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Structured Questions

The document discusses organic chemistry concepts including: - Industrial processes for producing ethanol from ethene and converting ethanol to ethanoic acid. - Reactions between ethanol, ethanoic acid, and other reagents. - Properties of alkanes, alkenes, and their combustion reactions. - Fractional distillation of petroleum and cracking of hydrocarbons. - Production of ethanol from glucose or ethene. - Reactions of ethene to produce ethanol, ethanoic acid, and ethane-1,2-diol. - Properties of macromolecules like proteins, fats, poly(chloroethene), and poly(ethene).

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100 views2 pages

Structured Questions

The document discusses organic chemistry concepts including: - Industrial processes for producing ethanol from ethene and converting ethanol to ethanoic acid. - Reactions between ethanol, ethanoic acid, and other reagents. - Properties of alkanes, alkenes, and their combustion reactions. - Fractional distillation of petroleum and cracking of hydrocarbons. - Production of ethanol from glucose or ethene. - Reactions of ethene to produce ethanol, ethanoic acid, and ethane-1,2-diol. - Properties of macromolecules like proteins, fats, poly(chloroethene), and poly(ethene).

Uploaded by

malikimran28
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1. The structures of three organic molecules are shown below.

(a) Describe an industrial process to make ethanol from ethene. [3]


(b) Name a reagent that can be used to convert ethanol into ethanoic acid. [1]
(c) Ethanol and concentrated ethanoic acid react to form the ester ethyl ethanoate.
Name the other product formed.
Name the catalyst used in this reaction.
(i) The reaction between ethanol and ethanoic acid can reach dynamic equilibrium. What is meant by the term
dynamic equilibrium? [4]

(d) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid. It reacts with magnesium giving a gas and a magnesium salt.
(i) What is meant by the term weak acid?
(ii) Name the gas formed.
(iii) What is the formula of the magnesium salt formed? [3]

2. The table shows the energy released when one gram of an alkane or an
alkene is completely burned.
(a) Draw two possible structures for the compound with molecular formula
C4H8. [2]
(b)Explain how you can tell that C20H42 is an alkane.
[1]
(c) Select data from the table to show how the energy released per gram varies with the number of carbon atoms in
one molecule of an alkane. [1]
(d)Write the equation for the complete combustion of C 4H8. [2]
(e) A sample of a hydrocarbon contains 0.240 g of carbon and 0.050 g of hydrogen.
(i) Calculate the empirical formula of this hydrocarbon.
(ii) The hydrocarbon is one of the compounds in the table. Which one? [3]
(f) State a reagent used to distinguish between an alkane and an alkene. [1]

4. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Petroleum is a source of many useful fuels.


(a) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon [1]
(b) Petroleum is separated by fractional distillation.
(i) Complete the following table about the fractions
obtained from petroleum.

(ii) Name one other fraction obtained from petroleum. [3]


(c) Fractional distillation of petroleum does not produce sufficient of some fractions to match demand.
Cracking is used to convert large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules that are more in demand.
A hydrocarbon of molecular formula C12H26 is cracked.
(i) Suggest the formula of one alkane that may be produced.
(ii) Suggest the formula of one alkene that may be produced.

Malik Imran Afzal Page 1


(iii) Describe a chemical test that can be used to distinguish between an alkene and an alkane. [4]
(iv) 4. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is a liquid fuel. Ethanol can be manufactured either from glucose, C6H12O6, or from ethene.
(a) Briefly describe the manufacture of ethanol from glucose. Include the balanced equation in your answer. [4]
(ii) (i) Draw the displayed formula for ethene.
(iii) Name the substance that reacts with ethene to make ethanol.
(iv) Give the conditions needed for this reaction. [4]

B9 Ethene is an important starting material for the production of chemicals such as ethanol, ethanoic acid and
ethane- 1,2-diol. Ethene, C2H4, is manufactured by the cracking of long chain hydrocarbons such as dodecane, C12H26.
(a) Construct an equation to show the cracking of dodecane to make ethene. [1]
(b) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram for ethene. You only need to draw the valence (outer shell) electrons. [1]
(c) Ethene can also be converted into a compound that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. A sample of the
compound was analysed and found to contain 0.72g of carbon, 0.18 g of hydrogen and 0.96 g of oxygen.
Show that the empirical formula of the compound is CH 3O. [3]
(d) Describe how ethene can be converted industrially into ethanol. [2]
(e) Ethanol reacts with hot acidified potassium dichromate(VI) to form ethanoic acid.
(i) Describe the colour change that occurs during this reaction and draw the structure of ethanoic acid.
(ii) Ethane-1,2-diol has the structure drawn below.

Suggest the structure of the product of the reaction between ethane-1,2-diol and hot acidified potassium
dichromate(VI).

B11 Macromolecules are large molecules built up from many small units.
Proteins and fats are natural macromolecules.
Poly(chloroethene) and poly(ethene) are synthetic macromolecules.
(a) Name the type of linkage joining the units in fats. [1]
(b) Proteins can be hydrolysed into monomers by boiling with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
(i) Name the monomers produced in this hydrolysis. [1]
(ii) Suggest why clothes made from nylon are damaged by concentrated hydrochloric acid.
[1]
(c) Poly(chloroethene) is made from the monomer chloroethene. The structure of chloroethene is shown below.

(i) Draw the structure of poly(chloroethene). [1]


(ii) Explain why poly(chloroethene) has a low melting point. [1]
(iii) Describe what you would observe when bromine reacts with chloroethene and state what type of reaction takes
place.
Explain why bromine will not readily react with poly(chloroethene). [3]
(d) State and explain why plastics such as poly(ethene) may cause problems of pollution. [2]

Malik Imran Afzal Page 2

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