Qualitative Research (Links To An External Site.) Quantitative Research. (Links To An External Site.)
Qualitative Research (Links To An External Site.) Quantitative Research. (Links To An External Site.)
Qualitative Research (Links To An External Site.) Quantitative Research. (Links To An External Site.)
INDUCTIVE RESEARCH methods are used to analyze an observed event. DEDUCTIVE METHODS are
used to verify the observed event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research (Links
to an external site.) and deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative
research. (Links to an external site.)
What are the processes that need to be followed to chase the idea?
What is the evidence that will be required for people to believe in the idea or concept?
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. A systematic approach must be followed for accurate data. Rules and procedures are an
integral part of the process that set the objective. Researchers need to practice ethics and a
code of conduct while making observations or drawing conclusions.
2. Research is based on logical reasoning and involves both inductive and deductive methods.
3. The data or knowledge that is derived is in real time from actual observations in natural settings.
4. There is an in-depth analysis of all data collected so that there are no anomalies associated
with it.
5. Research creates a path for generating new questions. Existing data helps create more
opportunities for research.
6. Research is analytical in nature. It makes use of all the available data so that there is no
ambiguity in inference.
7. Accuracy is one of the most important aspects of research. The information that is obtained
should be accurate and true to its nature. For example, laboratories provide a controlled
environment to collect data. Accuracy is measured in the instruments used, the calibrations of
instruments or tools, and the final result of the experiment.
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF RESEARCH?
BASIC RESEARCH: A basic research definition is data collected to enhance knowledge. The main
motivation is knowledge expansion. It is a non-commercial research that doesn’t facilitate in creating
or inventing anything. For example: an experiment to determine a simple fact.
APPLIED RESEARCH: Applied research focuses on analyzing and solving real-life problems. This type
refers to the study that helps solve practical problems using scientific methods. Studies play an
important role in solving issues that impact the overall well-being of humans. For example: finding a
specific cure for a disease.
For example, revenue of a car company has decreased by 12% in the last year. The following could be
the probable causes: there is no optimum production, poor quality of a product, no advertising, or
economic conditions.
PROBLEM SOLVING RESEARCH: This type of research is conducted by companies to understand and
resolve their own problems. The problem-solving method uses applied research to find solutions to the
existing problems.
Qualitative research is heavily dependent on the experience of the researchers and the questions used
to probe the sample. The sample size (Links to an external site.) is usually restricted to 6-10
people. Open-ended questions (Links to an external site.) are asked in a manner that encourages
answers that lead to another question or group of questions. The purpose of asking open-ended
questions is to gather as much information as possible from the sample.
1. One-to-one interview
2. Focus groups.
3. Ethnographic research
4. Content/Text Analysis
Online surveys allow survey creators to reach large amounts of people or smaller focus groups for
different types of research that meet different goals. Survey respondents can receive surveys on mobile
phones, in emails, or can simply use the internet to access surveys.
1. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
This type of research endeavors to describe systematically, factually, accurately, and objectively
a situation, problem, or phenomenon. It seeks to describe "what is."
In this type of research, the investigator tries to probe the significance of relationship between
two or more factors or characteristics.
3. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
In this type of inquiry, the researcher seeks to clarify why and how a relationship exists between
two or more aspects of a situation or phenomenon.
4. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
This kind of study is undertaken when the investigator is after probing or exploring areas where
little is known about the research problem.
5. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
In this type of research, the researcher probes into the cause of an effect by exploring one or
more experimental groups to one or more treatments or conditions.
Research is of this type when the investigator delves on analyzing the possible effect of a factor
which cannot be manipulated or controlled.
7. HISTORICAL RESEARCH
In historical research, the investigator attempts to reconstruct the past objectively and accurately
or to explain an incident that happened in the past with the use of data taken from the past.
8. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH
This type of research is done when the researcher is concerned with explaining or describing a
phenomenon holistically, with the use of multiple data collection techniques.
1. Get Involved.
Start by selecting a subject that really interests you and then carry out your research personally,
using both primary and secondary sources.
2. Keep a Journal.
Consider writing in a journal during your research. Thinking and writing about your work will help
you make sense of and evaluate new information.
3. Personalized It.
Present the result of your searching in light of your own thoughts and decisions about what
information means. Your readers want to consider a new twist on your topic, not just look at facts they
could gather themselves.
If you have the need to know, you may already have a good subject for your research paper. If
you are not sure, think about it. Think about the subjects you have studied in school, the hobbies you
have enjoyed, the materials you have read, the movies or television programs you have seen. Think
about the controversial topics, recent stories in the news, the political and social conditions of a city, the
interest of the young people, and things that are important in your life. To do good research, you need
to find a subject that interest you and seems practical for the time and resources available.
a. Novel
b. Relevant
c. Interesting
d. Feasible
e. Researchable
f. Ethical
Once you have selected a general subject, you need to explore it further. You can start by taking
out your journal and writing down everything you know (and do not know) about your subject. Use
the who, what when, where, why and how questions.
Once you have done all your preliminary thinking, you need to take steps to find a limiting subject.
So, with a general subject area in mind, you are ready to begin the process of zeroing in one a specific,
limited topic, one you can adequately cover in a specific time.
Example:
Broad Transportation
With a limited subject in hand, you will want next to compose a sentence to serve as the
controlling idea for your research. This called the Thesis Statement-as sentence that states what you
believe your research will prove. Even though your original thesis statement may change as you do more
research, it will guide you and make your research more productive.
HERE ARE SOME TIPS TO HELP YOU DEVELOP A USEFUL THESIS STATEMENT:
a. Consider carefully the general information you have already gathered about your subject and
decide what specifically you would like to cover in your research.
Example: What programs are currently in effect to help endangered species of eagles?
c. Now turn your question into sentence that states exactly what you would like to say about your
subject.
Example: The current program to reintroduce the eagles into the forests of the country are not
achieving the desired results.
The Process
A THESIS STATEMENT is usually a single sentence that contains two main elements- a limited
subject plus a specific attitude towards the subject. To arrive at a final thesis, you may follow this
process:
SELECTING A TOPIC
The ability to develop a good research topic is an important skill. An instructor may assign you a
specific topic, but most often instructors require you to select your own topic of interest. When deciding
on a topic, there are a few things that you will need to do:
CHOOSE A TOPIC THAT WILL ENABLE YOU TO READ AND UNDERSTAND THE LITERATURE
BE FLEXIBLE
Be aware that selecting a good topic may not be easy. It must be narrow and focused enough to be
interesting, yet broad enough to find adequate information. Before selecting your topic, make sure you
know what your final project should look like. Each class or instructor will likely require a different
format or style of research project.
USE THE STEPS BELOW TO GUIDE YOU THROUGH THE PROCESS OF SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC.
Choose a topic that interests you. Use the following questions to help generate topic ideas.
Did you read or see a news story recently that has piqued your interest or made you angry or
anxious?
Do you have a personal issue, problem or interest that you would like to know more about?
Is there an aspect of a class that you are interested in learning more about?
Look at some of the following topically oriented Web sites and research sites for ideas.
Are you interested in current events, government, politics or the social sciences?
Try Washington File
Write down any key words or concepts that may be of interest to you. Could these terms help be used
to form a more focused research topic?
Be aware of overused ideas when deciding a topic. You may wish to avoid topics such as, abortion, gun
control, teen pregnancy, or suicide unless you feel you have a unique approach to the topic. Ask the
instructor for ideas if you feel you are stuck or need additional guidance.
Read a general encyclopedia article on the top two or three topics you are considering. Reading a broad
summary enables you to get an overview of the topic and see how your idea relates to broader,
narrower, and related issues. It also provides a great source for finding words commonly used to
describe the topic. These keywords may be very useful to your later research. If you can’t find an article
on your topic, try using broader terms and ask for help from a librarian.
For example, the Encyclopedia Britannica Online (or the printed version of this encyclopedia, in
Thompson Library's Reference Collection on Reference Table 1) may not have an article on Social and
Political Implications of Jackie Robinsons Breaking of the Color Barrier in Major League Baseball but
there will be articles on baseball history and on Jackie Robinson.
Browse the Encyclopedia Americana for information on your topic ideas. Notice that both online
encyclopedias provide links to magazine articles and Web sites. These are listed in the left or the right
margins.
Use periodical indexes to scan current magazine, journal or newspaper articles on your topic.
Ask a librarian if they can help you to browse articles on your topics of interest.
Use Web search engines. Google and Bing are currently considered to be two of the best search
engines to find web sites on the topic.
Keep it manageable.
A topic will be very difficult to research if it is too broad or narrow. One way to narrow a broad topic
such as "the environment" is to limit your topic. Some common ways to limit a topic are:
by geographical area
Example: What environmental issues are most important in the Southwestern United States
by culture
Example: How does the environment fit into the Navajo world view?
by time frame
Example: What are the most prominent environmental issues of the last 10 years?
by discipline
by population group
locally confined - Topics this specific may only be covered in these (local) newspapers, if at all.
Example: What sources of pollution affect the Genesee County water supply?
recent - If a topic is quite recent, books or journal articles may not be available, but newspaper
or magazine articles may. Also, Web sites related to the topic may or may not be available.
Example: How can the environment contribute to the culture, politics, and society of the Western
states?
popular - You will only find very popular articles about some topics such as sports figures and
high-profile celebrities and musicians.
If you have any difficulties or questions with focusing your topic, discuss the topic with your instructor,
or with a librarian.
Keep track of the words that are used to describe your topic.
Find broader and narrower terms, synonyms, key concepts for key words to widen your search
capabilities
Make note of these words and use them later when searching databases and catalogs
STEP 5: BE FLEXIBLE
It is common to modify your topic during the research process. You can never be sure of what you may
find. You may find too much and need to narrow your focus, or too little and need to broaden your
focus. This is a normal part of the research process. When researching, you may not wish to change your
topic, but you may decide that some other aspect of the topic is more interesting or manageable.
Keep in mind the assigned length of the research paper, project, bibliography, or other research
assignment. Be aware of the depth of coverage needed and the due date. These important factors may
help you decide how much and when you will modify your topic. You instructor will probably provide
specific requirements, if not the table below may provide a rough guide:
Assigned Length of Research Suggested guidelines for approximate number and types of
Paper or Project sources needed
3–5-page paper 4-8 items, including book, articles (scholarly and/or popular) and
Web sites
Annotated Bibliography 6-15 items including books, scholarly articles, Web sites and other
items
10–15-page research paper 12-20 items, including books, scholarly articles, web sites and other
items
You will often begin with a word, develop a more focused interest in an aspect of something relating to
that word, then begin to have questions about the topic.
For example:
Use the key words you have gathered to research in the catalog, article databases, and Internet search
engines. Find more information to help you answer your research question.
You will need to do some research and reading before you select your final topic. Can you find enough
information to answer your research question? Remember, SELECTING A TOPIC is an important and
complex part of the research process.
Write your topic as a thesis statement. This may be the answer to your research question and/or a way
to clearly state the purpose of your research. Your thesis statement will usually be one or two sentences
that states precisely what is to be answered, proven, or what you will inform your audience about
your topic.
The development of a thesis assumes there is sufficient evidence to support the thesis statement.
For example, a thesis statement could be: Frank Lloyd Wright's design principles, including his use of
ornamental detail and his sense of space and texture opened a new era of American architecture. His
work has influenced contemporary residential design.
The title of your paper may not be exactly the same as your research question or your thesis statement,
but the title should clearly convey the focus, purpose and meaning of your research.
For example, a title could be: Frank Lloyd Wright: Key Principles of Design For the Modern Home
FRONT MATERIAL
Title Page
It gives the full title of the research, the researcher's name, name of college or university, degree
conferred and the date of submission. The Information required in the title page is arrange in inverted
pyramid.
Approval Sheet
It contains the signature of the researcher's adviser, panel members, reader or critic and the dean
of the college granting the degree.
Acknowledgement Page
It embodies the researcher's expression of gratitude to individuals or organizations which have
aided him in completing the study. Thus, only those who gave him substantial help should be
recognized.
Abstract
It is a brief summary of the research that was completed. The following have to be included in the
abstract: title of the study, name of the researcher, nature of the document, degree conferred, granting
institution, year the manuscript was written, number of pages, statement of the problem, research
methods and procedures, as well as the findings of the study.
Table of Contents
This front material orients the reader on the content of the research report. Entry in the table of
content parallels those found in the different chapters of the report and their respective subsections.
The exact numbering of pages in the body of the report is indicated in the same way in this particular
preliminary material.
This come right after the table of content. Tables and figures cited in the body of the report are
presented consecutively in one page, based on their sequence in the text of the report.
BODY SECTION
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms
Introductory Paragraph
Foreign Literature
Local Literature
Foreign Studies
Local Studies
Synthesis
BACK MATERIAL
Bibliography/References
Appendices
Material used or produced in the study, but which occupy too much space to be included in the
body of the report.
Curriculum Vitae
The review of the literature and studies involves the critiquing or looking over again what other
research have done in relation to the problem studied. Conducting the review serves numerous
purposes.
1. Can broaden the researcher's knowledge base in the research area.
4. It provide the researcher insights on the weaknesses and strengths of the previous studies.
5. It ca help the researcher in formulating the theoretical and conceptual framework.
1. The text of the review should be brief and direct to the point.
PRESENTING THE REVIEW
Literature and studies are presented according to the year they were written.
A. Introduction
Literature and studies with the same finding or themes are group together.
A. Introduction
Literature and studies are categorized by country where they came from. This scheme is
popularly used.
A. Introduction
E. Local Studies
INTRODUCTION
It is in here where the researcher have to make the reader aware on how the paper present the
RRL.
SYNTHESIS
It specify the uniqueness of the study to the literature and studies that the researcher included in
the review.
LITERATURE REVIEW
It is a comprehensive classification and evaluation of what other researchers have written about your
topic.
An exciting literature review presents conflicting or contradictory results of previous studies, w/c could
then be a research gap that will be filled by your study."
It identifies areas that could be studied when you can establish that there seems to be a lack of
attention on a given topic. A review of the relevant literature is needed.
"to establish gaps, which are the bases of “the significance of the research paper.
As a general rule, an undergraduate who is" doing a thesis should review about 20 to 50 materials. A
master’s thesis should be over 50 and a doctoral dissertation should use over 75.
Because you are expected to review about 20"to 30 materials, it is definite that you go about hundreds
of literatures before settling to the minimum number."
2. Operational – these are based on how the term is or will be used in your study.
The Literature Review is one whole essay that has its own introduction, body, and conclusion. Just like
in an essay, you start with your thesis statement and explore on This in the body.
You don’t just summarize the results of studies in this section; you also give your analysis of these
materials.
An exciting literature reviews present contrasting results or arguments as well as the lack of
studies in your topic.
A good literature review is one that Establishes the research gaps, those that are unknown about
your topic, and those which are known but are conflicting.
1. Remember to select and analyze studies that have been done about your topic.
3. Present how the previous studies relate to one another. Present also the limitations of
these researches.
Opening an article with a bibliographical list that begins with the author’s name like the ff.
examples is not good:
Examples of better article openings manifesting critical thinking through analysis, comparison and
contrast of ideas and findings are as follows:
Using transitional devices and active verbs to link or express authors’ ideas in your paper can be very
helpful. Using correct words to link ideas will make you synthesize your literature review.
Active verbs – analyze, argues, assess, assert, assume, claim, compare, contrast, conclude,
criticize, debate, defend, define, demonstrate, discuss, distinguish, differentiate, evaluate,
examine, emphasize, explain, exhibit etc."
PART OF THE RESEARCH PAPER
INTRODUCTION - This is where you provide an introduction to the topic of your thesis: you gave the
context in terms of content of the research project.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY - This focuses on the question “who will benefit from the study?” It also
states the contribution and usefulness of your study in the society.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM - the problem must be reflected in your title. it means to talk about the
subject matter of your paper. in a way it means describing the issue you are going to investigate and
solve.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION - the scope is the depth of exploration that a person plans for a topic. the
delimitations are control factors that the researcher chooses to narrow the scope of the study.
CHAPTER 2 PARTS
Introductory paragraph
Foreign literature
Local literature
Foreign study
Local study
Synthesis
RELATED LITERATURE- a literature review is basically a review of as much of the literature as possible
around a particular research problem/question this can include theoretical articles, critical reviews of
studies that have been conducted, outlines of methodologies, and so on.
Books, encyclopedias, journals, magazines, and newspapers from printed or online sources
RESEARCH DESIGN - is a plan to answer your research question. A research method is a strategy used
to implement that plan. research design and methods are different but closely related, because good
research design ensures that the data you obtain will help you answer your research question more
effectively.
POPULATION SAMPLES - population sampling is the process of taking a subset of subjects that is
representative of the entire population the sample must have sufficient size to warrant statistical
analysis.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT - are measurement tools (for example questionnaires or scales) design to
obtain data on a topic of interest from research subjects.
VALIDATION PROCEDURE - method validation is the process used to confirm that the analytical
procedures employed for a specific test is suitable for its intended use. results from method validation
can be used to judge the quality, reliability, and consistency of analytical results, it is an integral part of
any good analytical practice.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE - Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information
on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research
question, test hypothesis, and evaluate outcomes.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA - is a summary of the procedure including statistical methods used.
DISCUSSION - refer to the hypothesis objectives or questions assess the meaning of the results by
evaluating and interpreting speculation should be reasonable family justified and subject to test this is
the hardest part right because committees me challenge the invitation interpretation of the data in the
defense.
CONCLUSION - relate directly to the research questions or objectives do you represent the contribution
to the knowledge they also relate directly to the significance of the study which is always in someway to
improve the human condition.
RECOMMENDATION - this can take two forms: recommendations for further study, or
recommendations for change, or both. It’s recommendations showed trace directly to a conclusion.
REFERENCES - this will follow the specific format of an individual style guide such as APA Chicago or
other every name and you in the body of the text should be repeated in the list of references with no
exceptions.
APPENDICES - in a qualitative or quantitative, if the study involves an organization, a letter of permission
to conduct the study is required from the appropriate administrator at the organization. in a qualitative
study, a letter of invitation and consent form from all adult participants is included in the letter of
permission from parents if my nurse are in bold data collection instruments are included some
institution required a vita at the end.
examples
Title
Passive
Active
Tentative
Definite
Flowery languages
The purpose of this extremly significant research was described very vividly, the prevailing
organizational culture of Manuel L. Quezon University and to explore its tremendous impact on the
commitment of the faculty to this prestigious institution....
Simple language
This study sought to describe the prevailing organizational culture of Manuel L. Quezon University and
its relationship to the faculty members' commitment to the institution...