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    Activity 4

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    VAN IRIAN GUERRERO
    This document describes an experiment to demonstrate the jet trajectory produced by steady flow through an orifice in a tank. The experiment aims to analyze the difference between the theoretical jet trajectory, calculated using equations that assume no energy losses, and the actual measured trajectory, which is affected by various factors. Students will collect data on the x-y positions of the jet at different distances from the orifice and water heights, then plot the theoretical and actual trajectories and discuss possible reasons for any differences between them.

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    Activity 4

    Uploaded by

    VAN IRIAN GUERRERO
    51 views5 pages
    This document describes an experiment to demonstrate the jet trajectory produced by steady flow through an orifice in a tank. The experiment aims to analyze the difference between the theoretical jet trajectory, calculated using equations that assume no energy losses, and the actual measured trajectory, which is affected by various factors. Students will collect data on the x-y positions of the jet at different distances from the orifice and water heights, then plot the theoretical and actual trajectories and discuss possible reasons for any differences between them.

    Original Description:

    ORIFICE AND JET TRAJECTORY DEMONSTRATION

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    This document describes an experiment to demonstrate the jet trajectory produced by steady flow through an orifice in a tank. The experiment aims to analyze the difference between the theoretical jet trajectory, calculated using equations that assume no energy losses, and the actual measured trajectory, which is affected by various factors. Students will collect data on the x-y positions of the jet at different distances from the orifice and water heights, then plot the theoretical and actual trajectories and discuss possible reasons for any differences between them.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    51 views5 pages

    Activity 4

    Uploaded by

    VAN IRIAN GUERRERO
    This document describes an experiment to demonstrate the jet trajectory produced by steady flow through an orifice in a tank. The experiment aims to analyze the difference between the theoretical jet trajectory, calculated using equations that assume no energy losses, and the actual measured trajectory, which is affected by various factors. Students will collect data on the x-y positions of the jet at different distances from the orifice and water heights, then plot the theoretical and actual trajectories and discuss possible reasons for any differences between them.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    ORIFICE AND JET TRAJECTORY DEMONSTRATION


     
    4.1.  Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Activity
    SO d, Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze, and interpret data, and synthesize
    information to provide valid conclusions for investigating complex problems.
    SO i, Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
    multidisciplinary setting.

    4.2.  Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)


    At the end of this activity the student shall be able to:
    a)   Demonstrate the jet trajectory produce by steady state flow in an orifice in tank.
    b)   Compare the theoretical and actual jet trajectories.
    c)   Discuss different possible factors that affect disturbance in actual jet trajectory.

    4.3.  Objective/s of the Activity


    The aim of this activity is to analyze to demonstration the difference factors affecting the actual jet
    trajectory in comparison with theoretical jet trajectory.

    4.4.  Principle of the Activity


    Theoretical Jet Trajectory

    When a water-filled tank is discharged through an orifice, the potential energy of the water head is
    transformed into kinetic energy of the water jet performed by the orifice.

    Without losses the kinetic energy is equal to the potential energy:

    1
    𝑚𝑣 % = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
    2

    where g is the acceleration due to gravity and h the height of the water. This equation can be rearranged to
    give an equation for the velocity v.

    𝑣= 2𝑔ℎ

    For description of the jet trajectory it is advantageous to introduce Cartesian coordinates. The horizontal
    part of the velocity v is dx/dt and the vertical dy/dt. The horizontal part of the velocity is constant and equal
    to the velocity in the orifice. The vertical part depends of the acceleration due to gravity.

    𝑑𝑥
    𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑔ℎ

    𝑑𝑦
    𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔𝑡

    Integration over the time gives the position function of the jet trajectory.
    𝑥 =   2𝑔ℎ  𝑡

    𝑔𝑡 %
    𝑦 =   2

      15  
    Elimination of time gives the y-position dependence on of the width x and the water head h.

    𝑥%
    𝑦 𝑥 =
    4ℎ

    4.5.  Materials/Equipment
    1 unit HM 150.09 Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus Accessories
    HM 150.09 Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus Accessories
    1 unit HM 150.0 Basic Hydraulic Bench
    HM 150.0 Basic Hydraulic Bench Accessories
    1 Set Timer
    1 Set Thermometer
    Power and Water Supply Supplies

    4.6.  Procedures
    Performing of the Activity
    1.   Insert orifice into the orifice.
    2.   Notice: Don’t forget the sealing ring between orifice and fitting.
    3.   Connect apparatus to the water supply of the Basic Hydraulic Bench HM 150 and start the pump.
    4.   Adjust the water head to 400 mm by means of the adjustable overflow.
    5.   Beginning at the right side, adjust the trajectory probes until they get in contact with the jet.
    6.   Read off the measured y-positions of the jet and note them down in tabular form.

      16  
    4.7.  Activity Report
    Course Code:
    Course Title: Activity No.:
    Group No.: Section:
    Group Members: Date Performed:
    Date Submitted:
    Instructor:

    4.7.1.  Data and Results


     
    Plot the Actual and Theoretical Jet Trajectories

      17  
    Table 4-1: Data for Theoretical and Actual Jet Trajectories
    y-distance Calculated height,
    y-distance
    x-Distance (mm) calculated h
    measured (mm)
    (mm) (mm)
    4 mm Diameter (Rounded)
    Measured Height, h (mm)
    70
    140
    210
    280
    350
    420
    490
    Theoretical Velocity, v (m/s) Average Height, h
    Actual Velocity, v (m/s) (mm)
    4 mm Diameter (Angular)
    Measured Height, h (mm)
    70
    140
    210
    280
    350
    420
    490
    Theoretical Velocity, v (m/s) Average Height, h
    Actual Velocity, v (m/s) (mm)
    8 mm Diameter (Rounded)
    Measured Height, h (mm)
    70
    140
    210
    280
    350
    420
    490
    Theoretical Velocity, v (m/s) Average Height, h
    Actual Velocity, v (m/s) (mm)
    8 mm Diameter (Angular)
    Measured Height, h (mm)
    70
    140
    210
    280
    350
    420
    490
    Theoretical Velocity, v (m/s) Average Height, h
    Actual Velocity, v (m/s) (mm)

      18  
    4.7.1.  Computations

    4.7.2.  Conclusion/s
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

      19  

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