Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
Egyptian gods as a means of understanding the world around them. The beliefs that these myths express
are an important part of ancient Egyptian religion. Myths appear frequently in Egyptian writings and art,
particularly in short stories and in religious material such as hymns, ritual texts, funerary texts, and
temple decoration. These sources rarely contain a complete account of a myth and often describe only
brief fragments.
Anubis is the Greek name of a god associated with mummification and the afterlife in ancient
Egyptian religion, usually depicted as a canine or a man with a canine head. Archeologists have
identified Anubis's sacred animal as an Egyptian canid, the African golden wolf.
Ra is the ancient Egyptian deity of the sun. By the Fifth Dynasty in the 25th and 24th centuries BC,
he had become one of the most important gods in ancient Egyptian religion, identified primarily with the
noon sun. Ra was believed to rule in all parts of the created world: the sky, the Earth, and the
underworld.
Osiris is the god of the afterlife, the underworld, and rebirth in ancient Egyptian religion. He was
classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the
legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to
be associated with the mummy wrap.
Hathor was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion who played a wide variety of roles. As a sky
deity, she was the mother or consort of the sky god Horus and the sun god Ra, both of whom were
connected with kingship, and thus she was the symbolic mother of their earthly representatives, the
pharaohs. She was one of several goddesses who acted as the Eye of Ra, Ra's feminine counterpart, and
in this form she had a vengeful aspect that protected him from his enemies. Her beneficent side
represented music, dance, joy, love, sexuality and maternal care, and she acted as the consort of several
male deities and the mother of their sons.
Maat or refers to the ancient Egyptian concepts of truth, balance, order, harmony, law, morality,
and justice. Maat was also the goddess who personified these concepts, and regulated the stars,
seasons, and the actions of mortals and the deities who had brought order from chaos at the moment of
creation. Her ideological opposite was Isfet, meaning injustice, chaos, violence or to do evil.
Isis was a major goddess in ancient Egyptian religion whose worship spread throughout the Greco-
Roman world. Isis was first mentioned in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BCE) as one of the main
characters of the Osiris myth, in which she resurrects her slain husband, the divine king Osiris, and
produces and protects his heir, Horus. She was believed to help the dead enter the afterlife as she had
helped Osiris, and she was considered the divine mother of the pharaoh, who was likened to Horus. Her
maternal aid was invoked in healing spells to benefit ordinary people. Originally, she played a limited
role in royal rituals and temple rites, although she was more prominent in funerary practices and
magical texts.