Republic of the Philippines

State Universities and Colleges

GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Buenavista, Guimaras

EDUCATION 217 – ADMINISTRATIVE LEADERSHIP

MODULE 1- BASIC CONCEPTS IN STATISTICS

LEADERSHIP AND FOLLOWERSHIP

MELVIN A. VILLARUZ

ME - 1A

ENGR. ARNEL HAMPAC

Professor
 Republic of the Philippines
State Universities and Colleges
GUIMARAS STATE COLLEGE
GRADUATE SCHOOL
Buenavista, Guimaras

EDUCATION 212 – STATISTICS IN EDUCATION

I. MODULE 1: BASIC CONCEPTS IN STATISTICS

II. LESSON 2: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

III. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. Define Descriptive Statistics.
2. Understand measures of central tendency and measures of
variability.
3. Differentiate univariate and bivariate analysis.
IV. SUBJECT MATTER CONTENT
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
A. Introduction

A descriptive statistic (in the count noun sense) is a

summary statistic that quantitatively describes or
summarizes features from a collection of information, while
descriptive statistics (in the mass noun sense) is the
process of using and analyzing those statistics. Descriptive
statistics is distinguished from inferential statistics (or
inductive statistics) by its aim to summarize a sample,
rather than use the data to learn about the population that
the sample of data is thought to represent. This generally
means that descriptive statistics, unlike inferential
statistics, is not developed on the basis of probability
theory, and are frequently non-parametric statistics. Even
 when a data analysis draws its main conclusions using
inferential statistics, descriptive statistics are generally also
presented. For example, in papers reporting on human
subjects, typically a table is included giving the overall
sample size, sample sizes in important subgroups (e.g., for
each treatment or exposure group), and demographic or
clinical characteristics such as the average age, the
proportion of subjects of each sex, the proportion of
subjects with related co-morbidities, etc.
Some measures that are commonly used to describe
a data set are measures of central tendency and measures
of variability or dispersion. Measures of central tendency
include the mean, median and mode, while measures of
variability include the standard deviation (or variance), the
minimum and maximum values of the variables, kurtosis
and skewness.

B. Body
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

What is Descriptive Statistics?

Descriptive statistics are brief descriptive coefficients that

summarize a given data set, which can be either a representation of
the entire or a sample of a population. Descriptive statistics are broken
down into measures of central tendency and measures of variability
(spread). Measures of central tendency include the mean, median, and
mode, while measures of variability include the standard deviation,
variance, the minimum and maximum variables, and the kurtosis and
skewness.

Understanding Descriptive Statistics

 Descriptive statistics, in short, help describe and understand the
features of a specific data set by giving short summaries about the
sample and measures of the data. The most recognized types of
descriptive statistics are measures of center: the mean, median, and
mode, which are used at almost all levels of math and statistics. The
mean, or the average, is calculated by adding all the figures within the
data set and then dividing by the number of figures within the set. For
example, the sum of the following data set is 20: (2, 3, 4, 5, 6). The
mean is 4 (20/5). The mode of a data set is the value appearing most
often, and the median is the figure situated in the middle of the data
set. It is the figure separating the higher figures from the lower figures
within a data set. However, there are less-common types of
descriptive statistics that are still very important.

People use descriptive statistics to repurpose hard-to-understand

quantitative insights across a large data set into bite-sized
descriptions. A student's grade point average (GPA), for example,
provides a good understanding of descriptive statistics. The idea of a
GPA is that it takes data points from a wide range of exams, classes,
and grades, and averages them together to provide a general
understanding of a student's overall academic abilities. A student's
personal GPA reflects his mean academic performance.

Measures of Descriptive Statistics

All descriptive statistics are either measures of central tendency

or measures of variability, also known as measures of dispersion.
Measures of central tendency focus on the average or middle values of
data sets; whereas, measures of variability focus on the dispersion of
data. These two measures use graphs, tables, and general discussions
to help people understand the meaning of the analyzed data.
 Measures of central tendency describe the center position of a
distribution for a data set. A person analyzes the frequency of each
data point in the distribution and describes it using the mean, median,
or mode, which measures the most common patterns of the analyzed
data set.

Measures of variability, or the measures of spread, aid in

analyzing how spread-out the distribution is for a set of data. For
example, while the measures of central tendency may give a person
the average of a data set, it does not describe how the data is
distributed within the set. So, while the average of the data may be 65
out of 100, there can still be data points at both 1 and 100. Measures
of variability help communicate this by describing the shape and
spread of the data set. Range, quartiles, absolute deviation, and
variance are all examples of measures of variability. Consider the
following data set: 5, 19, 24, 62, 91, 100. The range of that data set is
95, which is calculated by subtracting the lowest number (5) in the
data set from the highest (100).

Use in statistical analysis

Univariate analysis involves describing the distribution of a

single variable, including its central tendency (including the mean,
median, and mode) and dispersion (including the range and quartiles
of the data-set, and measures of spread such as the variance and
standard deviation). The shape of the distribution may also be
described via indices such as skewness and kurtosis. Characteristics of
a variable's distribution may also be depicted in graphical or tabular
format, including histograms and stem-and-leaf display.

Bivariate and multivariate analysis

 When a sample consists of more than one variable, descriptive
statistics may be used to describe the relationship between pairs of
variables. In this case, descriptive statistics include:

Cross-tabulations and contingency tables

Graphical representation via scatterplots

Quantitative measures of dependence

Descriptions of conditional distributions

A. Conclusion

Descriptive statistics summarizes or describes characteristics of a

data set. Descriptive statistics consists of two basic categories of
measures: measures of central tendency and measures of variability or
spread. Measures of central tendency describe the center of a data set.
Measures of variability or spread describe the dispersion of data within
the set.

The main reason for differentiating univariate and bivariate

analysis is that bivariate analysis is not only simple descriptive
analysis, but also it describes the relationship between two different
variables. Quantitative measures of dependence include correlation
(such as Pearson's r when both variables are continuous, or
Spearman's rho if one or both are not) and covariance (which reflects
the scale variables are measured on). The slope, in regression
analysis, also reflects the relationship between variables. The
unstandardized slope indicates the unit change in the criterion variable
for a one-unit change in the predictor. The standardized slope
indicates this change in standardized (z-score) units. Highly skewed
data are often transformed by taking logarithms. Use of logarithms
makes graphs more symmetrical and look more similar to the normal
distribution, making them easier to interpret intuitively.
V. EVALUATION
1. What is Descriptive Statistics?
2. Explain measures of central tendency and measures of
variability.
3. Differentiate univariate and bivariate analysis.

VI. References:
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/descriptive_statistics.asp
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_statistics