Name Department::: Aiman Amjad

NAME: AIMAN AMJAD
DEPARTMENT:
AGRICULTURE
AND
AGRIBUSINESS
MANAGEMENT
BATHCH: BS 2 ND
YEAR MORNING
COURSE: AGR
GENETICS
ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC:
MULTIPLE ALLELES
ASSIGNMENT
SUBBMITTED TO:
MAAM ZOYA BAIG
YEAR: 2020-20210
MULTIPLE ALLELE:
INTRODUCTION:
Multiple alleles exist in a population when there are
many variations of a gene present. In organisms with
two copies of every gene, also known
as diploid organisms, each organism has the ability to
express two alleles at the same time. They can be the
same allele, which is called a homozygous genotype.
Alternatively, the genotype can consist of alleles of
different types, known as
a heterozygous genotype. Haploid organisms and
cells only have one copy of a gene, but the population
can still have many alleles .Alleles are the pairs of
genes occupying a specific spot called locus on
a chromosome. Typically, there are only
two alleles for a gene in a diploid organism. When
there is a gene existing in more than two allelic forms
this condition is referred to as multiple alleles. Allelism
refers to any of the several forms of a gene. These
genetic variations arise usually through mutation and
therefore are responsible for hereditary variations.
DEFINITION:
When the characters are controlled by more than one pair
of alleles, present on the same locus (position) these allele
are known as multiple alleles.
GENERAL APPERANCE:
General appreance of the living body depends upon a pair

of genes present at the fixed position at a fixed position on
a chromosome. This pair of gene is found in two forms one
is dominant and other is recessive. But sometimes to
happen that for a certain character more than two genes
or many types f alleles are present. When one gene is
found in the form of many alleles on the same locus these
alleles are called multiple alleles. They control only
particular character of the body. Multiple alleles are more
than two alleles affecting a given trait.
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLE ALLELES:
 The properties of multiple alleles are as follows:
 Multiple allele of a gene are always present at a
fixed locus on a chromosome.
 Because there is a fixed position of multiple
alleles on a chromosome so crossing over is not
possible.
 Multiple alleles can influence only a particular
character.
 A type of pure multiple alleles is called wild type
.it is the dominant type while its changed type
may be dominant or may have a intermediate effect.
EXAMPLE OF MUTIPLE ALLELE:
 Coat color in cats
 Fruit flies
 Types of blood of man
COAT COLOR IN CATS:
In domestic cats, breeding has taken place for
thousands of years selecting for different and varied
coat colors. Cats can be seen with long hair, short
hair, and no hair. There are genes that code for
whether or not a cat will have hair. There are multiple
alleles for this gene, some that produce hairless cats,
and some that produce cats with hair. Another gene
regulates the length of the hair. Long haired cats
have two recessive alleles, while a dominate allele will
produce short hair.
Other genes control the color of coat. There is a gene

for several colors of pigment: red, black and brown.
Each gene has multiple alleles in the population,
which express the protein responsible for making the
pigment. Each allele changes the way the protein
works, and therefore the expression of the pigment in
the cat. Other genes, in similar ways, control traits for
curliness, shading, patterns, and even texture. The
amount of combinations and expressions of different
genotypes together creates an almost infinite variety
of cates. For this reason, cat breeders have been
successfully attempting for thousands of years to
create new and strange varieties of cats, and dogs for
that matter. Even with only 4 alleles between two
parents at each gene, the variety can be incredible.
Just look at the kittens in the photo above. All these
kittens came from the same parents.
FRUIT FLIES:
In the year 2000, scientist finally succeeded in
mapping the complex genome of the common fruit
fly, Drosophilia melanogaster. The fruit fly had been, and
continues to be, a valuable laboratory animal because of
its high reproduction rate and the simplicity of keeping
and analyzing large quantities of flies. At about 165 million
base pairs, the DNA of a fruit fly is much smaller than that
of a human. While a human has 23 chromosomes, a fruit
fly only has 4. Still, in only 4 chromosomes, there exists
around 17,000 genes. Each gene controls a different
aspect of the fly, and is subject to mutation and new
alleles arising.
In the picture above, all the flies are the same

species Drosophilia melanogaster. The variation seen
between the flies is caused by multiple alleles, in
different genes. For instance, the gene for eye color
determines if the fly will have an orange/brown eye, a
red eye, or a white eye. Both the white and orange
alleles are recessive to the wild type red eye allele.
The two flies at the top have wild type bodies, a tan
with dark stripes. In the gene that controls body
color, two other alleles are present. The fly on the far
right is showing a homozygous recessive genotype
that causes a dark body. The three flies on the
bottom show another homozygous recessive
genotype, the yellow body mutation.
HUMAN BLOOD:
The human ABO blood type is a good example of multiple
alleles. Humans can have red blood cells that are of type A
(IA), type B (IB), or type O (i). These three different alleles
can be combined in different ways following Mendel's
Laws of Inheritance. The resulting genotypes make either
type A, type B, type AB, or type O blood. Type A blood is a
combination of either two A alleles (IA IA) or one A allele
and one O allele (IAi). Similarly, type B blood is coded for
by either two B alleles (IB IB) or one B allele and one O
allele (IBi). Type O blood can only be obtained with two
recessive O alleles (ii).
The A allele and the B allele are equal in their dominance
and will be expressed equally if they are paired together
into the genotype IA IB. Neither the A allele or the B allele is
dominant over each other, so each type is expressed
equally in the phenotype giving the human an AB blood
type.
RH FACTOR FOR BLOOD TYPES:
In the blood of man another antigen is also present is
called Rh. It is controlled by the specific gene .Rh was
discovered by Winer and Levinein Rhesus monkey in 1941.
About 85% people have Rh positive antigen and 15% have
Rh negative antigen the possible genotype and phenotype
in human being due to this gene can be as follow.
A normal Rh negative blood does not contain Rh antigen

when a person with Rh negative blood receives Rh positive
blood in his blood serum anti bodies are formed. When the
same person again receives Rh positive blood the
antibodies in his blood may react with the antigen of the
new blood it may result the death of a person. It is quite
necessary that along with A, B , AB and O type Rh factor
should be properly check before transfusion of blood.
RELATED TERMS:
MUTATIONS:
Many allele for a single gene are formed due to certain
changes in the genetic substances of chromosome called
mutation
ALLELE:
Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise
by mutation and are found at the same place on a
chromosome.
DIPLOID:
Diploid describes a cell that contain two copies of each
chromosome.
HAPLOID:
Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.
HETEROZYGOUS:
Having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

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NAME: AIMAN AMJAD

General appreance of the living body depends upon a pair

Other genes control the color of coat. There is a gene

In the picture above, all the flies are the same

A normal Rh negative blood does not contain Rh antigen

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