MECHANICAL DESIGN & CALCULATIONS

Contents
 IEC Notes, Master Thesis, and Senior Project Summaries ................................................................................................... 19
 Cooling Load Calculation................................................................................................................................................ 19
 Heat load calculation/ Radiators Capacities ..................................................................................................................... 20
 Duct Sizing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21
 Duct Weight Calculation ................................................................................................................................................. 21
 Grill Sizing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 21
 Condensate Drain Pipe Sizing ......................................................................................................................................... 22
 Refrigerant Copper Pipes Sizing...................................................................................................................................... 22
 Sewage Pipes Sizing ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
 Sewage Vent Pipes Sizing ............................................................................................................................................... 24
 Rain Water Pipes Sizing .................................................................................................................................................. 25
 Water Supply Pipes Sizing .............................................................................................................................................. 26
 Radiators Hot Water Pipes Sizing.................................................................................................................................... 34
 Fans Sizing (supply, return, exhaust, fresh, pressurization) (Flow rate and Static Pressure) .............................................. 34
 Water Tank Sizing .......................................................................................................................................................... 35
 Hot Water Tank Sizing.................................................................................................................................................... 36
 Boiler and Burner Capacities........................................................................................................................................... 36
 Pumps Sizing (Head & Flow) .......................................................................................................................................... 36
 HVAC – S1: Psychometric Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 41
 PsyChart 2.01.61 ............................................................................................................................................................. 42
 HVAC – S2: Manual Cooling Load Calculation Method ....................................................................................................... 43
 1) Find indoor conditions ................................................................................................................................................ 44
 2) Find outdoor conditions .............................................................................................................................................. 47
 I) External Loads ............................................................................................................................................................ 48
 A- Solar radiation through glass windows ....................................................................................................................... 48
 B- Conduction through glass windows ............................................................................................................................ 55
 C- Conduction through exposed walls and roofs .............................................................................................................. 56
 D- Ventilation Load ........................................................................................................................................................ 76
 E- Infiltration Load ......................................................................................................................................................... 80
 II) Internal Loads ............................................................................................................................................................ 80
 A- Conduction through non exposed partitions, ceilings, floors ....................................................................................... 80
 B- People Load ............................................................................................................................................................... 80
 C- Lighting Load ............................................................................................................................................................ 81
 D- Equipment Load......................................................................................................................................................... 86

Page 1
 HVAC – S3: HAP Applications............................................................................................................................................ 114
 HVAC – S4: Air conditioning System ................................................................................................................................. 133
 Difference between CAV, VAV, CAV Multi zone with re-heat ..................................................................................... 133
 A- Direct Expansion Systems (DX) ............................................................................................................................... 136
 1- Window A/C............................................................................................................................................................. 136
 2- Split Air Conditioners (Decorative) ........................................................................................................................... 137
 B- (DX) – Ducted Systems ............................................................................................................................................ 138
 1- Concealed Ceiling Ducted (CCD) [called mini-central system] (Single/Multi-zone) .................................................. 138
 2- Central Package Units (self-contained equipment) ..................................................................................................... 138
 3- Central Split Package Units....................................................................................................................................... 139
 Air Handling Unit (AHU) ............................................................................................................................................. 140
 Fan Coil unit (FCU) ...................................................................................................................................................... 142
 Chilled Water System ................................................................................................................................................... 142
 HVAC – S5: DX Systems Selection ..................................................................................................................................... 143
 1- Decorative Split Systems. ......................................................................................................................................... 145
 Hi wall unit selection. ................................................................................................................................................... 145
 Cassette unit.................................................................................................................................................................. 146
 Floor Standing. ............................................................................................................................................................. 146
 2- Concealed unit (CCD)............................................................................................................................................... 146
 3- Package Units: .......................................................................................................................................................... 147
 4- Split Package Units (AHU + Condensing Unit) ......................................................................................................... 148
 CU selection ................................................................................................................................................................. 149
 VRF system & its selection ........................................................................................................................................... 150
 VRF Selection............................................................................................................................................................... 150
 Carrier VRF Selection Software .................................................................................................................................... 152
 HVAC – S6: Air Distribution and Outlets Selection ............................................................................................................ 156
 High Wall Air distribution............................................................................................................................................. 156
 Noise Criteria (NC) ....................................................................................................................................................... 159
 A- Square Ceiling diffuser............................................................................................................................................. 162
 B- Round Ceiling Diffuser ............................................................................................................................................ 164
 C- Registers & grills (wall air outlets) ........................................................................................................................... 164
 D- Linear Bar Grills ...................................................................................................................................................... 165
 E- Jet Diffuser............................................................................................................................................................... 165
 F- Linear Slot Diffuser .................................................................................................................................................. 166
 G- Perforated Ceiling Diffuser ...................................................................................................................................... 167
 H- Swirl Diffuser .......................................................................................................................................................... 167
Page 2
  I- Fresh and Exhaust Air louvers ................................................................................................................................... 167
 J- Door and Transfer Grills............................................................................................................................................ 168
 1- For Square Diffusers ................................................................................................................................................. 172
 2- For registers and grills............................................................................................................................................... 174
 3- Linear Slot Diffusers ................................................................................................................................................. 175
 HVAC – S7: Duct System Design........................................................................................................................................ 177
 Duct fittings and accessories ......................................................................................................................................... 180
 1- Takeoff ..................................................................................................................................................................... 180
 2- Reducer .................................................................................................................................................................... 180
 3- Elbow ....................................................................................................................................................................... 181
 4- Volume damper (VD) ............................................................................................................................................... 182
 5- Fire / smoke Damper (FD) ........................................................................................................................................ 182
 6- Flexible Ducts........................................................................................................................................................... 183
 7- Vibration Isolators (Canvas)...................................................................................................................................... 183
 8- Plenum box ............................................................................................................................................................... 184
 Duct Sizing Method ...................................................................................................................................................... 184
 Mcquay Duct Sizer ....................................................................................................................................................... 185
 Fan Selection ................................................................................................................................................................ 186
 Duct Weight & Insulation Calculations ......................................................................................................................... 188
 Thermal Insulation ........................................................................................................................................................ 189
 Acoustic Insulation ....................................................................................................................................................... 190
 HVAC insulation and cladding ...................................................................................................................................... 190
 HVAC – S8: Chilled Water System Design ......................................................................................................................... 191
 Chilled Water System ................................................................................................................................................... 191
 Chillers ......................................................................................................................................................................... 192
 Air Cooled Chiller......................................................................................................................................................... 195
 Water Cooled Chiller .................................................................................................................................................... 197
 Types of Compressors ................................................................................................................................................... 197
 Chilled pipe sizing and pump calculations ..................................................................................................................... 200
 Friction Chart................................................................................................................................................................ 202
 Software method ........................................................................................................................................................... 203
 System Accessories ....................................................................................................................................................... 209
 Strainer ......................................................................................................................................................................... 209
 Modulating Motorized valve ......................................................................................................................................... 209
 Balancing Valve............................................................................................................................................................ 209
 A- Chiller Hook Up....................................................................................................................................................... 211
Page 3
  B- AHU Hook Up ......................................................................................................................................................... 212
 C- FCU Hook Up .......................................................................................................................................................... 213
 D- PUMP Hook Up....................................................................................................................................................... 214
 Water Distribution Network and Control Valves ........................................................................................................... 215
 Water Flow (Load) Control Methods Through The Terminal Coils ................................................................................ 217
 1- Two – Way control valve .......................................................................................................................................... 217
 2- Three Way control valve ........................................................................................................................................... 219
 PRIMARY / SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION SCHEME ............................................................................................. 220
 1- Primary circuit .......................................................................................................................................................... 220
 2- Secondary circuit ...................................................................................................................................................... 220
 (IV) Isolation valve: installed on both, first of supply/return CHW pipes ....................................................................... 221
 (GV) Gate Valve ........................................................................................................................................................... 221
 (TM)Thermometer ........................................................................................................................................................ 222
 (PG) Pressure gage ........................................................................................................................................................ 222
 FC (Flexible connection) ............................................................................................................................................... 222
 Spring Mounting Vibration Isolator ............................................................................................................................... 222
 (FS) Flow switch........................................................................................................................................................... 223
 (MV) Motorized Valve.................................................................................................................................................. 223
 (DRV) Double regulating valve..................................................................................................................................... 223
 AHU Hookup................................................................................................................................................................ 223
 (FC) Flexible Connection .............................................................................................................................................. 223
 (DC) Drain Connection ................................................................................................................................................. 223
 Strainer ......................................................................................................................................................................... 224
 Modulating 2-way valve................................................................................................................................................ 224
 (BC) Balancing valve .................................................................................................................................................... 224
 Air Vent........................................................................................................................................................................ 224
 FCU Hookup ................................................................................................................................................................ 224
 1. Primary pumps .......................................................................................................................................................... 225
 2. Secondary pumps ...................................................................................................................................................... 225
 Variable Speed Pump .................................................................................................................................................... 225
 Constant Speed Pump ................................................................................................................................................... 225
 3-Way valve.................................................................................................................................................................. 226
 HVAC – S9: Chilled Water System Components Selection ................................................................................................. 228
 1- Chiller Selection ....................................................................................................................................................... 228
 Air Cooled Chiller Selection ......................................................................................................................................... 229
 Water Cooled Chiller Selection ..................................................................................................................................... 230
Page 4
  Using SKM Catalogues ................................................................................................................................................. 231
 Pressure drop through evaporator .................................................................................................................................. 232
 Pressure drop through condenser ................................................................................................................................... 233
 2- Cooling Tower Selection (a) ..................................................................................................................................... 236
 Cooling Tower Hookup................................................................................................................................................. 237
 Overflow line ................................................................................................................................................................ 237
 Makeup line .................................................................................................................................................................. 237
 Drain line ...................................................................................................................................................................... 237
 Chemical feeding .......................................................................................................................................................... 237
 Temperature Range ....................................................................................................................................................... 238
 Temperature Approach.................................................................................................................................................. 238
 Air Separators ............................................................................................................................................................... 241
 Expansion tank............................................................................................................................................................. 241
 3- Cooling Tower Selection (b) ..................................................................................................................................... 241
 4- Expansion Tank and Air Separator ............................................................................................................................ 245
 HVAC – S10: Ventilation Systems...................................................................................................................................... 248
 Ventilation Process ....................................................................................................................................................... 248
 Infiltration/Exfiltration .................................................................................................................................................. 249
 Ventilation .................................................................................................................................................................... 249
 Ventilation Types.......................................................................................................................................................... 249
 Ventilation Calculations ................................................................................................................................................ 250
 Ventilation for space conditioned by FCU’s CCD’s ....................................................................................................... 250
 Ventilation for spaces conditioned by AHU’s ................................................................................................................ 250
 Ventilation for conditioned occupied zones ................................................................................................................... 250
 Systems with central AHU (or central split systems or central packaged system) ........................................................... 250
 Systems with ducted, package, and fan coil units ........................................................................................................... 251
 Ventilation for unoccupied or machine spaces ............................................................................................................... 252
 Toilet ventilation ........................................................................................................................................................... 252
 Notes for locker room, toilet, and shower spaces ........................................................................................................... 255
 Kitchen Ventilation ....................................................................................................................................................... 256
 Exhaust Air calculations from HOOD: (for more details, see attachment files)............................................................... 258
 1st method: Face velocity method ................................................................................................................................. 258
 2nd method: Exhaust per linear length ........................................................................................................................... 258
 Balancing Kitchen Air................................................................................................................................................... 258
 Car Park ventilation ...................................................................................................................................................... 260
 Ventilation for machine rooms ...................................................................................................................................... 263
Page 5
  Space pressurization and smoke evacuation ................................................................................................................... 265
 Space pressurization...................................................................................................................................................... 265
 Smoke Extraction.......................................................................................................................................................... 266
 Garage Ventilation ........................................................................................................................................................ 269
 Bathroom & W.C. Ventilation ....................................................................................................................................... 269
 HVAC – S11: Practice 1 ..................................................................................................................................................... 278
 HVAC – S12: Practice 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 278
 U-Values Notes............................................................................................................................................................. 279
 HAP – Osama Khayata ..................................................................................................................................................... 280
 HAP – S1: Weather Properties ........................................................................................................................................ 280
 HAP – S2: Project Libraries _ Schedules......................................................................................................................... 281
 HAP – S3: Project Libraries – External Walls and Roof .................................................................................................. 286
 HAP – S4: Windows and Doors ...................................................................................................................................... 287
 HAP – S5: Shades (External) .......................................................................................................................................... 292
 HAP – S6: Spaces – General ........................................................................................................................................... 296
 HAP – S7: Spaces – Internals.......................................................................................................................................... 296
 HAP – S8: Spaces – Walls, Windows, Doors and Roofs, Skylight ................................................................................... 300
 HAP – S9: Spaces – Infiltration ...................................................................................................................................... 301
 HAP – S10: Spaces – Floors and Partitions ..................................................................................................................... 305
 HAP – S11: HAP Tabs ................................................................................................................................................... 307
 HAP – S12: Systems – General ....................................................................................................................................... 308
 HAP – S13: Systems – Systems Components .................................................................................................................. 309
 HAP – S14: Systems – Systems Components 2 ............................................................................................................... 313
 HAP – S15: System – Zone Components. ....................................................................................................................... 316
 HAP – S16: Systems – Sizing Data ................................................................................................................................. 319
 HAP – S17: HAP Simulation Reports/Results ................................................................................................................. 320
 HAP – S18: Plants – Chillers and Boilers ........................................................................................................................ 338
 HAP – S19: Energy Analysis .......................................................................................................................................... 344
 HAP – S20: Systems – Equipment .................................................................................................................................. 345
 HAP – S21: Project Libraries – Chillers .......................................................................................................................... 348
 HAP – S22: Project Libraries – Cooling Towers – Boilers............................................................................................... 349
 Plumbing – S1: Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 352
 Water Demand – Storage Capacity and Storage duration .............................................................................................. 355
 Water Demand – Flow................................................................................................................................................... 357
 Direct Source of Water .................................................................................................................................................. 361
 Indirect Source of Water................................................................................................................................................ 363
Page 6
  Types of Water tanks .................................................................................................................................................... 363
 Under or Above Ground Concrete Storage Water Tanks................................................................................................. 367
 Typical water storage tanks Construction ...................................................................................................................... 368
 Puddle Flange ............................................................................................................................................................... 374
 Roof Storage Water Tank .............................................................................................................................................. 374
 Intermediate Storage Water Tank ................................................................................................................................. 378
 Common pipes for any water storage tank .................................................................................................................... 378
 Plumbing – S2: WS Pipes & Pumps Sizing ......................................................................................................................... 381
 Pipe Sizing ..................................................................................................................................................................... 381
 Standard inlet pipe sizes for Plumbing fixtures............................................................................................................... 386
 Total Head .................................................................................................................................................................... 386
 Residual Head ............................................................................................................................................................... 386
 Static Head ................................................................................................................................................................... 387
 Friction Head................................................................................................................................................................. 388
 Pipes Roughness............................................................................................................................................................ 388
 Pipes Fittings and Pipes Valves ...................................................................................................................................... 388
 Example for WS Pipe & Pump Sizing .............................................................................................................................. 390
 Motor Pump Power ....................................................................................................................................................... 395
 Valves types .................................................................................................................................................................. 396
 Ball Valve ...................................................................................................................................................................... 396
 Gate Valve .................................................................................................................................................................... 396
 Globe Valves ................................................................................................................................................................. 397
 Solenoid or magnet valves............................................................................................................................................. 397
 Butterfly Valves ............................................................................................................................................................. 398
 Check Valves ................................................................................................................................................................. 398
 Pressure Relief Valve ..................................................................................................................................................... 399
 Angle Valve ................................................................................................................................................................... 399
 Automatic Air Vent........................................................................................................................................................ 399
 Plumbing – S3: Hot Water System .................................................................................................................................... 400
 Hot Water System ......................................................................................................................................................... 400
 Steps for Hot Water Demand Calculations ..................................................................................................................... 400
 Example for Cold/Hot Water Demand Calculation ......................................................................................................... 402
 Central Water Heater – Electric ..................................................................................................................................... 405
 Central Water Heater – Boiler and Heat Exchanger ....................................................................................................... 406
 Central Water Heater – Solar ........................................................................................................................................ 406
 Balancing Valves ........................................................................................................................................................... 406
Page 7
  Heat loss of HW Piping .................................................................................................................................................. 406
 Circulation Pump and HWR pipes sizing & flow rate calculation..................................................................................... 407
 Water Hammer Arrestor (WHA) .................................................................................................................................... 413
 Plumbing – S4: Drainage Systems, Fittings, Accessories, and Definitions ......................................................................... 414
 Drainage Fixtures .......................................................................................................................................................... 414
 Drainage Traps.............................................................................................................................................................. 415
 Drainage Accessories .................................................................................................................................................... 416
 Gully Trap ..................................................................................................................................................................... 416
Clean – Outs ......................................................................................................................................................................... 416
 Unclogging unit in pictures ............................................................................................................................................ 416
 Types of Cleanouts ........................................................................................................................................................ 417
 Wall Clean – out............................................................................................................................................................ 417
 Floor Clean – out ........................................................................................................................................................... 417
 Clean – outs .................................................................................................................................................................. 418
 Grease Interceptors ....................................................................................................................................................... 418
 Grease Interceptor Capacity .......................................................................................................................................... 419
 Oil Interceptors ............................................................................................................................................................. 421
 Lint Interceptors ............................................................................................................................................................ 423
 Drainage Definitions ..................................................................................................................................................... 423
 Drainage System ........................................................................................................................................................... 423
 Soil Pipe ........................................................................................................................................................................ 423
 Waste Pipe.................................................................................................................................................................... 423
 Stack ............................................................................................................................................................................. 423
 Branch .......................................................................................................................................................................... 423
 Building/House Drain .................................................................................................................................................... 423
 Building/ House Sewer .................................................................................................................................................. 423
 Flow in Horizontal Pipe.................................................................................................................................................. 423
 Gravity Drain................................................................................................................................................................. 423
 Forced Drain ................................................................................................................................................................. 424
 Slow Down Chamber ..................................................................................................................................................... 424
 Pump connection to drainage System ............................................................................................................................ 425
 Plumbing – S5: Drainage Systems – Gravity Drain Calculations ....................................................................................... 426
 Two pipe system ........................................................................................................................................................... 426
 One pipe system............................................................................................................................................................ 427
 Drainage Fixture Unit .................................................................................................................................................... 427
 Horizontal Drainage Pipe Sizing ..................................................................................................................................... 429
Page 8
  Stack Drainage Pipe Sizing............................................................................................................................................. 430
 Inspection chamber ....................................................................................................................................................... 431
 Single Stake System....................................................................................................................................................... 432
 Stack pipe sizing ............................................................................................................................................................ 436
 Sovent System ............................................................................................................................................................... 436
 Pipe Offset and Hydraulic Jumping ................................................................................................................................ 437
 Estimated Booster Pump Head and Flow Calculation using 03 – Water Supply System – Tie in calculation Excel Sheet ... 438
 Fast Calculation of dfu and Drain Pipe Sizing Using 04 – Sanitary Drainage System – Drainage Pipes Excel Sheet........... 439
 Sump Pit and Sump Pump for Forced Drain Calculation ................................................................................................. 439
 Sump pump network sizing (1) ...................................................................................................................................... 440
 Effective Length ............................................................................................................................................................ 440
 Sump Pit Volume Sizing ................................................................................................................................................. 440
 Sump Pump Sizing (2) (if serving for fire system)............................................................................................................ 441
 Approximate Design of Sump Pit and Alarm Levels/ Pump Stop Levels Determination Using 18 – Sump Pit Excel Sheet.. 441
 Plumbing – S6: Drain Ventilation System – Definitions and Sizing, and Storm Drainage System...................................... 442
 Drain Ventilation System ............................................................................................................................................... 442
 Vent Terminals .............................................................................................................................................................. 442
 Vent Stack ..................................................................................................................................................................... 442
 Stack Vent..................................................................................................................................................................... 443
 Drain Vent Pipe Sizing ................................................................................................................................................... 444
 Developed Length ......................................................................................................................................................... 444
 Individual Vent System .................................................................................................................................................. 446
 Cut sheets from IPC commentary 2015 for Exact vent sizing methods ............................................................................ 450
 Wet Vent (type 2 of Vent Systems) ................................................................................................................................ 457
 Cut sheets from IPC commentary 2015, for Wet Vent Sizing........................................................................................... 458
 IPC 2021 for wet vent pipe sizing ................................................................................................................................... 462
 Waste Stack Vent (type 3 of Vent Systems) .................................................................................................................... 462
 Cut sheets from IPC commentary 2015 for Waste Stack Vent Sizing ............................................................................... 463
 Circuit Vent (type 4 of Vent Systems) ............................................................................................................................. 465
 Cut sheets from IPC commentary 2015 for Circuit Vent Sizing ........................................................................................ 466
 Storm Drainage System ................................................................................................................................................. 472
 Sizing of Storm Drainage (Rain Water Piping) and Gutter Drain sizing ........................................................................... 474
 Vent Sizing of Sump pit.................................................................................................................................................. 477
 Plumbing – S7: Practice/ Additional Info .......................................................................................................................... 477
 (CD) Condensate Drain Pipe Sizing ................................................................................................................................. 477
 Fire Fighting – S1: Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 479
Page 9
  Most important NFPA chapters ..................................................................................................................................... 481
 Fire Classes ................................................................................................................................................................... 482
 Fire Hazard Classification .............................................................................................................................................. 483
 Fire Systems Classification ............................................................................................................................................. 491
 Sprinkler........................................................................................................................................................................ 491
 Fire Alarm Control Valve................................................................................................................................................ 493
 Automatic Gas system................................................................................................................................................... 496
 Fire Fighting – S2: Sprinkler Systems – Water Suppression Systems ................................................................................. 497
 1) Reliable Water Source and Pumps ............................................................................................................................. 497
 2) Piping Network ......................................................................................................................................................... 498
 3) Initiation & Control Equipment .................................................................................................................................. 500
 Flow Switch ................................................................................................................................................................... 500
 Alarm Valve .................................................................................................................................................................. 500
 Pressure Switch ............................................................................................................................................................. 500
 Control Panels ............................................................................................................................................................... 501
 PRV (Pressure Relief Valve) ............................................................................................................................................ 501
 Supervisory Switches ..................................................................................................................................................... 502
 PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve) ...................................................................................................................................... 502
 4) Discharge Devices ..................................................................................................................................................... 502
 Foam Generator ............................................................................................................................................................ 502
 Foam Chamber.............................................................................................................................................................. 503
 Stand pipe Hose Valve ................................................................................................................................................... 503
 Hydrants ....................................................................................................................................................................... 503
 Sprinklers ...................................................................................................................................................................... 503
 Nozzles.......................................................................................................................................................................... 504
 Glass Bulb Sprinkler ....................................................................................................................................................... 506
 Fusible Link Sprinkler ..................................................................................................................................................... 507
 Thermal Sensitivity ........................................................................................................................................................ 508
 Temperature Rating ...................................................................................................................................................... 509
 K – factor ...................................................................................................................................................................... 510
 Pendant Sprinkler .......................................................................................................................................................... 512
 Upright sprinkler ........................................................................................................................................................... 513
 Sidewall Sprinkler .......................................................................................................................................................... 514
 In rack Sprinkler ............................................................................................................................................................ 514
 Dry Sprinkler ................................................................................................................................................................. 516
 Extended Coverage Sprinkler ......................................................................................................................................... 518
Page 10
  Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinkler (ESFR) .......................................................................................................... 519
 Control Mode Specific Application Sprinkler (CMSA) ...................................................................................................... 519
 Open Head Sprinkler ..................................................................................................................................................... 520
 Nozzle Sprinkler............................................................................................................................................................. 520
 Corrosion Resistant Sprinkler ......................................................................................................................................... 520
 Final Notes .................................................................................................................................................................... 521
 Sprinkler System Types .................................................................................................................................................. 522
 (1) Wet Pipe Sprinkler System (Most used) .................................................................................................................... 522
 Control Valve (Main Alarm Check Valve)........................................................................................................................ 524
 Valve operation Sequence ............................................................................................................................................. 525
 (2) Dry Pipe Sprinkler System ......................................................................................................................................... 528
 Dry Valve Operation Sequence ...................................................................................................................................... 530
 (3) Pre – Action Sprinkler System ................................................................................................................................... 531
 Pre – Action (Double Interlock) Operation Sequence ...................................................................................................... 532
 4) Deluge Sprinkler System ............................................................................................................................................ 537
 Deluge System (Electric Actuated) Operation Sequence ................................................................................................. 538
 Fire Fighting – S3: Sprinkler Systems (Continued) ............................................................................................................. 541
 Sprinkler System Piping ................................................................................................................................................. 541
 General Definitions........................................................................................................................................................ 541
 Cross Mains................................................................................................................................................................... 541
 Branch Lines.................................................................................................................................................................. 541
 Riser Nipple ................................................................................................................................................................... 541
 Risers ............................................................................................................................................................................ 541
 Piping Material, Dimensions, and Connection ................................................................................................................ 542
 Protection of Piping Against Corrosion .......................................................................................................................... 543
 Piping Routing............................................................................................................................................................... 543
 Piping Cover Depth........................................................................................................................................................ 544
 Steel Pipe Dimensions (As per NFPA 13)......................................................................................................................... 545
 Piping Connection Methods........................................................................................................................................... 547
 Pipe Bending (According to NFPA 13) ............................................................................................................................ 547
 Threaded Connections ................................................................................................................................................... 547
 Flanged pipes ................................................................................................................................................................ 548
 Welded connections and fittings.................................................................................................................................... 548
 Grooved Coupling.......................................................................................................................................................... 549
 Piping Hangers and Supports......................................................................................................................................... 549
 Ceiling pipe hangers ...................................................................................................................................................... 550
Page 11
  Brackets Support (Walls) ............................................................................................................................................... 550
 Beam Hangers............................................................................................................................................................... 551
 Ground Supports ........................................................................................................................................................... 551
 Riser Support with Clamp .............................................................................................................................................. 551
 Hanger rod, Bracket, trapeze hanger ............................................................................................................................. 552
 NFPA 13, CH: 9, “Hanging, Bracing, and Restraint of system Piping”.............................................................................. 552
 System Valves ............................................................................................................................................................... 554
 ZCV (Zone Control Valve) ............................................................................................................................................... 554
 1) Isolating Valve with temper switch ............................................................................................................................ 557
 2) OS & Y Gate Valve ..................................................................................................................................................... 558
 3) Check Valve............................................................................................................................................................... 558
 4) Water Flow Switch .................................................................................................................................................... 559
 5) Test Valve with sight glass......................................................................................................................................... 559
 6) Drain Valve ............................................................................................................................................................... 560
 Pressure Reducing Valve (optional)................................................................................................................................ 561
 System Protection Area Limitation................................................................................................................................. 562
 Floor Control Valve Assemblies ...................................................................................................................................... 563
 Isolating Valve .............................................................................................................................................................. 563
 FDC (Fire Department Connection) or Siamese Connection ............................................................................................ 563
 Test Valve ..................................................................................................................................................................... 566
 Sprinkler Distribution..................................................................................................................................................... 566
 Standard Pendant and Upright Sprinkler ....................................................................................................................... 567
 Sprinklers displacement considerations in a space ......................................................................................................... 569
 Sequence Example 1: Light Hazard ................................................................................................................................ 571
 Sequence Example (2): Ordinary Hazard ........................................................................................................................ 572
 Sequence Example (3): Extra Hazard ............................................................................................................................. 573
 Standard Side Wall Sprinklers ........................................................................................................................................ 574
 Sprinklers below and above false ceiling ........................................................................................................................ 575
 Fire Pipes Sizing............................................................................................................................................................. 576
 Loop / Grid System Fire Pipe Sizing ................................................................................................................................ 578
 Fire Fighting – S4: Hydraulic Calculations ......................................................................................................................... 578
 Design Steps.................................................................................................................................................................. 580
 Tree system................................................................................................................................................................... 583
 Loop system .................................................................................................................................................................. 583
 Grid System................................................................................................................................................................... 583
 Calculation Procedure ................................................................................................................................................... 588
Page 12
  Required Density ........................................................................................................................................................... 589
 Manual Pressure Loss Calculations ................................................................................................................................ 591
 Fire Calculation Using Elite Software ............................................................................................................................. 595
 Additional Notes ........................................................................................................................................................... 602
 Working on Loop-type Sprinkler System in Elite Software .............................................................................................. 603
 Fire Fighting – S5: Standpipe System Design .................................................................................................................... 604
 Definitions by NFPA 14 .................................................................................................................................................. 605
 Standpipe system .......................................................................................................................................................... 605
 Standpipe...................................................................................................................................................................... 605
 Horizontal Standpipe..................................................................................................................................................... 605
 Pressure-Regulating Device ........................................................................................................................................... 605
 Pressure-Restricting Device ........................................................................................................................................... 605
 Pressure Control Valve .................................................................................................................................................. 605
 Pressure-Reducing Valve ............................................................................................................................................... 605
 High-Rise Building ......................................................................................................................................................... 605
 Standpipe System Components ..................................................................................................................................... 607
 Standpipe System Types ................................................................................................................................................ 608
 Automatic wet: water present in pipes connected with water supply source .................................................................. 608
 Automatic dry: air or nitrogen present in pipes connected with water supply source...................................................... 608
 Manual dry (Called Dry riser system): air present in pipes without a water supply source .............................................. 609
 Standpipe System Classes .............................................................................................................................................. 610
 Class I system ................................................................................................................................................................ 611
 Class I system Location .................................................................................................................................................. 611
 Summary for Class I System ........................................................................................................................................... 619
 Class II system ............................................................................................................................................................... 619
 Class II system Location ................................................................................................................................................. 621
 Class III system .............................................................................................................................................................. 622
 Class III system Location ................................................................................................................................................ 623
 Pressure and Flow Requirements ................................................................................................................................... 623
 Class I or III Flow rate and Hydraulic requirements ........................................................................................................ 624
 Class II System Flow Rate and Hydraulic calculations ..................................................................................................... 628
 Standpipes Pipe Sizing (NFPA 14 - 5.6) ........................................................................................................................... 629
 Combined Systems ........................................................................................................................................................ 631
 Hydraulic Calculations for combined system .................................................................................................................. 632
 Examples....................................................................................................................................................................... 632
 Fire Department Connection (FDC) ................................................................................................................................ 639
Page 13
  Valves and Control ........................................................................................................................................................ 645
 Fire Fighting – S6: Fire Pump Room Design ...................................................................................................................... 650
 Fire Pumps Types .......................................................................................................................................................... 651
 Horizontal Split Case ..................................................................................................................................................... 653
 Vertical In-Line .............................................................................................................................................................. 654
 End Suction ................................................................................................................................................................... 654
 Vertical Turbine............................................................................................................................................................. 655
 Self-Priming Pump......................................................................................................................................................... 656
 Fire Pump Curve (H-Q)................................................................................................................................................... 658
 Churn or Shutoff Pressure.............................................................................................................................................. 659
 Patterson Software for Pumps Selections ...................................................................................................................... 660
 Name plate of the pump ............................................................................................................................................... 664
 How to draw pump curve (during test and maintenance) .............................................................................................. 665
 Notes on Pumps Selection ............................................................................................................................................. 665
 Fire Pumps Properties ................................................................................................................................................... 667
 Fire Pumps Sequence of Operation ................................................................................................................................ 668
 Fire Pipes Sizing (Suction, Discharge, Relief, and Test Lines) ........................................................................................... 671
 Pumps Connections and Accessories .............................................................................................................................. 672
 Pumps Suction Connections & Fittings ........................................................................................................................... 672
 Anti-Vortex Plate........................................................................................................................................................... 674
 Isolating Gate Valve ...................................................................................................................................................... 676
 Suction Strainers ........................................................................................................................................................... 676
 Flexible Joint or (Strain Relief Joint) ............................................................................................................................... 677
 Eccentric Reducer or Increaser ....................................................................................................................................... 678
 Pressure Gauges............................................................................................................................................................ 681
 Pumps Discharge Connections & Fittings ....................................................................................................................... 681
 Casing (Circulation) Relief Valve .................................................................................................................................... 683
 Air Release (Vent) Valve ................................................................................................................................................ 685
 Pressure Gauge ............................................................................................................................................................. 685
 Concentric Increaser/Reducer........................................................................................................................................ 685
 Check Valve................................................................................................................................................................... 685
 Isolating Valve .............................................................................................................................................................. 686
 Test and Pressure Relief Lines ........................................................................................................................................ 686
 Test Line........................................................................................................................................................................ 686
 Pressure Relief Line ....................................................................................................................................................... 687
 Pressure Sensing Lines and control panels (installed for all pumps) ................................................................................ 689
Page 14
  Diesel Fuel Tanks for Diesel Driven Pumps ..................................................................................................................... 691
 Fire Pump Room Ventilation And Protection Requirements............................................................................................ 692
 Civil Defense Test .......................................................................................................................................................... 693
 Fire Fighting – S7: Water Tank Design .............................................................................................................................. 694
 Water Sources............................................................................................................................................................... 694
 Water Tank Material and Location ................................................................................................................................ 694
 Concrete Tanks.............................................................................................................................................................. 694
 GRP Tanks ..................................................................................................................................................................... 695
 Fiberglass Tanks ............................................................................................................................................................ 695
 Water Tank Details and Properties ................................................................................................................................ 696
 Water tank connections ................................................................................................................................................ 698
 Tank Filling Line ............................................................................................................................................................ 699
 Vent Line ....................................................................................................................................................................... 701
 Overflow Line ................................................................................................................................................................ 701
 Tank Suction Line .......................................................................................................................................................... 702
 Tank Drain Line ............................................................................................................................................................. 704
 Pressure Relief & Test Line............................................................................................................................................. 705
 Pump Room Drain ......................................................................................................................................................... 705
 Water Tank Sizing ......................................................................................................................................................... 706
 Fire Water Tanks Sizing ................................................................................................................................................. 707
 Domestic and Fire Water Multi-Purpose Tanks Sizing .................................................................................................... 708
 Puddle Flange ............................................................................................................................................................... 708
 Final Notes from NFPA .................................................................................................................................................. 710
 Fire Fighting – S8: Manual and Automatic Gas Systems ................................................................................................... 711
 Contents ....................................................................................................................................................................... 711
 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................. 711
 Fire Classes ................................................................................................................................................................... 711
 Fire Extinguishers .......................................................................................................................................................... 713
 Fire Extinguishers Types ................................................................................................................................................ 713
 CO2 Fire Extinguisher .................................................................................................................................................... 713
 Dry Chemical Powder Fire Extinguisher.......................................................................................................................... 714
 Clean Agent Fire Extinguisher ........................................................................................................................................ 714
 Wet Chemical Fire Extinguisher ..................................................................................................................................... 715
 Water & Foam Stored Pressure Fire Extinguisher ........................................................................................................... 717
 Modular Automatic Fire Extinguisher ............................................................................................................................ 718
 Fire Extinguisher Distribution Rules ............................................................................................................................... 718
Page 15
 Classifying Occupancy Hazard level for fire Extinguishers Class A and B ......................................................................... 718
 Class A fire .................................................................................................................................................................... 719
 Class B Fire .................................................................................................................................................................... 721
 Class C Fire .................................................................................................................................................................... 721
 Class D Fire.................................................................................................................................................................... 721
 Class K Fire .................................................................................................................................................................... 722
 Automatic Gas Systems (CO2 and Clean Agent Systems) – Introduction ......................................................................... 722
 Automatic CO2 Gas Systems.......................................................................................................................................... 722
 CO2 Gas System Components and Activation................................................................................................................. 724
 CO2 Gas System Pipe Size .............................................................................................................................................. 724
 Gas Nozzles ................................................................................................................................................................... 725
 Detectors ...................................................................................................................................................................... 725
 Optical and sound alarm ............................................................................................................................................... 725
 Manual activation Button ............................................................................................................................................. 725
 Time delay mechanism .................................................................................................................................................. 726
 Control Panel ................................................................................................................................................................ 726
 Operation Sequence of Pilot activated CO2 Gas System ................................................................................................. 726
 Operation Sequence of Direct Activated CO2 Gas System .............................................................................................. 727
 System activation scenarios and cylinders arrangement ................................................................................................ 728
 Main Cylinders activation by pilot cylinder..................................................................................................................... 728
 Master and slave cylinders configuration ...................................................................................................................... 729
 Main and Reserve cylinders configuration ..................................................................................................................... 730
 Selector Valve Cylinder Arrangements (For Multi-Zone Applications) ............................................................................. 731
 CO2 Gas System Design Calculations ............................................................................................................................. 731
 Total flooding (surface fire) calculations ........................................................................................................................ 732
 Total flooding (Deep seated fire) calculations ................................................................................................................ 738
 Automatic FM-200 Gas System Design .......................................................................................................................... 740
 Explanation of FM-200 System in Pictures ..................................................................................................................... 741
 Automatic FM200 System Activation ............................................................................................................................. 742
 Manual FM200 System Activation ................................................................................................................................. 743
 System Components & Activation .................................................................................................................................. 744
 Agent cylinder operated by pilot N2 cylinder ................................................................................................................. 745
 Agent cylinder operated internally by pressurized N2 gas .............................................................................................. 745
 FM-200 System Operation ............................................................................................................................................. 746
 FM-200 System Calculations.......................................................................................................................................... 746
 Notes for FM 200 System .............................................................................................................................................. 749
Page 16
 Fire Elite Software Description ......................................................................................................................................... 750
 MEO Notes ....................................................................................................................................................................... 761
 Pipe Support Spacing..................................................................................................................................................... 762
 Pipe Actual Size Per Material ......................................................................................................................................... 763
 Pipe Sleeves and Insulation............................................................................................................................................ 764
 DR and WS Pipes Material As Per Specs ......................................................................................................................... 765
 AHU Sizing Calculation .................................................................................................................................................. 765
 SBG Notes......................................................................................................................................................................... 772
 Duct Design (As per SMACNA) ....................................................................................................................................... 772
 HAP Preferences from ASHRAE ...................................................................................................................................... 773
 Partition unconditioned space temperature................................................................................................................... 773
 Lighting Heat Dissipation .............................................................................................................................................. 774
 U-Values of Selected Types of Walls, Roofs, and Floors .................................................................................................. 775
 U-Values of Selected Types of Glass ............................................................................................................................... 776
 TRANE Chiller System Design and Control + Valve Types ................................................................................................ 778
 Installation Requirements of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13) ............................................................................................. 784
 Fire Pump Room Considerations (NFPA 20).................................................................................................................... 793
 Drainage System Preferences (IPC - UPC - NSPC)............................................................................................................ 794
 Fixtures, Fixtures Fittings and Cleanouts ........................................................................................................................ 794
 Drainage Pipes Sizing .................................................................................................................................................... 795
 Drainage Vent Pipes Sizing (IPC 2006) ........................................................................................................................... 797
 Rain Water Pipes Sizing (UPC) ....................................................................................................................................... 798
 Gutter Sizing (UPC)........................................................................................................................................................ 800
 Condensate Drain Pipe Sizing (NSPC) ............................................................................................................................. 801
 Water Supply System Preferences (IPC 2012 - ASPE 2006) ............................................................................................. 802
 RELK Notes ....................................................................................................................................................................... 806
 HVAC ............................................................................................................................................................................ 806
 Cooling tower basics calculation formulas | Cooling Tower Efficiency ............................................................................ 806
 Terminology in Cooling Tower ....................................................................................................................................... 807
 Types of Cooling Towers ................................................................................................................................................ 807
 Design Calculations of cooling tower ............................................................................................................................. 809
 Heat Loss from Electrical Motors of Equipment to Surroundings .................................................................................... 812
 Standard U-Values for Roofs, Ceilings, and Floors as per Khatib & Alami ....................................................................... 813
 Drainage ....................................................................................................................................................................... 814
 Manholes Sizing ............................................................................................................................................................ 814
 Under Water Drainage Lift Station Calculation .............................................................................................................. 815
Page 17
  Water Supply ................................................................................................................................................................ 825
 Fire Fighting .................................................................................................................................................................. 825
 General notes................................................................................................................................................................ 825
 CAD notes ..................................................................................................................................................................... 827
 Plumbing Easy References ................................................................................................................................................ 828
 Water Demand In Liters (Egyptian Code) ....................................................................................................................... 828
 Water Distribution System Design Criteria Required Capacity at Fixture Supply Pipe Outlets .......................................... 829
 Conversion of Fixture Units to GPM ............................................................................................................................... 830
 Load Values Assigned to Fixtures ................................................................................................................................... 831
 Size of Drain and Overflow Pipes for Water Tanks ......................................................................................................... 834
 Appendix E - Sizing of Water Piping System ................................................................................................................... 835
 Water Distribution System Design Criteria Required Capacity at Fixture Supply Pipe Outlets .......................................... 836
 Allowance in Equivalents Lengths of Pipe for Friction Loss in Values & Threaded Fittings (ft) ......................................... 837
 Pressure Loss in Fittings & Valves Expressed as Equivalent Length of Tube (ft) ............................................................... 837
 Example of Equivalent Length of Fittings ....................................................................................................................... 838
 Hot Water Demand per Fixture for Various Types of Buildings at a Final Temperature of 140 °F (60°C), gph (L/hr)......... 838
 HAP Easy References ........................................................................................................................................................ 839
 ASHRAE Climatic Design Conditions ............................................................................................................................... 857
 Minimum Ventilation Rates in Breathing Zone............................................................................................................... 860
 Minimum Exhaust Rates................................................................................................................................................ 864
 Minimum Outdoor & Primary Airflow Rates .................................................................................................................. 866
 Lighting Density Values (w/ft2) for Different Facilities (Rules of Thumb Handbook) ........................................................ 867
 Nonresidential Cooling & Heating Load Calculation (Equipment & Lighting Heat Dissipation) ........................................ 870
 U-Values for Walls, Windows, Doors, Floors, Roofs, and Skylights.................................................................................. 883
 Infiltration Load (ACH Values for Structure Types) and People Load ............................................................................... 887

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