PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B.

09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY NOTEBOOK

I. TITLE: Cryoscopy: Freezing Point Depression of a solution

II. OBJECTIVES:

- To determine the freezing point depression of the solutions

- To determine the van‘t Hoff factor of solutes
- To calculate the molar mass and average molar mass for each of the four different
solutes
- To find the percent relative error for each of the four different mixtures

III. METHODOLOGY:

For this third virtual laboratory experiment, the materials used are the following: water
bath, test tube, thermometer, and a stirrer. The solvents used were water and benzene, and
the solutes were unknown. An appropriate amount of solvent was selected to fill the test tube
by clicking the solvent menu bar and adjusting the solvent mass button. Then inside the test
tube, a thermometer was placed subjected for a water bath. Next, the power button of the
water bath was turned on, and the freezing point of the solvent was recorded. Next, the power
button was turned off because there would be an amount of solute was added to the solvent.
The water bath was once more turned on until the freezing point of the solution reached. The
same procedures for all the parts and trials were held for the experiment. A combination of a
polar solvent and a salt were done in Parts A and B. The chosen solvents and solutes were
noted for parts A and B were not similar. Part C, on the other hand, was a solution to a polar
solvent plus a polar compound. Lastly, Part D contained a nonpolar solvent and a nonpolar
solute. Three trials for each part have been held wherein the solvents and solutes had different
amounts. The solutes were assumed to be unknown. 
PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

Figure 1. Set up of the online simulated cryoscopy experiment (with permission from
https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=2&brch=190&sim=337&cnt=4)

IV. RESULTS:

Table 1. Data table for Part A ( H 2 O polar solvent + NaCl salt 1)

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

solvent used H2O H2O H2O

mass solvent (g) 20.0 g 25.0 g 30.0 g

PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

freezing point solvent (°C) 0 °C 0 °C 0 °C

Kf 1.86 1.86 1.86

solute used NaCl NaCl NaCl

mass solute (g) 2.0 g 3.0 g 4.0 g

freezing point solution (°C) - 6.36 °C -7.63 °C -8.48 °C

ΔTf - 6.36 °C -7.63 °C -8.48 °C

van't Hoff factor solute 2 2 2

molar mass solute 58.49 g/mol 58.51 g/mol 58.49 g/mol

mean molar mass 58.50 g/mol

relative error 8.548 ×10−4 1.196 ×10−3 8.548 ×10−4

percent relative error 0.08548 % 0.1096 % 0.08548 %

Table 2. Data table for Part B ( H 2 O polar solvent + Al Cl3 salt 2)

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

solvent used H2O H2O H2O

mass solvent (g) 20.0 g 25.0 g 30.0 g

PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

freezing point solvent (°C) 0 °C 0 °C 0 °C

Kf 1.86 1.86 1.86

solute used Al Cl3 Al Cl3 Al Cl3

mass solute (g) 2.0 g 3.43 g 4.5 g

freezing point solution (°C) -5.574 °C -7.647 °C -8.361 °C

ΔTf -5.574 °C -7.647 °C -8.361 °C

van't Hoff factor solute 4 4 4

molar mass solute 133.48g/mol 133.49 g/mol 133.48 g/mol

mean molar mass 133.48 g/mol

relative error 1.049 x 10−3 1.124 x 10−3 1.049 x 10−3

Percent relative error 0.1049% 0.1124% 0.1049%

Table 3. Data table for Part C ( H 2 O polar solvent + C 6 H 12 O6 salt 3)

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

solvent used H2O H2O H2O

mass solvent (g) 20.0 g 25.0 g 30.0 g

freezing point solvent (°C) 0 °C 0 °C 0 °C

PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

Kf 1.86 1.86 1.86

solute used C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6 C 6 H 12 O 6

mass solute (g) 2.0 g 3.0 g 4.0 g

freezing point solution (°C) -1.031 °C -1.238 °C -1.375 °C

ΔTf -1.031 °C -1.238 °C -1.375 °C

van't Hoff factor solute 1 1 1

molar mass solute 180.41 g/mol 180.29 g/mol 180.36 g/mol

mean molar mass 180.35 g/mol

relative error 1.408x10-3 7.432x10-4 1.131x10-3

percent relative error 0.1408% 0.07432% 0.1131%

Table 4. Data table for Part D (C 6 H 6 nonpolar solvent + C 10 H 16 O nonpolar compound)

TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

solvent used C6 H6 C6 H6 C6 H6

mass solvent (g) 20.0 g 25.0 g 30.0 g

freezing point solvent (°C) 5.5 °C 5.5 °C 5.5 °C

Kf 5.12 5.12 5.12

PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

solute used C 10 H 16 O C 10 H 16 O C 10 H 16 O

mass solute (g) 2.0 g 3.0 g 4.0 g

freezing point solution (°C) 0.962 °C 1.637 °C 1.208 °C

ΔTf -4.538 °C -3.863 °C - 4.292 °C

van't Hoff factor solute 1 1 1

molar mass solute 159.06 g/mol 159.05 g/mol 159.06 g/mol

mean molar mass 159.06 g/mol

relative error 0.04294 0.04288 0.04294

Percent relative error 4.294 % 4.288 % 4.294 %

V. CALCULATIONS:

PART A
Kf of water = 1.86
Source: Wired Chemist. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/molal-freezing-boiling
van't Hoff factor solute = 2 → NaCl dissociates into two ions which is Na+ and Cl-
MM of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol

Trial 1
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−6.36 ° C−0 °C=−6.36 ° C

K f ( g solute )(i)
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) (2.31 g)(2) g
Molar mass= = =58.49
( ∆ T ) (kg solution) (−6. 36° C ) (0.02 0 kg) mol

Trial 2
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−7.6 3 ° C−0° C=−7.6 3 ° C
PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

K f ( g solute )(i)
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) (3.0 g)(2) g
Molar mass= = =58. 51
( ∆ T ) (kg solution) (−7 . 6 3 ° C ) (0.02 5 kg) mol

Trial 3
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−8.468 ° C−0 ° C=−8.48 ° C

K f (g solute) (i )
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) ( 4.0 g ) (2 ) g
Molar mass= = =58.49
( ∆ T )( kg solution ) (−8.48 ° C ) ( 0.0 30 kg ) mol

g g g
58. 49 +58.51 +58. 49
mol mol mol g
Mean molar mass= =58.50
3 mol
g g
experimental−theoretical (58. 49 −58.44 )
Relative error = = mol mol = 8.548 ×10−4
theoretical
58.4 9 g /mol
experimental −theoretical
Percent relative error = ×100 =
theoretical
g g
(58. 49 −58.44 )
mol mol
×10=0.08548 %
g
58.4 9
mol

PART B
Kf of water = 1.86
Source: Wired Chemist. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/molal-freezing-boiling
van't Hoff factor solute = 4 → AlCl3 dissociates into four ions which is 1 Al+ and 3 Cl-
MM of AlCl3 = 133.34 g/mol
Trial 1
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−5.574 ° C−0 ° C=−5.574 ° C

K f ( g solute )(i)
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) (2. 0 g)(4) g
Molar mass= = =133.48
( ∆ T ) (kg solution) (−5.574 ° C ) (0.020 kg ) mol

Trial 2
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−7 . 647 ° C−0° C=−7.647 ° C

K f ( g solute )(i)
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) (3 . 43 g)(4) g
Molar mass= = =133.4 9
( ∆ T ) (kg solution) (−7.647 ° C )(0.025 kg) mol

Trial 3
PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−8.361 ° C−0° C=−8. 361° C

K f (g solute) (i )
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) ( 4. 5 g )( 4 ) g
Molar mass= = =133.48
( ∆ T )( kg solution ) (−8. 361° C ) ( 0.0 30 kg ) mol

g g g
133.48 +133.4 9 + 133.48
mol mol mol g
Mean molar mass= =133.48
3 mol
g g
experimental−theoretical (133 . 8 4 8 −133.34 )
Relative error = = mol mol = 1.049 x 10−3
theoretical
133.34 g /mol
g g
(133.4 8 −133.34 )
mol mol
Percent relative error = ×10 0=0.1049 %
g
133.48
mol

PART C
Kf of water = 1.86
Source: Wired Chemist. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/molal-freezing-boiling
van't Hoff factor solute = 1 → glucose: non-ionic compound and does not dissociate into ions
MM of glucose = 180.156 g/mol
Trial 1
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−1.031 ° C−0 ° C=−1.031° C

K f ( g solute )(i)
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) (2. 0 g)( 1) g
Molar mass= = =1 80.41
( ∆ T ) (kg solution) (−1.031° C ) (0.02 0 kg) mol

Trial 2
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−1.238 ° C−0° C=−1.238 ° C

K f ( g solute )(i)
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) (3 . 0 g)(1) g
Molar mass= = =1 80.29
( ∆ T ) (kg solution) (−1.238 ° C ) (0.025 kg) mol

Trial 3
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−1.375 ° C−0° C=−1.375 ° C

K f (g solute) (i )
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) ( 4.0 g ) (1 ) g
Molar mass= = =1 80.36
( ∆ T )( kg solution ) (−1.375 ° C ) ( 0.0 30 kg ) mol
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3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

g g g
1 80.41 +1 80 . 29 +1 80 .36
mol mol mol g
Mean molar mass= =1 80 .35
3 mol
g g
experimental−theoretical (1 80 .29 −1 80.156 )
Relative error = = mol mol = 7.432 x 10−4
theoretical
1 80.29 g /mol
g g
(180.29 −1 80.156 )
mol mol
Percent relative error = ×10 0=0. 07432 %
g
180.29
mol

PART D
Kf of benzene = 5.12
Source: Wired Chemist. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.wiredchemist.com/chemistry/data/molal-freezing-boiling
van't Hoff factor solute = 1 → camphor does not dissociate into ions
MM of camphor = 152.23 g/mol
Trial 1
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−5.5 ° C−0.962 ° C=−4 . 538 ° C

K f ( g solute )(i)
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) (2. 0 g)( 1) g
Molar mass= = =1 59.06
( ∆ T ) (kg solution) (−4.538 ° C ) (0.02 0 kg) mol

Trial 2
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−5.5 ° C−1.637 ° C=−3.863 ° C

K f ( g solute )(i)
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) (3 . 0 g)(1) g
Molar mass= = =1 59.05
( ∆ T ) (kg solution) (−3.863 ° C ) (0.025 kg) mol

Trial 3
∆ T f =∆ T f (solution)−∆ T f ( solvent )=−5.5 ° C−1.2 0 8 ° C=−4.292 ° C

K f (g solute) (i )
(−1.86 ℃ /m ) ( 4.0 g ) (1 ) g
Molar mass= = =1 59.06
( ∆ T )( kg solution ) (−4.292° C ) ( 0.0 30 kg ) mol

g g g
1 59.06 +1 59.05 +1 59.06
mol mol mol g
Mean molar mass= =159.06
3 mol
PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

g g
experimental−theoretical (1 5 9.06 −152.23 )
Relative error = = mol mol = 0.04294
theoretical
1 59.06 g /mol
g g
(1 59 .06 −1 52.23 )
mol mol
Percent relative error = × 10 0=4.294 %
g
1 59.06
mol

VI. CONCLUSION

Colligative properties are the physical changes that result from adding a solute to a
solvent. Colligative Properties depend on how many solute particles are present as well as the
solvent amount but not dependent on the type of solute particles. A solvent becomes a
solution when added with a solute, then the freezing point of the solution is lower than that
freezing point of the solvent alone. It is due to the particles of the solute present in the
solution where it slows down the solvent’s ability to form a lattice. In other words, for a
solution to freeze, it needs a lower temperature than its standard freezing point of the
solvent. The freezing point of the solution in each trial was recorded and used to compute for
the freezing point depression using the formula ΔT = Tf (solution) - Tf (pure solvent). The three trials the
results yielded were 6.36 ℃, 7.63 ℃, and 8.48 ℃ for the polar solvent with salt 1 solution
(H2O with NaCl). The polar solvent with salt 2 solution (H 2O with AlCl3) had results of
5.574 ℃ ,7.647 ℃ ,∧8.361℃. For the polar solvent with salt 3 solution (H 2O with C6H12O6) it
was 1.031 ℃, 1.238 ℃, 1.375 ℃ . While the nonpolar solvent with nonpolar solute solution
(C6H6 with C10H16O) yielded 4.538 ℃, 3.863 ℃, and 4.292 ℃. In addition, the molar masses
K f ( g solute )(i)
of each solute used was been calculated using the formula molar mass =
( ∆ T )(kg solution )
where Kf is the molal freezing point depression constant of the solvent used, ∆ T is the
difference between the freezing point of the solution and the freezing point of the solvent
and the i is the van’t Hoff factor which depends on the number of ions of the solute in the
solution. When the average molar mass was obtained, the percent relative error was
V A −V E
computed using the formula:δ = | VE | ×100 , wherein VA is the average molar mass of the

solute while VE is the true molar mass of the solute. The polar solvent with salt 1 solution (H 2O
with NaCl) yielded an average molar of 58.50 g/mol and a percent relative error of 0.08548%.
For the polar solvent solution with salt 2 (H 2O with AlCl3), it had an average molar of 133.48
g/mol with a percent relate error of 0.1049%. For the polar solvent with salt 3 solution had
PERALES, KENT BENEDICT B. 09/06/2020
3CHEM1 EXPERIMENT 3

results of 180.35 g/mol and a percent relative error of 0.07432%. Lastly, the nonpolar solvent
with nonpolar solute solution (C6H6 with C10H16O) yielded results of 159.06g/mol and percent
relative error of 4.294%.