Soal TOEFL Tentang Structure and Written Painted Desert of northern Arizona.

Expression (A) in colors of the rainbow

Time: 25 minutes (B) colored like a rainbow
This section tests your ability to recognize (C) rainbow-colored
grammar and usage suitable for standard written (D) a rainbow’s coloring
English. This section is divided into two parts, 4. The higher the temperature of a
each with its own directions. molecule, _
(A) the more energy it has
Structure (B) than it has more energy
Directions: Items in this part are incomplete (C) more energy has it
sentences. Following each of these sentences, (D) it has more energy
there are four words or phrases. You should select 5. Frontier surgeon Ephraim MacDonald
the one word or phrase-(A), (B), (C), or (D)-that had to perform
best completes the sentence. Then fill in the space operations _ anesthesia.
on your answer sheet that matches the letter of the (A) no
answer that you have selected. (B) not having
(C) without
(D) there wasn’t
Example 1 6. __ young, chimpanzees are easily
Pepsin __ an enzyme used in digestion. trained.
(A) that (A) When are
(B) is (B) When (they are)
(C) of (C) They are
(D) being (D) When they
This sentence should properly read “Pepsin is an 7. A person of __ age may suffer from
enzyme used in digestion.” You should fill in (B) defects of vision.
on your answer sheet. (A) every
Example II (B) some
__ large natural lakes are found in the state of (C) certain
South Carolina. (D) any
(A) There are no 8. __ have settled, one of their first
(B) Not the concerns has been to locate an
(C) It is not adequate water supply.
(D) No (A) Wherever people
This sentence should properly read “No large (B) There are people who
natural lakes are found in the state of South (C) Whether people
Carolina.” You should fill in (D) on your answer (D) People
sheet. 9. If a bar magnet is _, the two pieces
As soon as you understand the directions, begin form two complete magnets, each
work on this part. with a north and south pole.
(A) broken
1. _ team sports require cooperation. (B) broke
(A) Of all (C) breaking
(B) They are all (D) break
(C) All 10. The type of plant and animal life
(D) Why are all living in and around a pond depends
2. Anyone who has ever pulled weeds on the soil of the pond, _ , and the
from a garden _ roots firmly anchor pond’s location.
plants to the soil. (A) what the quality of the water is
(A) is well aware of (B) how is the water quality
(B) is well aware that (C) the quality of the water
(C) well aware (D) what is the water quality
(D) well aware that 11. Clifford Holland, _ civil engineer,
3. Centuries of erosion have was in charge of the construction of
exposed __ rock surfaces in the the first tunnel under the Hudson
 River. (B) is applied
(A) he was a (C) directly
(B) a (D) of a wall
(C) being a This sentence should read “When painting a
(D) who, as a fresco, an artist applies paint directly to the damp
12. _ parrots are native to tropical regions plaster of a wall.” You should therefore select
is untrue. answer (B).
(A) That all As soon as you understand the directions, begin
(B) All work on this section.
(C) Why all
(D) Since all 16. Ceramics can be harder, light, and
13. A major concern among more resistant to heat than metals.
archaeologists today is the A = light
preservation of archaeological B = resistant
sites, _ are threatened by C = heat
development. D = metals
(A) of which many 17. Not everyone realizes that the most
(B) many of them largest organ of the human body is the
(C) which many skin.
(D) many of which A = Not everyone
14. In 1775 Daniel Boone opened the B = that
Wilderness Trail and made the first C = most largest
settlements _ in Kentucky. D = human
(A) possibly it was 18. Mold is extremely destruction to
(B) as possible books in a library.
(C) possible A = extremely
(D) it possible B = destruction
15. Rarely _ seen far from water. C = to books
(A) spotted turtles D = a library.
(B) spotted turtles are 19. Sidney Lanier achieved fame both as
(C) have spotted turtles a poet or as a symphony musician.
(D) are spotted turtles A = achieved
Written Expression B = as a
Directions: The items in this part have four C = or
underlined words or phrases, (A), (B), (C), and D = musician.
(D). You must identify the one underlined 20. The horses used play polo are not of
expression that must be changed for the sentence any special breed or of any definite
to be correct. Then find the number of the size.
question on your answer sheet and fill in the space A = The horses
corresponding to the letter. B = play (to play)
C = special
Example 1 D = definite
Lenses may to 21. A tapestry consists of a foundation
have either concave or convex shapes. weave, called the warp, which across
(A) to have are passed different colored threads,
(B) concave called the weft, forming decorative
(C) or patterns.
(D) shapes A = consists of
This sentence should read “Lenses may have B = which
either concave or convex shapes.” You should C = colored
therefore select answer (A). D = patterns.
Example II 22. The works of early American
When painting a fresco, an artist is applied woodcarvers had many artistic
paint directly to the damp plaster of a wall. qualities, but these craftsmen
(A) When probably did not think of them as
 artists. 30. The various parts of the body require
A = works so (such) different surgical skills that
B = had many many surgical specialties have
C = did not developed.
D = them (themselves) A = various
23. Perhaps mankind’s first important B = so
musical influence were the songs of C = surgical
birds. D = many
A = first 31. One reason birds have been so
B = musical successful is because of their able to
C = were (was) escape from danger quickly.
D = birds A = have been
24. The techniques of science and magic B = because of
are quite different, but their basic C = able
aims-to understand and control D = quickly
nature-they are very similar. 32. The wood of the rosewood tree is
A = magic used to do fine musical instruments.
B = different A = wood
C = to understand B = is used
D = they are (buang they) C = do
25. It was in a cave near Magdalena, New D = musical
Mexico, when the oldest known ears 33. Chemical engineering is based on the
of cultivated corn were discovered. principles of physics, chemists
A = when (where) (chemistry), and mathematics.
B = oldest A = on
C = known B = principles
D = discovered. C = chemists
26. The fossil remains of much extinct D = mathematics.
mammals have been found in the tar 34. Ballet performers must be believable
pits at Rancho La Brea in Los actors and actresses as well as experts
Angeles. dancers.
A = much (many) A = must be
B = mammals B = actors
C = found C = as well
D = in D = experts
27. Sharks can detect minute electrical 35. Venus, the second planet from the
discharges coming from its prey. Sun, is exactly almost the same size
A = can detect as the Earth.
B = electrical A = the second
C = coming B = from
D = its (their) C = exactly almost (kebalik)
28. A dark nebula consists of a cloud of D = same size as
interstellar dust enough dense to 36. P T. Barnum opened his own circus in
obscure the stars beyond it. 1871 and become the most famous
A = a cloud of showman of his time.
B = enough dense A = his own
C = to obscure B = become (became)
D = beyond C = most famous
29. Commercially honey is heated and D = time
filtered in order to stabilize and 37. The way a child plays with other
clarify it. children reveals a lots about the
A = Commercially child’s emotional development.
B = filtered A = plays with
C = stabilize B = a lots
D = it
 C = the child’s
D = development.
38. Sheep have been domesticated for
over 5,000 years ago.
A = have been
B = domesticated
C = over
D = years ago.
39. Chemical compounds with barium,
cobalt, and strontium are responsible
to many of the vivid colors in
fireworks.
A = with
B = are
C = to
D = colors
40. Duke University in North Carolina
has an outstanding collecting of
documents concerning Southern
history.
A = has
B = collecting
C = concerning
D = history
The Sun today is a yellow dwarf star. It is fueled (D) To describe changes that the Sun will go
by through
thermonuclear reactions near its center that
convert hydrogen to 2. The word “fueled” in line 1 is closest in
helium. The Sun has existed in its present state meaning to ___
for about 4 (A) powered
billion, 600 million years and is thousands of (B) bombarded
times larger than (line 5) (C) created
the Earth. (D) propelled

By studying other stars, astronomers can predict 3. The word “state” in line 3 is closest in meaning
what the rest to ___
of the Sun’s life will be like. About 5 billion years (A) shape
from now, (B) condition
the core of the Sun will shrink and become hotter. (C) location
The surface (D) size
temperature will fall. The higher temperature of
the center will
increase the rate of thermonuclear reactions. The 4. It can be inferred from the passage that the Sun
outer regions of (line 10) ___
the Sun will expand approximately 35 million (A) is approximately halfway through its life as a
miles, about the yellow dwarf
distance to Mercury, which is the closest planet to (B) has been in existence for 10 billion years
the Sun. The (C) is rapidly changing in size and brightness
Sun will then be a red giant star. Temperatures on (D) will continue as a yellow dwarf for another 10
the Earth will billion years
become too hot for life to exist.
5. What will probably be the first stage of change
Once the Sun has used up its thermonuclear as the Sun becomes a red giant? ___
energy as a red giant, (line 15) (A) Its core will cool off and use less fuel.
it will begin to shrink. After it shrinks to the size (B) Its surface will become hotter and shrink.
of the Earth, (C) It will throw off huge amounts of gases.
it will become a white dwarf star. The Sun may (D) Its center will grow smaller and hotter.
throw off huge
amounts of gases in violent eruptions called nova 6. When the Sun becomes a red giant, what will
explosions as it conditions be like on Earth? ___
changes from a red giant to a white dwarf. (A) Its atmosphere will freeze and become solid.
(B) It will be enveloped in the expanding surface
After billions of years as a white dwarf, the Sun of the Sun.
will have used (line 20) (C) It will become too hot for life to exist.
up all its fuel and will have lost its heat. Such a (D) It will be nearly destroyed by nova
star is called explosions.
a black dwarf. After the Sun has become a black
dwarf, the Earth 7. As a white dwarf, the Sun will be ___
will be dark and cold. If any atmosphere remains (A) the same size as the planet Mercury
there, it will (B) thousands of times smaller than it is today
have frozen onto the Earth’s surface. (C) around 35 million miles in diameter
(D) cold and dark
1. What is the primary purpose of this passage?
(A) To alert people to the dangers posed by the 8. According to the passage, which of the
Sun following best describes the sequence of stages
(B) To discuss conditions on Earth in the far that the Sun will probably pass through? ___
future (A) Yellow dwarf, white dwarf, red giant, black
(C) To present a theory about red giant stars giant
(B) Red giant, white dwarf, red dwarf, nova mountains that served as a barrier to canals from
explosion the Delaware
(C) Yellow dwarf, red giant, white dwarf, black and Potomac rivers. (line 15)
dwarf
(D) White dwarf, red giant, black dwarf, yellow The first attempt to dig the canal, to be called the
dwarf Erie Canal,
was made by private companies, but only a
9. The phrase “throw off” in line 17 is closest in comparatively small
meaning to ___ portion was built before the project was halted for
(A) eject lack of funds.
(B) burn up The cost of the project was an estimated five
(C) convert million dollars, an
(D) let in enormous amount for those days. There was some
on-again-off again (line 20)
10. The word “there” in line 23 refers to ___ Federal funding, but the War of 1812 put an end
(A) our own planet to this. In 1817
(B) the outer surface of the Sun DeWitt Clinton was elected Governor of New
(C) the core of a black dwarf York and persuaded the
(D) the planet Mercury state to finance and build the canal. It was
completed in 1825,
costing two million dollars more than expected.
11. Which of the following best describes the tone
of the passage?
(A) Alarmed The canal rapidly lived up to its sponsors’ faith,
(B) Pessimistic quickly paying (line 25)
(C) Comic for itself through tolls. It was far more economical
(D) Objective than any other
form of transportation at the time. It permitted
trade between the
Questions 12-23 Great Lake region and East Coast, robbing the
It is said that George Washington was one of the Mississippi River of
first to realize much of its traffic. It allowed New York to
how important the building of canals would be to supplant Boston,
the nation’s Philadelphia, and other Eastern cities as the chief
development. In fact, before he became President, center of both (line 30)
he headed the domestic and foreign commerce. Cities sprang up
first company in the United States to build a canal along the canal. It also contributed in a number of
which was to ways to the North’s victory over the South in the
connect the Ohio and Potomac rivers. It was never Civil War.
completed, but it (line 5)
showed the nation the feasibility of canals. As the
country An expansion of the canal was planned in 1849.
expanded westward, settlers in western New Increased traffic
York, Pennsylvania, and would undoubtedly have warranted its
Ohio needed a means to ship goods. Canals construction had it not been
linking natural waterways for the development of the railroads.
seemed to offer an effective solution.
12. Why does the author most likely mention
In 1791 engineers commissioned by the state of George Washington in the first paragraph?
New York (line 10) (A) He was President at the time the Erie Canal
investigated the possibility of a canal between was built.
Albany on the (B) He was involved in pioneering efforts to build
Hudson River and Buffalo on Lake Erie, which canals.
would link the Great (C) He successfully opened the first canal in the
Lakes area with the Atlantic seacoast. It would United States.
avoid the
 (D) He commissioned engineers to study the 20. Which of the following is NOT given in the
possibility of building the Erie Canal. fourth paragraph as an effect of the building of the
Erie Canal?
13. The word “feasibility” in line 6 is closest in (A) It allowed the East Coast to trade with the
meaning to ___ Great Lakes area.
(A) profitability (B) It took water traffic away from the Mississippi
(B) difficulty River.
(C) possibility (C) It helped determine the outcome of the Civil
(D) capability War.
(D) It established Boston and Philadelphia as the
most important centers of trade.
14. According to the passage, the Erie Canal
connected the ___
(A) Potomac and Ohio rivers 21. What can be inferred about railroads in 1849
(B) Hudson River and Lake Erie from the information in the last paragraph?
(C) Delaware and Potomac rivers (A) They were being planned but had not yet
(D) Atlantic Ocean and the Hudson River been built.
(B) They were seriously underdeveloped.
(C) They had begun to compete with the Erie
15. Which of the following is closest in meaning Canal for traffic.
to the word “comparatively” in line 17? (D) They were weakened by the expansion of the
(A) Relatively canal.
(B) Contrarily
(C) Incredibly
(D) Considerably 22. The word “warranted” in line 35 is closest in
meaning to ___
(A) guaranteed
16. The phrase “on-again-off-again” in line 20 (B) justified
could be replaced by which of the (C) hastened
following with the least change in meaning? (D) prevented
(A) Intermittent
(B) Unsolicited
(C) Ineffectual 23. At what point in the passage does the author
(D) Gradual focus on the beginning of construction of the Erie
Canal? ___
(A) Lines 3-5
17. The completion of the Erie Canal was (B) Lines 10-13
financed by ___ (C) Lines 16-18
(A) the state of New York (D) Lines 25-26
(B) private companies
(C) the federal government
(D) DeWitt Clinton Questions 24-33
It’s a sound you will probably never hear, a
sickened tree
18. The actual cost of building the Erie Canal was sending out a distress signal. But a group of
___ scientists has heard
(A) five million dollars the cries, and they think some insects also hear the
(B) less than had been estimated trees and are
(C) seven million dollars drawn to them like vultures to a dying animal.
(D) more than could be repaid
Researchers with the u.s. Department of
19. The word “tolls” in line 26 is closest in Agriculture’s Forest (line 5)
meaning to which of the following? Service fastened sensors to the bark of parched
(A) Jobs trees and
(B) Grants clearly heard distress calls. According to one of
(C) Links the scientists,
(D) Fees most drought-stricken trees transmit their plight in
the 50- to 500
kilohertz range. (The unaided human ear can 28. It can be inferred from the passage that the
detect no more than sounds produced by the trees ___
20 kilohertz.) Red oak, maple, white pine, and (A) serve as a form of communication with other
birch all make (line 10) trees
slightly different sounds in the form of vibrations (B) are the same no matter what type of tree
at the surface of the wood. produces them
The scientists think that the vibrations are (C) cannot be heard by the unaided human ear
created when (D) fall into the 1-20 kilohertz range
the water columns inside tubes that run the length
of the tree break, 29, The word “fractured” in line 15 is closest in
a result of too little water flowing through them. meaning to ___
These fractured (line 15) (A) long
columns send out distinctive vibration patterns. (B) blocked
Because some (C) hollow
insects communicate at ultrasonic frequencies, (D) broken
they may pick up the
trees’ vibrations and attack the weakened trees.
Researchers are 30. Which of the following could be considered a
now running tests with potted trees that have been cause of the trees’ distress signals?
deprived of (A) Torn roots
water to see if the sound is what attracts the (B) Attacks by insects
insects. “Water (line 20) (C) Experiments by scientists
stressed trees also smell differently from other (D) Lack of water
trees, and they
experience thermal changes, so insects could be 31. In line 17, the phrase “pick up” could best be
responding to replaced by which of the following?
something other than sound,” one scientist said. (A) Perceive
(B) Lift
24. Which of the following is the main topic of the (C) Transmit
passage? (D) Attack
(A) The vibrations produced by insects
(B) The mission of the U.S. Forest Service 32. All of the following are mentioned as possible
(C) The effect of insects on trees factors in drawing insects to weakened trees
(D) The sounds made by distressed trees EXCEPT ___
(A) thermal changes
25. The word “them” in line 4 refers to ___ (B) smells
(A) trees (C) sounds
(B) scientists (D) changes in color
(C) insects
(D) cries 33. It can be inferred that, at the time the passage
was written, research concerning the distress
26. The word “parched” in line 6 is closest in signals of trees ___
meaning to which of the following? (A) had been conducted many years earlier
(A) Burned (B) had been unproductive up to then
(B) Dehydrated (C) was continuing
C) Recovered (D) was no longer sponsored by the government
(D) Fallen
27, The word “plight” in line 8 is closest in Questions 34–41
meaning to ___ The concepts of analogy and homology are
(A) signal probably easier to
(B) condition exemplify than to define. When different species
(C) need are structurally
(D) agony compared, certain features can be described as
either analogous or
homologous. For example, flight requires certain 38. According to the passage, one way in which
rigid aeronautical homologous organs differ from analogous organs
principles of design, yet birds, bats, and insects is that they ___
have all (line 5) (A) are genetically related
conquered the air. The wings of all three types of (B) are only found in highly developed animals
animals derive (C) perform the same general functions
from different embryological structures, but they (D) come from different embryological structures
perform the same
functions. In this case, the flight organs of these 39. As used throughout the passage, the term
creatures can “structures” most nearly means ___
be said to be analogous. In contrast, features that (A) buildings
arise from the (B) features of an animal’s anatomy
same structures in the embryo but are used in (C) organizational principles
different functions are said to be homologous. The (D) units of grammar
pectoral fins of a fish, the wings of a bird, and the
forelimbs of a mammal are all homologous
structures. They are genetically related in the 40. The word “sense” in line 13 is closest in
sense that both the forelimb and the wing evolved meaning to ___
from the fin. (A) feeling
(B) logic
(C) meaning
34. Which of the following best describes the (D) perception
organization of the passage?
(A) A contrast is drawn between two concepts by
means of examples. 41. Where in the passage does the author first
(B) A general concept is introduced, examples are focus his discussion on the concept of homology?
given, and a conclusion is offered. (A) Lines 2-4
(C) Two definitions of the same concept are (B) Lines 6-8
compared. (C) Lines 9-1 1
(D) Two proposals are suggested and support for (D) Lines 13-14
both is offered.
Questions 42-50
35. According to the passage, the concepts of Probably the most famous film commenting on
analogy and homology are ___ twentieth century
(A) difficult to understand technology is Modern Times, made in 1936.
(B) easier to understand through examples than Charlie Chaplin was
through definitions motivated to make the film by a reporter who,
(C) impossible to explain while interviewing
(D) simple to define but hard to apply him, happened to describe working conditions in
industrial
Detroit. Chaplin was told that healthy young farm
36. The word “rigid” in line 4 is closest in boys were lured (line 5)
meaning to ___ to the city to work on automotive assembly lines.
(A) inflexible Within four or
(B) ideal five years, these young men’s health was
(C) unnatural destroyed by the stress of
(D) steep work in the factories.

37. According to the information provided in the The film opens with a shot of a mass of sheep
passage, which of the following would most making their way
probably be considered analogous? down a crowded ramp. Abruptly the scene shifts
(A) A shark’s fin and a tiger’s claws to a scene of (line 10)
(B) A man’s arms and a bird’s wings factory workers jostling one another on their way
(C) A monkey’s tail and an elephant’s tail to a factory.
(D) A spider’s legs and a horse’s legs However, the rather bitter note of criticism in the
implied
comparison is not sustained. It is replaced by a (A) suddenly
gentler note of (B) mysteriously
satire. Chaplin prefers to entertain rather than (C) finally
lecture. (D) predictably

Scenes of factory interiors account for only about 45. It can be inferred from the passage that two-
one-third of (line 15) thirds of the film Modern Times ___
the footage of Modern Times, but they contain (A) is completely unforgettable
some of the most (B) takes place outside a factory
pointed social commentary as well as the most (C) is more critical than the other third
comic situations. No (D) entertains the audience more than the other
one who has seen the film can ever forget Chaplin third
vainly trying to
keep pace with the fast-moving conveyor belt, 46. Which of the following could best replace the
almost losing his phrase “losing his mind” in lines 19-20? ___
mind in the process. Another popular scene (A) Getting fired
involves an automatic (line (20) (B) Doing his job
feeding machine brought to the assembly line so (C) Going insane
that workers need (D) Falling behind
not interrupt their labor to eat. The feeding
machine malfunctions,
hurling food at Chaplin, who is strapped into his 47. The word “This” in line 24 refers to which of
position on the the following? ___
assembly line and cannot escape. This serves to (A) The machine
illustrate people’s (B) The food
utter helplessness in the face of machines that are (C) The assembly line
meant to serve (line 25) (D) The scene
their basic needs.
Clearly, Modern Times has its faults, but it 48. According to the passage, the purpose of the
remains the best scene involving the feeding machine is to show
film treating technology within a social context. It people’s ___
does not (A) ingenuity
offer a radical social message, but it does (B) adaptability
accurately reflect the (C) helplessness
sentiments of many who feel they are victims of (D) independence
an over-mechanized (line 30)
world. 49. The word “utter” in line 25 is closest in
42. The author’s main purpose in writing this meaning to which of the following?
passage is to ___ (A) Notable
(A) criticize the factory system of the 1930’s (B) Complete
(B) analyze an important film (C) Regrettable
(C) explain Chaplin’s style of acting (D) Necessary
(D) discuss how film reveals the benefits of
technology
50. The author would probably be LEAST likely
to use which of the following words to describe
43. According to the passage, Chaplin got the idea the film Modern Times? ___
for the film Modern Times from ___ (A) Revolutionary
(A) a newspaper article (B) Entertaining
(B) a scene in a movie (C) Memorable
(C) a job he had once held (D) Satirical
(D) a conversation with a reporter

44. The word “abruptly” in line 10 is closest in

meaning to ___