Philosophy

Philosophy
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For other uses, see Philosophy (disambiguation).
The School of Athens (1509–1511) by Raphael, depicting famous classical Greek philosophers in an idealized

setting inspired by ancient Greek architecture
Part of a series on
Philosophy
 Plato
 Kant
 Nietzsche
 Buddha
 Confucius
 Averroes
Branches
 Aesthetics
 Epistemology
 Ethics
 Legal philosophy
 Logic
 Metaphysics
 Philosophy of language
 Philosophy of mind
 Philosophy of science
 Political philosophy
 Social philosophy
Periods
 Ancient
o Pre-Socratic
o Hellenistic
 Medieval
 Modern
o Early modern
o Late modern
 Contemporary
Traditions
 Analytic
o Neopositivism
o Ordinary language
 Continental
o Existentialism
o Phenomenology
 Pragmatism
 Skepticism
Traditions by region
 African
 Eastern
o Chinese
o Indian
 Middle-Eastern
o Egyptian
o Iranian
 Western
Traditions by school
 Aristotelian
 Augustinian
 Averroist
 Avicennist
 Hegelian
 Kantian
 Occamist
 Platonist
o Neoplatonist
 Scotist
 Thomist
Traditions by religion
 Buddhist
 Christian
o Humanist
 Hindu
 Jain
 Jewish
o Judeo-Islamic
 Islamic
o Early Islamic
o Illuminationist
o Sufi
Literature
 Aesthetics
 Epistemology
 Ethics
 Logic
 Metaphysics
 Political philosophy
Philosophers
 Aestheticians
 Epistemologists
 Ethicists
 Logicians
 Metaphysicians
 Social and political philosophers
Lists
 Index
 Outline
 Years
 Problems
 Publications
 Theories
 Glossary
 Philosophers
Miscellaneous
 Philosopher
 Wisdom
 Women in philosophy
Philosophy portal
 v
 t
 e
Philosophy (from Greek: φιλοσοφία, philosophia, 'love of wisdom'[1][2][3]) is the study of

general and fundamental questions, such as those
about reason, existence, knowledge, values, mind, and language.[4][5] Such questions are
often posed as problems[6][7] to be studied or resolved. The term was probably coined
by Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BCE). Philosophical
methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic
presentation.[8][9][i]
Historically, philosophy encompassed all bodies of knowledge and a practitioner was
known as a philosopher.[10] From the time of Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle to the
19th century, "natural philosophy" encompassed astronomy, medicine, and physics.
[11]
For example, Newton's 1687 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy later
became classified as a book of physics.
In the 19th century, the growth of modern research universities led academic philosophy
and other disciplines to professionalize and specialize.[12][13] Since then, various areas of
investigation that were traditionally part of philosophy have become separate academic
disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, linguistics, and economics.
Today, major subfields of academic philosophy include metaphysics, which is
concerned with the fundamental nature of existence and reality; epistemology, which
studies the nature of knowledge and belief; ethics, which is concerned with moral value;
and logic, which studies the rules of inference that allow one to
derive conclusions from true premises.[14][15]Other notable subfields include philosophy of
science, political philosophy, aesthetics, philosophy of language, and philosophy of
mind.
Contents
 1Origins and evolution

o 1.1Philosophical progress
 2Historical overview
o 2.1Western philosophy
o 2.2Middle Eastern philosophy
o 2.3Eastern philosophy
o 2.4African philosophy
o 2.5Indigenous American philosophy
o 2.6Women in philosophy
 3Branches of philosophy
o 3.1Aesthetics
o 3.2Ethics
o 3.3Epistemology
o 3.4Metaphysics
o 3.5Logic
o 3.6Other subfields
 4Applied and professional philosophy
 5See also
 6References
o 6.1Notes
o 6.2Citations
o 6.3Bibliography
 7Further reading
o 7.1General introduction
o 7.2Topical introductions
o 7.3Historical introductions
o 7.4Reference works
 8External links

Philosophy

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Philosophy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The School of Athens (1509–1511) by Raphael, depicting famous classical Greek philosophers in an idealized

Part of a series on

Philosophy (from Greek: φιλοσοφία, philosophia, 'love of wisdom'[1][2][3]) is the study of

 1Origins and evolution

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