This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including:
1) Cooling towers use evaporative cooling to lower the temperature of water by contacting it with air.
2) The main components are a frame, fill material to maximize water-air contact, basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, nozzles, and fans.
3) There are natural draft and mechanical draft towers, with mechanical having forced, induced cross-flow, or induced counter-flow designs. Performance is affected by factors like blowdown, evaporation, and drift losses.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including:
1) Cooling towers use evaporative cooling to lower the temperature of water by contacting it with air.
2) The main components are a frame, fill material to maximize water-air contact, basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, nozzles, and fans.
3) There are natural draft and mechanical draft towers, with mechanical having forced, induced cross-flow, or induced counter-flow designs. Performance is affected by factors like blowdown, evaporation, and drift losses.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including:
1) Cooling towers use evaporative cooling to lower the temperature of water by contacting it with air.
2) The main components are a frame, fill material to maximize water-air contact, basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, nozzles, and fans.
3) There are natural draft and mechanical draft towers, with mechanical having forced, induced cross-flow, or induced counter-flow designs. Performance is affected by factors like blowdown, evaporation, and drift losses.
This document provides an overview of cooling towers, including:
1) Cooling towers use evaporative cooling to lower the temperature of water by contacting it with air.
2) The main components are a frame, fill material to maximize water-air contact, basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, nozzles, and fans.
3) There are natural draft and mechanical draft towers, with mechanical having forced, induced cross-flow, or induced counter-flow designs. Performance is affected by factors like blowdown, evaporation, and drift losses.
1- Introduction 2- Working Principal of cooling tower 3- Components of cooling tower 4- Types of cooling tower 5- Assessment of cooling tower 6- Factors affect performance 7- Conclusion 8- References Introduction Semi-enclosed device for evaporative cooling of water by contact with air cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top untis to very large hyperboloid structures
❖ Classification by use
By use By build Heating, ventilation and air condition (HVAQ) Package type Industrial cooling towers Field erected type Working Air from the atmosphere enters from the bottom of cooling tower and flows upward. Warm water (typically about 120F) flows in the top of cooling tower thru a water distribution header (to break the water into droplets) and cooler water exits the tower at the bottom Hot water transfer heat to cooler air as it pass thru the cooling tower. Sensible heat accounts for aprpox. 15% of the heat transfer in cooling towers. Evaporation of the liquid water to water vapor accounts for approx. 85% of the heat transfer in cooling tower. when the liquid water change to vapor, it takes heat energy with it leaving behind cooler liquid water. Evaporation removes approximately 1000 BTU's for every lb of liquid water that evaporates. Components of cooling tower
Frame and casing: Support exterior enclosures
Fill: Facilitates heat transfer by maximizing water/air
Contact
Splash fill Film fill
Cold water basin: Receives water at bottom of tower
Components of cooling tower
Drift eliminators: Capture droplets in air stream
Air inlet: Entry point of air
Louvers: Equalize air flow into the fill and retain water within tower
Nozzles: Spray water to wet the fill
Fans: Deliver air flow in the tower
Types of cooling tower Natural Draft cooling tower
➢ Hot air moves through tower
➢ Fresh cool air is drawn into the tower from bottom ➢ No fan required ➢ Concrete tower <200m ➢ Used for large heat duties Mechanical Draft Cooling Towers
•Hot water enters at the top •Water enters top and passes over fill •Air enters on one side or opposite •Air enters at bottom and exits sides at top •Induced draft fan draw air across fill •Uses force and induced draft fans Assessment of cooling Towers Range This is the difference between the cooling tower water inlet and outlet temperature. A high CT range means that the cooling tower has been able to reduce the water temperature effectively, and is thus performing well
Approach This is deference between the cooling tower outlet cold water temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature. Although, both range and approach should be monitored, the Approach is better indicator of cooling tower performance Assessment of cooling Towers
Effectiveness This is the ratio between the range and the ideal range, i.e. difference between cooling water inlet temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature, or in other words it is =Range/(Range + Approach). Factors that affect the performance of cooling tower 1. Blow down Losses: 2. Evaporation Loss: 3. Drift Loss: Conclusion The design of cooling tower is closely related to tower characteristic and difference types of losses generated in cooling tower. Even though losses are generated in the cooling tower, the cooling tower is achieved due to heat transfer between air and water. In ideal condition, the heat loss by water must be to heat gain by air. But in actual practice it is not possible because of some types of losses
