Communication Engineering(CSE 365) Group Assignment

Submitted By:

1. Fahimur Rashid
2017331001
2. Tarik Hasan
2017331019
3. MD. Akibul Islam Alvee
2017331049
4. Naimul Hasan
2017331059
5. Badrul Alam Siddique Mashfy
2017331060

​Submitted To:
Md Mahadi Hasan Nahid

​ ssistant Professor
A
Computer Science and Engineering Department

​Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet

  
Assignment #01

Internet

The ​Internet ​is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected

computer ​networks ​that transmit ​data ​by ​packet switching ​using the
standard Protocol. The internet is the largest computer network in the
world, connecting millions of computers. A network is a group of two or
more computer systems linked together. In the early days, most people
just used the internet to search for information. Today's internet is a
constantly evolving tool that not only contains an amazing variety of
information, but also provides new ways of accessing, interacting and
connecting with people and content. As a result, new terms are
constantly appearing as new technologies are introduced.

History of the Internet

Early stage: ​The Internet’s origin have their roots in a military project,
the ​Semi-Automatic Ground Environment ​(SAGE) program, which
networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. This
was created around 1958 as part of an attempt to regain the lead in
technology from the Soviet Union which had recently launched Sputnik.
J.C.R. Licklider ​was selected to head the committee which controlled
the SAGE project. He envisioned universal networking as a unifying
human revolution. Licklider recruited ​Lawrence Roberts ​to head a
project which implemented a network. Roberts had worked with the
U.S. Air Force on a ​packet ​switching ​system as opposed to a ​circuit
switching ​system. On October 29, 1969, Licklider and Roberts
interconnected the first two nodes between UCLA and SRI International
at Menlo Park, California. This was the beginning of the ​Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) ​which was one of the
key networks which our Internet today was based off of. ​Vint Cerf ​and
Bob Kahn ​developed the first description of ​TCP ​(covered more deeply
in the Introduction to Networking lesson) in 1973. The term “Internet”
was first used in 1974 to describe a single global TCP/IP network
detailed in the first full specification of TCP written by Cerf and his
colleagues. In 1984, the ​National Science Foundation (NSF)
commissioned the construction of a 1.5 megabit/second network which
became known as ​NSFNET.
Soon after, other commercial e-mail services were connected such as
OnTyme, Telemail, and ​CompuServe. ​Three ​Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) ​were also created: ​UUNET, ​PSINET, ​and ​CERFNET. ​More and more
seperate networks were
 
created that eventually interconnected with this large, growing network of
networks. The ability of TCP/IP to work over virtually any pre-existing
communication networks allowed for a great ease of growth, although the rapid
growth of the Internet was due primarily to the availability of commercial routers
from companies such as ​Cisco Systems, ​Proteon and ​Juniper, ​the availability of
commercial ​Ethernet ​equipment for local-area networking and the widespread
implementation of TCP/IP on the ​UNIX ​operating system.

Growth: ​Although the basic applications and guidelines that make the Internet
possible had existed for almost a decade, the network did not gain public face until
the 1990s. On August 6, 1991, the European Organization for Nuclear Research,
(CERN), ​which straddles the border between France and Switzerland, publicized
the new ​World Wide Web ​project. The web was invented by English scientist ​Tim
Berners-Lee ​in 1989. An early popular web browser was ViolaWWW. It was
eventually replaced in popularity by the Mosaic web browser. By 1996 usage of
the word “Internet” had become commonplace, and consequently, so had its use
as a reference to the World Wide Web. Over the course of the decade, the
Internet successfully accommodated the majority of previously existing public
computer networks (although some networks have remained separate).

Today’s Internet

Aside from the complex physical connections that make up its infrastructure, the
Internet is facilitated by bi- or multi-lateral commercial contrracts and technical
specifications or protocols that describe how to exchange data over the network.
Indeed, the Internet has severely matured since its birth many years ago. Today
almost 1.5 billion people use the Internet. That’s almost a quarter of the entire world
(a lot of people).The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers on the Internet,
including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and protocol port and
parameter numbers. A globally unified namespace is essential for the Internet to
function. Because the Internet is a distributed network comprising many volunatirly
interconnected networks, the Internet, as such, has no governing body.One of the
most common uses people have for the Internet is the World Wide Web. Whenever
you say you are “on the Internet” you are using the World Wide Web. When you are
surfing the Internet through different pages you are moving through the World Wide
Web. However, that is not the only use for the Internet. E-mail is another very
popular use for the Internet. Internet e-mail may travel and be
 
stored unencrypted on many other networks and machines out of both the
sender’s and the recipient’s control. Remote access is another very common use
for the Internet. The Internet allows computer users to connect to other
computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world.
File sharing is also popular. It allows people to send files through e-mail, FTP,
peer-to-peer networks, etc.
The Importance of Internet

Internet has opened a new world for many people around the world. Many
opportunities are available here. It is a manifestation of never-ending innovation
and creativity. It knows no boundary but brings huge economic chances for people
in every country. Internet allows people to improve the quality of their life. It
opens access to the previously inaccessible things. With almost three millions of
users, internet has been emerging as one of the most important tools of
communication.
Why Internet Matters the Most.
Given internet’s increasingly important role as a communication tool, the United
Nations even recently proposed that access to internet services should be a part of
human right. Internet has influenced almost every aspect of human life, not only
private life but also public services. Right now, nobody can prevent other
individuals from exposing their private life to the public. More couples and families
even post the images or videos of their family vacation in remote areas.
On the other side, the internet also allows the public to know what the
government is doing. Now, even people on the street know what is happening
among the political parties and the government officials. It allows a company to
what the competitors are doing and going to launch and allows the public to
criticize what the producers offer. In other words, internet provides open access –
almost without limit.
Future of Internet and Its Roles.
Internet is for everyone. It shapes a new platform in business and public services.
It provides energy for more people to shape their own life by making advantages
of the wide-open opportunities. Right now, more people are still the internet
users, instead of network owners. However, along with its increasingly significant
roles, internet will become a universally accessible platform, which will allow
people to have improved life quality. However, to realize this, a regulation is
necessary to make sure that everything is at the right line.
​ ​Assignment #02:

Introduction:

Wireless communication is the fastest growing technology, which became more

significant after the arrival of 5G systems.The past and progress of wireless
communication is as follows. Eelectro Magnetic (EM) waves are the important key
factors for the advancement of wireless communication. In 1678 Huygens work on
the light reflection and refraction theory. Later in 1819, wired communication
turns to wireless because of the wave nature of the light. Electrons follows particle
nature through a wired medium and wave nature in wireless medium (E.g. Air)
thereby EM waves comes into the picture. And during 1831 Faraday proves
electromagnetic induction and wave equations were formulated by Maxwell. J at
1864. Hertz H validates experimentally the broadcast and response of Electro
Magnetic waves over a few meters apart and Marconi established a
communication set up over 3 Km at 1896[1]. With this the following
establishments were made the wireless communication more popular across the
globe. The succeeding table gives a quick overview on the generation and progress
of wireless communication systems.

Telecommunication and networking has been and will be one of the core
technologies in helping the evolution of mankind and technology itself. If it wasn’t
for it for these channels of communications and data transmission, we would
probably still be in an era where technology isn’t as advanced as today.Wireless
communication technology inside cell phones and other mobile devices has
evolved over several decades. Starting with the then revolutionary 1G all the way
to the 4G of today and the 5G of the near future.Every successive generation of
wireless standards abbreviated to “G” –have introduced dizzying advances in
data-carrying capacity and decreases in latency, and 5G will be no exception.
Although formal 5G standards are yet to be set, 5G is expected to be at least three
times faster than current 4G standards.Technology moves forward, and in the ‘1st
generation’, mobile phone systems emerged. These differed from the previous
generation by using digital instead of analog transmission. Analog transmission is a
transmission method of conveying voice, data, images, signals or video
information using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, or some
other property in proportion to that of a variable.
1G Technology

This was the first wireless telecommunication generation used by the majority of
the people for a long time. These telephones were the first and the foremost
mobile phones to be utilised. 1G is an analog technology and the phones generally
had poor battery life and voice quality was large without much security, and would
most often experience dropped calls. The maximum speed of 1G was 2.4
Kbps.There was only one medium for communication, phone call to convey your
message to the other person. Data transmission speed at the time was around 3-4
kbps. Due to low-frequency bandwidth and analog form of data transmission, it
used to take lots of energy to transmit data to far distances and also signals would
get disturbed while reaching their particular recipient.

Mobile phones were big and thick in size due to bigger antennas that needed to
catch requisite data traversing in space. The other big drawback was roaming that
was not supported in 1G technology meaning you could not use other countries’
networks. After 10 long years of 1G technology, 2G was launched.
Drawbacks of 1G:

Poor voice quality

Poor battery life

Large phone size

No security

Limited capacity

Poor reliability

2G Technology

2G or second generation of wireless technology was first launched commercially in

Finland in 1991. It utilised digital signals for voice transmission. In this release a lot
of improvements were done on 1G technology and it got an entirely different
platform and hence was referred to as next generation. Fundamental concentrate
of this technology was on digital signals and gave services to convey content and
provide picture messages at low speed (in kbps). It utilised the bandwidth of 30 to
200 KHz. With the introduction of 2G in the early 1990s, we moved away from
analog and jumped into the digital world. This gave us smaller devices, a more
secure connection, better call quality, and a higher capacity for connectivity.

In 2G, three big features were added and improved compared to 1G and they are:

1) Data transmission for phone conversation got fully digitized and encrypted.

2) Internet data service and SMS like plain text, picture messages, MMS service
were initiated in addition to phone calls.
3) 2G enabled devices became more efficient to receive and send signals with
higher penetration levels for wide radio waves spectrum.

Drawbacks of 2G:

Required strong digital signals to help mobile phones work. If there was no
network coverage, digital signals weakened.
Systems were unable to handle complex data like videos.

3G Technology

3G was pre-commercially launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo for testing purposes

and branded as FOMA. Until 2001, 3G technology was not released for commercial
use due to unreliability. Same year later in October 2001, it was widely launched
commercially on W-CDMA standard which is based on GSM. During the same time,
in European countries, the UMTS(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
network spread 3G technology under 3GPP standards.

3G networks were introduced in 1998 and stand for the next generation in this
series; the third-generation.
3G ushered in faster data-transmission speeds so you could use your cell phone
in more data-demanding ways like for video calling and mobile internet. Like 2G,
3G

evolved into 3.5G and 3.75G as more features were introduced in order to bring
about 4G todate.

The max speed of 3G was estimated to be around 2 Mbps for non-moving

devices and 384 Kbps in moving vehicles. The theoretical max speed for HSPA+ is
21.6 Mbps.

Drawbacks of 3G:

3G technology requires closer base stations & they are expensive , The
spectrum-license costs , network deployment costs & handset subsidies
subscribers are tremendous , The cost of cellular infrastructure & upgrading base
stations is very high . 3G plan prices for cell phones are much higher than 2G , The
cost of acquiring 3G Internet can be a disadvantage depending upon availability in
your location , The frequency of 3G transmission is different so this means that the
cellular service provider must install the proper configuration at each base station
which can be costly . 3G technology implementation may be costly , The cost of
installation is usually passed on to the 3G consumer , the consumer is required to
purchase a mobile device that is 3G enabled which is an added expense in addition
to paying for 3G service , 3G technology requires the modification of current
cellular base stations . A lot of devices are designed to automatically pick up the
closest , free-to-access Wi-Fi signals , You won’t have to pay anything for Internet ,
3G devices require more power than most 2G models in addition to being more
expensive , So , You will use bigger batteries , There will be shortage usage periods
between recharging & more bulky handsets overall .

4G Technology

4G technology started to roll out but had issues to commercially announce the
then communication system as 4G due to minimum standard requirements which
were not fulfilled. But with advancement in wireless telecommunication
technology, minimum requirements for 4G technology were accomplished due to
which authorities agreed to call the existing new technology 4G technology. It
fulfilled the gap that was missing for more secured data transmission. All IP packet
switch network domains are used for 4G compliance which means all transmission
is based on Internet Protocol. Here, data is given the highest priority.

The fourth generation of networks is called 4G. It supports mobile web access
like 3G but also gaming services, HD mobile TV, Video Conferencing, 3D TV and
other services that demand higher speeds.
With the implementation of 4G, some 3G features are removed, such as the
spectrum radio technology; others are added to higher bit rates due to smart

antennas. The maximum speed of a 4G network when the device is moving is 100
Mbps or 1 Gbps for low mobility communication like when stationary or walking.

4G networks present much more coverage than the other systems such as Wi-Fi ,
that forces the users to depend upon hotspots in each area they visit , Since 4G
offers a coverage of 30 miles and more , as also overlapping network ranges , The
users would be assured of complete connectivity at all times .The 4G standard sets
several requirements for mobile networks including mandating the use of Internet
Protocol (IP) for data traffic and minimum data rates of 100 Mbps which was a
huge jump from the 2 mbps for 3G. It is often referred to as MAGIC.While 4G is the
current standard around the globe, some regions are plagued by network
patchiness and have low 4G Light presentation. According to Ogury,​​a mobile data
platform, UK residents can only access 4G networks 53 percent of the time, for
example.

Drawbacks of 4G:

Obtaining the information from the people illegally becomes easier , 4G

technology involves the possibility of some interference though not much , It is
capable of being attacked ( jamming frequencies ) and the invasion of the privacy
increased .4G LTE network needs complex hardware , 4G technology is still limited
to certain specified carriers & regions but the number of cities which have 4G
coverage is increasing by the day , it would take its own time for this network to be
available in all the major cities of the world . Mobiles compatible with 4G network
is cheaper than earlier but this new equipment would have to be installed to
supply these services , But it is a cumbersome process for most mobile carriers
planning to launch these services , 4G mobile technology is still fairly new but it
will most likely have its initial glitches & bugs , which could be quite annoying for
the user . 4G technology use many antennae & transmitters , You would
experience much poorer battery life on your mobile , while on this network , So ,
you would have to use larger mobile devices with more battery power to be able
to stay online for longer periods of time . The users would be forced to use 3G or
Wi-Fi connectivity in the areas that do not yet have 4G mobile network coverage ,
While this is a problem in itself , the worse issue is that they would still have to pay
the same amount as specified by the 4G network plan , This situation can only be
resolved once mobile carriers expand their 4G network coverage to include more
regions.

5G Technology – Coming Soon

5G is the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks,

which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the
planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current
cellphones.With​ 4G approaching its limits, you will probably hear the term 5G
being thrown around a lot.5G technology supports heterogeneous services, It can
offer uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent connectivity across the world, You
can know the weather and location while talking with the other person, You can
control your PCs by handsets, Education & Medical Treatment will become easier
& frugal, The doctor can treat the patient located in a remote part of the world.
The governmental organization can monitor any part of the world, It is possible to
reduce the crime rate, Visualizing universe, galaxies, and planets will be possible, It
is possible to locate and search the missing person, natural disaster including
tsunami and Earthquakes can be detected faster, 5G network offers uninterrupted
and consistent connectivity, It allows access to parallel multiple services, and it can
access remote places. 5G Network can increase Bandwidth for all users, the
bandwidth is the amount of “space” available for the people who are using data to
download files, view internet pages, and watch videos, The less bandwidth that is
available, the slower everyone’s devices will run, there will be more bandwidth on
the data networks of companies such as Verizon, T-Mobile and Sprint. 5G
technology comes with high resolution & bi-directional large bandwidth shaping, It
can collect all networks on one platform, It is more effective & efficient, It can
facilitate subscriber supervision tools for quick action, It will offer huge
broadcasting data (in Gigabit), which will support more than 60,000 connections
and it is easily manageable with the previous generations. The 5G network will
help you to browse the web, download files & stream video at blistering speeds,
While people on 3G and 4G networks may struggle to download files or watch
videos for minutes, this will not be a problem with 5G networks, Due to the
increased bandwidth, the people will use more of it & they will enjoy faster speed,
With more of the network dedicated to each individual smart device, smart
devices will run faster than ever before. Smart devices operating on a 5G network
will operate at speeds that are thousands of times faster than on a 4G network,
Many tasks that could only be performed on a desktop or laptop computer in the
past could suddenly be performed on a smart device, such as email and web
browsing.

Drawbacks of 5G:
5G network will be used to solve all radio signal problems and hardship of the
mobile world, but due to some security reason & lack of technological
advancement in most of the geographic regions, it has some shortcomings, It is still
under research, 5G is unsupported technology, Many old devices would not be
competent to 5G network, So, you have to replace your devices with 5g supported
devices, It may cost some much money. Several parts of the world may not allow
huge speed increase, there are radio signal problems, High-cost investment for
developing infrastructure, 5G network has security & privacy issues, 5G technology
requires skilled engineers to install & maintain 5G network, 5G equipment are
costly, This increases the cost of 5G deployment & maintenance phases, and 5G
smartphones will be costly. Coverage distance is up to 2 meters (in indoor) and 300
meters (in outdoor) can be achieved due to higher losses at high frequencies, 5G
mm-wave suffers from many such losses, Radios, cell towers, and satellites
communicate by using radio frequencies, Frequency is measured in Hz and the
radio frequencies operate in the GHz range, Early reports on the 5G network
indicate that this network is going to transmit its data in the range of around 6
GHz, Unfortunately, this radio frequency range is already crowded by other signals.
3G cell towers could cover immense territory with relatively few cells because the
network did not require as much bandwidth, meaning networks had to deploy
fewer cells, When technology progressed to 4G networks, the cells were producing
more bandwidth, So, the coverage radius of each cell was smaller. People may
have noticed that their coverage may drop more often than on their 3G network,
As the 5G network gets rolled out, More cell towers will be required to produce
this immense bandwidth because the cells can’t cover as much space like the 3G or
4G cells, More cells will need to be rolled out, So, 5G users should expect that their
coverage may not be as widespread at first.
 ​ ​#Assignment 03

The novel human coronavirus disease COVID-19 has become the fifth documented
pandemic since the 1918 flu pandemic. COVID-19 was first reported in Wuhan,
China, and subsequently spread worldwide. The coronavirus was officially named
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) by the International
Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses based on phylogenetic analysis. SARS-CoV-2 is
believed to be a spillover of an animal coronavirus and later adapted the ability of
human-to-human transmission. Because the virus is highly contagious, it rapidly
spreads and continuously evolves in the human population.As the coronavirus
outbreak quickly surges worldwide, many countries are adopting non-therapeutic
preventive measures, which include travel bans, remote office activities, country
lockdown, and most importantly, social distancing. However, these measures face
challenges in Bangladesh, a lower-middle-income economy with one of the world's
densest populations. Social distancing is difficult in many areas of the country, and
with the minimal resources the country has, it would be extremely challenging to
implement the mitigation measures.

COVID-19's daily increasing cases and deaths have led to worldwide lockdown,
quarantine and some restrictions.The COVID-19 outbreak is spreading very fast
every day and more than 63 million people have been actively infected and 1.5
million has been died by this virus so COVID-19 restrictions are applied in almost all
areas of life. The most basic measure to reduce the spread of coronavirus or to
prevent infection is to follow hygiene rules.To prevent this pandemic, governments
of every country have started to apply bans under many social restrictions.
Lockdown is at the forefront of these restrictions.With almost every country
adopting aggressive non-therapeutic measures to control the spread of nCoV-2,our
country Bangladesh has followed the same trend; however, there is an ongoing
debate as to whether measures have been adopted adequately and implemented
efficiently.So,here we’re discussing about the impact of Covid-19.
Impact of Covid 19:

​ICT Sector:

COVID-19 has impacted a large number of countries and is turning out to be even
worse than the critical economic, strategic, and political clashes happening around
the world. The outbreak has and still is impacting all industries, including the
Information & Communication Technology (ICT) sector.Tech giants have hit the
pause button on marketing operations, canceled essential events and conferences,
most notably, the Mobile World Congress, and announced financial results below
market expectations.Amidst the uncertain scenario, many technological areas will
be the key focus and keep emerging as clear winners. With organizations
promoting working remotely, there is already an exponential rise in video
calls/phone calls, as an increasing number of people are organizing meetings via
apps for collaboration platforms. Digital media and Over the Top (OTT) content
players are benefiting while Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), cyber security, and
data security areother technologies that will see a surge as most workforces are
operating remotely.Cloud services will grow, boosted by higher usage of content,
gaming downloads, videoconferencing, and the impact of remote access to
corporate networks. There will also be an increased focus on technologies like
artificial intelligence, big data, augmented reality, and virtual reality, among others
going forward. Equipment maker, Huawei, for example, recently posted a surge in
its technological services comprising AI, videoconferencing, and wireless network
coverage across the Asia Pacific, given theon-ground communication challenges to
ensure smooth connectivity.

Bangladesh's ICT sector has been growing by 40 percent annually since 2010, as
per July 2019 reports published by United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development (UNCTAD).All was going well and along came Covid-19.According to
some news recently published on popular daily, stated that the country's ICT
industry already lost about USD 1.3 billion worth of business due to the
pandemic.However, amid all this pandemonium, with the whole urban ​population
under strict lockdown and employees working from home, some of the
e-commerce and e-services companies in Bangladesh have experienced
unprecedented growth. Business-to-consumer (B2C) platforms like Daraz, Pathao,
Chaldal, have seen sharp uptake on their businesses.

Education Sector:

Nearly 1.6 billion learners across the world have been affected by the largest
disruption of education systems in history caused by the COVID-19
pandemic.Earlier the situation,students began returning to classrooms in the
world's top economic countries,including Wuhan,China,London,Spain,France,Russia
and Israel.Despite the growing number of infections and deaths,many states are
taking risks to open educational institutions.However,in those schools, precautions
are being taken to wear masks,wash hands,check body temperature and maintain
social distance among students.Since mid-March, schools were closed in more than
160 countries, affecting over 1 billion students. At least 40 million children
worldwide have missed out on education in their critical pre-school year.And
parents, especially women, have been forced to assume heavy care burdens in the
home.Despite the delivery of lessons by radio, television and online, and the best
efforts of teachers and parents, many students remain out of reach.Learners with
disabilities, those in minority or disadvantaged communities, displaced and refugee
students and those in remote areas are at highest risk of being left behind.And
even for those who can access distance learning, success depends on their living
conditions, including the fair distribution of domestic duties.More than 250 million
school-age children were out of school.

In combating the loss in learning, one frequently suggested option is online

teaching. However, going online for learning is not a feasible option for Bangladesh
yet. There are around 5.0 per cent of the households who do not have a mobile
phone. In the case of computers/tablets: only 5.60 per cent of the households have
one. However, having a computer/tablet is not sufficient: with only 37.60 per cent
of the households having internet access at home (urban: 53.10 per cent and rural:
33.20 per cent) options for exploring this option seems bleaker. What's more, there
is a clear regional and income dynamics at play here: rural areas and poorer regions
have much less access to these ICT than the urban and richer regions. This is also
true for poorer households. Based on the latest HIES and updating it to 2020, we
could estimate that around 12.70 per cent of the poor households do not have a
single mobile phone. With such a high digital divide, going online for all would only
widen the existing gap in learning inequality.

Health Sector:

The COVID-19 crisis is drawing attention to the already overburdened public health
systems in many countries, and to the challenges faced in recruiting, deploying,
retaining and protecting sufficient well-trained, supported and motivated health
workers. It highlights the strong need for sustainable investment in health systems,
including in the health workforce, and for decent working conditions, training and
equipment, especially in relation to personal protective equipment and
occupational safety. Social dialogue is essential to building resilient health systems,
and therefore has a critical role both in crisis response and in building a future that
is prepared for health emergencies.

With a population of 162 million, Bangladesh ranks as the eighth-most populous

country in the world. The healthcare system of Bangladesh is mostly unregulated
and comprises four cohorts including Government, private sector,
non-Governmental organizations or NGOs and international development
organizations.There are some challenges that Bangladesh face during the
pandemic.First, Bangladesh has a severe scarcity of COVID-19 testing kits. The
Government of Bangladesh has about 100 thousand testing kits in stock, and
nearly 20 thousand have been distributed to different testing facilities around the
country. However, some experts have questioned the efficiency of the available
testing kits because of their high rate of false-negative results. Moreover, at the
beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh, the IEDCR managed to test
11,223 people, but this constitutes approximately 68 tests per million population.
Consequently, this puts Bangladesh among the lower-ranked countries for
COVID-19 testing rates in the world. Because of these criticisms, the Bangladeshi
Government expanded its testing numbers and as of July 7, 2020, the total number
of testing centers has increased to 74.Second, the Government of Bangladesh
struggles to manage the population of the capital city, Dhaka, where more than 46
thousand people live per square kilometer. Moreover, Dhaka has about 1.1 million
slum dwellers making it impossible to practice effective social distancing.
Consequently, effective enforcement of social distancing is an impossible task for
the law and enforcement departments in Bangladesh.Third, the healthcare
situation in Bangladesh is worsening because of the increasing number of
COVID-19 infected patients. Because of increasing patient numbers, community
clinics and hospitals are becoming a source of COVID-19 transmission. At present,
the most challenging issue is to ensure ICU and ventilator support in the
community or rural clinics and the supply of oxygen-cylinders to hospitals.
Therefore, the increasing number of COVID-19 cases and the sudden high demand
for oxygen-cylinders have put enormous pressure on the healthcare system. The
need to ensure adequate supply from local manufacturers or the need to import
from other countries is urgently needed.Fourth, the lack of coordination among
the policymakers, healthcare professionals and law enforcement departments has
been heavily criticized. Scholars and researchers have emphasized the need for
instant, supportive collaboration among the central and local Government
authorities including the healthcare workforce, along three other sectors (e.g.
private, NGOs and the foreign aid organizations) to minimize the impact of the
COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh.Fifth, the recent incidence of false and illegal
certification about COVID-19 reports have become a new crisis for this pandemic
situation in Bangladesh. Some Dhaka-based private hospitals and criminal
syndicates are selling fake coronavirus test certificates to profit from the COVID-19
pandemic.Finally, some socioeconomic challenges are noteworthy such as the
incorrect perception and rumors about COVID-19, lack of proper health education,
digital interventions and lack of IT literacy, the uncertainty of long-time lockdown
,the Rohingya refugee crisis, unemployment ratesand suicides.

Internet Usages in Pre and Post Covid era in Bangladesh and Globally:

State Minister for ICT Zunaid Ahmed Palak said that the use of the internet
increased 50 percent during the coronavirus pandemic. Besides,online marketing
has increased to 50 percent while the number of opening of mobile accounts went
upto 50lakhs, said Palak. ​Advanced technology is being used extensively during
Covid-19 as the increasing usages of technology are playing a pivotal role in
expediting global changes including economic activities.If we fail to adapt,the
country will lag behind, said Palak. Social media users have grown by more than
10% over the past year,taking the global total to 3.96 billion by the start ​of July
2020​.Internet services have seen rises usage from 40 % to 100 %, compared to
pre-lockdown levels.

How Technology can mitigate the impact of Covid-19:

Here are some ways technology is minimizing the impact of COVID-19 today.

1. Telemedicine

Telemedicine has been around for quite some time, mainly in the form of mobile
apps and similar online services. However, it’s never been more critical than it is
now. Since COVID-19 is highly contagious, the best way to prevent its spread is to
mitigate contact with others, including avoiding visits to a doctor or hospital unless
things are serious.Several telemedicine apps and services have allowed physicians
to check in on patients virtually. Remote healthcare providers can even prescribe
medications for a multitude of problems. As a result, people can still get the
medical attention they need without ever leaving their homes.Telemedicine
achieves two things. First, it prevents those who are infected, including silent
carriers, from further spreading the illness. Second, it protects those already
vulnerable by reducing their need to leave home, even for life-threatening health
issues. This disease severely affects those with underlying health issues, so they
must stay isolated as much as possible.

2. AI and Cloud Health Research

As part of the race to find a vaccine and treatment, several cloud technology
providers have stepped up to offer computing power as part of the process.
Amazon’s AWS Diagnostics Development Initiative is helping with the detection and
testing of the virus.Meanwhile, Google is working closely with the government to
utilize its DeepMind AI platform to boost understanding of the illness for the
scientific community. IBM and the White House Office of Science and Technology
have also teamed up to launch the COVID-19 High-Performance Computing
Consortium.Essentially, these major organizations are furthering awareness about
the virus in several different ways. As a result, the scientific community should be
able to collectively further the search for a vaccine, proper treatments and better
reactions to it.

3. Modern Networking

It doesn’t matter whether you’re talking about local Wi-Fi networks inside homes
and businesses or mobile systems that support smartphones and other wireless
devices. We're using nearly every form of modern networking more than ever
before as humanity spreads out and stays locked inside. The technology allows for
remote communications, streaming and entertainment, online shopping and even
telemedicine. Without the internet, we would all be at a complete
standstill.Modern networking technology is propping up just about every business
still open and active today. Everyone has had to shift to remote operations and
telecommuting services as a result of the virus.Managing a global workforce has
never been more challenging. Luckily, society has the internet to fall back on. In
particular, the business world can rely on advanced networking solutions, both
on-site and off, to support its evolving workforce.
 Assignment #04:

First of all, we have to understand what is a SMART CITY and why we need a SMART
CITY. A smart city is a system consisting primarily of information and
communication technology (ICT) for the creation, implementation and promotion
of sustainable development activities to meet the increasing challenges of
urbanization. In essence, an intelligent network of linked objects and devices that
relay data using wireless technologies and the cloud is a major part of this ICT
system. In order to help municipalities, businesses and residents make smart
choices that enhance the quality of life, cloud-based IoT apps collect, interpret, and
process data in real time. Citizens use tablets, handheld computers and connected
vehicles and homes to communicate with smart city environments in different
ways. Pairing equipment and information with the physical facilities and facilities of
a community will minimize costs and promote sustainability. With support from the
IoT, cities can optimize electricity delivery, streamline garbage disposal, reduce
road congestion, and also increase air quality. For example

In order to respond to real-time traffic, connected traffic lights collect data from
sensors and cars that change the light cadence and timing, minimizing road cong
estion.

Linked cars can communicate to the closest accessible location with parking
meters and electric vehicle (EV) charging docks and guide drivers.

Smart garbage cans automatically submit data and schedule pick-up to waste
management firms as needed versus on a pre-planned schedule.
 And the smartphone of residents becomes their wireless electronic driver's
licens e and ID card that speeds and simplifies access to city and local government
ser vices.

Together, these smart city technologies are optimizing infrastructure, mobility,

public services, and utilities.

Now, why we need a SMART-CITY? A non-ending pattern is urbanization. Today,

54 percent of residents live in cities worldwide, a percentage that by 2050 is
projected to hit 66 percent. Urbanization would bring another 2.5 billion residents
to cities over the next three decades, along with overall population growth. In
order to keep pace with this exponential growth that is taxing the capital of our
communities, natural, social and economic resilience is a must. The agenda of the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was decided by one hundred and
ninety-three countries at the UN in September 2015. Yet we all know how time can
be wasted making centralized decisions and actions, and the clock is ticking. The
good news here? To initiate accelerated projects, residents and municipal councils
are definitely more flexible, and smart city technology is paramount to progress
and achieving these goals.

Challenges of making a SMART-CITY: ​To start with, there is a great need to

mention about the inception of the smart city concept. In a smart-city more and
more people will be migrated towards Urban Bangladesh, that’s why the cities
need better sanitation, transport, electricity supply, affordable housing, digitization
& IT connectivity, sustainable environment and good governance to name a few. As
per a research report, more than 30% of Bangladeshi population dwells in around
500 cities of India. The number is expected to increase in future scanning the fast
development and urbanization happening in Bangladesh. Looking at this
advancement there is a great need to integrate Information and Communication
Technology effectively, efficiently and safely into the cities to ensure a better
lifestyle for the future and present residents.

Moreover, smart cities concept focuses on the holistic development of the cities
rather than just making them technologically advanced. Problems like proper
sewage system, proper infrastructure, housing, planning and availability of other
basic amenities will be addressed in this plan as well. In short, the most pressing
needs and opportunities will be conceptualized. Major Challenges Being Faced are

​ .Financing: Unfortunately, the project of Smart Cities is not smartly

1
privileged when it comes to financing. When it comes to the smart city challenge,
finance is said to be one of the greatest obstacles. It's whopping now. With the
involvement of state-sponsored firms, there appears to be no good start to the
initiative. As of now the primary reason for the significant rise in the amount of
non-performing assets is the banks supporting these ventures. By making budget
adjustments to make a city smart, the government should take action to fund these
initiatives.

​2.Availability of Master Plan: ​Most cities in Bangladesh do not have their

master plans and development plans in place. This is a tragic situation if we talk
about developing them into smart cities. The presence of both the requisites is the
key to the implementation and encapsulation of the smart city project as that is
where the changes would be monitored and there is no other way to make it
simple, better and efficient. Unfortunately, most cities in Bangladesh lack the
presence of it.

3.No time figure attached to the plan: ​The whole smart city plan is a
one-size-fits-all plan that can get all the clearances on time if not before time.
Anything should be online and prompt, which in this situation is sadly not
happening. In this sense, the most critical action to be taken will be to create a
single regulatory authority that oversees all relevant project approvals. This will
resolve two important challenges, one of teamwork and one of prompt
implementation. The body may also be strictly responsible for meeting the financial
criteria.

4.Availability of facilities: We are very mindful of the sad fact that when it
comes to qualified personnel and specialized infrastructure specifications for
building 100 smart cities, India is not so prepared as of now. That's an immense
amount and needs a lot of professional work. If we speak about developing skilled
labour and capacity building, in those programs not much money has been
provided by the center and state. These programs include instruction, analysis, and
a hefty execution database. In our country, this is a big issue as it is an environment
that has not been concentrated on as of now. These services, including time-bound
completion, aid in many ways.

5.Corruption: As this is the root cause of all the above problems, this
argument was actually supposed to be from the first. But if we dream about it
alone, it is a big obstacle as well. Abuse, both at the middle and at the state level, is
responsible for all the lack of organization and time lag that occurs. Because of this
problem, the financial restriction still somehow slips in. Corruption in India is a
problem that has always been a cause for the inability or unsuccessful
implementation of most of the country's major projects.

Action Plan and feasibility: Many countries have embarked on smart city projects,
especially in developing countries, including Dubai, Amsterdam and Barcelona. In
China, Shanghai took the lead.

In Bangladesh, however, information about what smart cities can have are lacking
at this point, except for large topics such as universal networking and
neighborhood Wi-Fi. In this post, we include some of the essential smart city
criteria, the necessary facilities, benchmarks for assessing the 'smartness' of the
cities and the environment required for smart cities to be developed and sustained.

In general, a smart city should have:

(i) I an effective supply of public infrastructure, such as water, power, solid

waste, sanitation and sewerage, as well as relevant government facilities;

(i) a supply-demand balancing system for surface transport services to provide

congestion-free roads; and a minimum waiting period for public transport
commuting.

(i) active surveillance, monitoring and alerts at vantage points in the city to
provide the much-required public safety for citizens and

(i) on-demand availability of reliable emergency services such as ambulance, fire

safety.

Information and communication technology (ICT) plays a critical role in all these
aspects. Not unexpectedly, corporations like IBM and Cisco are spending millions
of dollars in incubating innovations that facilitate smart city initiatives.