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Regular Folk
Contents
It’s for Everyone! Page 2 Progressive Progressions: Page 7
The Process: Page 3 Lyrics, Melody and Hook: Page 8
Chord Progressions: Page 4 Embellishments: Page 9
“Tight” Chord Shapes: Page 5 Saving Your Ideas & Songs: Page 10
Varying Chord Structure: Page 6 Resources: Page 11
Appendices: Pages 12-13
Songwriting for Page 2
Regular Folk
I believe that anyone who plays a musical instrument can write a song. If you already love to express
yourself on your instrument, and if you have made observations about the patterns in the music your are play-
ing, you have met the basic requirements for songwriting. Writing your own songs is just an extension of that
natural destire to express yourself. What do you want to tell the world about yourself, about life, about your
unique life experience? Try communicating that in a song. Every facet of human experience and discovery is
fodder for songs. Package those experiences in a clever metaphor, or just tell it like it is, and you have a song.
The inspiration of songwriting is sometimes seen as a mystical occurence. That is because everyone does it
differently, and no advice should be considered the rule. In these pages, we will look at the elements of
songwriting. You will develop ownership of your own songwriting process if you can put these elements to-
gether in an order that fits your own style. There will be parts you will learn to ignore, and other parts that may
be helpful. The process of songwriting is a little different for everyone, but it is a creative process, and there are
no hard and fast rules.
The Process
Song Pattern
Chord
Progression Melody
Lyrics Recording or
Performing
Finished Song!
In A Nutshell
Which comes first--the chicken or the egg? Order doesn’t matter. Some begin with a chord progression, others
hear a melody first, and some prefer to write lyrics before any music is made. The process is different for
everyone. But it is a process. While the occasional song might come quickly, one can approach songwriting
like a craft, experimenting with the pieces until something comes together. So while this booklet takes
you through some possible steps, those steps are really just suggestions and
directions to take for musical brainstorming. Don’t look at the coming pages
as formulas, but as ways to clear writer’s block. This booklet is far from
exhaustive, but it is my hope that it will open up some avenues to the
process via knowing the instrument better. Songwriting is rewarding and
fun. It’s a great way to communicate with other folk.
Accomplished songwriter Richard Thompson says this about songwriting: “I think it’s an unpredictable
struggle, and it’s always difficult. It’s endlessly frustrating, and occasionally rewarding. There’s no real way of
knowing how to write a song. I think you sit down, and you either start playing an instrument, or you get an
idea in your head, or you start writing down some lyrics. There are endless ways to start, and whichever way
you start really doesn’t matter. It’s what you end up with that counts.”
If, at the end of this process, you end up with a song, you’re a songwriter.
How to Use This Booklet: This is not tablature! It is a representation of your fretboard the way
you look at it while you are holding your ukulele. Too long have players had to look at chord fingerings from an
unnatural position. Most of the patterns in this booklet are outgrowths of the basic shapes on the GCEA strings-
-1114, 3211, and 3121; shapes you might use to make a Db, Bb and a Gb. All tunings are GCEA re-entrant.
A min7 b5
A A
E
C
E A KEY TO SYMBOLS
C A
G A
Normal play.
G
For the “1114” shape above, the chords shown will usually A Alternate fingering.
The “A” dots in the top graphic indicates an
be exactly relative to that fretboard position; however, as alternate fingering for the same chord. Below, 6 Altered sixth.
you see below, there is a (1) on the third fret; that (1) the “2” dots indicate the chord to play second;
corresponds to the first fret on the fretboard above. The six 7 Altered seventh.
play the black dots first, then the chords that
and seven indicate the sixth and seventh quality. correspond to the numerical order. 2 3 Play in numeri-
(1) 6
A 7 A 2 cal order.
E E 2
C C 2 (1) Relative fret.
G G 2
Songwriting for Page 4
Regular Folk
Chord Progressions
The chord progression is the harmonic backbone of most songs. It’s the part
you play while you sing your melody. As you have noticed from playing
songs, many of them share similar or identical chord progressions; it’s the
melody, the rhythm, and spacing of the chords that is different. In Western
music, nobody has the corner on the market for chord progressions. Even
popular songs that sound complex usually have simple underlying chord
progressions with some modified or altered chords thrown in for style. The
circle of fifths (pictured right) allows you to see the relationship between
chord progressions in an orderly fashion. For example, if you are in the key
of Ab, the IV chord is counter-clockwise, and the V chord is clockwise. The
ii (lower-case means minor) chord will be 10 minutes away clockwise, and the vi minor 15 minutes away
clockwise. This is a great reference chart if you need actual chord names once you are in any given key.
Major Scale Cheater Guide
Have you every wondered why music teachers make their students learn scales? It’s not just for muscle memory
and exercise. It also serves the purpose of memorizing the order of the 12 notes of each key with the sharps or
flats. Learning the notes of your major scales have the side benefit of allowing you to speak the language of
chord progressions. Try saying the notes as you practice the scales. (There are six keys not shown.)
Major scale fretboard pattern:
A
E
6 7 8
Common Progressions
3 4 5 Far from an exhaustive list, below are some common
C 1 2 chord progressions. As you continue in songwriting,
G you will want to experiment and alter some of these
simpler progressions as you write your own songs.
Key of C Then again, many, many songs have been written
I ii III IV V vi VII I using only these patterns. A V chord commonly
C D E F G A B C includes the seventh because it puts two notes--the
third and the seventh--a half step from the tonic triad.
The ear loves resolution.
Key of D
I ii III IV V vi VII I Here are some common 3- and 4-chord major pro-
D E F# G A B C# D gressions that are repeated in popular and folk music:
Key of E I - IV - V(7) I - V - IV
I ii III IV V vi VII I I - bVII - IV I - ii - V(7)
E F# G# A B C# D# E I - III(7) - IV I - vi - IV - V
I - ii - IV - V I - iii - ii7 - V
Key of F I - iii -IV - V I - VII - IV - V
I ii III IV V vi VII I iii - vi - IV - V - I iii - vi - ii - V - I
F G A Bb C D E F I - IV - I - V
Progressive Progressions
Adding Some Spice Walkarounds, turnarounds, and altered chords are all good tricks in the
To the lower right is a simple I, songwriter’s handbag. Throwing them in can change a “simple” progres-
ii, V progression. Nice, but not sion to a something sublime. It can be as simple as shifting a barre chord
very interesting. We can add a by a half-step or adding some extras. As usual, experimentation is key.
little spice by adding some
I ii V
sevenths and walking into the A A A
Blue Cheese: Like the blues? Howabout spicing up that standard progression with some altered chords?
We can all agree the shuffle A 2 3 A 2 A
below is a great place to start. E E 2 E
A 2
C C C
E 2 3 2
G G G
C IV play I again... II7 to V7 play I again... end on V
G A 2 3 4 A 2 A 2
But instead of playing the milktoast E 2 E 2 E 2
I progressions along the top, try 2
C 2 C C 2
what’s underneath! G 2 G 2 G 2
Songwriting for Page 8
Regular Folk
Lyrics for Songs
Perhaps there is nothing more intensely personal and subjective in songwriting as writing lyrics. There are
books and books filled with advice and guidelines, but the truth is, everybody has something different to say,
and different subjects interest different folk. While I may prefer to spare myself the emotive love songs, young,
good-looking songwriters do a fairly convincing job with them. Some even make a fairly decent living at it.
I think the best advice for lyric writers was the advice given to Smokey Robinson by his mentor Berry Gordon.
Robinson, speaking about that advice, says, “When I first used to write, I could always rhyme very well. But my
songs had no continuity because the first verse had nothing to do with the second verse, nor did the second or
first verse have anything to do with the bridge. They were all different stories within the same song. Berry
taught me to make my songs have continuity. He said to think of songs like a short story or a short film, where
everything tied in. He used to say that a song should have beginning, a middle and an ending that tied together
and told the person what you’re trying to convey.” What I like about this, especially, is that the content of the
song takes priority over clever rhymes. So without beating it to death, here’s the short list, the fab four:
1. Think about your audience--who are you singing to? Do your words show that what you’re singing is
important to you? Would the subject matter to your audience or be of interest to them? I have found the more
you try to relate to your audience through your song, the stronger their response. 2. Tell a story--this has al-
ready been mentioned above, but I can’t say enough about it. Listen to folk singers who tell good stories. TPA
tunes from the early part of the 20th century also weave some nice stories together. 3. Show, don’t tell--an
axiom of all journalism, it works for songs; don’t say that you’re in love, reveal what you do when you’re in
love; don’t say she betrayed you, instead show listeners what that feels like. 4. Avoid Cliché--Everyone’s lover
seems to have great eyes. And most everyone seems to think about his or her lover during the nighttime. All
experience loneliness, and everyone wants to “just hold on” or spend “one more minute” with his or her respec-
tive lover, especially while walking down by the river or waking up in the morning.
Song Patterns
The song pattern found below is one among infinite
Melody & Hook
Carly Simon says, “Melodies bring lyrics to life.” I like
possibilities. As with all aspects of songwriting, this to think of good melody as an interplay between ten-
too is open to artistic license. You may hear this pattern sion and resolution; think of it as a sentence with notes.
in a lot of pop music today, but many folk tunes of the A great melody hooks you; that hook is the part that
past have deviated from this formulaic path. gets “stuck” in listeners’ heads.
Your verse work is the meat of the song; that’s where you tell your To Solo or Not to Solo? That’s up to you, End it, already!
story and follow up on it throughout the song. The fewer verses but if you want to explore that verse or Enough said, but
you can say it in, the better, but that’s just my opinion. Verses chorus progression, go for the solo; it’s a nice try not to bore
benefit from a strong melody and a solid progression; fulfill your break from the words, and a great opportunity listeners.
musical obligations; does the melody lead naturally -to the chorus? to push the melody into new directions.
to inject harmonic runs into your songs. This is where the uke gets cool (as if you were not already convinced).
Not only do you have the intervals in the major scale, but the fourth string (the G string on a GCEA tuned uke)
is tuned a fifth away from your tonic on the same fret. That means you not only have the opportunity to pluck
thirds using the second and fourth string, but also the outside strings! Let’s look at some fretboard interval
relationships instead of chord relationships and some runs. Practice plucking the two strings at once.
{
Major third
Seventh Minor third
{
{
Major third
{
A
E
C
G
{
{
=Octave
Sixth Minor third
A run in thirds out of the 3121 position.
A 1 2 3 4
E 1 2 3 4
C 1 2 3 4
G 1 2 3 4
A run in sixths out of the 3211 position.
An outside run for a blues ending.
A 6 5 4 3 2 1
What will you find
E 6 5
C
G
6 5 ?
6 5 4 3 2 1
What the hey is an inversion? Can I do ‘em on the uke?
Maybe you’ve seen something that looked like this: G/D, C/E, etc. These slash chords are not two chords in
one; the second letter signifies that a bass note should be played in place of the root. If the second note is
part of the major triad, it is called an inversion because if one were playing the chord on a piano keyboard,
one would begin with the note under the slash. Although the uke does not technically have a bass note, the
3211 major shape actually carries the third of the chord on the third string--the lowest string. The 3121
major shape carries the fifth on the lowest string. So when you play a Bb (or any related shape) on the uke,
you are really playing Bb/D. If you are playing a Gb (or any related shape), you are actually playing Gb/Db.
My practical advice when seeing slash chords is to play the basic chord that is charted. Later, you can go
back and see if it is possible to voice the chord the way it is written.
Songwriting for
Page 10
Regular Folk
The benefit of saving song ideas is that it allows you to finish the songs you are already working on, and to
worry about other ideas later. Once you have a catalogue of ideas, you may find that as you audition them, a
couple of ideas work together to make a song. Such is the magic of sognwriting; some ideas, like, well, good
wine, need time to develop.
Songwriter Resources
http://www.ezfolk.com
ezFolk.com is where the home-based folkies hang out.
This online community not only shares and trades a
wealth of information about ukulele, but also includes http://www.justplainfolks.org
other instruments: dulcimer, banjo, guitar, mandolin, and Just Plain Folks is a national networking commu-
anything else that might be considered a folk instrument. nity of songwriters, producers, and others who want
The best part about this site is that we also share songs: to share their knowledge of the music biz. Although
everyone’s invited, and everyone’s music has the chance there is no audio hosting here, if you sign up for
to be appreciated, whether you’re a pro with a band or a their forum, members are more than happy to give
home-based musician willing to share some acoustic some honest critiques of your work--you just have
recordings. The .mp3 hosting is currently FREE with to link to the .mp3 file. You’re more likely to get
unlimited uploads, and there are about 300 contributing help if you comment on the work of others. This
artists. The forum community likes to talk about new organization also franchises itself for grass-roots
music and is very encouraging to songwriters. This is a songwriting clubs.
place worth visiting, and it’s a music sharing website
where your music will actually get played.
http://www.performingsongwriter.com/
This bi-monthly journal publication is available at Borders
bookstores. While the songwriting styles vary, the inter-
http://www.sdsongwriters.org/ views often center around the songwriting process. In the
current July/August 2005 issue, Dwight Yoakam, Richard
The San Diego Songwriters Guild has a chapter
Thompson, Carly Simon, Smokey Robinson, Rickie Lee
that meets in San Diego County, but many
Jones, and Brian Setzer are interviewed and all share about
major cities have songwriter guilds that get
the songwriting process. There’s even a shot of Jake
together for critiques, discussions, and some-
Shimabukuro in the issue, whom the editor claims to love.
times, opportuntities to pitch original work.
Who knows--maybe he’ll get an interview in a future issue.
http://www.openmikes.org/
Got an itch to play in front of an audience?
This is a community-input model that seems to
http://audacity.sourceforge.net/ work: if you know about an open mike in your
What are you waiting for? Take advantage of some area, you can send the info and they’ll post it.
free multitracking software and start recording at There might be something in your area--just
home today! click on your state and browse the calendar.
Songwriting for Page 12
Regular Folk
Appendix A
Flukified How to use these diagrams: the lyrics
Words & Music: John Rockwell have markers for which chord chart
you should be using; once you get to
the chart, play the black chord shapes
Intro: Vamp on I - IV in the key of C. first, and then move on to the other
shapes in numerical order.
C (play: 2 ) G7 F#7 G7 C B C (play: 2 )
A A 2 A 2
E E 2 E 2
1 C
2 C 2
3 C 2
G G 2 G 2
[V1]You have (1)Martin and Kamaka, KoAl(2)oha and the like. They are all good ukes but they will set you(3)quite a ways behind.
[V2]There are (1)those who need that flashy uke to(2)match that playing style--but I’m not a fancy, jazz-romancy,(3)fingerpickin’ guy.
By the(1)time you finally pay them off you won’t(2)have another dime. And you’ll (3)never want to pull them out, for
If you(1)saw the way I treat my ukes, it’d(2)make you want to cry. And (3)even at the ukie show, you
C A7 Am6 Ebm6 Dm6
A 2 A A 2
E 2 E 2
1 2
2 E 3 C 2
C C
G 2 G G 2
(1)fear you’ll commit that mortal crime and (2)ruin that (3)perfect
(1)see the nice ones and you know: don’t (2)touch, they’re (3)just for
A A6 A7 A6
C C6 C+ C B7 (play: 2 3 2 )
A 2 A 2 A
E 2 E 2 E 2 3
1 C 2
2 C 2
3 C
G 2 G 2 G
(1)shine.CHORUS: That’s why I’m (2)Flukified, ukified, (3)infatuated with rubber sides
(1)show. If I’m (2)ever caught on a desert isle, (3)Flukie Ukie by my side
That’s why I’m (2)Flukified, ukified, in (3)polystyrene paradise:
Does it cost too much for a (2)hoop-pine top, if it (3)sounds as good as ukes twice its
cost?
Cmaj7 C6 Fmaj7 F6
Dm7 Gsus G
A A 2 A 3 2
E E E 2
1 C
2 C
3 C 2
G G G 2
Appendix B
I Love My Ukulele! Order:
How to use these diagrams: the lyrics
Words & Music: John Rockwell Verse 1
Verse 2 have markers for which chord chart
(2x) B Bdim7 Gdim7 Edim7
A
Bridge you should be using; once you get to
E
Intro the chart, play the black chord shapes
C
G Verse 3 first, and then move on to the other
Intro: Play twice. shapes in numerical order.
A 3 2 Bridge
E 3 2
C 3 2
G 3 2
(3X) C#m6 F#7+
B B6 B7 B6 B B6 D#7 (play 3X)
A A A 2
3
1 E 2
2 E
3
E 2
2
C C C
G G G 2
[V1] (1)I love my ukulele it’s with me all the (2)time: it’s (3) better than a pretty girl cause it doesn’t nag or
[V2] (1)I love my ukuleles, I have one of every (2)kind: (3) baritone and tenor for candlelit dinners and concert when I’m playin’
[V3] (1)I take my ukulele with me for every thing I (2)do: If there’s a (3)lull in conversation, I pull it out and play a
(play 2X) (2X) B B6 B7 B6 D#7 E7 Gdim7 B
A A 2 A 2
E 2 3 E 2 E 2
1 C
2 C 2 3 C 2
G G 2 G 2
(1)whine. I love my ukulele, it’s my favorite little (2)axe; it don’t talk (3)back unless I
(1)Hawai’ian. For ragtime applications, this (2)soprano does just fine--I like to (3)‘yuck it up’ with some corny
(1)tune. If ever you should see me alone in my street (2)car--a traffic (3)jam is just another
(1) ask and if I want it quiet, I just (2) put it in its (3) sack.
(1) stuff and fade into a (2) better (3) time.
(1) chance to strum a few C#m6 F#7+ B B6 C#7 (2) familiar (3) bars. Dm6 C#m6
A 2 A 3 A 2
E 2 E 3 2 E 2
1 C 2
2 C 3 3 C 2
G 2 G 3 G 2
Bridge: (1) Life played some lousy games on (2) me, yes it did, baby. My (3)wife left me, took the
Dm6 B B6 B7 B6 Cdim7 C#7 Dm6 C#m6
A 2 A 2 A 2
E 2 3 E 2 E 2
1 C 2
2 C 2 3 C 2
G 2 G 2 G 2
(1) dogs and now all I have is this (2) ukulele to get me through the night--it’s a (3) lonely, lonely plight
B B6 B7 B6 Cdim7 C#7 Dm6 C#m6
A A 2 A 2
E 2 3 E 2 E 2
1 C 2 C 2 3 C 2
G G 2 G 2
(1) but I will do just fine with my (2) four-string wonders, do-do-do-do-do, (3) do-do-do-do-do