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Numerical Python: Numpy

NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays. It provides high-performance multidimensional arrays and tools for working with arrays. NumPy arrays allow vectorized mathematical operations and functions to be performed on whole arrays in one operation. This is much faster than using regular Python lists and loops. NumPy also provides functions for creating, manipulating, and getting information about arrays.

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Mustapha Bouregaa
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15 views

Numerical Python: Numpy

NumPy is a Python library used for working with arrays. It provides high-performance multidimensional arrays and tools for working with arrays. NumPy arrays allow vectorized mathematical operations and functions to be performed on whole arrays in one operation. This is much faster than using regular Python lists and loops. NumPy also provides functions for creating, manipulating, and getting information about arrays.

Uploaded by

Mustapha Bouregaa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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numpy: Numerical Python

"Duck'' typing makes Python slow


Duck Typing

If it looks like a duck, then it is a duck.


a.k.a. dynamic typing
Dynamic typing requires lots of metadata around a variable.

Solution: numpy data structures


Data structures, as objects, that have a single type and continuous storage.
Common functionality with implementation in C.
How slow is Python?
Add 1 to a million numbers
Use timeit

%timeit [i+1 for i in range(1000000)]


110 ms ± 13.1 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

import numpy
%timeit numpy.arange(1000000) + 1
1.22 ms ± 121 µs per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1000 loops each)
Universal functions
Universal functions are vectorized functions that operate on arrays in an element-by-
element fashion.
Arithmetic operators (+, -, /, *, **) are overloaded to work in an element-by-element
fashion.

Another speed comparison:

import math
%timeit [math.sin(i) ** 2 for i in range(1000000)]
322 ms ± 40.7 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1 loop each)

import numpy
%timeit numpy.sin(numpy.arange(1000000)) ** 2
25.3 ms ± 2.51 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)
Creating numpy arrays
numpy o ers several built-in functions for creating arrays

import numpy
x = numpy.array([2,3,11])
x = numpy.array([[1,2.],[0,0],[1+1j,2.]])
x = numpy.arange(-10,10,2, dtype=float)
x = numpy.linspace(1.,4.,6)
x = numpy.indices((3,3))
x = numpy.fromfile('foo.dat')
Array functions
numpy array functions for slicing, getting info, etc.

import numpy as np
x = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
x
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5],
[6, 7, 8]])

x[:,0]
array([0, 3, 6])

x.shape
(3, 3)

y = x[::2, ::2]
y
array([[0, 2],
[6, 8]])
E cient and compact nite di erences
x = np.arange(0,20,2)
y = x ** 2
dy_dx = (y[1:] - y[:-1]) / (x[1:] - x[:-1])
dy_dx
array([ 2., 6., 10., 14., 18., 22., 26., 30., 34.])
Sophisticated broadcasting rules
red = np.random.rand(800,600)
blue = np.random.rand(800, 600)
green = np.random.rand(800, 600)
rgb = np.array([red, blue, green])
rgb.shape
(3, 800, 600)

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