Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
A periodic table is required to work many of the problems in this chapter.
1. In a cathode ray tube

A) electrons pass from the anode to the cathode.
B) electrons pass from the cathode to the anode.
C) protons pass from the anode to the cathode.
D) protons pass from the cathode to the anode.
Ans: B Category: Medium Section: 2.2
2. The elements in a column of the periodic table are known as

A) metalloids. B) a period. C) noble gases. D) a group. E) nonmetals.
Ans: D Category: Easy Section: 2.4
3. Which of the following elements is most likely to be a good conductor of electricity?

A) N B) S C) He D) Cl E) Fe
Ans: E Category: Easy Section: 2.4
4. An anion is defined as
A) a charged atom or group of atoms with a net negative charge.
B) a stable atom.
C) a group of stable atoms.
D) an atom or group of atoms with a net positive charge.
Ans: A Category: Easy Section: 2.5
5. The scientist who determined the magnitude of the electric charge of the electron was
A) John Dalton. D) Henry Moseley.
B) Robert Millikan. E) R. Chang.
C) J. J. Thomson.
Ans: B Category: Easy Section: 2.2
6. When J. J. Thomson discovered the electron, what physical property of the electron did
he measure?
A) its charge, e D) its mass, m
B) its charge-to-mass ratio, e/m E) its atomic number, Z
C) its temperature, T
7. Which of the following scientists developed the nuclear model of the atom?
A) John Dalton D) Henry Moseley
B) Robert Millikan E) Ernest Rutherford
C) J. J. Thomson
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8. Rutherford's experiment with alpha particle scattering by gold foil established that
A) protons are not evenly distributed throughout an atom.
B) electrons have a negative charge.
C) electrons have a positive charge.
D) atoms are made of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
E) protons are 1840 times heavier than electrons.
Ans: A Category: Medium Section: 2.2
9. Atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called
A) ions. B) neutrons. C) allotropes. D) chemical families. E) isotopes.
10. How many neutrons are there in an atom of uranium whose mass number is 235?
A) 92 B) 143 C) 235 D) 238 E) 327
11. How many protons are there in an atom of uranium whose mass number is 235?
A) 92 B) 143 C) 235 D) 238 E) 327
12. An atom of the isotope chlorine-37 consists of how many protons, neutrons, and
electrons? (p = proton, n = neutron, e = electron)
A) 17 p, 18.45 n, 17 e D) 17 p, 37 n, 17 e
B) 17 p, 20 n, 7 e E) 20 p, 17 n, 20 e
C) 17 p, 20 n, 17 e
Ans: C Category: Medium Section: 2.3
13. Give the number of protons (p), electrons (e), and neutrons (n) in one atom of nickel-62.
A) 28 p, 28 e, 28 n C) 62 p, 28 e, 28 n
B) 28 p, 28 e, 34 n D) 62 p, 62 e, 28 n
14. Which one of the following is an ion?

A) B3+ B) NaCl C) He D) 14 C E) none of the above
15. Which one of the following elements is most likely to form a 2+ ion?
A) beryllium B) carbon C) fluorine D) oxygen E) sodium
16. Which one of the following elements is most likely to form a 2– ion?
A) scandium B) selenium C) silicon D) strontium E) iodine
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17. Two isotopes of an element differ in their

A) symbol. D) number of protons.
B) atomic number. E) number of electrons.
C) atomic mass.
Ans: C Category: Easy Section: 2.3
18. A magnesium ion, Mg2+, has

A) 12 protons and 13 electrons. D) 24 protons and 22 electrons.
B) 24 protons and 26 electrons. E) 12 protons and 14 electrons.
C) 12 protons and 10 electrons.
19. An aluminum ion, Al3+, has:

A) 13 protons and 13 electrons D) 13 protons and 10 electrons
B) 27 protons and 24 electrons E) 10 protons and 13 electrons
C) 16 protons and 13 electrons
Ans: D Category: Medium Section: 2.5
20. An oxide ion, O2– , has:

21. A phosphide ion has:

22. An iron(II) ion has:

A) 24 electrons and a charge of 2+ D) 28 electrons and a charge of 2+
B) 24 electrons and a charge of 2– E) 28 electrons and a charge of 2–
C) 26 electrons and a charge of 2+
23. How many protons and electrons are present in one Br– ion?
A) 35 p, 35 e B) 80 p, 81 e C) 35 p, 34 e D) 35 p, 36 e E) 80 p, 34 e
24. Which of the following pairs of elements would be most likely to form an ionic
compound?
A) P and Br B) Cu and K C) C and O D) O and Zn E) Al and Rb
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25. Which pair of elements would be most likely to form an ionic compound?
A) P and Br B) Zn and K C) F and Al D) C and S E) Al and Rb
26. Given that the ion ClO 3 – is named chlorate, what is the ion ClO 4 – named?
A) chloride B) chlorite C) hypochlorite D) perchlorite E) perchlorate
Ans: E Category: Medium Section: 2.7
27. What is the formula for the ionic compound formed by calcium ions and nitrate ions?
A) Ca3 N2 B) Ca(NO3 )2 C) Ca2 NO3 D) Ca2NO2 E) CaNO3
28. What is the formula for the ionic compound formed by calcium and selenium?
A) CaSe B) Ca2 Se C) CaSe2 D) Ca3 Se E) CaSe3
29. What is the formula for the ionic compound formed by magnesium and iodine?
A) MgI B) Mg2 I C) MgI 2 D) MgI3 E) Mg3 I
30. What is the formula for the binary compound formed by potassium and nitrogen?
A) KN B) K2 N C) NK2 D) K3N E) NK3
31. Predict the formula for the binary compound formed between barium and phosphorus.
A) BaP B) Ba 2 P C) BaP2 D) Ba 2 P3 E) Ba3 P2
32. Name the binary compound formed between barium and phosphorus.
A) barium phosphorus D) barium diphosphate
B) barium phosphide E) barium triphosphide
C) barium phosphate
33. Which is the correct formula for copper(II) phosphate?

A) Cu2 PO4 B) Cu3 (PO4 )2 C) Cu2 PO3 D) Cu(PO4 )2 E) Cu(PO3 )2
34. The chemical name for ClO 3 – is chlorate ion. Therefore, the name of HClO 3 is
A) hydrochloric acid D) chlorous acid
B) chloroform E) chloric acid
C) hydrogen trioxychloride
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35. The chemical name for ClO 2 – is chlorite ion. Therefore, the name of HClO 2 is
A) hydrochloric acid D) chlorous acid
B) chloroform E) chloric acid
C) hydrogen dioxychloride
36. Which of the following is the formula for hydrobromic acid?

A) KBr B) HBr C) HBrO D) HBrO 2 E) HBrO 3
37. The formula for calcium phosphate is

A) CaPO4 . B) Ca3 (PO4 )2 . C) Ca2 (PO4 )3 . D) Ca3 P2 . E) Ca3 (PO3 )2 .
38. The formula for magnesium sulfate is

A) MnS B) MgS C) MnSO3 D) MgSO4
39. The formula for sodium sulfide is

A) NaS. B) K2 S. C) NaS2 . D) Na2 S. E) SeS.
40. The correct name for NH4 NO3 is

A) ammonium nitrate. D) hydrogen nitrogen oxide.
B) ammonium nitrogen trioxide. E) hydrogen nitrate.
C) ammonia nitrogen oxide.
41. The correct name for Ba(OH)2 is

A) barium hydrogen oxide. D) beryllium hydroxide.
B) boron hydroxide. E) barium hydroxide.
C) barium hydrate.
42. The correct name for KHCO3 is

A) calcium bicarbonate. D) calcium hydrogen carbon trioxide.
B) calcium carbonate. E) potassium hydrogen carbonate.
C) potassium carbonate.
43. The correct name for CuSO4 ·5H2 O is

A) copper sulfate acid. D) copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate.
B) copper sulfate pentahydrate. E) copper(V) sulfate hydrate.
C) copper(II) sulfate acid.
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44. Give the formula for cobalt(II) chlorate dihydrate

A) CoCl2 ·2H2 O D) Co(ClO 3 )2 ·2H2 O
B) CoClO 3 (H2 O)2 E) Co2 (ClO 3 )3 ·2H2O
C) Co(ClO 3 )2 (H2 O)2
45. The Stock system name for Mn2 O7 is

A) dimanganese heptaoxide. D) manganese(II) oxide.
B) magnesium oxide. E) manganese(III) oxide.
C) manganese(VII) oxide.
46. The Stock system name for As2 S5 is

A) arsenic(V) sulfide. D) arsenic(V) sulfate.
B) diarsenic pentasulfide. E) diarsenic sulfate.
C) arsenic(III) sulfide.
47. Consistent with vanadium being a transition metal, the name for VSO4 should be
A) vanadium sulfide. D) vanadium (II) sulfate.
B) vanadium (I) sulfite. E) vanadium sulfur tetraoxide.
C) vanadium (I) sulfate.
48. Which is the correct formula for lead(IV) chloride?

A) Pb4 Cl B) PbCl2 C) PbCl3 D) PbCl4 E) Pb2 Cl4
49. The chemical formula for iron(II) nitrate is

A) Fe2 (NO3 )3 B) Ir(NO2 )2 C) Fe2 N3 D) Fe(NO3 )2 E) Fe(NO2 )2
50. The Stock system name for Co2 (SO3 )3 is:

A) cobalt sulfate D) cobalt(III) sulfite
B) cobalt(II) sulfite E) cobalt(III) sulfate
C) cobalt(II) sulfate
51. The Stock system name for CrO 3 is:

A) chromium oxide D) chromium(III) oxide
B) chromium(II) oxide E) chromium(VI) oxide
C) chromium(III) trioxide
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52. The straight chain hydrocarbon that contains six carbon atoms is
A) propane B) butane C) pentane D) hexane E) heptane
53. The mineral pyrolusite is a compound of manganese-55 and oxygen-16. If 63% of the
mass of pyrolusite is due to manganese, what is the empirical formula of pyrolusite?
A) MnO B) Mn2 O C) Mn2 O2 D) MnO2 E) none of these
Ans: D Category: Difficult
54. The mineral manganosite is a compound of manganese-55 and oxygen-16. If 77% of the
mass of manganosite is due to manganese, what is the empirical formula of manganosite?
A) MnO B) Mn2 O C) Mn2 O2 D) MnO2 E) none of these
Ans: A Category: Difficult Section: 2.6
55. The mineral hausmannite is a compound of manganese-55 and oxygen-16. If 72% of the
mass of hausmannite is due to manganese, what is the empirical formula of hausmannite?
A) MnO B) Mn3 O C) Mn3 O4 D) Mn4 O3 E) MnO 3
Ans: C Category: Difficult Section: 2.6
56. Zircon is a mineral with the empirical formula ZrSiO 4 . If all the zirconium is 90 Zr, all the
silicon is 28 Si, and all the oxygen is 16 O, what mass of oxygen is present in 10. g of
zircon?
A) 0.88 g B) 1.2 g C) 1.8 g D) 3.5 g E) 5.4 g
57. The mineral orpiment, having the empirical formula As2 S3 , was used in ancient times as a
cosmetic. What mass of arsenic is present in 5.0 g of orpiment? [Given: naturally
occurring arsenic is all arsenic-75; assume that all naturally occurring sulfur is sulfur-32
(only approximately true)]
A) 0.61 g B) 3.0 g C) 1.5 g D) 2.0 g E) 3.5 g
58. Which of the following elements is chemically similar to magnesium?

A) sulfur B) calcium C) iron D) nickel E) potassium
59. Which of the following elements is chemically similar to oxygen?

A) sulfur B) calcium C) iron D) nickel E) sodium
60. Which of the following elements is chemically similar to potassium?

A) calcium B) arsenic C) phosphorus D) cerium E) cesium
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61. Describe the contributions of Marie Curie.

Ans: (note that answers will vary) Marie Curie discovered two new elements, and is one
of three people to win two Nobel Prizes. She also suggested the term
“radioactivity” to describe the spontaneous emission of particles and/or radiation.
Category: Easy Section: 2.1
62. What is the law of conservation of mass?

Ans: Matter can be neither created nor destroyed.
63. What are the three subatomic particles that are important in chemistry?
Ans: electrons, protons, and neutrons
64. What are the three types of radiation produced by the decay of substances like uranium?
Ans: Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation
65. How many electrons, protons, and neutrons does an iron-55 atom have?
Ans: 26 electrons, 26 protons, and 29 neutrons
Category: Medium Section: 2.3
66. Define the term molecule.

Ans: A molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held
together by chemical forces.
67. What are the seven elements that naturally occur as diatomic molecules?
Ans: Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
68. Define ion.

Ans: An ion is an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge.
69. In the early 1900s, Ernest Rutherford performed an experiment with gold foil targets and
alpha particles to probe the structure of the atoms. He observed that most of these alpha
particles penetrated the foil undeflected. Realizing that atoms are electrically neutral (that
is, they have equal numbers of protons and electrons) and that the mass of a proton is
significantly greater than the mass of an electron, use Rutherford's data to propose a
structural model of an atom.
Ans: (Answers will vary.) Atoms are mostly empty space. The mass is concentrated
mostly at the center of the atom.
Page 30
Use the following to answer questions 70-76:
70. Use the periodic table above to show where the alkali metals are located.
Ans: Group 1A
71. Use the periodic table above to show where the alkaline earth metals are located.
Ans: Group 2A
72. Use the periodic table above to show where the metals are located.
Ans: Group 2A
73. Use the periodic table above to show where the metalloids are located.
Ans: Group 2A
74. Use the periodic table above to show where the nonmetals are located.
Ans: Group 2A
75. Use the periodic table above to show where the halogen elements are located.
Ans: Group 7A
Page 31
76. Use the periodic table above to show where the noble gases are located.
Ans: Group 8A
77. How many protons are there in one atom of nickel?

Ans: 28
78. How many protons are there in one atom of magnesium?

Ans: 12
79. How many protons are there in one atom of xenon?

Ans: 54
80. How many protons are there in one atom of uranium?

Ans: 92
81. A molecule of antifreeze, ethylene glycol, has the formula C2 H4 (OH)2 . How many atoms
are there in one molecule of antifreeze?
Ans: 10
82. What is the total number of atomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) in an atom
of 3 H?
Ans: 4
of 40 Ca?
Ans: 60
of 18 F?
Ans: 27
85. How many atoms are in one molecule of CaCl2 ?

Ans: 3
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86. How many atoms are in one molecule of C6 H12 O6 ?

Ans: 24
87. Give the formula for potassium oxide.

Ans: K2O
88. Give the formula for calcium chloride.

Ans: CaCl2
89. Give the formula for carbon disulfide.

Ans: CS2
90. Give the formula for lithium hydroxide.

Ans: LiOH
91. Give the formula for nickel(II) sulfate.

Ans: NiSO4
92. Name the following binary compound: FeS.

Ans: iron(II) sulfide
93. Name the following binary compound: NaH.

Ans: sodium hydride
94. Name the following binary compound: MnCl2 .

Ans: manganese(II) chloride
95. Name the following binary compound: AgCl.

Ans: silver chloride; may accept silver(I) chloride.
96. Name the following binary compound: Fe2 O3 .

Ans: iron(III) oxide (or ferric oxide)
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97. Name the following ternary compound: CuCO3 .

Ans: copper(II) carbonate
98. Name the following ternary compound: FeSO4 .

Ans: iron(II) sulfate
99. Name the following ternary compound: Na3 PO4 .

Ans: sodium phosphate
100. Name the following ternary compound: Al(NO3 )3 .

Ans: aluminum nitrate
101. Name the following compound: Cl2 O7 .

Ans: dichlorine heptaoxide, or dichlorine heptoxide
102. Name the straight chain hydrocarbon that contains eight carbon atoms.
Ans: octane
103. The table below describes four atoms.
Atom A Atom B Atom C Atom D

Number of protons 79 80 80 79
Number of neutrons 118 120 118 120
Number of electrons 79 80 80 79
Which atoms represent the same element?

Ans: Atoms A and D represent the same element, and atoms B and C represent the same
element.
104. Consider a neutral atom of the following isotope of sulfur:

34
16 S
How many electrons, protons, and neutrons does the atom contain?
Page 34
105. How many electrons, protons, and neutrons are in a neutral atom of the following isotope
of calcium?
44
20 Ca
of krypton?
84
36 Kr
of gadolinium?
160
64 Gd
How many electrons, protons, and neutrons are there?
108. Write the names and symbols of two metals and two nonmetals. Identify which are the
metals and which are the nonmetals.
Ans: (Answers will vary.) Metals: iron, Fe; sodium, Na; etc. Nonmetals: chlorine, Cl;
nitrogen, N; etc.
109. Predict the formula for the binary compound formed between potassium and sulfur.
Ans: K2 S
110. Predict the formula for the binary compound formed between aluminum and fluorine.
Ans: AlF 3
111. Give the formula of magnesium nitrate.

Ans: Mg(NO3 )2
112. Give the formula of calcium phosphate.

Ans: Ca3 (PO4 )2
113. Give the formula of iron(II) phosphate.

Ans: Fe3 (PO4 )2
Page 35
114. Give the formula of copper(II) bromide.

Ans: CuBr2
115. Give the formula of ammonium sulfate.

Ans: (NH4 )2 SO4
116. Give the formula of hydrochloric acid.

Ans: HCl
117. Give the formula of carbonic acid.

Ans: H2 CO3
118. Give the formula of nitric acid.

Ans: HNO3
119. Give the formula of sulfuric acid.

Ans: H2 SO4
120. Write the formula for the acid formed from the fluoride anion, and then name the acid.
Ans: HF, hydrofluoric acid
121. Write the formula for the acid formed from the nitrite anion, and then name the acid.
Ans: HNO2 , nitrous acid
122. Write the formula for the acid formed from the permanganate anion, and then name the
acid.
Ans: HMnO 4 , permanganic acid
123. Write the formula for the acid formed from the hydrogen sulfate anion, and then name the
acid.
Ans: H2 SO4 , sulfuric acid
Category: Difficult Section: 2.7
124. The elements known as the halogens are useful as disinfectants. Name two halogens.
Ans: (two of these) fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine
Page 36
125. Define allotrope.

Ans: An allotrope is one of the two or more distinct forms of an element.
126. What are isotopes?

Ans: Atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number but different mass
numbers.
127. Name the following compound: NaNO2 .

Ans: sodium nitrite
128. Name the following compound: KCl.

Ans: potassium chloride
129. Name the following compound: Mg(NO3 )2 .

Ans: magnesium nitrate
130. Write the formula of ammonium chlorate.

Ans: NH4 ClO 3
131. Write the formula of lead(II) chloride.

Ans: PbCl2
132. Write the formula of calcium carbonate.

Ans: CaCO3
133. The formula for isopropyl alcohol is sometimes written as (CH3 )2 CHOH to better indicate
how the atoms are connected. How many hydrogen atoms would be contained in 3 dozen
isopropyl alcohol molecules?
Ans: 288
134. Almost all the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.

Ans: True Category: Easy
135. Marie Curie suggested the name “radioactivity” to describe the spontaneous emission of
particles and/or radiation.
Page 37
136. Using a cathode ray tube, J. J. Thomson determined the magnitude of the electric charge
on the electron.
Ans: False Category: Easy
137. When a beam of alpha particles passes between two electrically charged plates, the beam
is deflected toward the positive plate.
Ans: False Category: Medium
138. The proton is about 1840 times heavier than the electron.
139. The atomic number is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of an
element.
140. The number of neutrons in all atoms of an element is the same.

Ans: False Category: Medium
141. An empirical formula tell us which elements are present in a compound and gives us the
simplest, whole- number ratio of the atoms of these elements in the compound.
Ans: True Category: Medium
Page 38

Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

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Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

A periodic table is required to work many of the problems in this chapter.

1. In a cathode ray tube

2. The elements in a column of the periodic table are known as

3. Which of the following elements is most likely to be a good conductor of electricity?

14. Which one of the following is an ion?

17. Two isotopes of an element differ in their

18. A magnesium ion, Mg2+, has

19. An aluminum ion, Al3+, has:

20. An oxide ion, O2– , has:

21. A phosphide ion has:

22. An iron(II) ion has:

33. Which is the correct formula for copper(II) phosphate?

36. Which of the following is the formula for hydrobromic acid?

37. The formula for calcium phosphate is

38. The formula for magnesium sulfate is

39. The formula for sodium sulfide is

40. The correct name for NH4 NO3 is

41. The correct name for Ba(OH)2 is

42. The correct name for KHCO3 is

43. The correct name for CuSO4 ·5H2 O is

44. Give the formula for cobalt(II) chlorate dihydrate

45. The Stock system name for Mn2 O7 is

46. The Stock system name for As2 S5 is

48. Which is the correct formula for lead(IV) chloride?

49. The chemical formula for iron(II) nitrate is

50. The Stock system name for Co2 (SO3 )3 is:

51. The Stock system name for CrO 3 is:

58. Which of the following elements is chemically similar to magnesium?

59. Which of the following elements is chemically similar to oxygen?

60. Which of the following elements is chemically similar to potassium?

61. Describe the contributions of Marie Curie.

62. What is the law of conservation of mass?

66. Define the term molecule.

68. Define ion.

Use the following to answer questions 70-76:

77. How many protons are there in one atom of nickel?

78. How many protons are there in one atom of magnesium?

79. How many protons are there in one atom of xenon?

80. How many protons are there in one atom of uranium?

85. How many atoms are in one molecule of CaCl2 ?

86. How many atoms are in one molecule of C6 H12 O6 ?

87. Give the formula for potassium oxide.

88. Give the formula for calcium chloride.

89. Give the formula for carbon disulfide.

90. Give the formula for lithium hydroxide.

91. Give the formula for nickel(II) sulfate.

92. Name the following binary compound: FeS.

93. Name the following binary compound: NaH.

94. Name the following binary compound: MnCl2 .

95. Name the following binary compound: AgCl.

96. Name the following binary compound: Fe2 O3 .

97. Name the following ternary compound: CuCO3 .

98. Name the following ternary compound: FeSO4 .

99. Name the following ternary compound: Na3 PO4 .

100. Name the following ternary compound: Al(NO3 )3 .

101. Name the following compound: Cl2 O7 .

103. The table below describes four atoms.

Atom A Atom B Atom C Atom D