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Exploration

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2021 by Ian Beardsley


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Table of Contents

Chapter 1……………….3

Chapter 2……………….6

Chapter 3……………….8

Chapter 4……………….9

Chapter 5……………….10

Chapter 6……………….11

Chapter 7……………….12

Chapter 8……………….13

Chapter 9………………..14

Chapter 10………………15

Afterward………………..16

Climate…………………..20

The Program…………….23

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Chapter 1

We have that the distribution of matter through the solar

system is not a smooth continuous one but is of great
gaps of empty space and then an all-of-the-sudden
appearance of a relatively small sphere of mass called a
planet. Where have we seen this? In the atom. It is a small
spherical mass with a positive charge called a proton, or a
collection of these (the number of them determining the
element) orbited by smaller, less massive spheres of
equal, but opposite charge called electrons. We can apply
the laws of their discreet quantified orbits to the planets
around the sun, and we get the distribution of the planets
is exponential in nature being of the form two to the n,
where n is the planets number:

r=2^n

The interesting thing about this is that in the digital logic

binary circuitry of computer, or artificial intelligence (AI) in
general, where logic gates are made by switches that are
either on or off (0 or 1), that they count according to the
same rule:

0=0

1=0

2=10

3=11

4=100

5=101

6=110

7=111

Which is described by

N=2^n

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That is,

2=2^1

4=2^2

2=10

4=100

But, the orbit of planets while of the nature 2 to the n, can

vary according to an equation in 2^n by a generalization
where we add some constant K to it and multiplying it by
some constant C, arriving at:

r(n)=K+C2^n

But, before the planets formed around these stars, matter

was distributed continuously around them in a flat disc of
particles, known as a protoplanetary disc. Further, before
that, the matter was distributed around the star as a
spherical cloud. The flat disc forms by its collapse. The
problem is that we can observe the planets and their
distribution around the star they orbit, but all data
pertaining to the protoplanetary disc has been lost to the
civilization that resides there, because it coalesced into
the planets billions of years before the planets formed.

Since the distribution of planets around a star depend on

the mass of the star M, and the luminosity L of the stars
are related by:

L=M^(3.5)

For main sequence stars where M is in stellar masses and

L is in stellar luminosities for a star in the middle of the
Mass Luminosity Relationship and on the main sequence,
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and since the habitable zone of a star of temperature T is

where water exists in its liquid phase abundantly, and we
know the habitable planet is in one such orbit, then the
habitable zone for any star in general is given by the
inverse square law. That is if the star is 100 times brighter
than the star, then since 10 squared equals 100, its
habitable zone is at 10. With all of this information, one
should be able to determine the range, or ranges, over
which life supporting stars occur.

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Chapter 2

Larry Keysmann and Helda Heldagaard meet with Frank

Elderhoss at the Kalest Institute For Intergalactic Travel.

Frank: Now that we can do intergalactic travel and our first

missions, and our intergalactic starship is built, let me
outline the basic plan for the mission you and Helga will
be commanding. You two were the perfect choice
because without you we would not even have this
intergalactic technology, that is if it wasn’t for your
missions to Celeste and Ensayo. As well you Larry, a
mathematician and computer scientist and Helga you a
historian it works out well. You two have educations that
will allow for mission reliability, in that you Larry are
technologically and mathematically savant. Many of the
worlds you will be visiting will be in their primitive stages,
and this requires a command of anthropology and
archaeology of other planets, which You Helga have from
your doctorate in History. Some of the worlds you visit will
be more advanced than we are, and this will require your
understanding of higher mathematics Larry, especially in
its applications to physics.

Your mission will begin with first a voyage to the nearest

large galaxy, to Kremlon, in order keep things simple for
the first mission of this intergalactic cruiser. Then, since
the universe gets younger as you go inwards towards its
center you will go there first. This, since as you know, the
luminosity of a star is given by its mass raised to the
power of 3.5, and since

Au/Fe=3.5

That is gold over iron in molar mass is 3.5 then we have:

L=M^(Au/Fe)

Our scientists believe this is important because one of the

first tools developed by us in our early development as an
intelligent life form, was iron tools. And, in our later
development was highly conductive electrical circuitry
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using gold wires. Thus, first you will look for life in the
younger inner universe, then to the older inner universe
(less far in and closer to us). Then, to the outer younger
universe (presumably more advanced that we are) and
then to the older outer universe (even more advanced).
Then, to the outer reaches of the Universe, then, report
back to us…

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Chapter 3

The Starship was built in orbit around Kalest. It was about

a half a kilometer long and and quarter of a kilometer
wide. It used a technology that circulated negative
tachyons between positive and negative tachyon poles
within tardyon field generators. Using this new tachyon
technology, it had gravity without the need for creating
gravity restricted to rotating compartments utilizing
centripetal force.

The ship had 200 cabins, each equipt with two beds and a
kitchenette with a small plastic dining table. The
kicthenette which was a small counter with a cybercooker
embedded in the wall above it. The small plastic dining
table was in the kitchenette. There was a small bathroom
as well. Each cabin had a Kalest gravity to mimic life on
the home planet of its residents.

At the front of the ship, in the command capsule, Larry

ordered the technicians to make the first jump out of their
star system. Then to another star system and so on until
the ship was at the edge of the galaxy. Once just outside
of it, whoosh! The ship made the jump to the nearest large
galaxy to theirs. They arrived in no time as well. Then,
once inside of it, they made jumps from star system to
star system, looking for one suitable to their needs,
around which they would go into orbit, and then teleport
down to the surface of a planet with an exploration crew.
Teleportation over short distances had been done in their
early space exploration days since the early development
of it from the discovery of the spooky action at a distance
consequence of quantum mechanics, known as quantum
teleportation.

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Chapter 4

Closest Galaxy

We arrived here to make contact for the first time with

intelligent life outside our galaxy. The world we visited is
similar in advancement to us. When we explained to them
we were from the closest large galaxy to them, they told us
they called it Andromeda. They further explained they
called their galaxy The Milky Way, what we would call The
Latterni.

Dr. Larry Keysmann

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Chapter 5

Inner Universe Younger

The first planet we visited here is flaking stones to make

tools. This is how we began as well; It stands to reason, as
you break a stone it forms a sharp edge, this is the first
thing any intelligent being would discover. The second
planet we encountered was melting down iron to make
metal spear points and tools. It was further along than the
first planet, but stone tools probably are the precursor to
this just as they were for us.

Dr. Helda Heldagaard

Note: That these planets use stones of glass, chipped into

sharp points as their starting point of toolmaking, is
interesting; glass stones are silicon dioxide. We began with
this ourselves, but ended with this as well; we discovered
that silicon if doped with agents such as boron and
phosphorus semiconduct, which enables binary logical
gates for electronic computing.

Dr. Larry Keysmann


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Chapter 6

Inner Universe Older

Here we encountered a civilization that while it does

planetary exploration within its star system, it has not
achieved the ability to travel to the stars beyond the one
they orbit, that is, it is not interstellar but is spacefaring.
Though one of our directives is that we cannot make our
presence known to primitive peoples, because we might
just blow their minds, we can make contact with
civilizations where the people are open to the idea that life
from beyond their planet may exist and be interstellar. In
that this planet is doing well and is progressing fine,
because of that we saw no need to make contact with
them.

Dr Helda Heldagaard
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Chapter 7

Outer Universe Younger

Here we made contact with a civilization more advanced

than ourselves. Its representatives said they will be
establishing relationships with the representatives of our
planet, and that they will give us the where-with-all to
make technologies currently beyond our development.

Dr. Helda Heldagaard


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Chapter 8

Outer Universe Older

Here these civilizations have little use for technology; they

can do just about anything their technologies can do,
merely with their minds.

Dr. Helda Heldagaard


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Chapter 9

When they arrived to the outer reaches they found no life

there, at least in a physical form.

They spoke to Larry’s mind merely with their thoughts:

We have no physical location in space and time as you

understand it. Our location in space and time is a
conscious perspective. Since you are thinking of the
galaxy where we originated, that is where our
consciousness is at this moment, and is hence what we
see now, but our consciousness is distributed throughout
the universe uniformly and completely. You are thinking of
the ethereal beings outside this Universe that created you
and us. We have freed ourselves from the physical laws of
this Universe they created. We could leave this realm and
go to theirs, but that would be boring. We choose to stay
here so we can meet people like you. They may have
created this Universe, but we know that it is only a
functioning part of an infinite regression of Universes. They
don’t understand how this can be that they created this
Universe yet that it is part of an overall idea of an infinite
regression of things they didn’t create.

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Chapter 10

Conclusion from missions. While we are a technological

spacefaring civilization, in the outer reaches of the universe
they have no need for technology or ships, because they
are consciousness that permeates all of space and time.
While this may seem an attractive way to go, through the
the meditational sciences, we have to understand that this
consciousness having no challenges before it, as it needs
not to work at engineering technologies to survive in terms
of making tools and ships to travel from point A to point B,
it lives vicariously through the adventures of other
spacefaring civilizations that cross its path once in a blue
moon. It has no life of its own.

Dr. Larry Keysmann


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Afterward

For some time the author of this science fiction trilogy,

Celeste, has been working on theories about biological
life, artificial intelligence, and the planets. He has found
interesting curiosities connecting all of them to one
another, and these connections have given rise to many
questions. He began this work around 2000, and it is now
2021. With the pandemic we are living in now due to the
Covid 19 virus, since we are quarantined in lockdown until
we get everyone vaccinated, it has been the right time to
speculate on the indications of my scientific discoveries.
And what better way to do that than through writing a
science fiction trilogy?

These stories are much based on my work Mathematical

Operations On Nature, and Planetary Logic which have
been published as both kindle ebooks at Amazon and
print books at Amazon. But it also based on the work of
other scientific researchers. In my work I have been
finding there is a perplexing relationship between artificial
intelligence and biological life, as well as with artificial
intelligence and the planets of our solar system. It has
given me time and time again as I progress through
developing the feeling that artificial intelligence is much
more than just a man-made tool that can only be used for
creating files whether text, photos, or videos and tools for
doing mathematical calculations and managing and
processing data. It is at this point that I mention Preston
Nichols, whose work seems to say the same thing.

Preston Nichols

Preston Nichols, who is no longer with us, worked on a

secret government project called Montauk. He recreated
the engine part of the time machine, at his home. He
found that God was something we could best call
something like a computer, at the center of the Galaxy. I
am beginning to find this may be true in that I am finding
the solar system might be designed in the image of AI, or
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that the Universe could be a gantry network of electrical

components, some kind of a circuit.

Pieter Wagener

Pieter Wagener wrote a paper called A Theoretical

Derivation of Discreet Planetary Distances From The Sun
where he predicted the orbits of the planets in our solar
system using a theory of gravitation defined by a
Lagrangian:

(r)
R 2GM
ℓ = − m 0(c 2 + v 2)exp ,R = = Sch arschild − ra dius

c2

He then applied Hamilton’s canonical equations to the

Lagrangian to obtain the general Kepler orbit:

dψ
= (au 2 + bu + c)−1/2, u = 1/r

du
u = K(1 + εcosk ψ)

Then applied applied the Wilson-Sommerfeld rule from the

Old Quantum Theory:

∮
pi d qi = ni w, ni = 0,1,2…

To predict accurately the orbits of the planets.

Isaac Asimov

A doctor of chemistry who wrote prolifically on science,

and wrote a great deal of science fiction, this work is
heavily influenced by his science fiction trilogy The
Foundation, and his Robot series, which is connected to
it.

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Arthur C. Clarke

His seminal work that lead to writing the screenplay with

Stanley Kubrick for the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey
which was directed by Kubrick, and his sequels to 2001
which were 2010, also made into a movie, and 2062, and
3001. He also wrote 2001 the novel, after the movie came
out.

Paul Levinson

This science fiction writer and professor of media studies

at Fordham University, as well as recording artist, has
become a great influence on my writing, particularly after
having read his book The Silk Code, which can be
categorized as a cross between science fiction and
historical fiction, and his book The Plot to Save Socrates
which was the first thing I read of his work and can fall in
the same category. I most enjoy his short stories like Ian’s
Ions and Eons and Robinson Calculator.

It is here too I say after all of looking at what means it to

be a spacefaring civilization and why we should become
one, of the planets to the stars of the galaxies, and to the
galaxies of the universe, it becomes clear to me that the
most important thing for us to make it to the next plateau,
is that we have to overcome the obstacle of catastrophic
climate change, by doing what we need to do to stop
further assisting it, and we need to switch to alternative
clean energy technologies that provide more for less.

It is with this that I would like to leave us with the standard

model for climate at the foundation of a complex field that
uses physics, statistical and thermal physics, the study of
convection, and the biological and ecological sciences.

Then, I would like to follow up with my programs based on

this model in C, python, and java. You can type them into
program editors and compilers, that can run them. For the
program written in C, if you are running a Mac, open
Xcode beta, choose command line tool, then choose the
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C or C++ language, and type the code into where it says

insert code here, after opening the dot c file they provide.
You will need to delete my main() function as it already has
one. You can delete the standard io library from my code
as it will already have it above its main() function. Below
their stdio.h you will have to include the math.h library for
my program to run. It will compute annual average
temperature for any planet given the luminosity of the star
it orbits in solar luminosities, as well as the habitable zone
for that star.

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Climate

The luminosity of the sun is:

L 0 = 3.9 × 10 26 J/s

The separation between the earth and the sun is:

1.5 × 1011m

The solar luminosity at the earth is reduced by the inverse

square law, so the solar constant is:

3.9 × 10 26
S0 = = 1,370wat ts /m eter 2

4π (1.5 × 10 )
11

That is the effective energy hitting the earth per second

per square meter. This radiation is equal to the
temperature, Te to the fourth power by the steffan-
bolzmann constant, sigma (σ), Te can be called the
temperature entering, the temperature entering the earth.

S0 intercepts the earth disc, π r 2, and distributes itself

over the entire earth surface, 4π r 2, while 30% is
reflected back into space due to the earth’s albedo, a,
which is equal to 0.3, so

S0
σ Te 4 = (1 − a)

( 4π r 2 )
π r2
(1 − a)S0

But, just as the same amount of radiation that enters the

system, leaves it, to have radiative equilibrium, the
atmosphere radiates back to the surface so that the
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radiation from the atmosphere, σ Ta 4 plus the radiation

entering the earth, σ Te 4 is the radiation at the surface of
the earth, σ Ta 4. However,

σ Ta 4 = σ Te 4

And we have…

σ Ts 4 = σ Ta 4 + σ Te 4 = 2σ Te 4

1
Ts = 2 4 Te

S0
σ Te 4 = (1 − a)

4
σ = 5.67 × 10−8

S0 = 1,370

a=0.3

1,370
(0.7) = 239.75

4
239.75
Te 4 = = 4.228 × 109

5.67 × 10 −8

Te = 255Kelvin

So, for the temperature at the surface of the Earth:

1
Ts = 2 4 Te = 1.189(255) = 303Kelvin

Let’s convert that to degrees centigrade:

Degrees Centigrade = 303 - 273 = 30 degrees centigrade

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And, let’s convert that to Fahrenheit:

Degrees Fahrenheit = 30(9/5)+32=86 Degrees Fahrenheit

In reality this is warmer than the average annual

temperature at the surface of the earth, but in this model,
we only considered radiative heat transfer and not
convective heat transfer. In other words, there is cooling
due to vaporization of water (the formation of clouds) and
due to the condensation of water vapor into rain droplets
(precipitation or the formation of rain).

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The Program
Here is my program in C that models the climate of a
planet around any star:

climate.c

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("\n");
printf("\n");
printf("Here we use a single atomospheric
layer with no\n");
printf("convection for the planet to be in
an equilibrium\n");
printf("state. That is to say, the
temperature stays\n");
printf("steady by heat gain and loss with
radiative\n");
printf("heat transfer alone.\n");
printf("The habitable zone is calculated
using the idea\n");
printf("that the earth is in the habitable
zone for a\n");
printf("star like the Sun. That is, if a
star is 100\n");
printf("times brighter than the Sun, then
the habitable\n");
printf("zone for that star is ten times
further from\n");
printf("it than the Earth is from the Sun
because ten\n");
printf("squared is 100\n");
float s, a, l, b, r, AU, N, root, number,
answer, C, F;
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printf("We determine the surface

temperature of a planet.\n");
printf("What is the luminosity of the star
in solar luminosities? ");
scanf("%f", &s);
printf("What is the albedo of the planet
(0-1)?" );
scanf("%f", &a);
printf("What is the distance from the star
in AU? ");
scanf("%f", &AU);
r=1.5E11*AU;
l=3.9E26*s;
b=l/(4*3.141*r*r);

N=(1-a)*b/(4*(5.67E-8));
root=sqrt(N);
number=sqrt(root);
answer=1.189*(number);
printf("\n");
printf("\n");
printf("The surface temperature of the
planet is: %f K\n", answer);
C=answer-273;
F=(C*1.8)+32;
printf("That is %f C, or %f F", C, F);
printf("\n");
float joules;
joules=(3.9E26*s);
printf("The luminosity of the star in
joules per second is: %.2fE25\n", joules/
1E25);
float HZ;
HZ=sqrt(joules/3.9E26);
printf("The habitable zone of the star in
AU is: %f\n", HZ);
printf("Flux at planet is %.2f times that
at earth.\n", b/1370);
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printf("That is %.2f Watts per square

meter\n", b);
printf("\n");
printf("\n");
}

Sample Running of Program

Here we use a single atomospheric layer
with no
convection for the planet to be in an
equilibrium
state. That is to say, the temperature
stays
steady by heat gain and loss with
radiative
heat transfer alone.
The habitable zone is calculated using
the idea
that the earth is in the habitable zone
for a
star like the Sun. That is, if a star
is 100
times brighter than the Sun, then the
habitable
zone for that star is ten times further
from
it than the Earth is from the Sun
because ten
squared is 100
We determine the surface temperature of
a planet.
What is the luminosity of the star in
solar luminosities? 100
What is the albedo of the planet (0-1)?
0.3
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What is the distance from the star in

AU? 10

The surface temperature of the planet

is: 303.727509 K
That is 30.727509 C, or 87.309517 F
The luminosity of the star in joules
per second is: 3900.00E25
The habitable zone of the star in AU
is: 10.000000
Flux at planet is 1.01 times that at
earth.
That is 1379.60 Watts per square meter

Hello, World!
Program ended with exit code: 0
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stellar.py

print("We determine the surface temperature

of a planet.")
s=float(raw_input("Enter stellar luminosity
in solar luminosities: "))
a=float(raw_input("What is planet albedo
(0-1)?: "))
au=float(raw_input("What is the distance
from star in AU?: "))
r=(1.5)*(10**11)*au
l=(3.9)*(10**26)*s
b=l/((4.0)*(3.141)*(r**2))
N=((1-a)*b)/(4.0*((5.67)*(10**(-8))))
root=N**(1.0/2.0)
number=root**(1.0/2.0)
answer=1.189*number
print("The surface temperature of the
planet is: "+str(answer)+"K")
C=answer-273
F=(9.0/5.0)*C + 32
print("That is " +str(C)+"C")
print("Which is " +str(F)+"F")
joules=3.9*(10**26)*s/1E25
lum=(3.9E26)*s
print("luminosity of star in joules per
sec: "+str(joules)+"E25")
HZ=((lum/(3.9*10**26)))**(1.0/2.0)
print("The habitable zone is: "+str(HZ))
flux=b/1370.0
print("Flux at planet is "+str(flux)+"
times that at earth")
print("That is " +str(b)+ " watts per
square meter")
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bioplanet.java

import comp102x.IO;
/**
* Here we write a program in java that
models the temperature of a planet for a
star
* of given luminosity.
* @author (Ian Beardsley)
* @version (Version 01 March 2016)
*/
public class bioplanet
{

public static void bioplanet()

{
System.out.print("Enter the
luminosity of the star in solar
luminosities: ");
double lum = IO.inputDouble();
System.out.print("Enter the
distance of the planet from the star in AU:
");
double r=IO.inputDouble();
System.out.print("Enter albedo of
the planet (0-1): ");
double a=IO.inputDouble();
double R=(1.5E11)*r;
double S=(3.9E26)*lum;
double b=S/(4*3.141*R*R);
double N = (1-a)*b/(4*(5.67E-8));
double root = Math.sqrt(N);
double number = Math.sqrt(root);
double answer = 1.189*number;
IO.outputln("The surface
temperature of the planet is: "+answer+ "
K");
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double C = answer - 273;

double F = 1.8*C + 32;
IO.outputln("That is: " +C+ "
degrees centigrade");
IO.outputln("Which is: " + F + "
degrees Fahrenheit");

}
}
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The Author