°
c. 𝑎𝑎 = 5, 𝑏𝑏 = 5, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 36°
d. 𝑎𝑎 = 7.5, 𝑏𝑏 = 10, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 90°
e. 𝑎𝑎 = 4.4, 𝑏𝑏 = 6.2, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 9°
f. 𝑎𝑎 = 12, 𝑏𝑏 = 5, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 45°
g. 𝑎𝑎 = 3, 𝑏𝑏 = 6, 𝑚𝑚∠𝐶𝐶 = 60°
h. 𝑎𝑎 = 4, 𝑏𝑏 = 5, 𝑐𝑐 = 6
i. 𝑎𝑎 = 1, 𝑏𝑏 = 1, 𝑐𝑐 = 1
j. 𝑎𝑎 = 7, 𝑏𝑏 = 8, 𝑐𝑐 = 3
k. 𝑎𝑎 = 6, 𝑏𝑏 = 5.5, 𝑐𝑐 = 6.5
l. 𝑎𝑎 = 8, 𝑏𝑏 = 5, 𝑐𝑐 = 1
m. 𝑎𝑎 = 4.6, 𝑏𝑏 = 9, 𝑐𝑐 = 11.9
6. A trebuchet launches a boulder at an angle of elevation of 33° at a force of 1,000 N. A strong gale wind is blowing
against the boulder parallel to the ground at a force of 340 N. The figure is shown below.
a. What is the force in the direction of the boulder’s path?

b. What is the angle of elevation of the boulder after the wind has influenced its path?

S.60
7. Cliff wants to build a tent for his son’s graduation party. The tent is a regular pentagon, as illustrated below. How
much guy wire (show in blue) does Cliff need to purchase to build this tent? Round your answers to the nearest
thousandths.
8. A roofing contractor needs to build roof trusses for a house. The side view of the truss is shown below. Given that
𝐺𝐺 is the midpoint of ��
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 , 𝐸𝐸 is the midpoint of ��
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 , 𝐼𝐼 is the midpoint of ��
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 , 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 32 ft., 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 6 ft., 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 = 5 ft., and
𝑚𝑚∠𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 90°. Find 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷, 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸, and 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹. Round your answers to the nearest thousandths.

S.61
Lesson 10: Putting the Law of Cosines and the Law of Sines to
Use
Classwork
Opening Exercise
a. For each triangle shown below, decide whether you should use the law of sines, the law of cosines, or neither
to begin finding the missing measurements. Explain how you know.
Triangle A Triangle B Triangle C
Triangle D Triangle E Triangle F
Lesson 10: Putting the Law of Cosines and the Law of Sines to Use
S.62
b. What types of given information will help you to decide which formula to use to determine missing
measurements? Summarize your ideas in the table shown below:
Determining Missing Measurements

Given Measurements Formulas to Use
Right Triangle Trigonometry Functions
Pythagorean Theorem
Non-Right Triangle Law of Sines
Non-Right Triangle Law of Cosines
S.63
Exercises 1–7
1. A landscape architect is given a survey of a parcel of land that is shaped like a parallelogram. On the scale drawing
the sides of the parcel of land are 8 in. and 10 in., and the angle between these sides measures 75°. The architect is
planning to build a fence along the longest diagonal. If the scale on the survey is 1 in. = 120 ft., how long will the
fence be?
2. A regular pentagon is inscribed in a circle with a radius of 5 cm. What is the perimeter of the pentagon?
3. At the base of a pyramid, a surveyor determines that the angle of elevation to the top is 53°. At a point 75 meters
from the base, the angle of elevation to the top is 35°. What is the distance from the base of the pyramid up the
slanted face to the top?
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4. A surveyor needs to determine the distance across a lake between an existing ferry dock at point 𝐴𝐴 and a second
dock across the lake at point 𝐵𝐵. He locates a point 𝐶𝐶 along the shore from the dock at point 𝐴𝐴 that is 750 meters
away. He measures the angle at 𝐴𝐴 between the sight lines to points 𝐵𝐵 and 𝐶𝐶 to be 65° and the angle at 𝐶𝐶 between
the sight lines to points 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 to be 82°. How far is it from the dock at 𝐴𝐴 and the dock at 𝐵𝐵?
5. Two people located 500 yards apart have spotted a hot air balloon. The angle of elevation from one person to the
balloon is 67°. From the second person to the balloon the angle of elevation is 46°. How high is the balloon when it
is spotted?
When applying mathematics to navigation, direction is often given as a bearing. The bearing of an object is the degrees
rotated clockwise from north that indicates the direction of travel or motion. The next exercises apply the law of cosines
and the law of sines to navigation problems.
6. Two fishing boats start from a port. One travels 15 nautical miles per hour on a bearing of 25° and the other
travels 18 nautical miles per hour on a bearing of 100°. Assuming each maintains its course and speed, how far
apart will the fishing boats be after two hours?
S.65
7. An airplane travels on a bearing of 200° for 1,500 miles and then changes to a bearing of 250° and travels an
additional 500 miles. How far is the airplane from its starting point?
Example: Revisiting Vectors and Resultant Forces

The goalie on the soccer team kicks a ball with an initial force of 135 newtons at a 40° angle with the ground. The mass
m
of a soccer ball is 0.45 kg. Assume the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 2 .
s
a. Draw a picture representing the force vectors acting on the ball and the resultant force vector.
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b. What is the magnitude of the resultant force vector?
c. What are the horizontal and vertical components of this vector?
d. What is the angle of elevation of the resulting vector?
S.67
Exercises 8–10
8. Suppose a soccer player runs up to a moving soccer ball located at 𝐴𝐴 and kicks the ball into the air. The diagram
below shows the initial velocity of the ball along the ground and the initial velocity and direction of the kick. What is
the resultant velocity and angle of elevation of the soccer ball immediately after it is kicked?
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9. A 13 lb. force and a 20 lb. force are applied to an object located at 𝐴𝐴 as shown in the diagram below. What is the
resulting force and direction being applied to the object at 𝐴𝐴?
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10. A motorboat travels across a lake at a speed of 10 mph at a bearing of 25°. The current of the lake due to the wind
is a steady 2 mph at a bearing of 340°.
a. Draw a diagram that shows the two velocities that are affecting the boat’s motion across the lake.
b. What is the resulting speed and direction of the boat?
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Lesson Summary
The law of sines and the law of cosines can be used to solve problems that can be represented with triangles with
three known measurements.
The law of sines and the law of cosines can be used to find the magnitude and direction of the resultant sum of two
vectors, which can represent velocities, distances, or forces.
Problem Set
1. For each of the situations below, determine whether to use the Pythagorean theorem, right triangle trigonometry,
law of sines, law of cosines, or some other method.
a.
b. Know one side and an angle of a right triangle and want to find any other side.
c.
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d. Know two angles of a triangle and want to find the third.
e.
f. Know three sides of a triangle and want to find an angle.
g.
h. Know a side and two angles and want to find the third angle.
i.
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2. Mrs. Lane’s trigonometry class has been asked to judge the annual unmanned hot-air balloon contest, which has a
prize for highest flying balloon.
a. Sarah thinks that the class needs to set up two stations to sight each balloon as it passes between them.
Construct a formula that Mrs. Lane’s class can use to find the height of the balloon by plugging the two angles
of elevation so that they can program their calculators to automatically output the height of the balloon. Use
500 ft. for the distance between the stations and 𝛼𝛼 and 𝛽𝛽 for the angles of elevation.
b. The students expect the balloons to travel no higher than 500 ft. What distance between the stations would
you recommend? Explain.
c. Find the heights of balloons sighted with the following angles of elevation to the nearest ten feet. Assume a
distance of 500 ft. between stations.
i. 5°, 15°
ii. 38°, 72°
iii. 45°, 45°
iv. 45°, 59°
v. 28°, 44°
vi. 50°, 66°
vii. 17°, 40°
d. Based on your results in part (c), which balloon won the contest?
e. The balloons were released several hundred feet away but directly in the middle of the two stations. If the
first angle represents the West station and the second angle represents the East station, what can you say
about the weather conditions during the contest?
f. Are there any improvements to Mrs. Lane’s class’s methods that you would suggest? Explain.
3. Bearings on ships are often given as a clockwise angle from the direction the ship is heading (0° represents
something in the path of the boat, and 180° represents something behind the boat). Two ships leave port at the
1
same time. The first ship travels at a constant speed of 30 kn. After 2 hours, the ship sights the second at a
2
bearing of 110° and 58 nautical miles away.
a. How far is the second ship from the port where it started?
b. How fast is the second ship traveling on average?
4. A paintball is fired from a gun with a force of 59 N at an angle of elevation of 1°. If the force due to gravity on the
paintball is 0.0294 N, then answer the following:
a. Is this angle of elevation enough to overcome the initial force due to gravity and still have an angle of elevation
greater than 0.5°?
b. What is the resultant magnitude of the vector in the direction of the paintball?
5. Valerie lives 2 miles west of her school and her friend Yuri lives 3 miles directly northeast of her.
a. Draw a diagram representing this situation.
b. How far does Yuri live from school?
c. What is the bearing of the school to Yuri’s house?
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6. A 2.1 kg rocket is launched at an angle of 33° with an initial force of 50 N. Assume the acceleration due to gravity is
m
9.81 2 .
s
a. Draw a picture representing the force vectors and their resultant vector.
b. What is the magnitude of the resultant vector?
c. What are the horizontal and vertical components of the resultant vector?
d. What is the angle of elevation of the resultant vector?
7. Use the distance formula to find 𝑐𝑐, the distance between 𝐴𝐴 and 𝐵𝐵 for △ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴, with 𝐴𝐴 = (𝑏𝑏 cos(𝛾𝛾) , 𝑏𝑏 sin(𝛾𝛾)), 𝐵𝐵 =
(𝑎𝑎, 0), and 𝐶𝐶 = (0,0). After simplifying, what formula have you proven?
𝑐𝑐2
8. For isosceles triangles with 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑏𝑏, show the law of cosines can be written as cos(𝛾𝛾) = 1 − .
2𝑎𝑎2
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Lesson 11: Revisiting the Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions
Classwork
Opening Exercise
Graph each of the following functions on the interval −2𝜋𝜋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋𝜋 by making a table of values. The graph should
show all key features (intercepts, asymptotes, relative maxima and minima).
a. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin(𝑥𝑥)
𝒙𝒙
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬(𝒙𝒙)
b. 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = cos(𝑥𝑥)
𝒙𝒙
𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜(𝒙𝒙)

S.75
Exploratory Challenge/Exercises 1–7

1. Consider the trigonometric function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = tan(𝑥𝑥).
a. Rewrite tan(𝑥𝑥) as a quotient of trigonometric functions. Then, state the domain of the tangent function.
b. Why is this the domain of the function?
c. Complete the table.

3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋
𝒙𝒙 −2𝜋𝜋 − −𝜋𝜋 − 0 𝜋𝜋 2𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭(𝒙𝒙)
d. What will happen on the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = tan(𝑥𝑥) at the values of 𝑥𝑥 for which the tangent function is
undefined?
𝜋𝜋
e. Expand the table to include angles that have a reference angle of .
4
7𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 3𝜋𝜋 5𝜋𝜋 7𝜋𝜋 9𝜋𝜋 11𝜋𝜋 13𝜋𝜋 15𝜋𝜋
𝒙𝒙 − − − −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭(𝒙𝒙)

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f. Sketch the graph of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = tan(𝑥𝑥) on the interval −2𝜋𝜋 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋𝜋. Verify by using a graphing utility.
2. Use the graphs of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions to answer each of the following.
a. How do the graphs of the sine and cosine functions support the following identities for all real numbers 𝑥𝑥?
sin(−𝑥𝑥) = −sin(𝑥𝑥)
cos(−𝑥𝑥) = cos(𝑥𝑥)
b. Use the symmetry of the graph of the tangent function to write an identity. Explain your answer.
c. How do the graphs of the sine and cosine functions support the following identities for all real numbers 𝑥𝑥?
sin(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝜋𝜋) = sin(𝑥𝑥)
cos(𝑥𝑥 + 2𝜋𝜋) = cos(𝑥𝑥)

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d. Use the periodicity of the tangent function to write an identity. Explain your answer.
𝜋𝜋
3. Consider the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = cos �𝑥𝑥 − �.
2
a. Graph 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) by using transformations of functions.
b. Based on your graph, write an identity.
𝜋𝜋
4. Verify the identity sin �𝑥𝑥 + � = cos(𝑥𝑥) for all real numbers 𝑥𝑥 by using a graph.
2

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5. Use a graphing utility to explore the graphs of the family of functions in the form 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝐴𝐴sin�𝜔𝜔(𝑥𝑥 − ℎ)� + 𝑘𝑘.
Write a summary of the effect that changing each parameter has on the graph of the sine function.
a. 𝐴𝐴
b. 𝜔𝜔
c. ℎ
d. 𝑘𝑘
1
6. Graph at least one full period of the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 3sin � �𝑥𝑥– 𝜋𝜋�� + 2. Label the amplitude, period, and midline
3
on the graph.

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7. The graph and table below show the average monthly high and low temperature for Denver, Colorado.
(source: http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Colorado/Denver/)
a. Why would a sinusoidal function be appropriate to model this data?
b. Write a function to model the average monthly high temperature as a function of the month.
c. What does the midline represent within the context of the problem?
d. What does the amplitude represent within the context of the problem?
e. Name a city whose temperature graphs would have a smaller amplitude. Explain your reasoning.
f. Name a city whose temperature graphs would have a larger vertical shift. Explain your reasoning.

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Problem Set
1. Sketch the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥) on the same set of axes as the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin(4𝑥𝑥). Explain the similarities and
differences between the two graphs.
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
2. Sketch the graph of 𝑦𝑦 = sin � � on the same set of axes as the function 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 3sin � �. Explain the similarities
2 2
and differences between the two graphs.
3. Indicate the amplitude, frequency, period, phase shift, horizontal and vertical translations, and equation of the
midline. Graph the function on the same axes as the graph of the cosine function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = cos(𝑥𝑥). Graph at least
one full period of each function.
3𝜋𝜋
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = cos �𝑥𝑥 − �.
4
4. Sketch the graph of the pairs of functions on the same set of axes: 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin(4𝑥𝑥), 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = sin(4𝑥𝑥) + 2.
5. The graph and table below show the average monthly high and low temperature for Denver, Colorado.
(source: http://www.rssweather.com/climate/Colorado/Denver/)
Write a function to model the average monthly low temperature as a function of the month.
Extension:
6. Consider the cosecant function.
a. Use technology to help you sketch 𝑦𝑦 = csc(𝑥𝑥) for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋𝜋, −4 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 4.
b. What do you notice about the graph of the function? Compare this to your knowledge of the graph of
𝑦𝑦 = sin(𝑥𝑥).

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7. Consider the secant function.

a. Use technology to help you sketch 𝑦𝑦 = sec(𝑥𝑥) for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 4𝜋𝜋, −4 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 4.
𝑦𝑦 = cos(𝑥𝑥).
8. Consider the cotangent function.

a. Use technology to help you sketch 𝑦𝑦 = cot(𝑥𝑥) for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋, −4 ≤ 𝑦𝑦 ≤ 4.
𝑦𝑦 = tan(𝑥𝑥).

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Lesson 12: Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Classwork
Opening Exercise
Use the graphs of the sine, cosine, and tangent functions to answer each of the following questions.
a. State the domain of each function.
b. Would the inverse of the sine, cosine, or tangent functions also be functions? Explain.
c. For each function, select a suitable domain that will make the function invertible.

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Example 1
𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
Consider the function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = sin(𝑥𝑥), − ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ .
2 2
a. State the domain and range of this function.
b. Find the equation of the inverse function.
c. State the domain and range of the inverse.
Exercises 1–3
1. Write an equation for the inverse cosine function, and state its domain and range.
2. Write an equation for the inverse tangent function, and state its domain and range.

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3. Evaluate each of the following expressions without using a calculator. Use radian measures.
�3 �3
a. sin−1 � � b. sin−1 �− �
2 2
�3 �3
c. cos −1 � � d. cos −1 �− �
2 2
e. sin−1 (1) f. sin−1 (−1)
g. cos −1 (1) h. cos −1 (−1)
i. tan−1 (1) j. tan−1 (−1)
Example 2
Solve each trigonometric equation such that 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋. Round to three decimal places when necessary.
a. 2cos(𝑥𝑥) − 1 = 0

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b. 3 sin(𝑥𝑥) + 2 = 0
Exercises 4–8
4. Solve each trigonometric equation such that 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋. Give answers in exact form.
a. √2cos(𝑥𝑥) + 1 = 0
b. tan(𝑥𝑥) − √3 = 0
c. sin2 (𝑥𝑥) − 1 = 0
5. Solve each trigonometric equation such that 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋𝜋. Round answers to three decimal places.
a. 5 cos(𝑥𝑥) − 3 = 0
b. 3 cos(𝑥𝑥) + 5 = 0

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c. 3 sin(𝑥𝑥) − 1 = 0
d. tan(𝑥𝑥) = −0.115
6. A particle is moving along a straight line for 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 18. The velocity of the particle at time 𝑡𝑡 (in seconds) is given by
𝜋𝜋
the function 𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = cos � 𝑡𝑡�. Find the time(s) on the interval 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 18 where the particle is at rest (𝑣𝑣(𝑡𝑡) = 0).
5
7. In an amusement park, there is a small Ferris wheel, called a kiddie wheel, for toddlers. The formula
1
𝐻𝐻(𝑡𝑡) = 10 sin �2𝜋𝜋 �𝑡𝑡 − �� + 15 models the height 𝐻𝐻 (in feet) of the bottom-most car 𝑡𝑡 minutes after the wheel
4
begins to rotate. Once the ride starts, it lasts 4 minutes.
a. What is the initial height of the car?
b. How long does it take for the wheel to make one full rotation?
c. What is the maximum height of the car?

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d. Find the time(s) on the interval 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 4 when the car is at its maximum height.
8. Many animal populations fluctuate periodically. Suppose that a wolf population over an 8-year period is given by
𝜋𝜋
the function 𝑊𝑊(𝑡𝑡) = 800sin � 𝑡𝑡� + 2200, where 𝑡𝑡 represents the number of years since the initial population
4
counts were made.
a. Find the time(s) on the interval 0 ≤ 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 8 such that the wolf population equals 2,500.
b. On what time interval during the 8-year period is the population below 2,000?
c. Why would an animal population be an example of a periodic phenomenon?

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Problem Set
1. Solve the following equations. Approximate values of the inverse trigonometric functions to the thousandths place,
where 𝑥𝑥 refers to an angle measured in radians.
a. 5 = 6 cos(𝑥𝑥)
1 𝜋𝜋
b. − = 2 cos �𝑥𝑥 − � + 1
2 4
c. 1 = cos�3(𝑥𝑥 − 1)�
d. 1.2 = −0.5 cos(𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋) + 0.9
e. 7 = −9 cos(𝑥𝑥) − 4
f. 2 = 3 sin(𝑥𝑥)
𝜋𝜋�𝑥𝑥−1�
g. −1 = sin � �−1
4
h. 𝜋𝜋 = 3 sin(5𝑥𝑥 + 2) + 2
1 sin(𝑥𝑥)
i. =
9 4
j. cos(𝑥𝑥) = sin(𝑥𝑥)
𝜋𝜋
k. sin−1 (cos(𝑥𝑥)) =
3
l. tan(𝑥𝑥) = 3
m. −1 = 2 tan(5𝑥𝑥 + 2) − 3
n. 5 = −1.5 tan(−𝑥𝑥) − 3
2. Fill out the following tables.
𝒙𝒙 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬−𝟏𝟏 (𝒙𝒙) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 −𝟏𝟏 (𝒙𝒙) 𝒙𝒙 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬−𝟏𝟏 (𝒙𝒙) 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 −𝟏𝟏 (𝒙𝒙)
−1 0
√3 1
−
2 2
√2 √2
−
2 2
1 √3
−
2 2

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3. Let the velocity 𝑣𝑣 in miles per second of a particle in a particle accelerator after 𝑡𝑡 seconds be modeled by the
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋
function 𝑣𝑣 = tan � − � on an unknown domain.
6000 2
a. What is the 𝑡𝑡-value of the first vertical asymptote to the right of the 𝑦𝑦-axis?
b. If the particle accelerates to 99% of the speed of light before stopping, then what is the domain?
Note: 𝑐𝑐 ≈ 186000. Round your solution to the ten-thousandths place.
c. How close does the domain get to the vertical asymptote of the function?
d. How long does it take for the particle to reach the velocity of Earth around the sun (about 18.5 miles per
second)?
e. What does it imply that 𝑣𝑣 is negative up until 𝑡𝑡 = 3000?

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Lesson 13: Modeling with Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Classwork
Example
The Statue of Liberty is 151 feet tall and sits on a pedestal that is 154 feet above the ground. An observer who is 6 feet
tall wants to stand at the ideal viewing distance in front of the statue.
a. Sketch the statue and observer. Label all appropriate measurements on the sketch, and define them in
context.
b. How far back from the statue should the observer stand so that his or her viewing angle (from the feet of the
statue to the tip of the torch) is largest? What is the value of the largest viewing angle?

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c. What would be your best viewing distance from the statue?
d. If there are 66 meters of dry land in front of the statue, is the viewer still on dry land at the best viewing
distance?
Exercise
Hanging on a museum wall is a picture with base 𝑎𝑎 inches above a viewer’s eye level and top 𝑏𝑏 inches above the viewer’s
eye level.
a. Model the situation with a diagram.
b. Determine an expression that could be used to find the ideal viewing distance 𝑥𝑥 that maximizes the viewing
angle 𝑦𝑦.

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c. Find the ideal viewing distance, given the 𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏𝑏 values assigned to you. Calculate the maximum viewing
angle in degrees.
d. Complete the table using class data, which indicates the ideal values for 𝑥𝑥 given different assigned values of 𝑎𝑎
and 𝑏𝑏. Note any patterns you see in the data.
𝒂𝒂 (inches) 𝒃𝒃 (inches) 𝒙𝒙 at max (inches) 𝒚𝒚 max (degrees)

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Problem Set
1. Consider the situation of sitting down with eye level at 46 in. Find the missing distances and heights for the
following:
a. The bottom of the picture is at 50 in. and the top is at 74 in. What is the optimal viewing distance?
b. The bottom of the picture is at 52 in. and the top is at 60 in. What is the optimal viewing distance?
c. The bottom of the picture is at 48 in. and the top is at 64 in. What is the optimal viewing distance?
d. What is the height of the picture if the optimal viewing distance is 1 ft. and the bottom of the picture is hung at
47 in.?
2. Consider the situation where you are looking at a painting 𝑎𝑎 inches above your line of sight and 𝑏𝑏 inches below your
line of sight.
a. Find the optimal viewing distance if it exists.
b. If the average standing eye height of Americans is 61.4 in., at what height should paintings and other works of
art be hung?
3. The amount of daylight per day is periodic with respect to the day of the year. The function
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑦𝑦 = −3.016 cos � � + 12.25 gives the number of hours of daylight in New York, 𝑦𝑦, as a function of the number of
365
days since the winter solstice (December 22), which is represented by 𝑥𝑥.
a. On what days will the following hours of sunlight occur?
i. 15 hours, 15 minutes
ii. 12 hours
iii. 9 hours, 15 minutes
iv. 10 hours
v. 9 hours
b. Give a function that will give the day of the year from the solstice as a function of the hours of daylight.
c. What is the domain of the function you gave in part (b)?
d. What does the domain tell you in the context of the problem?
e. What is the range of the function? Does this make sense in the context of the problem? Explain.
4. Ocean tides are an example of periodic behavior. At a particular harbor, data was collected over the course of
𝜋𝜋
24 hours to create the following model: 𝑦𝑦 = 1.236 sin � 𝑥𝑥� + 1.798, which gives the water level, 𝑦𝑦, in feet above
3
the MLLW (mean lower low water) as a function of the time, 𝑥𝑥, in hours.
a. How many periods are there each day?
b. Write a function that gives the time in hours as a function of the water level. How many other times per day
will have the same water levels as those given by the function?

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Classwork
Example 1
A designer wants to test the safety of a wheelchair ramp she has designed for a building before constructing it, so she
creates a scale model. To meet the city’s safety requirements, an object that starts at a standstill from the top of the
m
ramp and rolls down should not experience an acceleration exceeding 2.4 2 .
s
a. A ball of mass 0.1 kg is used to represent an object that rolls down the ramp. As it is placed at the top of the
ramp, the ball experiences a downward force due to gravity, which causes it to accelerate down the ramp.
Knowing that the force applied to an object is the product of its mass and acceleration, create a sketch to
model the ball as it accelerates down the ramp.
m
b. If the ball rolls at the maximum allowable acceleration of 2.4 , what is the angle of elevation for the ramp?
s2

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c. If the designer wants to exceed the safety standards by ensuring the acceleration of the object does not
m
exceed 2.0 2 , by how much will the maximum angle of elevation decrease?
s
d. How does the mass of the object used in the scale model affect the value of 𝜃𝜃? Explain your response.
Exercise 1
m
A vehicle with a mass of 1,000 kg rolls down a slanted road with an acceleration of 0.07 . The frictional force between
s2
the wheels of the vehicle and the wet concrete road is 2,800 Newtons.
a. Sketch the situation.
b. What is the angle of elevation of the road?

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c. What is the maximum angle of elevation the road could have so that the vehicle described would not slide
down the road?
Example 2
The declination of the sun is the path the sun takes overhead the earth throughout the year. When the sun passes
directly overhead, the declination is defined as 0°, while a positive declination angle represents a northward deviation
and a negative declination angle represents a southward deviation. Solar declination is periodic and can be roughly
estimated using the equation
360
𝛿𝛿 = −23.44° �cos �� (𝑁𝑁 + 10)��, where 𝑁𝑁 represents a calendar date (e.g., 𝑁𝑁 = 1 is January 1, and 𝛿𝛿 is the
365
declination angle of the sun measured in degrees).
a. Describe the domain and range of the function.
b. Write an equation that represents 𝑁𝑁 as a function of 𝛿𝛿.

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c. Determine the calendar date(s) for the given angles of declination:

i. 10°
ii. −5.2°
iii. 25°
d. When will the sun trace a direct path above the equator?
Exercises 2–3
2. The average monthly temperature in a coastal city in the United States is periodic and can be modeled with the
𝜋𝜋
equation 𝑦𝑦 = −8 cos �(𝑥𝑥 − 1) � �� + 17.5, where 𝑦𝑦 represents the average temperature in degrees Celsius and
6
𝑥𝑥 represents the month, with 𝑥𝑥 = 1 representing January.
a. Write an equation that represents 𝑥𝑥 as a function of 𝑦𝑦.
b. A tourist wants to visit the city when the average temperature is closest to 25° Celsius. What
recommendations would you make regarding when the tourist should travel? Justify your response.

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3. The estimated size for a population of rabbits and a population of coyotes in a desert habitat are shown in the table.
The estimated population sizes were recorded as part of a long-term study related to the effect of commercial
development on native animal species.
Years since initial count (𝒏𝒏) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Estimated number of rabbits (𝒓𝒓) 14,989 10,055 5,002 10,033 15,002 10,204 4,999 10,002 14,985
Estimated number of coyotes (𝒄𝒄) 1,995 2,201 2,003 1,795 1,999 2,208 2,010 1,804 2,001
a. Describe the relationship between sizes of the rabbit and coyote populations throughout the study.
b. Plot the relationship between the number of years since the initial count and the number of rabbits. Fit a
curve to the data.
c. Repeat the procedure described in part (b) for the estimated number of coyotes over the course of the study.

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d. During the study, how many times was the rabbit population approximately 12,000? When were these times?
e. During the study, when was the coyote population estimate below 2,100?

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Problem Set
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 m
1. A particle is moving along a line at a velocity of 𝑦𝑦 = 3 sin � � + 2 at location 𝑥𝑥 meters from the starting point
5 s
on the line for 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 20.
a. Find a formula that represents the location of the particle given its velocity.
b. What is the domain and range of the function you found in part (a)?
m
c. Use your answer to part (a) to find where the particle is when it is traveling 5 for the first time.
s
d. How can you find the other locations the particle is traveling at this speed?
2. In general, since the cosine function is merely the sine function under a phase shift, mathematicians and scientists
regularly choose to use the sine function to model periodic phenomena instead of a mixture of the two. What
behavior in data would prompt a scientist to use a tangent function instead of a sine function?
m
3. A vehicle with a mass of 500 kg rolls down a slanted road with an acceleration of 0.04 . The frictional force
s2
between the wheels of the vehicle and the road is 1,800 Newtons.
a. Sketch the situation.
b. What is the angle of elevation of the road?
c. The steepness of a road is frequently measured as grade, which expresses the slope of a hill as a ratio of the
change in height to the change in horizontal distance. What is the grade of the hill described in this problem?
4. Canton Avenue in Pittsburgh, PA is considered to be one of the steepest roads in the world with a grade of 37%.
a. Assuming no friction on a particularly icy day, what would be the acceleration of a 1,000 kg car with only
gravity acting on it?
b. The force due to friction is equal to the product of the force perpendicular to the road and the coefficient of
friction 𝜇𝜇. For icy roads and a non-moving vehicle, assume the coefficient of friction is 𝜇𝜇 = 0.3. Find the force
due to friction for the car above. If the car is in park, will it begin sliding down Canton Avenue if the road is this
icy?
c. Assume the coefficient of friction for moving cars on icy roads is 𝜇𝜇 = 0.2. What is the maximum angle of road
that the car will be able to stop on?

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5. Talladega Superspeedway has some of the steepest turns in all of NASCAR. The main turns have a radius of about
305 m and are pitched at 33°. Let 𝑁𝑁 be the perpendicular force on the car, and 𝑁𝑁𝑣𝑣 and 𝑁𝑁ℎ be the vertical and
horizontal components of this force, respectively. See the diagram below.
a. Let 𝜇𝜇 represent the coefficient of friction; recall that 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 gives the force due to friction. To maintain the
position of a vehicle traveling around the bank, the centripetal force must equal the horizontal force in the
direction of the center of the track. Add the horizontal component of friction to the horizontal component of
𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
the perpendicular force on the car to find the centripetal force. Set your expression equal to , the
𝑟𝑟
centripetal force.
b. Add the vertical component of friction to the force due to gravity, and set this equal to the vertical component
of the perpendicular force.
c. Solve one of your equations in part (a) or part (b) for 𝑚𝑚, and use this with the other equation to solve for 𝑣𝑣.
d. Assume 𝜇𝜇 = 0.75, the standard coefficient of friction for rubber on asphalt. For the Talladega Superspeedway,
what is the maximum velocity on the main turns? Is this about how fast you might expect NASCAR stock cars
to travel? Explain why you think NASCAR takes steps to limit the maximum speeds of the stock cars.
e. Does the friction component allow the cars to travel faster on the curve or force them to drive slower? What
is the maximum velocity if the friction coefficient is zero on the Talladega roadway?
f. Do cars need to travel slower on a flat roadway making a turn than on a banked roadway? What is the
maximum velocity of a car traveling on a 305 m turn with no bank?

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6. At a particular harbor over the course of 24 hours, the following data on peak water levels was collected
(measurements are in feet above the MLLW):
Time 1: 30 7: 30 14: 30 20: 30

Water Level −0.211 8.21 −0.619 7.518
a. What appears to be the average period of the water level?

b. What appears to be the average amplitude of the water level?
c. What appears to be the average midline for the water level?
d. Fit a curve of the form 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 sin�𝜔𝜔(𝑥𝑥 − ℎ)� + 𝑘𝑘 or 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 cos�𝜔𝜔(𝑥𝑥 − ℎ)� + 𝑘𝑘 modeling the water level in feet
as a function of the time.
e. According to your function, how many times per day will the water level reach its maximum?
f. How can you find other time values for a particular water level after finding one value from your function?
g. Find the inverse function associated with the function in part (d). What is the domain and range of this
function? What type of values does this function output?

S.103

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NYS COMMON CORE MATHEMATICS CURRICULUM Lesson 1 M4

PRECALCULUS AND ADVANCED TOPICS

Lesson 1: Special Triangles and the Unit Circle

Lesson 1: Special Triangles and the Unit Circle

Lesson 1: Special Triangles and the Unit Circle

Lesson 1: Special Triangles and the Unit Circle

1. Complete the chart below.

Lesson 1: Special Triangles and the Unit Circle

5. Explain why sin2 (𝜃𝜃) + cos 2 (𝜃𝜃) = 1.

Lesson 1: Special Triangles and the Unit Circle

Lesson 1: Special Triangles and the Unit Circle

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Exploratory Challenge/Exercises 5–6

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

d. Fill in the blanks to formalize these relationships:

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

d. Fill in the blanks to formalize these relationships:

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Lesson 2: Properties of Trigonometric Functions

Lesson 3: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

a. Calculate the length of ����

b. Calculate the length of ������

Lesson 3: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Lesson 3: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

b. cos(𝜋𝜋 + 𝜃𝜃) = −cos(𝜃𝜃)

Lesson 3: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Lesson 3: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Lesson 3: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Lesson 3: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Lesson 4: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Lesson 4: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

c. sin(3𝜃𝜃) = −4sin3 (𝜃𝜃) + 3sin(𝜃𝜃)

5. Use the double-angle formulas to verify these identities:

Lesson 4: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

7. Evaluate the following trigonometric expressions.

Lesson 4: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

cos(2𝜃𝜃) = cos 2 (𝜃𝜃) − sin2 (𝜃𝜃)

1. Evaluate the following trigonometric expressions.

Lesson 4: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Lesson 4: Addition and Subtraction Formulas

Lesson 5: Tangent Lines and the Tangent Function

Lesson 5: Tangent Lines and the Tangent Function

Lesson 5: Tangent Lines and the Tangent Function

Which trigonometric function corresponds to the length of ����

9. Which trigonometric function corresponds to the length of ����

Lesson 5: Tangent Lines and the Tangent Function

Lesson 5: Tangent Lines and the Tangent Function

Lesson 6: Waves, Sinusoids, and Identities

Lesson 6: Waves, Sinusoids, and Identities

b. Order the graphs from quietest note to loudest note.

Lesson 6: Waves, Sinusoids, and Identities

b. What is a formula for ℎ? Explain how you got your answer.

Lesson 6: Waves, Sinusoids, and Identities

2. The graphs of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are shown below.

Lesson 6: Waves, Sinusoids, and Identities

b. Use an appropriate identity to confirm your prediction.

a. Calculate the length of ��

b. Calculate the length of ��

Which trigonometric function corresponds to the length of ��

9. Which trigonometric function corresponds to the length of ��

4. �� in the triangle below.

3. �� in the triangle below.

2. �� and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

3. �� and 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶

4. �� and ��