M AN U A L

FAR M ANI M AL S

A PR ACTIC AL GU IDE
To T HE C H O O S IN G ,
BR EED IN G ,
AND K EEP
O F H O R S E S , CATT LE, S HEEP
AND S WI N E

M ERR IT T W . HAR PER

A S S I S T ANT P U
R O F ES S O R O F A NI M AL H S B AND R I N Y
T HE NE W Y U U
O R K S T A T E C O LL E G E O F A G R I C L T R E

A T C O R N EL L U
N I V ER S I T Y

New fl a k
THE MACM ILLAN CO MPANY

1 91 1

All ri ghts r e ser v e d

 CO PYR I G HT , 1 91 1 ,

BY T HE M AC M ILL AN CO M PANY .

Se t u p a n d e le c tro ty p e d . Pu blishe d S e pt
e m be r, 1 91 1 .

Nurfiao oh 18mm
J S Ca shi n g 0 0 — Be rw i ck
. . S m i h Co
. t .

Norw o o d , M a ss , U S A . . . .
 PR EFACE

IN A m e ric a , ra isi n g f a rm a n i m a l s d o e s n o t re ce i v e the r e co gn i

ti o n th a t i s a cco rd e d it in Eu ro p e Be ca u s e o f thi s re l a tiv e n e g
.

l e ct w h e n in s e a rch o f a n i m a l s with whi ch to i m p ro v e o u r st u ds

, ,

h e rds a n d fl o cks w e stil l l o o k l a rg e ly to f ore ig n l a n d s Co n ti

,
.

n e n ta l Eu ro e ro vid e s u s with bl oo d to i m pr o v e o u r d r a ft h o rs e s ,
p p
d a i ry ca ttl e a n d fi n e-w o o l she e p whil e the Briti sh I sl e s f u rn ish
, ,

i m p ro ve d bl o o d f o r o u r b e e f ca ttl e m u tt on sh e e p ba con swi n e , a s

, ,

we ll a s f o r h o rs e s bo th li ght a n d h e a vy a n d f or d a i ry c a ttl e
, , .

A c o m pa r is on o f Eu ro p e a n m e th o ds with th o s e e m pl o ye d in
A m e ric a re ve a l s the f a ct th a t o u r m e th o ds a re l a cki n g a n d e u
tire ly i n a d e qu a t e to p ro du ce the gre a t e st i m pr o v e m e n t The .

live -sto ck f a rm e r s o f Eu ro p e e x e r cis e m u ch c a re f u l j u dg m e n t i n

ch o o si n g th e i r a n i m a l s in f e e di n g i n bre e di n g a n d in the c a re
, , ,

a n d m a n a ge m e n t . I t ha s b e e n with a vi e w o f a idi n g to p r o m o t e
s u ch i n t e re st in the da il y wo rk with f a r m a n i m a l s th a t thi s
vo l u m e is writt en . This ha s b e e n d o n e with the th o u ght th a t
i n cre a s e d i n t e re s t wil l l e a d to i m p ro ve d c a re whi ch in ti m e it
, ,

is h ope d will pr o d u c e a b e tt e r a n d m ore u s e f u l cl a ss o f f a rm

,

l iv e st o ck It is we l l re c o gn iz e d th a t a g o o d a n i m a l hu sba n dry
-
.

li e s a t the bo tto m o f a go o d a gr i cul tu re .

’
F rom the a b o ve , it wi ll be s e e n th a t the a u th o r s pu rp o s e i s
to disc u ss the g e n e ra l c a r e a n d m a n a g e m e n t o f f a rm a n i m a l s
r a th e r th a n th e b r e e d s
. Ho w e v e r a kn o wl e dg e o f the b re e ds is
,

n e c e ss a ry To e c on o m iz e sp a c e a n d the re a d e r s ti m e th e write r
’
.
,

ha s a d o pt e d the m e th o d o f f re e ly i n s e rti n g pictu re s o f g o o d

a n i m a l s o f m a n y b re e ds wi th lib e r a l l e g e n ds l e tti n g th e m ru n
‘

, ,

a s a m i n o r m o tive th ro u gh o u t the b o o k By thi s pl a n it i s h o pe d

.

th a t s o m e o f the m a i n ch a ra cte risti cs o f the b re e ds m a y be t a k e n

a w a y by the r e a d e r with littl e e ffo rt on his pa rt .
 P R E F A CE

In a b o o k o f t h is ra n ge m a n y ki n ds o f a dv i ce m u st be give n
, .

Thi s a d v i ce m a y n o t a ll be o f e q u a l va l u e e ve n t ho u gh it be the
,

ro du ct o f a ctu a l e x pe r i e n ce Th e a u t h o r give s it f o r w ha t it is
p .

wo rth a n d it is the re spo n s ibility o f the r e a d e r to a pply it a n d

,

to w o r k it o u t a s b e st he ca n . I n the di s c u ssi o n o f di s e a se s pa r ,

ticu la rly it is v e ry diffi cu lt to g iv e f o rm a l a dv i ce th a t w il l a p ply

,

to a ll ca s e s ; a n d the st a te m e n ts a re m e a n t to be u s e d a s gu i de s
”
a n d su gg e sti o n s a n d n o t a s do ct o r b oo k r e s cr ipt o n s o r a s
“
p i

s u bstit u t e s f o r the h e lp o f a t ra i n e d ve t e ri n a ri a n It is h o pe d
.

th a t by ca l li n g a tt e n ti o n to the dis e a s e s a n d a il m e n ts the re a d e r ,

wil l s e e the i m po rt a n ce o f s e cu rin g re li a bl e a i d wh e n the s u bj e ct

is be y o n d his k n owl e d ge o r S kill .

The b o o k is a m a n u a l a n d th e re f o re it c o n sid e r s th e co m m o n
,

p ra ctic a l m a tt e rs i n m u ch d e t a il . N o d o u b t m u ch i n f o rm a ti on

whi ch w e n o w a cce pt in the b re e di n g a n d f e e di n g o f a n i m a l s i s

v e ry i m p e rf e ct ; bu t the w r ite r ha s t ri e d to di scu ss the d a ily
h a n dli n g o f f a rm l i v e -st o ck i n the light o f s u ch k n o wl e dge a s
i s a t pre s e n t b e st a cc e pt e d a n d m o st ca pa bl e o f a p pl i ca ti o n .

R e c o g n izi n g th e i m p o rt a n ce o f s u ch a w o r k the wr it e r will be

,

g l a d t o c o rre s po n d w it h th o s e i n t o wh o s e h a n d s the b o o k m a y

f a ll , c o n c e rn i n g di ffi cu lti e s in th e m a n a g e m e n t o f a n i m a l s a n d ,

a l s o to r e c e ive s u gge sti o n s th a t wil l m a ke f u t u r e e diti o n s o f the

Ma n u a l — i f s u ch s h o u l d be ca l l e d f o r — m o re u s e f u l a s a pra ctic a l

g u i de i n r a isi n g f a rm a n i m a ls .

M W HAR P ER
H
. . .

IT AC A, N Y . .
,

Ju n e 7 , 1 9 1 1 .
 CO NTENTS

P ART I H O R SES

C HAPTER I

CH I G A HO R S E — J U D GI N G
OOS N

G e n e ra l Ex a m i n a ti o n o f the Ho rs e
E x a m i n a ti on in th e sta b le
E x a m i n a ti o n i n a cti o n
Ho w to e sti m a te the Age O f a Hors e
Ge n e r a l co n s i d e ra ti o n s
E xa m i n a ti o n o f th e te e th
C o lt — T hre e y e a rs O ld — F o u r y e a rs — F ive ye a rs O ld
o ld

S ix y e a rs O ld — Se v en y e a rs O ld — E i ght y e a rs O ld — Ni n e

y e a rs o ld Te n y e a rs O ld Ele v e n y e a rs O ld Age d
h o rs e s .

Irre gu la r iti es in th e te e th
i gU
D e te ct n n sou n d n e ss
A bl m i h e s

An u n s o u n d n e ss

D e ca y e d and bro ke n te e th — D ischa rge fro m the n os r t il

s

Im p a i ii
re d v s o n D e fe ctive h e a rin g P o ll e vi l - Sw e e n ie d

S h o u lde rs itl
F s u ae C a pp e d el b ow U n sou n d kn e e s
Sp l i t
n s R i g b
n - on e i b
S de - on e S cra tch e s U n sou n d
h o o fs Th o rou ghp i n S p via n S tri n gh a lt Cu r b
F o rgi n g an d o v e rre a ch n g i In te rf e r i n g L o ca ti n g la m e
n e ss U n sou n d i n w i n d .

T yp e s of Hors e s
The l gh i t typ e
He a vy typ e

Ch o o s i g Li ght H
n a orse

G e n e ra l a pp e a ra n ce i
in l ght h o rse s
F o rm Act i on Q i
u a l ty Te m p e ra m en t .

i
D e ta l ch a ra cte rs Of a li ght h o rs e

He a d Ne ck C he st S ho u lde rs A rm s Elb ow s F o re
vu
 C ON TENTS
PAG ES

a rm s K n ees C a n n on s t
F e lo ck P a ste rn s Fee t
R ib s Bo dy Lo i n Cr ou p Th gh i i
H n d le gs Hocks
i
H n d ca n n o n s i
H n d p a ste rn s H ndi fe e t .

Cho os i ng a He a y Ho rsev
G e n e ra l a pp e a ra n ce in he a vy h o rse s

T he f o rm The w e ight The ac ti on Q lity

ua .

i
De ta l cha ra cte rs of he a vy h ors e s

He a d Ne ck Che st S h o u ld e rs Arm F o re - a rm s
K n ees C a n n on Pa ste rn s Fe e t Bo dy C ro u p
Th ghs i Ho ck .

C HAPTER II

THE F E E D N I G OF AN I M AL S —G R LC E NE A O NS D E I R AT I O N
F o od
U se Of foo d
C o m po s t ii o n of fo o d
W a ert As h Prote i n Ca r b oh yd ra te s Fa t .

F u n ct i on of v i
a r ou s f o o d m a te r i a ls

W a te r Ash P rote i n Ca r b oh ydra te s Fa t .

i ibi i f F d
D ge st l ty o oo

i i
D ge st o n
Si f d i g tiv
ze o g es e or a n s

Di g tib l es ti t e n u r en s

C d i ti
on I fl
on s i g Di g t i
n u en c n es on

P l t bi lity
a a a

Ti m f h v ti g
e o G i d i g th
ar es n r n n e fo o d Cu r i ng

V i p a r ou s ro ce ss e s .

M i t
a n e n a n ce R ti d P d tiv R ti
a on s a n ro uc e a on s

M i t a n ti
e n a n ce r a on s

P d tiv
ro uc ti e ra on s

F di g t d d f
ee n f m
s an im l
ar s or ar an a s

B l d R ti
a a n ce a on

N t itiv
u r ti e ra o

M th d f l l ti g
e o o ca cu a n

Oth m th d
er fe m p ti g o tis O co u n ra on s

U i gb l
s n d ti
a a n ce ra on s

C HAPTER III
T HE F E E D I N G OF HO R S E S
F o od R i
e q u re m e n s t fo r W o rk
 C O N TE N TS ix

R e gu la r ity i n fe e d i ng

O rd e r of su pp ly i n g fo o d
W a te r n g th e ho rse i
i
F e e d n g the W o rk Ho rse
i
F e e d n g th e D r n g Ho rs e ivi
i i
W n te r n g th e Idle Ho rse
Fe e d i ng th e Bro o d M a re
Fe e di ng M u le s
S a m p le R a ti o n s fo r the Ho rse
C HAPTER IV

T HE B R EE D N I G OF AN I M A L S IN GE NE R A L
L kei p ro du ce s i
l ke
V i ti i th B i
ar a on s e a s s Of Im p ro v e m en t
V i ti iv
ar a on u n e rs a l a m o n g f a rm an im a ls

Ki d f v i tin s o ar a on

Pro x im a te C a u s e s of V i ti ar a on

vi m t
En ro n en Cli m t a e F o od su pply C a re C ro ss i ng .

S l ti
e ec on

I d ivi d l m
n ua er it P d i g e re e M at i ng .

H d ity
e re

I h itn f di
er a n ce o se a se — Pre p o te n cy Pro lifi ca cy or F e cu n d ity
St i lity R er e la tive i n fl u e n ce of p a re n ts .

Sy t m
s e f B di g
s o re e n

G di g ra C i n ro ss n g L i b n e- i
re e d n g b
In - i
re e d n g Bre e d i ng

f m th b t ro e es .

C HAPTER V .

T HE B R EED N I G OF HO R S E S AN D MU L ES

Pla n of Bre e d i n g
C o Ope ra tiv e b re e d i ng

S e cu r i t
n g s a ll on s i
S e le ct i ng Bre e d i ng Sto ck
The b re e d a n d typ e — U n i form ity S ou n dn e ss .

The Sta ll i on

The M a re
S e a so n of the y e a r t o b re e d
W he n m a re s sh o u ld be t ri e d
Ba rre n n e ss in m a re s
A b tior on in m a re s
Pa rtu r iti on ti m e
X C O N TEN TS

Th e m a r e an d th e y o u n g fo a l
The F o a l
Ills of y o u n g fo a l
th e

C o n sti p a ti o n D i a rrh e a o r sc o u rs — Na vli

e n fe c ti o n .

F e e d i n g the y o u n g fo a l
W e a n i n g the y o u n g fo a l
Bre e d i n g J a cks , J e n n e ts , an d M u le s
J a cks a n d j e n n e ts
M u le s and h i i nn es

C HAPTER VI

C R A E AND M ANAG E M E N T OF HO R SES

G ro o m i ng

C a re of th e Ho rse ’
S T eth e

Cli pp i n g
B dd i
e ng the Ho rse
Bla n ke ts
Sta le b bl an ke ts O td u oor bl a n ke s t .

Ca re of th e F e e t
S ho e i ng .

Tra i i
n n g th e C o l t
Tra i i n n g t o th e h a l e r t - T ra i i n n g to t h e u se s Of th e bit — Im
p o rta n ce of a go o d m ou th — Bitti n g the c o lt Ha rn e ss n t e ig h
co l t i i
H tch n g d o u bl e Hitch i n g s i n gle T ra i n i n g to m oun t .

Ha rn e ss i a n d Ha rn e ss n g

Th bite d h b i dl an t e r e T he bit He a d - t
s a ll Bl i n ds C e n te r
pi bbe ce s , e a r- o s, an d ta sse ls Th e — i tt
ch e ck -r e n
7
F i i
n g the

ll
co Adj t i g ar us n th e ha m e - tu g Bre a st h a rn e ss F i tti n g
h b k b
t de d ac -
an an cru pp e r Fly n e ts -
Ca ri n g for h a rn e ss
Ha rn e ss ro o m .

C HAPTER V II

D I S E AS E S OF T HE HO R S E
ti n g S i ck Ho rse s
T re a
Ad m i n i ste r i n g M e d i ci n e
D re n ch i n g Hyp o d e rm i c Med i ti
ca on Ex te r n a l m i ti
e d ca on

En e m a s i j ti
or n ec on s i n to th e re c u m t C o u n te r- i it t
rr an s

Bliste rs 4 Fi i g r n .

La m e n e ss its C a u se an d T re a tm e n t
 C ON TEN TS xi

L a m e n e ss d u e to a ilm t
e n s of the b on es

Sp l i n ts ,
i b
r n g- on e s, S i d —b
e on es, bo n e S p a vi n , an d b on y en

la rge m e n ts tu re
F ra c .

L a m e n e ss du e to a i lm e n ts o f th e j o i n ts

W i n d—
ga lls, bl o o d -s p a vi n ,
b o g-S p a vi n , an dth o ro u gh pin
ilm
.

L a m e n e s s du e to a t
e n s of m u scle s an d te n d o n s
Sp ra i ns S h o u ld e r la m e n e ss Sw een y S h o u ld e r S o re
S h o u ld e r a n d n e ck , a n d ga lls Cu r b .

L a m e n e s s d u e to ca pp e d e lb o w s o r sh o e b o i ls
- -

C a pp e d-e l b ow s Ca pp e d kn e e C a pp e d h o ck
- -
Sh o e - b ilo

i lm
.

L a m e n e ss du e to a t
e n s of th e f o o t
I n t e rf e r i ng Ov e rre a ch n g i C a lk w ou n ds C o rn s Pu n c
tu re d w o u n ds o f th e f oo t C ra cke d h o o fs
i
.

D se a se s o f th e L e gs
S cra tche s M u d fev er E cz e m a .

D i se a se s o f the D i g tiv
es e O rga n s
i
A lm e n ts Of th e M ou th
S o re m o u th A b n o rm a l a n d d ise a se d te e th La m pa s .

i
A lm e n ts O f th e throa t a n d gu lle t
C ho k i ng .

i
A lm e n ts O f th e t
s o m a ch a n d i n te sti n e s
I n d ge st o n i Co l c i
D a rrh e a i i o r s co u r n g i C o n st i p ti
a on

i i
.

D se a se s O f th e R e sp ra to ry O rga n s
Ca ta rrh He a v e s , ro ke n w n d , b i asth m a R o a r n g,i w h i tli
s n g,

th i ck w i n d .

M i sce lla n e ou s Di se a se s

W o u n ds Di t m ps e er In fl u e n z a Az otu r i a F ou l sh e a th
D is e a se s o f th e e y e .

P ART II CAT T LE

C HAP TER V I II
CH OOS N I G CL ATT E J U D G I NG
T yp e s o f C a ttle
Th e d a i ry type
The b e e f typ e
Ho w to e sti m a te th e Age o f a
G e n e ra l e x a m i n a t i o n
Ex a m i n a ti o n O f th e te e th
 C O N TE N TS

Ex a m i tina on o f th e h o rn s
C h o os i n g 3. Da iyC r ow

G e n e ra l co n s i d ti e ra on in d a iy
r co w s

F o rm Q lity ua Con s ti t t i
u on T e m p e ra m e n t
i iy
.

D e ta l ch a ra cte rs of a da r co w

He a d Ne ck F o re q u a rte rs B o dy -
H nd i - t
qu ar e rs
U dd e r M lk- e n s M lk S gn s i vi i i .

C ho os i ng Be e f C a ttle
G e n e ra l ch a ra c e r s t i ti cs o f be e f ca ttle
F o rm of the f e e de r Q lity
ua of th e fe e d e r Con d iti on o f the
fe e de r i
U n f orm ity a m on g f e e d e rs .

i
De ta l ch a ra cte rs of b e e f cattle
He a d Ne ck F o re - qu a rte rs B o dy Hin d -
qu a r te rs Fa t
t
s e er .

C HAPTER IX

FEED NI G DA I RY C ATT E L
Food R t f o r M i lk
e qu re m e n s i
Ha e cke r F e e d i n g sta n da rd M a tu re C o w -

Ha e cke r F e e d i n g sta n da rd He if e rs -

F e e d i n g sta n da rds m e re gu i d e s
-

Effe ct o f F oo d o n C o m p o si ti o n o f M i lk
E ffe ct o f fo o d o n to ta l so li d s — E ffe ct o f fo o d on the p e rce n ta ge
of fa t - Food an d fl a v o r o f m i lk O rde r o f su pp ly i n g fo o d
Effe ct of fo o d on qu a n tity o f m i lk .

i
W a te r n g the M ilki g C n ow

Fe e d i ng th e M ilki g C n ow

Su m m e r f di g f d i y
ee n o a r ttle — P rote cti n g co w s fro m flie s
ca

W i n te r f di g f d i y
ee n o a r ca ttle — G ra i n o r c o n ce n tra te d f e e ds

D ry f o ra ge S u ccu le n t fe e ds S i la ge R o ots a n d tu be rs
So l ii g
n .

Fe ed i ng fo r i
H gh Pro d u ct o n i
Fe e di n
g th e He fe r i
S a m p le R a ti on s fo r the Da iyC
r ow

C HAPTER X

BR E E D I NG DA I R YC AT T E L
i
M lk-r e co rds
M e th o d o f ke e pl n g r e co rds V a lu e o f i
m lk-re co rd s .
 C ON TE N TS Ici ii

Te s ti n g M i lk fo r Bu tte r F a t
Sa m p l i ng th e m lk i Us i ng the ac id W hi li r ng th e b o ttle s
R ea d n g i th e p e rce n ta ge of fa t .

Te st i n g As s o c i tia on s

Ge n e ra l pla n
R e co rd s o f Pre fo rm a n ce an d of Bre e dig n

i di id l im l h
Th e n v ua an a t e un it f i m p
o ro v e m e n t
Pl f B
an o di g re e n

R i h h if lv
a se f m t e e e r ca es ro the b e s t co w s C o o p e ra t iv b
e i
re e d n g
F mi g h D i y H d
.

or n t e a r er

G di g p h H d
ra n -
u t e er

Th fi t g ti e S l rs t h e i fe r ca lve s fro m the h i gh p ro du c

e n e ra on e ec -

in g d a m s T h e se co n d ge n e ra ti o n C o n ti n u e d j u d i ci o u s s e le c
ti o n the m e a n s o f Im p ro ve m e n t
i y B ll
.

Th e D a r u

Ch i g d i y b ll — U i f m ity
o os n a a r u n or Of ge t
— Nu m b e r of co w s t o

h b ll t e u .

Th D i y C
e a r ow

P d tiv p i d i d i y ttl
ro uc e er o n a r ca e

S f h y
e a so nb d O t e ear to re e

P t iti ti mar ur on e

Th e C a lf
Fe e d i n g th e d a ry c a lf i
R em o vi n g h o rn s f ro m y o u n g v
ca l e s

C a stra ti ng th e m a le c a lf

C HAP TER X I
C A RE AND M ANAG E M E NT O F D IRY C
A L ATT E 257 27 4
Sa n i
ta ry M lk P ro du ct o n i i
Th e co w — Th e sta bl es —M i lk h
- o u se U te n s i ls M i lk i n g
i i i
.

M lk n g M a ch n e s
M a n a ge m e n t o f th e Bu ll
i gi g h b ll
R n n t e u

Th D i y B
e a r a rn

Li ght i b d h ld t h d i y b
n a un a n ce S ou en er t e a r a rn — V en ti la ti o n
ti l h lth — F l
e ss e n b tm d f a to ea o o rs a re es a e o ce m e n t W a te r
i g d vi n e ce .

T h Si l
e o

Th i f h i l F i lli g th il
e S ze O t e s o n e S o .
 C ON TE N TS
C HAPTE R X II

F E E D I N G BE E FC AT T LE
E sse n t i a ls o f ttleF e e d i n g Ca
Age a t w h i ch to f e e d ca ttle
F o rm f o r f e e d i n g ca ttl e
C o n d iti o n o f f e e d i n g ca ttle
Q u a lity O f fe e di n g ca ttle
U n i fo rm ity i n fe e d i n g ca ttle
F o o d R e qu i re m e n ts f o r Be e f
Wi n te ri n g Stocke rs a n d F e e d e rs
R o u gh a ge i n cre a s e s fe e d i n g ca p a city
Sum m e r Fe e di n g on P a stu re
How to tu rn to gra ss Fe e d i ng gra i n t o ca ttle on p a stu re Th e
p a stu re s .

“I in te r F e e d g i n D r -l
y ot i n

F e e d i n g gra i n to ca le i n dry -lo t tt

by b
.

Ba -
eef

Ca ttle u se d b by b f p d ti
in a -
ee ro uc on — F e e d i n g fo r b by b
a -
eef

p ro d u c ti on Ad v t g f b by b an a es o a - eef p ro d u cti o n D isa d v a n

ta ge s O f b b y b f p d ti
a - ee ro uc on .

Fe ed i ng C a ttle f o r t he L o ca l M a rke t
Ho gs f o llo w i ng G ra i n -
fe d C a ttle
G e tt i ng C a ttle O n Fe e d
L e n gth of Fe e d i ng P e ri o d
M a rke ta le C o n d tb ii on

W he n to m a rke t ca ttle .

Sh i ppi ng C a ttle
P re p a r i n g ca ttle fo r Sh i pm e n t — Dr i fti ng ca ttle fo r th e lo ca l
m a rke t .

S a m p le R a ti o n s f o r F a tte n i n g Ca ttle

C HAP T ER XIII
B R EED N I G BE E FC AT T EL
P la n Of Bre e di g n

C o ppe ra tiv e gra d n g u p i -

i i
R a se h e fe r ca l e s fr o m v b t es co w s

Se le cti o n Of Bre e d i g St k
n oc

The b re e d C i g Th d
ro ss n e u a l- p u rp o se co w i
U n fo r m ity .

T h e Be e f Bu ll
T he co s t of a b u ll .
 C O N TE N TS XV

The R eef C ow
P ro du cti o n p e ri o d in ca ttle
-
S e a so n of th e y e a r t o b r e e d Th e
p re gn a n t co w —C o w w ith ca lf a t f o o t — W e a n i n g — F e e di n g
th e b e e f ca lf .

C HAPTE R X IV
C R
A E AND M ANAG E M E N T OF B FC L EE AT T E

F a rm s f o r F a tte n i n g C a ttl e

E qu ipm en t fo r S u m m e r F di gee n

P a stu re F e e d b u n k Th e s e lf-fe e d e r Sha d e W t

a er S a lt
E qu i p m e n t f o r Wi n te r F e e d i n g
.

S h e lte r f o r w i n te r fe e d i n g
— Th e f e e dl ot — P la tfo rm fo r f e e d
b u n ks D ry f o ra ge ra ck “Ta te r-ta n ks .

C HAP TER X V
DI SE ASE S or C ATT E L
D i se a se s o f th e G e n e r a tive O rga n s , i i
D ff cu l ti e s of P a rtu riti o n
Ba rre n n e ss in co w s

b i
A o rt o n in co w s
i
D ffi cu lt p a rtu r t o n ii
R t i
e a ned af er t bi th r

E i
v e rs o n o f th e w om b
M i lk f v - e er

G a rge t
Ills Of th e Y o u n g C a lf
C o n st i p ti
a on

D i a rrh e a o r s co u rs

Tu b e rcu los s i
M e tho ds o f ti o n i n fe c

T h e tu b e rcu li n te st
T he te sti n g o u tfi t
D i re cti on s f o r m a ki n g th e te st
R e te sti n g
Tu b lie rcu n n ot i n f a ll ibl e

Pre v tien on o f tu b e rcu lo si s

Er a d i ti ca o n o f tu b e rcu losi s

Bloa t i ng in C a ttle
Im p a c ti on o f the R u m e n
C a ttle O ff f e e d .

ig
D e h o rn n

Vi f D i y C
ce s o a r a ttle
K i ki g i
.

c n co w s S u ck n g co w .
 C O JV TE N TS

P AR T III S H EEP
C HAPT ER XV I

CH OOS NI G AN D J U D G I N G S H E E P
C a tch in g a n d Ho ld i n g S he e p
Ho w t o e sti m a te Age O f S h e e p
E x a m i n a ti o n O f the te e th
Typ e s Of S he e p
Th e fi n e —
w o ol typ e
Th e m u tto n typ e
Cho o s i ng Sh e e p
G e n e ra l a pp e a ra n ce
F o rm Con d iti on an d w e i ght Q lity
ua Co n st it ti
u on a l

vi g or i
U n f o rm it
y .

D e ta il ch a ra cte rs o f S he e p
He a d Ne ck S h o u ld e rs C h e st Bo dy R um p Le g O f
mu tto n .

Ex a m i i g th e fl e e ce
n n

Q i
u a n t ty o f fl e e ce De n s ity t
Le n g h Q lity
ua of fl e e ce
S o ftn e ss i
Cr m p S o u n d n e ss Co n d i ti
on of fl e e ce
Pu r ity L us te r i
B r ghtn e ss Y o lk S u m m a ry .

C HAPTER X V II
FEED I NG S H EE P
F ood R i
e qu re m e n t Of Sh e e p
Fe e d i ng th e F lo ck
T he fl ock i n su m m er
Pa stu re fo r Sh e e p T u rn i n g to p a stu re — Ta ggi n g th e she e p
Ch a n ge i n p a stu re P ro vi d i n g sh a de Th e u se O f s ow n
p a stu re .

T he fl o ck in w i n te r
Th e w i n te r r a t i o n — E x e r c i s e — C a r e of fe e t — Be dd i ng .

Fa tte n i n g S he e p
Gro w i n g w i n te r la m b s
F o u n d a ti on sto ck — W i n te r qu a rte rs f o r w i n te r la m b p ro du c -

ti on — F e e di n g the la m b s — D re ssi n g w i n te r la m b s -
.

Gro w i n g s p ri n g la m b s
Fe ed i n g la m b s f o r f a ll
G e tt i ng th e la m b s on f u ll f e e d .
 C O N TE N TS xvi i

Fa tte n i n g la m b s in w i n te r
igi
Fe e d n n i i W t — F di
th e se m a r d es ee ng in t he c o rn - b t
el

F di g iee n n h E t
t e as .

S a m p le R ti a f on s or F tt i g S h p
a en n ee

C HAPTER X V III

THE B R EED N I G OF SH E E P 4
03 4
21-

Pla n Of Bre e d i ng

Cho o s i ng B re e d g S i n to ck
Typ e U n ifo rm i ty .

Th e ra m

T he ew e fl o ck
T he Bre e di n g of the E w es

Pro du ct iv e p e ri o d S e a s on to b re e d M e th o d Of ma ti n g
Ma n a g n g i t he ra m —Th e p re gn a n t ew e — L a m bi n g ti m e
i
D ffi cu lt p a rtu riti o n .

Th e L a m b s

Th e fi rst m e a l —
A ch ill d l m b — A di
e a so w n e d la m b .

La m b i ll s

C o n st i p ti a on D i a rrh e a Pin n in g S ore m o u th S o re

e ye s .

G e n e ra l b ca r e O f la m s

F di g h l m b — W
ee n i t e a s ean ng th e la m b s — C a stra t n g i m a le
l m b — D ki g h l m b
a s oc n t e a s M a rk i n g la m b s .

C HAPTER X IX

C R
A E AN D M ANA G E M E NT OF SHE E P
D i pp i ng She e p
Im p o rta n c e Of d i pp i g n The d i pp i n g vat Ho w cl ip s a re u se d

F r e qu e n cy o f d i pp i n g .

She a r i ng She e p
W hi as ng She e p Wh en to Sh e a r Ha n d i
sh e a r n g M a ch i ne

Sh e a r n i g Ty i n g th e w o ol

i
.

Pra ct ca l S he e p Ba rn s
The fe e d-ra cks Q uan tity Of b e dd n i g
— The S he e p lo t .

C HAPTER XX

D I S E AS E S OF S H EE P
Tr e a ti n g S i ck S he e p
x vi i i C ON TEN TS

E xte rn a l Pa ra s it es

In te rn a l P a ra site s
The sto m a ch w o rm The ta p e w o rm
- -
.

D i ge stive D i so rde rs
Blo a ti n g C o n sti p a ti o n —D i s o rd e rs ca u se d b y o v e rf e e d n g i
O th e r D i se a s e s
.

Ca ke d u dd e r G a rge t .

P AR T IV S W I NE
C HAPTER XX I

CH OOS N I G AND J U D G I NG S WI NE 4
5 3—466
Typ e s of Sw i ne

Th e la rd typ e
T he b a co n typ e
Age of Sw i ne

C ho o s i
g L a rd Ho gs
n

Ge n e ra l a pp e a ra n ce of la rd h o gs
Ge n e ra l f o rm i
W e ght a n d co n d iti on Q lity
ua C o n stitu
ti o n U n fo rmi i ty .

i
D e ta l ch a ra cte rs Of la rd h o gs
He a d J o w ls Ne ck S ho u ld e rs Ba ck an d lo i n i
S de s
- Be lly i
H ps R um p Ha m s L e gs
i
.

Ch o o s ng Ba co n Ho gs
Co n d i ti on F o rm S ho u ld e rs i
S de s Ha m s .

C HAPTER X X II
THE F E E D I N G OF S WI NE

F oo d R e qu re m e n s i t for S w i ne

P re p a ri n g F oo d
Gr i di
n ng fe e d So a k i ng th e f e e d C o ok i n g th e f e e d .

i
Ma k n g up a ti o n R a

F e e d i n g ca p a c i ty a m o n g sw i ne G ivi ng i sw ne th e i r fe e d Sa l t
— F r e sh c o o l w a te r
i i
.

Feed ng th e Bre e d ng He rd
Fe e d ig h n t e h e rd i n su m m er
R i gi g n n to p re v e n t ro oti n g — P a stu re fo r sw i ne R t
oo s fo r
i sw ne P u m p k i n s a n d s q u a sh e s .
XX C ON TEN TS

Ho g C ho le ra
Ma n n e r of s p re a d i n g th e d i se a se — P re ve nti o n of the d i s e a se

Pre v ti
en on o f h o g ch o le ra by i m m un i ti
za on O bj ti
ec on s to the
s e ru m t
m e ho d .

Sw i ne P la gu e
Tu b e rcu lo s s i
Mann er Of S p re a d i n g the d i se a se C a re of a tu b e rcu la r he rd .

W o rm s
P re v e n ti o n o f w o rm s — Tre a tm e n t fo r w o rm s .

L i ce

S c o u rs
C o n st i p ti
a on

Thu m p s
S o re M o u th
G a rge t
R g th e Tu sks
e m ov m

i
Ch cke n -e a t n g S w n e i i
APPE NDI X
AV E R G W E IG H TS O F F E E D I N G ST U FF S
A E

D IG E S T I B L E NU T R I E NT S I N F E E D I NG S T U FF S
 LI ST O F ILLU STR ATI ONS

Je rse y He a d
Ara b St lli a on S ha h w an

Lo w er F ro n t T e e th of Ho rse at Thre e Y e a rs Of Age

Lo w er t Te eth of
F ron Ho rs e
a t F o u r Y e a rs o f Age

Lo w e r F ro n t T e e th a t F iv e Y e a rs o f Age
F ro n t Vi e w o f F iv e — y e a r o ld M o u th -

S i de Vi e w o f F iv e y e a r o ld M o u th
- -

L o w e r F ro n t T e e th a t Six Y e a rs o f Age
L o w e r F ro n t Te e th a t S e v e n Ye a rs o f Age
Lo w e r F ron t T e e th a t E i ght Y e a rs o f Age
U pp e r F r o n t T e e th a t Ni n e Y e a rs o f Age
U pp e r F ro n t T e e th a t T e n Y e a rs O f Age
U pp e r F ro n t T e e th a t Ele v e n Y e a rs o f Age
U pp e r Fr o n t T e e th a t F i fte e n Y e a rs o f Age
U pp e r F ro n t T e e th a t T w e n ty o n e Y e a rs o f Age -

S i de Vi e w o f T w e n ty o n e y e a r O ld M o u th
- - -

F ro n t Vi e w o f T w e n ty o n e y e a r O ld M o u th
‘
- - -

U pp e r F ro n t T e e th o f Ho rs e a t Thirty Y e a rs o f Age
Im p o rte d P e rch e ro n Sta lli o n C a rn ot
F i rst P r i z e P e rch e ro n Sta lli o n s
Pe rche ron Sta lli o n C o co ”

Ha ckn e y Co a ch Te a m
An Am e r i ca n Trotte r
Cly de sd a le Sta ll i on C a lipt
C ly d e sda le M a re
Cha m p i on En i
gl sh S h r e S i ta lli on “
D a n Pa tch
C ha m pi on i
E n gl sh S h re S i ta lli o nM a z e m o re Ha r o ld
W ry de la n ds Su n sh n e i ,
”
i
C ha m p o n E n gl sh S h re M a re i i
W ry d e la n d s Sta rl ght i ,
” ii
En gl sh S h re M a re
Be lg i an Sta ll i on R o b us e t de Th i i eu s es .

Im p o r te d Be lgi a n Sta lli on

F a rm Te a m of G ra de Be lg i an s
 xxii LI S T OF I LL U S TR A TI ON S

Drivi g T m f Sp i it d G d F
n ea o r an oo o rm

Bl k P
ac h G ld i g e rc e ro n e n

P i W ll b d M l
a r e - re u es

S ff lk St lli
u o R dl h S a on en es au co rce r

S u ffo lk M a re Ba w dse y P e a rl
Ha ckn e y C o a ch Sta ll o n F o u n d a t i i on

Ha ckn e y Sta ll o n F a n da n go M i
De co ra te u r, ”
F re n ch C o a ch S ta lli o n
F re n ch Co a ch S ta lli o n ,
five y e a rs o ld

M o rga n Sta ll o n i
G e n e ra l G a te s “

”
i
Ca ro l n a , Am e r ca n S a ddle r i
G ro u p of P e rch e ron M a re s
Pe rch e ro n M a r e Pr i n ce ss an d Fou r Of ts
h e r Co l
Cross- b re d C o a ch an d Am e r i ca n Tro tte r
Ara bH o rs e a s a P o lo P o n y
Gro u p of F re n ch D ra f t Ho rse s
Ha ckn e y C o a ch M a re an d F oa l
S he tla n d Po n y T e a m
Cha m p i on J a ck G e n e ra l W o od
Ca ta lo n i an Ja ck
Pa ir T w f
o-ye a r -O ld J a cks
Pa i r Of P re m i u m M u le s
M e th o d o f ca tch i ng You n g F o a l
M e tho d o f te a ch i ng Yo u n g F o a l to Dr iv e

Arra n ge m e n t O f B itti ng Ha rn e ss
C o lt i
H tch e d for F i rs t Ti m e
Ha rn e ss fo r t
co n r o ll n g i Vi i c ou s Ho rse s
Typ e s of C o lla rs
Polo Pon y Of G o o d F o rm
Tho rou gh b re d R un n ng i Ho rse
Sta n da rd Br e d C a rr ig a e Sta ll ion C a rm o n
Am e r i tti n g Bre d Ca rr a ge Ho rs e
ca n Tr o i
Ha ckn e y M a re Kitty G re y in Acti on
”

J e rs e y C O W T o r m e n to r s L a ss ’

An gu s Ste e r
C o w s Te e th a rr a n ge d a cco rd i n g to Age
’

G u e rn se y C o w D o lly D m p le i ”

Gu e rn se y C o w Im p o r te d Ha y e s R o si e
Gu e rn s e y Bu ll Ye o m a n
Holste i n - Fr i i
es an Bu ll “
Ki ng S e gis
 LI S T OF I L L US TR ATI ON S xxiii

i Fi i C
Ho lste D i ht
n- C l m ity
r es a n ow c er a a

I t i
n Vi f D i y B
e r or ew O a r a rn

Hlt i F i i C
o s e n- D i y P li P l 2d
r es an ow a s au ne au

H lt i F i i C
o s e n- B tty Ly N th l d
r es an ow
“
e on s e er an

Ay h i C
rs re ow

App t f t ti g M ilk d k p i g R
a ra u s ord es n an ee n e co r s

J e rse y Bu ll Ho o d F a rm To ro n o ”

J e rse y CO W J a co b a Ire n e ”

I m p o rte d Bro w n S w i ss Bu ll
Bro w n Sw i ss COW V gl o e

De vi ce for C o o li g M i lk
n .

D u tch B e lte d Bu ll Au te n
Da i yB
r a rn

In t i Vi
e r or ew of Da i yB
r a rn sh o w i ng F e e d - ca rr e r i
In t i Vi
e r or ew Of Da iyB
r a rn sh o w i ng L itt
e r- ca r r e r i
D u tch B e lte d C O W Ech o 2
i
S lo in P roce ss o f C on stru ct i by F
on a rm La b or

S h o rtho rn Bu ll A v on d a le
P ri z e Wi i g S h nn n tho rn Bu ll
or

Fa tte n n i g St e e rs o n P a stu re

Ste e r th a t m a de L a rge Ga i ns

Ab e rde e n An gu s Bu ll
He r e fo rd Co w
C ha m p i on He re fo rd Bu ll “
D a le
T h e S h o r h o rn C O W t “
R o se o f Gle n s d e i
G a llo w y Bu ll a

Ga llo w a y He i fe rs
Fe e d i ng G ra i n to S te e rs o n P a stu re
R ed P olle d Bu ll “
C re m o
R ed P olle d He rd
De v on
‘

Bu ll D a rks M a j e sty
De v on He rd S a lly an d tw o o ffs p ri n g
D e la i n e M e ri n o R am
“
Be a co n
S h e e p s Te e th , llu stra t
’
i i n g Age
Cha m pi M i R A typon er n o am . e

Ch m p i a M i R m B typon er n o a . e

D l i M i Vi t C typ ”
R m
‘

e a ne er n o a c or . e

J dgi g S h
u N ti g G
n l App eep o n e n e ra e a ra n c e

D t m i i g C di ti
.

e er f T th n n d h on on o ee an t e Age
N ti g F ll
o n f N k u n e ss o ec
 LI S T O F I LL U S TB A TI O N S

F u lln e ss of the S h o u lde r

Wi dth of Che st
W i dth of Bo dy
D e p th of Che st
F u lln e ss of Sho u lde r Tops
D e te rm ii
n n g F u lln e ss o f Ba c k

Wi d h f Hi p
t O s

Width f Thigh o s

C ond iti f L g f M tt n
on o e o u o

E m i i g h Fl
xa n n f th F it e e e ce or e t o f the W O O 1
n es

E m i i g h Fl
xa n n f th C t e e e ce or e o a rse st o f th e W O O 1

Am i M i
e r ca n E er n o w es

R mb
a ill t R m
ou e a

S o u thdow n E w e

S o u thdo w n La m bs
S hro p sh i re R am

C ha m p i on S hro p sh i re Ew es

D re ss i ng Ho t - ho u se La m b
Ho t hou se L a m
-
bd re s se d a n d re a d y fo r W ra pp i n g
Hot hou se La m
- b w ra pp e d a n d re a d y for Sh ipm en t
Ha m p sh re R a m i
Ha m p sh re Ew e i
C ha m p i on O xf o rd R am

S u ffo lk E w e

M e tho d te a ch i n g He lple ss Y o u n g L a m b
Of to S u ck
Horn e d D o rse t R a m
M e th o d O f m a rki n g L a m b s
Horn e d D o rse t Ew e
C he vi ots
She a r i g Sh e e p y M a ch n e ry
n b i
Pos i ti i
o n w h le sh e a r n g A d o m e ni b
Pos iti on W hi l e S h i e ar ng Le f t Hi n d Le g
P os iti on w h il e S h i ear n g Ne ck
Pos iti on w hi l e S h i ear n g t Shou lde r
Le f
P os iti on w hi l e S h i e a r n g L e ft S i de

Po s iti on w hil e S h i ear ng R um p

Pos i ti on w hil e s h i ear ng i t
R gh S ho u ld e r
Po s iti on w hi l e s h i ear ng R i
gh S de t i
Po s iti on w h il e fi i hi
n s n g S he e p

P os iti o n o f w o ol w he n F i n ish e d
 LI S T OF I LL U S TR A TI O NS XX V

P AG E

S he e p Ba rn
Le i t
ce s e r Y e a rl i ng Ew e

C ots w o ld R am

Cha m p i on C ots w o ld R am

L i n co ln R am

P o la n d C hi n a Y e a rli n g Bo a r
P ola n d Chi n a Bo a r
P ri z e Be rksh i re S o w
C ha m p i o n Be rksh i re Pig
La rge Yo rksh i re o r L a rge W h te i So w
La rge Y o r k hi
s re o r L a rge W h te i Sow
Du ro c J e rse y Bo a r
F it Pri z e Du ro c J e rse y
rs Bo a r
C he ste r W h i te Bo a r
Che ste r W hi te P i gs
Vi ctori a S O W
Ch a m p i on Ha m p sh i re Sw i ne

Ch e sh i Pig o f G o o d Typ e
re

Priz e i
Ch e sh re Bo a r
Gro u p of i
En gl sh S m a ll Y o rksh i re s o r S m a ll t ite s
M e tho d o f m a rk i ng P gsi
Ho g d
- i pp i ng Equ i pm e n t
A-S h a p e d In d ivi d l H g h ua o -
o u se

S h e d-sha p e d I d ivi d l H g h
n ua o - o us e

F i
t P ri ze Ta m w orth
rs SOW
Ta m w o rth Pig
 MANU AL O F FAR M ANIMALS .

CHAPTER I

CHO O S ING A HO R S E — JU D GING

IN ch o o si n g a n y cl a ss o f a n im a ls th e re a re th re e f a c u lti e s
,

th a t sh o u ld be w e ll d e v e l o p e d — f a mili a rity with wh a t is

wa n t e d p o we rs O f O bs e rv a ti o n a n d go o d j u dgm e n t
, , .

O n e m u st fi rst c o n sid e r the u se fo r whi ch the a n i m a l is

d e si re d a n d the type o r b re e d th a t will b e st a cc o mplish the
giv e n p u rp o s e If the a n im a l is wa n t e d fo r light t ru cki n g
.

a n d to d e liv e r p ro d u c e a t the m a rk e t it m ight be a m ist a k e

,

to ch o o s e a h e a vy d ra ft h o rs e ; wh e re a s if the o bj e ct is to
d e liv e r h e a vy fre i ght fro m the ca r to the fre ight -h o u s e it wo u ld
,

be n o n e the l e ss a mist a k e to ch o o s e a ru n n i n g h o rs e . Ag a i n ,

if the a n im a l is d e m a n d e d fo r a f a rm wh e re th e re is c o n sid e r
a bl e h e a vy w o rk s u ch a s b re a ki n g the l a n d e sp e ci ally if the
, ,

s o il is h e a vy the type O f h o rs e S h o u ld be u n lik e th a t fo r a

,

d a i ry fa rm wh e re the t e a m w o rk is o rdi n a rily ligh t

,
The
.

m o re f a mili a r o n e is wi t h the d e m a n d a n d the typ e b e st s u it e d

to m e e t it the b e t t e r his ch a n c e o f s u cc e ss
, .

The p o w e r o f O bs e rv a ti o n S h o u ld be w e ll d e v e l o p e d The .

e y e m u st se e q u ickly a n d a cc u ra t e ly SO th a t th e re m a y be n o
'

m i s t a k e in the O bs e rv a t i o n s th a t a re to fo rm the b a sis fo r a

c o n cl u si o n . No t o n ly S h o u ld o n e se e thi n gs a s th e y a re bu t ,

th e re S h o u ld be disp a t ch in d e t e cti n g d e vi a ti on s fro m the co r

re ct f o r m Th e re is mu ch difli cu lty in this O n e m a y be i a
. .

3
4 MAN UAL OF FAR M ANI MAL S

mili a r wi t h the f a c t th a t a fe w whit e h a i rs o n the k n e e m a y

,

in dic a te th a t the a n im a l st u mbl e s a n d y e t wh e n e xa m in ,

in g the h o rs e e n t i re ly o v e rlo Ok th e m ; in lik e m a n n e r he m a y ,

kn o w th a t g ra y h a i rs o n the i n sid e O f the p a st e rn m a y i n dic a t e

th a t the a n im a l i n t e rf e re s a n d y e t the whit e h a i rs go wh o lly
,

u n n o tic e d The diffic u lty is O ft e n i n c re a s e d by the s a l e sm a n

.

a tte mpti n g to c o v e r u p s u ch Sig n s a n d this S h o u ld s e rv e to pu t

,

the p ro sp e ctiv e p u r ch a s e r o n his g u a rd

Ha vi n g n o te d the d e si ra bl e a n d u n d e si ra bl e qu a liti e s O f the
a n i m a ls u n d e r c on sid e ra ti o n a m e n t a l pi ct u re o f e a ch S h o u ld
,

be re ta i n e d fo r i t O ft e n h a pp e n s th a t in the ch o i c e o f a h o rs e
,

m a n y a n im a ls a re e x a mi n e d b e f o re o n e is fo u n d th a t is a cc e pt
a bl e. M a n y liv e st o ck j u dg e s p a rti c u l a rly p o u lt ry f a n ci e rs
-
, ,

h a v e this f a cu lty d e v e l o p e d to a m a rk e d d e g re e It O ft e n .

h a pp e n s th a t th e y a re c a ll e d o n to j u dg e l a rg e ri n gs o f a n i
m a ls fifty o r m o re in a si n gl e cl a ss a n d to be a bl e to pl a c e
, ,

t h e s e a n im a ls p ro p e rly th e y m u st re m e mb e r e a ch o f the a n i
m a ls a s i t is imp o ssibl e to se e th e m a ll a t a gl a n c e Ag a i n
,
.
,

re t a i n i n g s u ch a pi ct u re O f h o rs e s is O f v a l u e in m a tchi n g
te a ms A. w e ll -m a tch e d t e a m is fa r m o re v a l u a bl e th a n if
e a ch a n im a l is s o ld s e p a ra t e ly Th e re a re th o s e w ho m a k e a
.

b u si n e ss o f b u yi n g a n im a l s si n gly m a t chi n g th e m a n d s e lli n g

, ,

the t ea m th u s m a t ch e d This . is a v e ry p ro fit a bl e b u si n e ss ,

a fe w tra n a s cti on s ea ch y e a r O ft e n n e tti n g a g o o d su m .

Afte r h a vi n g e x a mi n e d a n u mb e r o f h o rs e s go o d ba d a n d , , ,

i n di ff e re n t so m e o f th e m filli n g the d e m a n d In p a rt o n l y a n d
,
,

on the p ri c e Pe rh a ps o n e a n im a l
. sw s v y d m d an er e er e an ,
bu t

the p ri c e is high ; a n o th e r d o e s n o t p l s
e a e SO w ll
e b u t th e p ic
r e
,

is lo w Ag a i n wh e n j u dgin g a i n g r O f a n im ls
a o n e m su t u s e
,
.
,

j d m
the u g e n t a s to whi c h o f tw o d e f e cts is t h e m o re s e ri o u s .

The u j dgm e n t ca n a n d sh o u ld b e t r a i n e d in m u ch th e s a m e

w a y a s the p o w e r o f O bs e rv a ti o n a n d t eh a bility to re t a i m
n e n t a l
pi ctu re s .
 CHO O S I N G A HO R SE 5

In ch o o si n g a h o rs e e ffici e n c y d e p e n ds mu ch on p ra c ti c e
,

a n d e xp e r i e n c e
. The type to fill a c e rt a i n d e m a n d a n d the ,

v a l u e O f the a n i m a l fo r s u ch p u rp o s e a re re c o gn iz e d mu ch m o re
,

q u ickl y a n d a cc u ra t e l y b y on e w ho is b uyi n g m a n y h o rs e s
d a il y t h a n b y th o s e w ho bu y o n e o n l y o cc a si on a lly .

Th e re a re a fe w c o n sid e ra ti o n s th a t a pply with e q u a l fo rc e to

a ll cl a ss e s O f a n i m a ls s u ch a s the e x a m i n a ti o n in g e n e ra l e sti
, ,

m a ti n g a ge d e t e cti n g u n s o u n d n e ss a n d the like

, ,
Th e s e will be .

dis c u ss e d fi rst ; th e n w e w i ll p a ss to the ch o i c e O f the i n dividu a l .

G ENE RAL EX AM INAT I ON OF THE HO R S E

In x a mi n i n g a h o rs e s o m e syst e m sh o u ld be fo ll o w e d in
e ,

o rd e r th a t n o p o i n t go u n n o ti c e d To f a cilit a t e this a n d to
.

a id in e st a blishi n g u n if o rm v a l u e s fo r the v a ri o u s p o i n t s o f the

an im l
a , t he s c o re -
c a r d w a s d e vis e d O ffici a l sc o re
.
-c a rds h a v e
b e e n a d a p t e d fo r m a n y o f the b re e ds a n d whil e O f littl e p ra o ,

tic a l v a l u e in ch o o si n g o r j u dgi n g a h o rs e th e y do a id in e st a b ,

lishin g a u n if o rm st a n d a r d fo r the b re e d e r The e x a mi n a ti on .

O f the h o rs e c a n n o t a lw a ys be m a d e a t l e is u re bu t e n o u gh ,

tim e sh o u ld be t a k e n if p o ssibl e to m a k e the t a sk c o mpl e t e

, , .

Exa m i n a ti on i n the s ta ble Wh e n p o ssibl e the h o rs e S h o u ld

.
,

fi rst be e x a mi n e d in the st a bl e No t e the w a y in which the

.

a n im a l is t i e d to the m a n g e r ; wh e th e r he ha s b e e n ch e wi n g
the tie -st ra p o r the fixt u re s ; ho w he s t a n ds in the st a ll ; a n d
his g e n e ra l b e h a vi o r whe n y o u s t e p to his S id e No t e the
, .

h o rs e s c on d u c t whil e groo mi n g p a rticu l a rly a l o n g the b e lly

’
, ,

the b a cks O f the f o re l e gs a n d the f ro n ts o f the hi n d l e gs a n d

,

a b o u t the fl a n k . Ha rn e ss the a n im a l No t e the m a n n e r o f .

ta ki n g the bi t ; the b e h a vi o r wh e n pl a ci n g the h e a dst a ll o v e r

the e a rs ; the h a rn e ss o v e r the b a ck ; the c ru pp e r un d e r the
t a il ; a n d wh e n b u cklin g the girth .

The h o rs e m a y n o w be ta k e n fro m the st a ll No t e the a c t i o n .

a s he is b e i n g t u rn e d a ro u n d In m a n y s a l e st a bl e s th e re is a
.

c o n t e mp tibl e p ra cti c e O f i n t ro du ci n g gi n g e r i n t o the re ctu m a s

6 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I MA L S
the im a l is b e i n g t a k e n o u t a s this se rve s to stim u l a te the
an ,

a n i m a l a n d he S h o ws to a dv a n t a g e AS the h o rs e p a ss e s i n t o .

the y a rd the d o o r-w a y a ff o rds a v e ry g o o d pl a c e to e x a mi n e the

,
’
h o rs e s e y e s n o st rils m o u th a n d n o ti n g the a ge
, , , .

FIG 1 — ARAB STA LLI O N S H HW

A AN Im p or e d t by J A P R a m sde ll, of

b g NY
. . . . . .

Ne w ur , . .

T he A bh ra m d ft hi
o r se , n ativ t y i p ti l ly t d b i g h
e a er s na e co u n r s ar cu a r no e as e n t e

i l th t g v h E gli h T h ghb d i g h i p d d d
,

an m a a a e t e n s o ro u re ru n n n o r se ts s ee an en ur

a n ce A b f ll f q
ra li ty v y i t lli g
s a re ut d d i l Th y
O uahi fl er n e en an oc e e a re c e y
h g ii gp l p i
. .
, ,

d
’
u se ffi as o f
ce rs c ar e rs , o r or s r n o o on e s .

Exa m i n a ti on f o the ho rse i n

cti o n whil e a cti on . F i rst , no e t a
'

b e i n g le d by the h a lt e r With o u t re g a rd fo r ty pe O bs e rv e the

.
,

w a lk This is a m u ch n e gl e ct e d th o u gh v e ry i m p o rt a n t g a it
.

fo r a ll typ e s a n d b re e ds O f h o rs e s Ne xt n o te the t ro t a n d .
, ,
 CHO O S IN G A HOR S E 7

with the s a ddl e r the v a ri o u s s a ddl e g a its Th e s e t ri a ls sh o u ld .

t a k e pl a ce o n p a v e m e n t o r h a rd s u rf a ce a s s o lid fo o ti n g a ffo rds ,

the b e st co n diti o n s to d e t e ct the e xist e n c e o f l a m e n e ss Th e s e .

g a its S h o u ld be n o t e d fro m the fro n t f ro m b e hi n d a n d f ro m e ith e r

, ,

sid e . S e c o n d n o t e the a cti o n wh e n hitch e d to the ki n d o f

,

v e hicl e fo r which the h o rs e is i n t e n d e d O bs e rv e the h o rs e fi rst .

a t the w a lk th e n the t ro t f ro m in f ro n t b e hi n d a n d e ith e r sid e

, , , .

No tic e m a n n e r O f st a rti n g t u rn i n g st o ppi n g b a cki n g a n d the

, , , ,

lik e. The p ro sp e ctiv e p u rch a s e r sh o u ld n o w m o u n t the v e hicl e

a n d d riv e the h o rs e O bs e rvi n g his a cti o n
,
g e n e ra l b e h a vi o r , ,

m a n n e r O f t a ki n g the bit e a s e with whi ch he is d riv e n a n d

,

g u id e d this w a y a n d th a t Wh e n s a tisfi e d in a ll re sp e cts st o p

.
,

the h o rs e a n d O bs e rv e him st a n di n g a ft e r the e x e rcis e e sp e ci a lly ,

with re sp e ct to the re g u l a rity O f b re a thi n g a n d his m a n n e r O f

st a n di n g Thi rd if the h o rs e is i n t e n d e d fo r s a ddl e p u rp o s e s
.
, ,

in p a rt he sh o u ld be t ri e d o u t u n d e r the s a ddl e O bs e rvi n g his

, ,

b e h a vi o r wh e n m o u n ti n g the e a s e O f m o v e m e n t a n d the lik e

, ,

with e v e n m o re c a u ti o n t ha n wh e n b e i n g le d o r hitch e d to a
v e hicl e.

HO W TO E S TI M ATE T HE AG E O F A HO R S E

The a ge O f a h o rs e is a n i m p o rt a n t f a ct o r in d e t e rmi n i n g his

p re s e n t a n d p ro sp e ctiv e v a l u e F a m ili a rity with the ch a ra ct e rs
.

th a t i n dic a t e a ge a re th e re f o re O ft e n e xt re m e ly u s e f u l
, ,
A .

k n o wl e dg e O f th e s e ch a ra ct e rs is n o t diffic u lt to s e c u re bu t skill ,

in th e i r a ppli c a ti o n d e p e n ds m u ch o n co n ti n u e d p ra ctic e .

Gen e ra l co n side ra ti on s In e sti m a ti n g the a ge O f a h o rs e

.
-
,

the t e e th f u rn ish the b e st i n d e x y e t th e re a re o th e r g e n e ra l co n

,

sid e ra ti o n s th a t pl a y a n imp o rt a n t p a rt e sp e ci a lly in the c a s e ,

O f y o u n g a n d v e ry o ld a n im a ls In e stim a ti n g the a ge O f y o u n g
.

a n im a ls ,
siz e is the p ri n cip a l f a ct o r to be c o n sid e re d In v e ry .

O ld h o rs e s whit e h a i rs m a k e th e i r a pp e a ra n ce a ro u n d the t e m pl e
, ,

the e y e s the n o st rils a n d e ls e wh e re ; the p o ll o r to p o f the h e a d

, ,

b e c o m e s m o re p o i n t e d ; the sid e s O f the f a c e mOre d e p re ss e d ;

8 MAN UAL or FAR M ANI MAL S

the bellow s a b o v e the e y e s d e e p e r ; the ba ckbo n e be co m e s m o re

p ro mi n e n t a n d O ft e n st ro n gly c u rv e d d o w n w a rd a n d the a n im a l
,

d o e s n o t st a n d sq u a re ly o n his l e gs which S h o w m o re we a r
,
.

Exa m i n a ti o n of the tee th . Whil e the o rd e r O f the a pp e a ra n c e

O f the t e e th a n d th e i r m e th o d O f w e a ri n g a re c o n sid e re d the m o st

imp o rt a n t a n d a cc u ra t e m e a n s O f e stim a ti n g the a ge O f d o m e stic

a n i m a ls a n d a re the m e a n s e mpl o y e d by a ll h o rs e m e n th e s e a re
, ,

n o t a bs o l u t e ly a cc u ra t e a n d m u ch d e p e n ds o n the c o n diti o n a s
,

w e ll a s the i n divid u a lity o f the a n im a l The t e e th O f a n im a ls

.

th a t h a v e b o n e s o f s o m e wh a t o p e n st ru ct u re a re lik e ly to in
dica te th a t the a n i m a ls a re O ld e r th a n th e y re a lly a re ; whil e
the t e e th o f t ho s e wh o s e b o n e s a re o f fi n e cl o s e t e xt u re m a y
i n di ca t e th e m to be y o u n g e r th a n th e y a re Ag a i n a n i m a ls fe d
.
,

o n s o ft a n d s u cc u l e n t f o o d a re lik e ly to S h o w a y o u n g e r m o u th ,

wh e re a s th o s e fe d o n h a rd dry f o o d a re lik e ly to S h o w a n O ld e r
,

m o u th .

The h o rs e wh e n fu ll gro wn ha s f o rty te e th twe n ty o n e ith e r,

j a w,
divid e d a s f o ll o ws : six n ipp e rs ,
t w o c a n i n e s o n e o,
n e ith e r

sid e a n d tw e lv e m o l a rs S ix o n a S id e
, ,
.In the m a re the c a n i n e s
a re u s u a lly a bs e n t . Si n c e o n ly the n ipp e rs o r i n cis o r t e e th a re
i n sp e ct e d in e sti m a ti n g the a ge th e y a l o n e will be c o n sid e re d
,
.

It is the o rd e r in which the n i pp e rs m a k e th e i r a pp e a ra n c e th a t

e n a bl e s u s to e stim a t e the a ge O f the h o rs e u p to fi v e y e a rs ,

a n d the m a n n e r in whi c h th e i r s u rf a c e is w o rn th a t a ids u s in the

e stim a ti o n f ro m fi v e to e l e v e n y e a rs O f a ge Aft e r the h o rs e ha s
.

p a ss e d the e l e v e n th y e a r it is di ffi c u lt to d e t e rmi n e the a ge In .

p ra cti ce the a ge i s d e sig n a t e d a s e l e v e n tw e lv e o r fift e e n p a st

, , ,

a s the c a s e m a y be bu t ho w m u ch p a st c a n n o t be t o ld with a n y
,

d e g re e O f a cc u ra cy .

The colt is p ro vid e d b e f o re the e n d O f the fi rst m o n th with a se t

o f t e mp o ra ry o r milk t e e th the fi rst o r middl e p a i r a pp e a ri n g
,

a t a b o u t o n e w e e k o f a g e ; the s e c o n d o r i n t e rm e di a t e p a i r a t

o n e to tw o w e e ks O f a ge a n d the thi rd o r l a t e ra l p a i r a pp e a ri n g

a t a b o u t o n e m o n th o f a ge .The di ff e re n c e in siz e o f the j a w

10 MA N UAL OF FAR M ANI MAL S

F IG 2 F R O NT H
TE E T IN

WR AT THR
. .

LO E JAw EE

Y R EA S OF AG E Tw o

p
.

ce n t er e rm a n e n t te th e

u p (F IG S 2 —1 7 fro m
RR I R )
. .
,

G O U BAU X an d BA E .

FIG 6 — F R O NT VI E W
A FIV Y R
. .

OF E- EA -
O LD

MO UH T .

FIG 3 — F R O NT T E ET H IN

WR AT R
. .

LO E JAw FO U
Y R EA S OF AG E Fo u r
p
.

ce n te r e rm a n e n t te e th
u p .

FIG 7 S I DE VI E W
A FI V Y R
. .

FIG 4
-O LD
F R O NT TE E T H I N
OF

M O U TH
E- EA

W RJ AT R
. .

FIV E YE A S
.

LO E Aw
OF AG E . All p e rm a n e n t
te e th u p .

FIG 8 —FR O NT TE E T H
R H WR AT
. .

FIG 5 — F O NT TEET IN IN LO E JAw

W Y R
. .

LO ER JAW AT Si x SE VE N E A S O F AG E
R p p
.

YEA S OF AG E Cu s C u s o u t o f in te rm e
i
.

o u t O f ce n te te th
r e . t t t
d a e ee h .
 CHO O S I NG A HO R S E 11

S e ve n y e a rs o ld At s e v e n the c u ps a re g o n e f ro m the i n t e r
.
,

m e di a t e p a i r in the l o we r j a w a n d h a v e b e c o m e q u it e sh a ll o w
,

in the c o rn e r n ipp e rs Th e re is a n o tch in the u pp e r c o rn e r

.

n ipp e r wh e re it o v e rl a ps the l o w e r o n e M a rk e d ch a n g e s in .

S h a p e h a v e t a k e n pl a c e in the n ipp e rs ; th e y a re b e c o mi n g thick e r

fro m i n sid e o u t ro u n d e r o n the i n sid e a n d m e e t a t a sh a rp e r

, ,

a n gl e th a n wh e n th e y fi rst m a d e th e i r a pp e a ra n c e .

Ei ght y e a rs o ld At e ight y e a rs the c u ps a re go n e fro m a ll

.
,

the n ipp e rs O f the l o w e r j a w Th e y a re p re s e n t in a ll O f the

.

u pp e r j a w .

Ni n e y e a rs o ld The c u ps in the c e nt e r p a i r o f n ipp e rs o f

.

the u pp e r j a w h a v e dis a pp e a re d bu t a re still p re s e n t in the ,

i n t e rm e di a t e a n d c o rn e r n ipp e rs The c u ps a re n o t lik e ly to

.

dis a pp e a r a t a s re g u l a r i n t e rv a ls in the u pp e r j a w a s th e y did

in the l o w e r . Th e re f o re it is n o t a lw a ys p o ssibl e to t e ll the a ge
O f the h o rs e s o a cc u ra t e ly .

Te n ye a rs old — .At te n y e a rs O f a ge the c u ps h a v e dis a pp e a re d ,

fro m the u pp e r i n t e rm e di a t e s bu t a re still re t a i n e d in the c o rn e r

,

n ipp e rs , th o u gh sh a ll o w The t e e th a re m o re t ri a n g u l a r in
.

Sh a p e,
a n d th o s e O f the u pp e r a n d l o w e r j a w m e e t a t a S h a rp e r

a n gl e a s the a ge i n c re a s e s .

Eleve n y ea rs old At e l e v e n y e a rs the c u ps a re go n e f ro m

.
,

a ll the n ipp e rs O f the u pp e r j a w Ho w e v e r b e c a u s e o f the f a ct

.
,

th a t s o m e h o rs e s h a v e d e n s e r b o n e s th a n o th e rs it is n o t u n ,

c o mm o n to fi n d S h a ll o w c u ps in the u pp e r c o rn e r t e e th a s l a t e
a s the tw e lfth o r the fift e e n th y e a r .

Age d horse s . Aft e r the h o rs e ha s p a ss e d the tw e lfth y e a r ,

the m a tt e r O f a y e a r o r tw o a m o u n ts to littl e M u ch d e p e n ds .
“

o n the i n divid u a lity o f the a n im a l a s s o m e a n im a ls a re w o rth ,

m o re a t fift e e n t h a n o th e rs a t tw e lv e O n e s j u dgm e n t O f the ’

.

v a l u e O f a h o rs e a t th e s e a g e s S h o u ld be f o rm e d o n g e n e ra l a p
pe a ra n ce s a n d a ctiviti e s ra th e r th a n o n a ge .

In o ld h o rs e s the n ipp e r t e e th h a v e b e c o m e n ea rly t ri a n g u l a r

, ,

S h o wi n g l o n g w e a r a n d m e e ti n g a t a n a c u t e a n gl e The t u sks .
12 MAN UAL OF FAR M ANI MAL S

F IG 9 —F R O NT TE ETH
W RJ
. .

IN LO E A W AT E IG H T
YE AR S OF AG E . Cu p s a ll
FIG 12 — R
F O N T TE E T H I N
PP E R
. .

ou t .
U JAW AT E E VE N L
YE A R S O F AG E C u s a ll
. p
ou t .

F IG 13 — R
F O NT T E E T IN H
IF
. .

U PPE R JAw F TE E N
F IG 10 — F R O NT '
TE E T H
YE A R
AT
AG E Te e h t
PPE R
OF
. .

S
NI NE it t i g
.

IN U JAW AT
a n u la r
YE A R S OF AG E . Cu p s
qu e r .

o u t o f ce n te r te e th .

F IG 1 4 —F R O N T TE ET H IN
FIG 11 — F R TE E T
O NT H U PP E R J AW
. .

AT T W E NT Y -O NE

PP E R
. .

IN U JA W AT T E N YE AR S AG E
YE A R S OF AG E Cu s p OF .

i i
.

ou t of n te rm e d a te
te e th .
 CHO O S I N G A HO R S E 13

a re l a rg e bl u n t a n d ro u n d The
, ,
.

n ipp e rs m a y h a v e g ro wn o u t S O l o n g

as to p re v e n t the g ri n d e rs f ro m
m e e ti n g in which c a s e a h o rs e will
,

S pit o u t his f o o d a ft e r m a stic a ti n g a

p a rt O f it If the n ipp e rs a re ra sp e d
.

O ff the g ri n d e rs will m e e t
,
a n d the ,

h o rs e s lif e will be s o m e wh a t pro

’

l o n ge d .

I rre gu la ri ti e s in the te e th .
— It
O ft e n h a pp e n s th a t the t e e th a re FIG 1 5 S I DE VI E W OF A
ENTY Y R
. .

n o t re g u l a r in which c a s e the h o rs e T w O NE - EA -
O LD
,

is s a id to h a v e a f a ls e m o u th Th e s e
M O U TH No t e the sh a r p
gl
.

an e at w hi ch the te e th
i rre g u l a riti e s m a y o cc u r in the m ee t .

n u m b e r : th e re m a y be m o re o r l e ss

th a n the re g u l a r n u mb e r — thi rty

six in m a re s o r f o rty in h o rs e s ; th e y
m a y o cc u r in the f o rm o f the t e e th o r
the u n iti n g o f tw o t e e th ; th e y m a y
o cc u r b e c a u s e o n e j a w h a pp e n s to
be l o n g e r o r sh o rt e r th a n the o th e r ;
th e y m a y c o m e a s the re s u l t O f
c rib bi n g s o m e h o rs e s h a v e the ba d
,

h a bit O f biti n g the st a ll fixt u re s o r

FIG 16 FR O NT VI E W
A
. .

o th e r s u rro u n di n g O bj e cts th u s b re a k
, OF TW E NT Y -O NE
in g O ff the f re e b o rd e rs O f the t e e th ,
YEA R -
O LD M O U TH .

which m a k e the t e e th i rre g u l a r a n d

which m u st n o t be c o n f u s e d w ith
n o rm a l w e a r S u ch c a s e s c a n u su
.

a lly be re c o g n iz e d by the b ro k e n -O ff

p a rti cl e s a n d the ro u gh e d s u rf a c e .

Irre g u l a riti e s m a y re s u lt fro m the

e mpl o ym e n t O f f ra u d u l e n t me a n s F IG 17 — F R O NT H IN
TE E T
PP E R A T T H I RTY
. .

,
U JA W
the h o rs e m a n st rivi n g to giv e the YE AR S O F AG E .
1 4 MAN UA L OF FA R M AN I M A LS
m o u th the ch a ra ct e ristics o f th a t p e ri o d o f lif e in which the
h o rs e s h a v e th e ir gre a t e st v a l u e th u s e n d e a v o ri n g to m a k e the
,

yo u n g a pp e a r O ld a n d the O ld a pp e a r y o u n g It is o rdi n a rily .

e a sy fo r o n e O f e xp e ri e n c e to d e t e ct a m o u th th a t ha s b e e n ta m

p e re d w ith Whil e m a n y a re v e ry skillfu l a t bish o pi n g it is a

.
,

h a rd m a tt e r v e ry m a t e ri a lly to a lt e r the m o u th with o u t de te c

ti o n. Aft e r the t e e th h a v e o n c e b e e n i n t e rf e re d with th e y ca n
n o l o n g e r s e rv e a s a n i n d e x in e stim a ti n g a ge the d e n t a l t a bl e s
, ,

the c u ps a n d the lik e h a vi n g be e n p a rtly o r wh o lly d e st ro y e d

, .

D E TE C T I N G U NS O U NDNE S S
A s a tisf a ct o ry d e fi n iti o n O f s o u n d n e ss o r u n s o u n d n e ss is n o t
“ ”
e a sily giv e n The t e rm
. u n so u n d a s u s e d by h o r s e d e a l e rs

in this c o u n t ry is O ft e n l o o s e ly a ppli e d It m a y m e a n a n ythi n g

.

fro m a m e re ba d h a bit to a d e f e ct th a t re n d e rs the a n i m a l

a bs o l u t e ly w o rthl e ss .The b e st u s a g e w a rra n ts dividi n g th e s e
i m p e rf e cti o n s i n t o tw o cl a ss e s — bl e m ish e s a n d u n s o u n d n e ss .

A ble m i sh m a y be d e fi n e d a s s o m e thi n g th a t d e p re ci a t e s the

v a l u e O f a h o rs e withou t i n t e rf e ri n g w ith his u s e f u l n e ss s u ch a s ,

wi re c u ts ca r b ru is e s a n d the lik e whi ch m a r the a pp e a ra n c e o f

, ,

a h o rs e bu t do n o t li m it his f u n c ti o n s .

An u n sou n dn ess m a y be d e fi n e d a s a n i m p e rf e cti o n O f SO s e ri o u s

a n a t u re a s to i n t e rf e re with the u s e f u l n e ss O f the h o rs e s u ch a s ,

ri n g -b o n e s S id e b o n e s spli n ts
,
-
,
c u rbs ; a n d the lik e
,
.

The a bility to d e t e ct u n s o u n d n e ss d e p e n ds l a rg e ly o n p ra ctic e ;

y e t s o m e i m p e rf e cti o n s c a n n o t b e d e t e ct e d by a n o rdi n a ry e x

a m i n a ti o n a n d it is o n ly a ft e r b e c o mi n g f a m ili a r with the a n im a l

,

th a t th e s e will be O bs e rv e d In e x a mi n i n g a h o rs e fo r u n s o u n d
.

n e ss it is w e ll to f o ll o w a r e g u l a r o rd e r b e gi n n i n g with the h e a d
,

a n d e n di n g with the f e e t .Th e re a re a g re a t n u m b e r O f im

p e rf e cti o n s to be f o u n d a m o n g h o rs e s to o m a n y to be c a t a l o g u e d
,

h e re. The f o ll o wi n g list c o n t a i n s the m o re imp o rt a n t :

De ca y e d a n d br ke n tee th
o — A f o u l O d o r i n dic a t e s d e c a y e d
o r u n s o u n d t e e th This ca n e a sily be d e t e ct e d a s i t a tt a ch e s
.
,
 CH O O S I N G A HO R S E 5

its e lf to the h a n d o n b e i n g i n t ro d u c e d i n t o the m o u th Nipp e rs .

with b ro k e n e dg e s i n dic a t e th a t the h o rs e is a ddict e d to c ribbi n g .

FI G 1 8 — I M P O RT E D P E R C H E R O N STA LLI
ON A NO T C R
No 6 6 6 6 6 p
Im o r e d t
by y tt W W
. . . .
,

J C ro u ch So n La f a e e In d S o ld t o S C o rs o , hi t
e h a ll Ill ,
pi i i
.
.
, , . . .
,

fo r 3
5
“
C ha m t
o n P e rc h e ro n S a ll o n o f Am e r c a
”
.

T he P e r che ro n t
dr a f ho rs e a n a tiv
e o f La P e r ch a F ra n c e i s n o e d fo r hi s m a ss e t iv
i q i ty ti ig i y v g
, , ,

s ze u al e n du ra n ce , a n d a c o n In w e h s a ll o n s u su a ll ta e ra e t
p 4 p ig t
.
, , ,

fro m 1 7 00 t o 2 000 o u n ds a n d m a re s fro m 1 00 to 1 8 00 o u n d s In h e h ,

i g
.

t
s a ll o n s ra n e fro m 1 5 % t o 1 7 h a n d s a n d m a re s fro m 1 5 t o T he co lo r
i gyv i b
i s e x ce e d n l a r a le t
ho u h la ck a n d d a g b le ra pp g y p
re do m n a e Th s is i t i
b vy it
.
,

t
the m o s co m m o n r e e d o f he a t
d ra f h o r s e s i n t h e U n e d S a e s t t .

Di scha rge f ro m the Th e re S h o u ld be n o disch a rg e

n ostri ls .

fro m the n o st rils which S h o u ld be fre sh pi n k in c o l o r

,
A p ro f u s e .
 6 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I MAL S
c o l o re d disch a rg e s u gg e sts gl a n d e rs dist e mp e r shippi n g f e ve r
, , ,

a n d si m il a r dis e a s e s This m a y be o n ly te mp o ra ry bu t o n e ca n
.
,

n o t a ff o rd to t a k e the risk .

I m pa ire d vi si on .A h o rs e by its a c t i o n w ill u s u a lly b e t ra y

i m p e rf e ct e y e sight Bli n d h o rs e s h a v e a p e c u li a r high st e ppi n g
.

g a it Or a re i n cli n e d to Shy re a dily a n d O ft e n with o u t c a u s e The .

c a rs a re e xc e e di n gly a ctiv e a s if t ryi n g to a id the e y e s

, Bli n d .

n e ss m a y be disc o v e re d by m o vi n g the h a n d g e n tly in f ro n t O f the

e y e s o r by cl o si n g the e y e wit h the h a n d a n d e xcl u di n g the light

fo r a m o m e n t ; the p u pil sh o u ld dil a t e to its u tm o st c a p a city ;

wh e n the h a n d is re m o v e d a n d the light st rik e s the e y e the
,
.

p u pil sh o u ld ra pidly c o n t ra ct t o its n o rm a l S iz e This sh o ws .

th a t the e y e is s e n sitiv e to light .

Defe cti ve he r g a i n — Wh e n the h o rs e s e a rs a re rigid it in

.
’
,

dica te s th a t the h e a ri n g is d e f e ctiv e The a n i m a l is u u re

.

spo n s1 v e wh e n sp o k e n to a n d the e y e s a re a ctiv e

,
D e f e ctiv e .

h e a ri n g i s m o re c o m m o n th a n s u pp o s e d .

Po ll e vi l i s a dis e a s e l o c a t e d a t the to p O f the h e a d a n d is in

-

dica te d by the p a rts b e i n g e xc e e di n gly t e n d e r Its c a u s e s a re .

m a n y a n d it i s v e ry s e ri o u s
,
.

S w e e n i e d s hou lde rs is a w a sti n g a w a y of the m u scl e o n the o u t

sid e O f the sh o u ld e r bl a d e Thi s ca n be re a dily d e t e ct e d a s
.

the S h o u ld e r a pp e a rs fl a t a n d the bl a d e b a re O f m u scl e .

Fi stu lce . Exc e e di n g t e n d e rn e ss a t the with e rs m a y ih

dica te th a t the h o rs e ha s fi stu lae th o u gh a t the t im e th e re m a y
,

be n o e xt e rn a l sig n s ,

Ca ppe d e lb w s o .
-
S o re s f o rm e d o n the e lb o ws whil e the a n i
m a l i s lyi n g d o w n a re u n sightly a n d ca n re adily be s e e n .

Un sou n d kn e es ~
. The k n e e sh o u l d be e x a mi n e d fo r b o n y
e n l a rg e m e n ts wi n d -p u ffs
,
sc a rs o n the fro n t a n d sp e e d -c u ts
, , .

S c a rs o n the f ro n t i n dic a t e the h o rs e i s a st u mbl e r .

S pli n ts .
— Bo n y b u n ch e s o n the i n sid e O f the c a n n o n a re
c a ll e d spli n ts Th e s e m u st n o t be c o n fu s e d with the tw o sm a ll
.

b o n e s a ss o ci a t e d with the c a n n o n Spli n ts l o c a t e d o n the b a ck

.
18 MA N U AL OF F AR M AN I M A S L
Thoro u ghpi n cc u rs b e twe e n the t e n d o n a n d the u pp e r p o i n t
o

O f the ho ok It c o n sists O f a s o ft S w e lli n g a n d m a y be e a sily

.

d e t e ct e d a s it ca n be p u sh e d fro m sid e to sid e

, .

S pa vi n Th e re a re th re e ki n ds O f sp a vi n
.
— b o n e bo g a n d , ,

o cc u lt .Bo n e sp a vi n is the m o st c o mm o n a n d c o n sists o f a

-
,

b o n y g ro wth o n the i n sid e a n d

f ro n t O f the hi n d le g j u st b e l o w
the ho ok T o d e t e ct b o n e
.

sp a vi n st a n d in fro n t a n d to the
,

sid e O f t he a n i m a l S O the i n n e r
o u tli n e O f the hi n d le g m a y be

cl e a rly s e e n Bo g sp a vi n o c cu rs .
-

in the n a t u ra l d e p re ssi o n o n the

i n n e r a n d f ro n t p a rt O f the h o ck
a n d c o n sists O f a s o ft S w e lli n g ,

f o rm e d by the O il whi ch a ccu m u

Fm 20 P E R CH E R O N S T ALLI O N ,

C O C O A o te d p i e i e
. .

“
. n l a t e s fro m the j o i n t T he t e rm
r z w nn r . .

” “
bl o o d sp a vi n is s o m e ti m e s
a ppli e d to the e n l a rg e m e n t O f the v e i n th a t p a ss e s a c ro ss the

h o ck fro m the fro n t O cc u lt sp a vi n is lo c a t e d in the j o i n t a n d

.
-

is h a rd to d e t e ct T he u s u a l m e th o d o f d e t e cti o n is to lift the

.

s u sp e ct e d le g a n d th e n st a rt the h o rs e O ff q u ickly .

S tri n gha lt is a m a rk e d j e rki n g o f the hi n d le g a s the h o rs e

tra v e ls In s o m e c a s e s it is s e e n o n ly wh e n the h o rs e fi rst st a rts
.

a n d dis a pp e a rs a ft e r a fe w st e ps h a v e b e e n t a k e n .

Cu rb o cc u rs o n the b a ck O f the c a n n o n j u st b e l o w the h o ck .

It m a y be e a sily d e t e ct e d by l o o ki n g a t the le g fro m the sid e ,

a s i t is a v a ri a ti o n f ro m a st ra ight li n e th a t sh o u ld ru n f ro m

the p o i n t O f the h o ck to the f e tl o ck j o i n t .

F orgi n g a n d ove rre a chi n g — A h o rs e is s a id to f o rg e wh e n

.

the sh o e s O f the hi n d f e e t st rik e th o s e O f the f o re f e e t ,

m a ki n g a ch a ra ct e ristic s o u n d O ve rre a chi n g is the s triki n g

.

o f the f o re a n d hi n d f e e t in s u ch a w a y a s to i n j u re the
h o rs e .
 CHO O S I N G A HO R S E 19

I n te r f e ri n g.A h o rs e is s a id to i n t e rf e re wh e n he st rik e s his

fo re o r bin d f e e t t o g e th e r in s u ch a w a y a s to i n j u re th e m .

Lo ca ti n g la m e n e ss Wh e n st a n di n g a h o rs e t ro u bl e d with
.
,

s o re f e e t will e xt e n d th e m a s fa r a s p o ssibl e If o n ly o n e is .

s o re he p u ts the l a m e o n e f o rw a rd a n d is O ft e n sp o k e n O f a s a
,

p o in t e r Wh e n the t ro u bl e is in the sh o u ld e r the le g will be

.
,

fl e x e d a t the k n e e Wh e n in m o ti o n the h o rs e p u ts the s o u n d

.
,

fo o t d o wn with c o n fid e n c e a n d m a k e s a n e ff o rt to e a s e the a ili n g

o n e by th ro wi n g the h e a d u p a s it st rik e s the g ro u n d .

Un s o u n d i n w i n d Th e re a re th re e c o m m o n d e f e cts in the
.

wi n d u n s o u n d wi n d r o a ri n g a n d he a ve s
,
T O d e t e ct th e s e
, .
,

d rive the h o rs e ra pidly fo r h a lf a m il e th e n st o p q u ickly a n d ,

list e n to the b re a thi n g by pl a ci n g the e a r n e a r the l u n gs o r by

st a n di n g n e a r the n e ck If the h o rs e g e ts his b re a th with
.

di ffi c u lty he i s thick w i n d e d If in b re a thi n g he wh e e z e s a n d

,
.

whistl e s he is a ro a re r If the b re a thi n g is i rre g u l a r it is lik e ly

,
.
,

he is t ro u bl e d with h e a v e s TO d e t e ct this O bs e rv e the fl a n ks

.
,

fo r the ch a ra ct e risti c d o u bl e m o v e m e n t a s the a ir f ro m the l u n gs ,

s e e m s to be h a lf e xp e ll e d wh e n the re spi ra ti o n st o ps fo r a b ri e f
p e ri o d a n d th e n the e xp u lsi o n O f the a ir is c o mpl e t e d .

If a h o rs e ha s p a ss e d th ro u gh m a n y h a n ds in a sh o rt p e ri o d ,

it is s a f e to c o n cl u d e th a t th e re i s s o m e ra dic a l bl e mish o r
u n s o u n d n e ss th a t is n o t e a sily disc o v e re d .

TYPE S OF HO R S E S

Th e re a re tw o disti n ct typ e s O f h o rs e s Fi rst is the ligh t .

,

typ e u s e fu l fo r light w o rk a n d fo r sp e e d This g ro u p is f u rth e r

,
.

divid e d i n t o ru n n i n g t ro tti n g p a ci n g s a ddli n g c o a chi n g e x

, , , , ,

p re ssi n g t yp e a n d the lik e

,
S e c o n d the h e a vy typ e fo r h e a vy
.
,

wo rk a n d i s f u rth e r divid e d i n t o light d ra ft m e di u m d ra ft a n d , ,

h e a vy d ra ft typ e Ho rs e s b e l o n gi n g to the fi rst typ e a re u s u a lly

.

d e sig n a t e d light h o rs e s ; th o s e b e l o n gi n g to the s e c o n d d ra f t ,

h o rs e s As the f o rm o r c o n f o rm a ti o n b e st a d a pt e d fo r o n e is
.

di ffe re n t fro m th a t O f the o th e r w e c a n n o t fi n d b o th u n it e d in

,
20 MAN UAL OF
-
FAR M AN IMAL S

the s a m e a n im a l It i s a physic a l imp o ssibili t y to h a v e m a xi

.

m u m sp e e d a n d m a xi m u m d ra ft in the s a m e e n gi n e a n d s u ch
-
,

is n o n e the l e ss the c a s e a m o n g h o rs e s .

The light type — In c o n f o rm a ti o n h o rs e s b e l o n gi n g to the

.
,

light typ e v a ry c o n sid e ra bly d e p e n di n g o n the p u rp o s e fo r which

,

th e y a re a d o pt e d Fo r e x a mpl e the s a ddl e h o rs e di ff e rs in

.
,

m a n y re sp e cts f ro m the ru n n i n g h o rs e a n d the t ro tt e r o r p a c e r ,

ha s m a n y ch a ra ct e ristics u n lik e e ith e r Ho we v e r si n c e h o rs e s .

,

b e l o n gi n g to the light typ e a re e a ch i n t e n d e d fo r light a n d ra th e r

f a st w o rk th e y p o ss e ss m a n y p o i n ts in c o m m o n
,
.

In g e n e ra l c o n f o rm a ti o n the light typ e O f h o rs e is ra t h e r t a ll

, ,

u ps t a n di n g the limb s l o n g t he dist a n c e f ro m the ch e st to the

, ,

g ro u n d is m o re th a n o n e h a lf the h e igh t O f the h o rs e f ro m the

-

with e rs to the g ro u n d The dist a n c e fro m the with e rs to the

.

k n e e a n d fro m the hips to the ho ok is g re a t T he a n im a ls a re .

s om e wh a t n a rro w bu t ra th e r d e e p in fro n t In g e n e ra l f o rm .

the light t yp e re s e mbl e s the g re yh o u n d .

He a vy type In g e n e ra l c o n f o rm a t i o n the h e a vy typ e o f

.
,

h o rs e is m a ssiv e bl o cky lo w se t the limbs sh o rt the dist a n c e

, , , ,

h
f ro m t e ch e st to the g r ou n d o e h a lf the h e ight o f the a n i m a l
n -

f ro m the with e rs to the g ro u n d In g e n e ra l f o rm this typ e .

,

re s e mbl e s the b u ll -do g We igh t i s imp o rt a n t In o rd e r to

. .

p u ll h e a vy l o a ds the d ra ft h o rs e mu s t p o ss e ss ple n ty o f we igh t .

A d ra ft h o rs e in f a i r c o n diti o n a t m a tu rity we ighs f ro m 1 5 00 to

24 00 p o u n ds a cc o rdi n g to the cl a ss
,
.

OO S ING
CH A L I G HT HO R S E

Ha vi n g c o n sid e re d m e th o d o f p ro c e d u re a n d the t yp e w e
the ,

will n o w disc u ss the d e si ra bl e a n d u n d e si ra bl e ch a ra ct e rs o f e a ch

typ e . Fo r c o n v e n i e n c e th e s e a re divid e d i n t o tw o cl a ss e s :
fi rst the g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e th o s e ch a ra ct e rs h a vi n g to do with
, ,

the h o rs e a s a wh o l e s u ch a s f o rm q u a lity a n d a c ti o n ; a n d
, , ,

s e c o n d the d e ta il ch a ra c te rs h a vi n g to do wi th e a ch p o i n t in
, ,
 C HO O S I N G A HO R SE 21

de pe n den t of the o th e rs Su ch ,
as the he a d ,
ne ck , S h o u ld e r , and

the lik e .

Gen e ra l a ppe a ra n ce i n li ght horse s

T he f o rm a cti o n q u a lity c o l o r a n d t e mp e ra m e n t a re v e ry
, , , ,

i m p o rt a n t ch a ra ct e rs a m o n g light h o rs e s a n d a dd to o r d e t ra ct ,

f ro m th e i r d e si ra bility .

F orm . O n e o f the fi rs t ch a ra ct e rs to a tt ra ct a tt e n ti o n
a m o n g light h o rs e s is the g e n e ra l f o rm In th o s e O f g o o d f o rm
.

h
th e re IS a p e c u li a r b a l a n c e a n d h a rm o n y th ro u gh o u t t e m k u p
a e -

which IS diffic u lt to d e sc rib e a n d m u st be O bs e rv e d to be a ppre

cia te d . The f o rm v a ri e s a cc o rdi n g to the O bj e ct s o u ght th a t ,

O f the c o a ch e r b e i n g f u ll a n d pl u mp whil e th a t o f the t ro tt e r

,

o r ru n n e r will be l e a n a n d a n g u l a r The p o siti o n a n d di re cti o n

.

O f the li m bs sh o u ld re c e iv e sp e ci a l c o n sid e ra ti o n Th e y sh o u ld .

be vi e w e d fro m in f ro n t b e hi n d a n d e ith e r sid e

, ,
In this co n .

n e cti o n ,
it will p ro v e h e lpfu l if o n e will b e a r in m i n d th a t the
li m bs sh o u ld be SO f o rm e d a s to m e e t the f o ll o wi n g re q u i re m e n ts
the f o re le g wh e n vi e w e d fro m the S id e S h o u ld be so f o rm e d
th a t a pl u mb li n e d ro pp e d fro m the e lb o w j o i n t w o u ld p a ss
th ro u gh the m iddl e O f the k n e e the c a n n o n a n d the f e tl o ck a n d
, , ,

f a ll a S h o rt dist a n c e b e hi nd the h e e l wh e n vi e w e d fro m in fro n t ,

the li n e l o w e re d fro m the p o i n t O f the S h o u ld e r w o u ld divid e

e q u a lly the k n e e the c a n n o n
,
a n d the f o o t l e a vi n g b e tw e e n the
, ,

tw o f e e t a n i n t e rv a l e q u a l to the width o f the h o o f T he hi n d .

le g wh e n vi e we d fro m b e hi n d S h o u ld be so f o rm e d th a t a pl u m b
li n e l o w e re d fro m the p o i n t O f the b u tt o ck will p a ss th ro u gh the
middl e O f the h o ck c a n n o n p a st e rn a n d f o o t l e a vi n g b e tw e e n
, , , ,

the tw o f e e t a n i n t e rv a l a l m o st e q u a l to the width O f the h o ck .

This li n e S h o u ld a ls o j u st t o u ch the b a ck O f the ho ok a n d the

p a st e rn j o i n t .

Acti on .
— In the m a rk e t fo r light h o rs e s th e re i s n o S i n gl e
fe a t u re h e ld in high e r e stim a ti o n th a n th a t O f g o o d a cti o n .

De si ra bl e a cti o n v a ri e s a cc o rdi n g to the O bj e ct So u ght bu t to ,

22 MA N UAL OF F AR M AN I M ALS
s e ll we ll a light h o rs e m u st p o ss e ss a s m u ch a s m a y be displ a y e d
a n d u s e d to a dv a n t a g e . Exc e ll e n c e a t a w a lk is a v e ry d e si ra bl e
q u a lity in a ll typ e s o f h o rs e s The f e e t o f the a ctiv e w a lk e rs
.

l e a v e the g ro u n d with a q u ick s n a p a n d m o v e st ra ight a w a y

, ,

sw e rvi n g n e ith e r to the right n o r to the l e ft n o r sh o u ld the f o ldi n g

,

o f the k n e e s o r the fl e xi n g O f the ho oks re s u lt in a n o u tw a r d

pitchi n g o r S p re a di n g In a dditi o n to b e i n g s n a ppy re g u l a r

.
, ,

a n d st ra ight it sh o u ld be f a st
,
This is a p o i n t O ft e n n e gl e ct e d
.
,

a n d m a ny g o o d a cti n g h ors e s a re p ro v o ki n gly sl o w w a lk e rs .

Acti o n a t the t ro t will v a ry a cc o rdi n g to the cl a ss In the .

ro a dst e r a st ro n g ,
l o n g -
re a chi n g k n e e -
a n d -
h o ck a cti o n w i
,
th th e

fe e t picke d u p
s n a ppy is m o st e s
,

se n tia l .The st rid e

S h o u ld be l o n g a n d

n ot to o high In .

the c o a ch e r a ra th e r
,

high b o ld k n e e a n d
,
-

h o ck a cti o n is the
m o st s o u ght .In
a ll cl a ss e s the m o v e

men t S h o u ld be
st ra igh t a n d re g u
la r . Th e re m u st
be styl e a n d d a sh
FIG 2 1 — HA C K N E Y C O A CH T E AM W e ll t a i n e d in the lifti n g a n d
-
r

a n d sty lis h
. . .

"

pl a n ti n g O f the f e e t .

The f o o t sh o u ld be s n a pp e d f ro m the g ro u n d a n d c a rri e d fo r

w a rd whil e the limb u n fo lds a s ii f o ll o wi n g the rim o f a
, ,

wh e e l The hi n d f e e t sh o u ld l e a v e the g ro u n d with the s a m e

.

q u ick m o v e m e n t a n d a t n o ti m e sh o u ld be a ll o w e d to h a n g
,

b a ck a n d gi v e the h o rs e the a pp e a ra n ce o f n o t g a th e ri n g him

s e lf w e ll t o g e th e r .

Q u a li ty is a t e rm ra th e r l o o s e ly a ppli e d a n d h a s r e f e r e n c e to
 CHO O S IN G A HO R S E A S

the bon e s , ki n a n d h a i r Evid e n c e s o f d e si ra bl e q u a lity a re

S ,
.

cl e a n cu t f e a t u re s s o ft S ki n silky h a i r a n d cl e a n d e n s e b o n e
-
, , , .

In th o s e h o rs e s p o ss e ssi n g q u a lity t he li n e s o f the f a c e a re

cl e a rly d e fi n e d the v e i n s in the ski n sh o w cl e a rly a n d th e re is
, ,

a c o mpl e t e a bs e n c e O f c o a rs e n e ss Fre e d o m f ro m c o a rs e n e ss in
.

the j o i n ts a n d t e n d o n s e m ph a siz e s s o u n d n e ss a n d gu a ra n t e e s
d u ra bility A n o th e r e vid e n c e O f q u a lity is s e e n in th o s e a n i
.

m a ls wh o s e m u scl e s st a n d o u t cl e a rly d e fi n e d a n d disti n ct The .

b e st w a y to d e t e rmi n e q u a lity is to ru n the h a n d d o wn the le g

o v e r the k n e e a n d c a n n o n b o n e The h a i r a n d ski n sh o u ld f e e l
.

s o ft a n d pli a bl e to the t o u ch a n d the b o n e fi rm a n d sm o o th .

The fi n g e rs Sh o u ld s e e m a lm o st to t ou ch e a ch o th e r a s th e y
p a ss b e tw e e n the t e n d o n a n d the b o n e .

C o a rs e h a i r i s a ss o ci a t e d with c o a rs e thick ski n which i n di '

c a t e s a n a b u n d a n c e o f c o n n e ctiv e tiss u e which in t u rn is a ss o

cia te d with s o ft sp o n gy b o n e s th a t c a n n o t e n d u re st ra i n o r
,

h a rd u s a ge .

The te m pera m e n t is re fl e ct e d in the a cti o n a n d m a n n e rs It .

sh o u ld be liv e ly a n d pl e a s a n t Wh e n p o ssibl e the p u rch a s e r

.
,

S h o u ld k n o w s o m e thi n g o f the a n c e st o rs o f the h o rs e u n d e r

co n sid e ra ti o n a s a h o rs e m a y i n h e rit ch a ra ct e ristics which ca n
,

n o t be disc o v e re d u n til he ha s b e e n u s e d s o m e ti m e a n d ,

p e c u li a riti e s o f t e mp e r a re a m o n g th e s e ch a ra ct e rs .

De ta i l cha ra cte rs
f a li ght horse o

Ha vi n g c o n sid e re d the ge n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e O f the light h o rs e ,

th e n p a ss to a d e t a il e d e x a mi n a ti o n o f the ch a ra ct e rs ; a n d in
o rd e r th a t n o n e go u n n o tic e d th e y sh o u ld be O bs e rv e d in the

fo ll o wi n g o rd e r :
Hea d .
— Am o n g light h o rs e s the h e a d sh o u ld be l e a n with ,

b ro a d fo re h e a d t a p e ri n g t o w a rds the n o st rils a n d the f e a t u re s ,

o f the f a c e sh o u ld be disti n ct The n o st rils sh o u ld be l a rg e

.
,

Ope n ,
a n d O f pi n k c o l o r The e y e sh o u ld be l a rg e f u ll cl e a r
.
, , ,

a n d b right i n dic a tiv e O f a ki n d g e n e ro u s disp o siti o n a n d g o o d

, ,
2 4 MAN UAL OF FAR M ANI MAL S

h e a lth The j a w -b o n e s S h o u ld be s t ro n g a n d wid e p ro vidi n g

.
,

a mpl e ro o m fo r a l a rg e wi n d pip e The e a rs sh o u ld be a ctiv e -

.
,

re fi n e d n e ith e r l a rg e n o r sm a ll c a rri e d cl o s e a n d e re ct a n d t u rn
, ,

in g slightly in a t the tips Lo p e a rs i n dic a t e l a zi n e ss . A .

sm o o th n e a t a t ta chm e n t o f h e a d to n e ck is highly e ss e n ti a l a .
,

f u ll n e ss a t the th ro a t a n d a b o u t the wi n d -pip e b e i n g m o s t

un d e si ra bl e .

Ne ch . A n ic e ly a rc t a n d w e ll -m u scl e d n e ck o f s u ffici e n t

l e n gth c a rryi n g the h e a d gra c e f u lly is a highly d e si ra bl e fe a tu re

, ,

FI G . 22 .
— AN AM E R I C AN T R O TT E R . iv g h
A dr i n o rse O f g ood fo rm .

The Am e ri c a n T ro tti gb
h o rse s d e e lo e d i n U n i e d S a e s
n re e d of T he re e d v p t t t b
tg ig t p ig p
.

i s th e o u t
o f a d e m a n d fo r a l
ro w h h ro a d h o rs e o sse ss n s e e d a n d e n
du ra n ce e ig t
h a n d h e h a re e xce e d n l
T he w ig
a ri a le t
T he o d i s l h , i gyv b b y ig t
p g g
. .

n a rr o w bu t d e e a n d th e le s a r e lo n bu t cle a n a n d fre e fro m co a rs e n e ss

i b by p
.
, , , ,

All co lo rs a re fo u n d bu t so l d co lo rs su ch a s ro w n s a n d a s a re re fe rre d t o
g y i
,

ra s , ro a n s , a n d the l ke .

Of the light h o rs e M u ch o f the styl e a n d symm e t ry o f the

.

c o a ch h o rs e is O bs e rv e d in the m a k e u p a n d c a rri a g e O f the -

h e a d a n d n e ck The wi n d -pip e sh o u ld be l a rg e a n d the o u tli n e

.
,

a pp e a r disti n ct f ro m the re st O f the n e ck M a n y e xc e ll e n t ro a d .

h o rs e s h a v e a e w e n e ck bu t it d e t ra c ts v e ry m u ch f ro m the
,
26 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I M A S L
The kn ee s h o u ld be wid e d e e p a n d st ra ight Th e y sh o u ld
S , ,
.

be m u ch b ro a d e r in f ro n t th a n the re st O f the le g e i th e r a b o v e ,

o r be low . Bre a dth is d e si ra bl e b e c a u s e the c o n c u ssi o n is m o re

e v e n ly dist rib u t e d a m o n g the s e v e ra l b o n e s f o rmi n g the k n e e

j o i n t The b o n e f o rm i n g the p ro j e cti o n a t the b a ck o f the

.

k n e e S h o u ld be p ro m i n e n t S i n c e this giv e s a b e tt e r a tt a chm e n t

,

fo r the m u s cl e s a n d t e n d o n s which p a ss o v e r it th e re by givi n g ,

the le g a d e e p e r a pp e a ra n c e a n d i n c re a si n g the e ffi ci e n cy The .

k n e e s a re s u bj e ct to m a n y d e f e cts m o re o r l e ss s e ri o u s s u ch a s ,

c a lf k n e e s kn o ck k n e e s sp ri n g k n e e s o p e n k n e e s sp e e d c u ts
, , , , ,

s c a rs a n d the lik e
,
.

The ca n n on s S h o u ld be sh o rt wid e cl e a n a n d the t e n d o n s

, , ,

we ll d e t a ch e d The b a ck t e n d o n s sh o u ld be p a ra ll e l to the
.

c a n n o n -b o n e s a n d th e re sh o u ld be n o sh ri n ki n g b e l o w the
,

k n e e s a s it i n dic a t e s w e a k n e ss This d e f e ct is sp o k e n O f a s
, .

”
ti e d in a n d is q u it e c o mm o n a m o n g light h o rs e s The c a n n o n
,
.

S h o u ld be f re e fro m b o n y g ro wths a n d p u ffi n e ss Evid e n c e s O f .

fi ri n g o r blist e ri n g to re m o v e s u ch gro wths a re s e ri e s O f li n e s

o n the c a n n o n s o r ro u gh e n e d pl a c e s c a u s e d by blist e ri n g On .

ru n n i n g the h a n d o v e r the c a n n o n s th e y sh o u ld be f re e f ro m

g u m mi n e ss p u ffs
,
a n d b o n y
,
g ro wths .

The fe tlock j o i n t sh o u ld be cl e a n f re e f ro m f u ll n e ss du e to
,

wi n d g a lls a n d sh o u ld be wid e givi n g f a v o ra bl e a tt a chm e n ts to

-
, ,

the te n d o n s .

The pa ste rn s sh o u ld be sl o pi n g a n d st ro n g Wh e n the h o rs e .

is st a n di n g th e y sh o u ld f o rm a n a n gl e O f 4
, 5 d e g re e s with the
fl o o r a n d 1 35 d e gre e s with the c a n n o n s The u p right p a st e rn s .

c a n n o t sist c o n c u ssi o n a n d b o n e dis e a s e s s u ch a s i g b o n e s

r e ,
r n -
, ,

sid e -b o n e s a n d the lik e a re the re s u lt Ag a i n it l e ss e n s the

, ,
.
,

u s e f u l n e ss O f the light h o r s e e sp e ci a lly the s a ddl e r a s the st e p

, ,

is sh o rt a n d stilt e d a n d v e ry dis a gre e a bl e to the rid e r O n the .

o th e r h a n d the p a st e rn s a re s o m e ti m e s tO O l o n g a n d sl a n ti n g
, ,

e sp e ci a lly am o n g th o ro u ghb re ds whi ch w e a k e n s th e m a n d o c c a

, ,

sio n a lly e n ds in s n a ppi n g the s u sp e n s o ry lig a m e n ts , re s u lti n g in

 CHO O S I N G A HO R SE 27

the an im a l
b re a ki n g d o w n Th e re sh o u ld be fre e d o m fro m
'

wi n d pu fi s a n d b o n y g ro wths a s in the c a n n o n ,
.

The fe e t sh o u ld be ro u n d d e n s e fi n e in t e xt u re o f g o o d siz e
, , , ,

a n d p e rf e ctly s o u n d Th e y S h o u ld be O f e q u a l siz e a n d sh a p e
.

a n d in li n e with the p a st e rn The h o o f sh o u ld h a v e a n o h

.

c o a t O f n a t u ra l w a x a n d sh o u ld n o t a pp e a r fl a t b rittl e S h e lly
, , , ,

o r c o n t ra ct e d The h e e l sh o u ld be ra th e r v e rti ca l a n d a b o u t
.

o n e -h a lf l e n gth o f to e The s o l e sh o u ld be c o n c a v e ; the b a rs

.

st ro n g a n d the fro g l a rg e e l a stic a n d b e a r the m a rk o f n a t u ra l

, , ,

u s a g e a s a b u ff e r The d a rk c o l o re d f e e t s e e m to be in f a v o r
.
-
.

The ribs sh o u ld be w e ll S p ru n g f ro m the spi n e o f g o o d l e n gth , ,

a n d w e ll i n cli n e d to the re a r The w e ll sp ru n g rib giv e s l u n g

.
-

c a p a city the d e e p rib giv e s dig e stiv e c a p a city a n d the ribs

, ,

w e ll i n cli n e d to the re a r a dd m u ch to the st re n gth o f the b a ck .

Body The b a ck sh o u ld be S h o rt st ro n g a n d w e ll m u s cl e d
.
, , .

The b o dy sh o u ld h a v e a sh o rt b a ck with a l o n g u n d e rli n e

which n o t o n ly a dds st re n gth to the b a ck bu t giv e s the l e gs ,

f re e pl a y a n d i n s u re s f re e d o m O f m o v e m e n ts The l o n g b a ck .
,

the ro a ch b a ck a n d the sw a y b a ck a re a ll v e ry O bj e cti o n a bl e

,
.

The lo in S h o u ld be wid e sh o rt thick a n d st ro n gly j o i n e d

, , , .

This co mbi n a ti o n re s u lts wh e n the ribs a re di re ct e d w e ll b a ck

w a rd If the dist a n c e fro m the l a st rib to the hip is gre a t the
.
,

h o rs e is lik e ly to be w e a k in the c o u pli n g a n d i rre g u l a r in his

a cti o n .

The crou p S h o u ld be l o n g m u sc u l a r a n d f a i rly st ra ight

,
The ,
.

c ro u p O f light h o rs e s sh o u ld be m o re h o riz o n t a l th a n in h e a vy
h o rs e s This in c o n n e cti o n with its l e n gth a ll o ws gre a t e r pl a y
.

O f the m a i n m u scl e s whi ch is f a v o ra bl e to the p ro d u cti o n O f

,

sp e e d The sh o rt O bliq u e c ro u p i n t e rf e re s with the u tility O f

.
,

the light h o rs e a n d d e t ra cts fro m the g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e Whil e .

e x a m i n i n g the c ro u p the hips S h o u ld a ls o be O bs e rv e d to se e

,

th a t th e y a re O f e q u a l p ro mi n e n c e a n d sq u a re ly pl a c e d .

The thi gh S h o u ld be m u sc u l a r l o n g a n d d e e p It S h o u ld be
, ,
.

S O sit u a t e d a s to e xt e n d the m u scl e s a s fa r d o w n t o w a rds the

28 MAN UAL -
OF FAR M ANI MAL S

bo ok p o ssibl e with o u t givi n g the le g to o st ra igh t a n a pp e a r

as ,

a n ce . S o m e h o rs e s a re S O st ra ight in this re sp e ct th a t the

m u scl e e xt e n ds to the ho ok givi n g it a thick a ppe a ra n ce
,
Ho rs e s .

S h o w m u ch v a ri a ti o n in the m u scli n g o f the q u a rt e rs ; s o m e a re

f u ll a n d h e a vily m u scl e d s o m e d e cid e dly l a cki n g a n d c a ll e d

,
“
ca t h a m m e d whil e o th e rs a re f a i rly f u ll in th1 S re gi o n with
, ,

d e e p h a rd m u scl e s
,
.

The hi n d le gs fro m the thigh to the bo ok sh o u ld be l o n g ,

f a i rly st ra ight a n d w e ll m u scl e d th o u gh th e y m u st n o t be to o

, ,

st ra ight th e re by c a u si n g e ith e r th o ro u ghpi n o r bo g sp a vi n

,
-
.

O n the o th e r h a n d if the l e gs a re b e n t to o fa r f o rw a rd it is
, ,

lik e ly to d e v e l o p c u rb The p o siti o n O f the c ro u p a n d thigh s

.
,

to g e th e r with the l o n g l e gs sh o u ld be s u ch a s to giv e l e n gth

,

fro m the hip to the ho ok a s this is the c o n fo rm a ti o n d e si re d

,

a m o n g a n i m a ls O f sp e e d .

The hocks sh o u ld be wid e p ro p e rly se t a n d cl e a n ,

Th e y ,
.

S h o u ld a ls o be f re e f ro m g u mmi n e ss fle shin e ss a n d p u ffs o f a ll

, ,

ki n ds a n d the b o n e fi rm with o u t the l e a st i n dic a ti o n O f u n s o u n d

,

n e ss. The b o n e f o rmi n g the p o i n t O f the bo ok sh o u ld be

p ro mi n e n t si n c e this giv e s a b e tt e r a t ta chm e n t fo r the m u scl e s
,

a n d t e n d o n s whi ch p a ss o v e r it th e re by givi n g the hi n d le g a

,

d e e p e r a pp e a ra n c e a n d i n c re a si n g its e ffici e n cy The ho oks .

a re s u bj e ct to m a n y d e f e cts m o re o r l e ss s e ri o u s s u ch a s co w ,

ho oks c a pp e d h o cks o p e n ho oks c ro o k e d h o cks a n d the lik e

, , , ,
.

The hi n d ca n n on s sh o u ld be S h o rt wid e cl e a n with t e n do n s , , ,

w e ll d e ta ch e d a n d p a ra ll e l to c a n n o n b o n e s which giv e s ,

b e tt e r a tt a chm e n ts a n d st re n gth e n s the c a n n o n Sl e n d e r ho oks .

a n d n a rro w c a n n o n s e sp e ci a lly a t the to p i n dic a t e a p re dis

, ,

p o siti o n to c u rbs o n a cc o u n t O f the w e a k n e ss th u s p ro d u c e d .

The c a n n o n sh o u ld be f re e fro m a ll e vid e n c e s o f u n s o u n d n e ss .

The hi n d pa ste rn s S h o u ld be sl o pi n g a n d st ro n g Wh e n the .

h o rs e is st a n di n g th e y will be m o re u p right th a n the fro n t

,

p a st e rn s a n d this is n o t SO O bj e c ti o n a bl e a s th e re is le SS co n
,

cu ssio n o n the hi n d f o o t the w e igh t b o rn e b e i n g o n ly fo u r

,
 CH O O S I N G A HO R S E 29

n ni ths th a t o f the t o t a l w e ight a n d in a dditi o n the hi n d limbs

,

a re n o t i n t e n d e d to b re a k c o n c u ssi o n a s a re the f o re limbs .

The hi n d fe e t sh o u ld be o v a l d e n s e fi n e in t e xt u re O f g o o d
, , ,

S iz e,
and p e rf e ctly s o u n d Th e y a re i n cli n e d to b e c o m e
.

n a rro w the sid e s O ft e n a pp e a r s u n k e n l e a vi n g th e m ra th e r fl a t

, , ,

th u s c a u si n g the f o o t to a pp e a r n a rro w The hi n d f e e t sh o u ld .

h a v e the ch a ra ct e ristics th a t h a v e b e e n d e sc rib e d in the re f e r

e n c e to the d e si ra bl e p o i n ts O f the f o re f e e t .

CH OO S ING A HE AVY HO R S E

In ch o o si n g a h e a vy h o rs e it m u st be b o rn e in mi n d th a t the
,

f a tt e r the a n i m a l the m o re diffic u lt it is to d e t e ct m a n y O f the

d e f e cts whi ch w o u ld st a n d o u t cl e a rly w e re the a n im a l n o t
p a dd e d with a thick c o a t O f fa t A h o rs e in s e rvic e a bl e c o n di
.

ti o n will O ft e n S h o w m a n y d e f e cts e sp e ci a lly in the b o dy th a t a

, ,

thick c o a ti n g o f tissu e will hid e By ch a n gi n g the f o o d o n e ca n

.

i n c re a s e o r dimi n ish the siz e O f the a bd o m e n : th u s by f e e di n g

f o o d c o n t a i n i n g m u ch b ul k the Sh a p e O f the n a rrow -gu tte d h o rs e
,

is m o difi e d ; by f e e di n g c o n c e n t ra t e d f o o ds s u ch a s o a ts the , ,

cow -be lly ca n be m a d e to dis a pp e a r By re g u l a ti n g the light

.

in the st a bl e a n d i n c re a si n g the t e mp e ra t u re the c o a t ca n be ,

m a d e to a ss u m e b right e r sh a d e s a n d to re fl e ct a m o re b rilli a n t
l u st e r By re m o vi n g o r clippi n g the h a i rs sc a tt e re d o v e r the
.

f a c e a ro u n d the m o u th n o st rils e y e lids a l o n g the l o w e r j a w ;

, , , ,

in dimi n ishi n g the thick n e ss a n d l e n gth O f the m a n e a n d t a il ;

in clippi n g the t hick h a i rs a l o n g the c a n n on s a n d p a st e rn s a n d
fi n a lly in c u tti n g the h a i rs o n the i n n e r s u rf a c e o f the e a rs the ,

a pp a re n t q u a li ty o f the h o rs e ca n be g re a tly ch a n g e d a n d a

ro u gh ,
c o a rs e a n im a l ca n be m a d e to t a k e o n a ra th e r re fi n e d
a pp e a ra n c e .

Ge n e ra l a ppe a ra n ce in he a vy horse s
The s a m e g e n e ra l m e th o d S h o u ld be fo ll o w e d in e x a mi n i n g a
h e a vy h o rs e a s in the light with the di ff e re n c e th a t w e pl a c e
, ,

m u ch st re ss o n w e ight .
 C HO O S I N G A HOR SE 81

The w e i ght . A m o n g d ra ft h o rs e s we ight is a v e ry i m p o r

,

t a n t c o n sid e ra ti o n ; in f a ct a h o rs e m u st w e igh a t l e a st 1 5 00
,

p o u n ds to be cl a ss e d a s a d ra ft a n i m a l Dra ft h o rs e s a re .

divid e d i n t o th re e cl a ss e s a cc o rdi n g to th e i r w e ight light d ra ft ,

1 5 00 to 1 600 p o u n ds ; m e di u m d ra ft 1 600 to 1 8 00 p o u n ds ; a n d
,

h e a vy d ra ft 1 8 00 p o u n ds a n d u p This we ight m u st be du e
,
.

to st ro n g b o n e h e a vily m u scl e d a s w e ll a s to l a rg e p ro p o rti o n s

, , ,

a n d n o t the re s u lt O f e xc e ssiv e f a t n e ss .

The i m p o rt a n c e o f b u lk is w e ll ill u st r a t e d in the c a s e O f

the f re ight e n gi n e , in whi ch the e ffici e n cy d e p e n ds u p o n the
We ight to s u ch a n e xt e n t th a t e n gi n e s a re gra d e d a cc o rdi n g to
th e i r w e ight th u s w e h a v e the h u n dre d to n f re ight e n gi n e o n a
c e rt a i n s e cti o n O f the ro a d a n d the h u n d re d a n d tw e n ty fi v e -

to n e n gi n e o n a n o th e r s e cti o n The e n gi n e m u st h a v e m u ch
.

w e ight to k e e p the wh e e ls fro m slippi n g o n the t ra ck Su ch is .

n o n e the l e ss the c a s e a m o n g d ra ft h o r s e s This is w e ll ill u s

.

tra te d in the ra th e r c o m m o n e xp e ri e n ce O f the t e a m st e r wh o s e

t e a m i s st a ll e d a n d O bs e rvi n g th a t the a n i m a ls s e e m to o
,

light to p u sh i n t o the c o ll a r c o n c e iv e s the id e a O f m o u n ti n g

,

o n e O f the a n i m a ls wh e n to his s a tisf a cti o n th e y a re a bl e to

,

p u ll the l o a d Ill u stra ti o n s O f this p ri n cipl e a re v e ry c o m m o n

.

in p a rts O f the c o u n t ry wh e re the h e a vy c a rt is u s e d in which

the an i m a l c a rri e s a p a rt O f the l o a d o n its b a ck It fre q u e n tly .

h a pp e n s with v e hicl e s O f this ki n d th a t wh e n the a n im a l is

st a ll e d if a p a rt o f the l o a d is m o v e d f o rw a rd S O th a t a l a rg e r
,

p o rti o n re sts o n the b a ck it ca n p u ll the l o a d with c o mp a ra tiv e

,

e a se.

The h e a vy h o rs e is in v e ry g re a t d e m a n d fo r d ra ft w o rk
in the citi e s In o u r l a rg e citi e s the b u sy st re e ts h a v e be
.

c o m e so c ro wd e d th a t it is n e c e ss a ry fo r the t ra ffic to m o v e
sl o w This ha s le d to the u se O f l a rg e r l o a ds a n d f e w e r t rips
.
,

wh e re a s f o rm e rly m o re t rips w e re m a d e a n d the l o a ds light e r .

TO d ra w th e s e h e a vy l o a ds re q u i re s h e a vy h o rs e s ; th u s
w ithi n the p a st fe w y e a rs th e re ha s a ris e n a g re a t d e m a n d
32 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I MAL S
fo r the h e a vy h o rs e Fo r thi s e xt ra we ight the m a rk e t is will
.

in g to pa y It i s e sti m a t e d th a t the h e a vy h o rs e is w o rth 5 0

.

c e n t s a p o u n d fo r e a ch a dditi o n a l p o u n d th a t it w e ighs o v e r
'

14 00 p o u n ds In o th e r w o rds a thi n h o rs e w e ighi n g 1 4

.
, 00
p o u n ds a n d w o rth $ 2 00 w o u ld be w o rth $ 2 5 0 if pu t in g o o d
c o n diti o n a n d w e ighi n g 1 5 00 p o u n ds .

The a cti o n Whil e a cti o n in the h e a vy h o rs e is n o t co n

.
-

side re d a s d e si ra bl e a s in the light e r typ e s y e t it sh o u ld re c e iv e ,

m u ch a tt e n ti o n T he w a lk de .

s e rv e s sp e ci a l n o tic e si n c e it i s
the p ri n cip a l g a it O f the d ra ft
h o rs e It sh o u ld be O bs e rv e d .

in m u ch the s a m e m a n n e r a s
in the light e r typ e s — fro m
b e fo re b e hi n d a n d e ith e r sid e , ,
.

The h o rs e S h o u ld lift the f e e t

cl e a r O f the g ro u n d with m u ch
s n a p a n d the st rid e S h o u ld be ,

F I G 2 4— C L Y D E S DA L E M AR E Fir t re gu lar O bs e rv e the f o re

s

P ri e I te rn a ti o a l Liv e Sto ck
. . .
,

z -
n n
a n d h i n d l e gs t o se e If th e y
,

S ho w .

w o rk in u n is o n Ho rs e s with .

l o n g b a cks a n d w e a k l o i n s O ft e n d ra g th e i r f e e t in a disc o n
n e cte d m a n n e r O bs e rv e d fro m b e hi n d the m o v e m e n t S h ou ld
.
,

be st ra ight a w a y a n d re g u l a r The bo oks a re O fte n n tu rn e d

.

o u tw a rd o r b e n t i n w a rd w he n ra is e d b o th O f w hich a re v e ry
, ,

u n d e si ra bl e The fi e xio n o f the ho ok S h o u ld be f re e a n d

.

st ra ight .

Whil e a cti o n a t the t ro t i s n o t S O e ss e n ti a l a s in light h o rs e s ,

y e t th e d ra ft h o r s e in t ro tti n g S h o u ld g o l e v e l st ra ight a n d , ,

re g u l a r The f e e t sh o u ld be pick e d u p with s n a p a n d c a rri e d

.

c l e a r O f the g ro u n d High k n e e a n d h o ck a cti o n is n o t

.

e ss e n ti a l bu t a st ro n g f u ll
,
t ru e m o v e m e n t with o u t p a ddli n g
, , ,

d ra ggi n g o r sti ffn e ss is v e ry d e si ra bl e

, G o o d t ro tti n g a cti o n .

is n o t o n ly v a l u a bl e in its e lf bu t it i n dic a t e s m a n y o th e r ,
34 MAN U AL OF FAR M ANI MAL S
The sh o u ld be d e e p wid e a nd f u ll Its d e pth is a b o u t
che s t , ,
.

o n e -h a lf h e ight o f h o r s e Ho rs e s S l a ck in the h e a rt gi rth a re

.

g e n e ra lly o f w e a k c o n stit u ti o n Exc e pti o n a l width in the ch e st

.

i s lik e ly to re s u lt in ro lli n g a n d p a ddli n g m o ti o n o f the f o re l e gs .

S hou lde rs — A m o n g h e a vy h o rs e s the sh o u ld e r S h o u ld be

.
,

m o d e ra t e ly sl o pi n g i n t o the b a ck a n d h e a vily m u scl e d The .

st a t e m e n t i s m a d e th a t u p right S h o u ld e rs giv e i n cre a s e d p o w e r ,

bu t s u ch a c o n f o rm a ti o n i n c re a s e s the c o n c u ssi o n o f the b o n e s

a n d m a y re s u lt in u n s o u n d li m bs ; it a ls o i n c r e a s e s the l e n gth

O f the b a ck whi ch m a y re s u lt in ,
w e a k n e ss ; a n d the st e p is
sh o rt a n d the a cti o n stilt e d .

T he a rm sh o u ld be S h o rt h e a vily m u scl e d a n d sl o pi n g w e ll
, ,

to the re a r th u s givi n g the a n i m a l a m a ssiv e a n d lo w -se t a p

,

pe a ra n ce .

Fore -
A m o n g d ra ft h o rs e s the f o re a rm s sh o u ld be
a rm s .
-
,
-

wid e h e a vily m u s cl e d a n d l a rg e AS in the ligh t typ e the

, ,
.
,

m u scli n g a ff o rds a s a f e g u id e to the m u scl e d e v e l o pm e n t O f the

a n im a l a s it i s n o t p a dd e d with fa t
,
.

The kn e e s sh o u ld be b ro a d a n d w e ll d e fi n e d Whil e the k n e e s o f .

h e a vy a n im a ls m a y n o t be a s cl e a n cu t a s a m o n g light e r h o rs e s ,

y e t th e re S h o u ld be a fre e d o m f ro m p u ffi n e ss a n d g u mmi n e ss .

The ca n n on sh o u ld be S h o rt wid e cl e a n a n d the t e n d on s , , ,

w e ll d e t a ch e d The C lyd e sd a l e s a n d S hi re s h a v e a fri n g e O f

.

“
h a i r c a ll e d f e a th e r st a rti n g fro m the k n e e a n d h o ck b e hi n d
, ,
”
a n d e xt e n di n g to the f e tl o ck The f e a th e r o ft e n f u rn ish e s
.

a n i n d e x to the q u a lity a s c o a rs e h a i r i s a ss o ci a t e d with c o a rs e

, ,

thick ski n whi ch i n dic a t e s c o a rs e p o ro u s b o n e

,
O n the o th e r ,
.

h a n d fi n e s o ft ha ir is c o mm o n ly a cc e pt e d a s a n i n dic a ti o n O f g o o d
, ,

q u a lity .

Pa stern s Am o n g d ra ft h o rs e s the p a st e rn s S h o u ld be sl o p
.

in g st ro n g a n d O f m e di u m l e n gth
, ,
Ho rs e s O f this typ e O ft e n .

p o ss e ss p a st e rn s th a t a re to o sh o rt a n d to o st ra ight This co n .

f o rm a ti o n l a cks sp ri n gi n e ss the c o n c u ssi o n c o m e s m o re o n the

,

e n ds O f t eh b on e s r s
e u lti n g in ri n g b on e
,
s sid e -
b o n e s a n d the -
, ,
 CHO O S I N G A HO R S E 5

lik e a ls o in a sh o rt stilt e d m o v e m e n t O f the l e gs Ag a i n

,
.
, pa s
t e rn s th a t a re to o st ra ight o ft e n b e c o m e m o re so with a ge ,
an d
the u s e f u l n e ss O f the a n im a l d e p re ci a t e s in p ro p o rti o n .

FIG 25 — CH AM PI O N EN GLI S H S H I R E S TA LLI O N D AN PA T C H T ru m a n s

P i o n e e r Sto ck F a m Bu sh e ll
. . .

r , n , Ill .

t v p
T he S hi re dra f ho rse w a s d e e lo e d i n E n la n d g i b
Th s r e e d ha s lo n een gb
vy t it i i
.

t
n o e d a s the C a r Ho rse t fo r h e a dr a f i s u n e x ce lle d In S z e Sh re s
q g t i gi g p it
.
,

a r e e u a l to the la r e s t
s a ll o n s ra n n fro m 1 7 00 to 2 2 00 o u n ds , w h the
p i gy ig t t i v g
,

m a re s co rre s o n d n l le ss I n h e h s a ll o n s a e ra e fro m 1 5 t o 1 7 ha n ds
p b i t it g
. .

T he re fe rre d colo r i s ba y o r ro w n w h w h e o n the fo re he a d a n d o n th e le s

be lo w th e kn e e s a n d h o c ks y b t t it
G ra s la cks a n d che s n u s e x s in a u n da n ce b
g i b b b
. .
, ,

Lo n ha r o n the a ck o f the c a n n o n s e lo w th e kn e e s a n d b o oks i s a re e d

t i ti
cha ra c e r s c .

The f h e a vy h o rs e d e s e rv e sp e ci a l a tt e n t i o n a s s o u n d
ee t O f the ,

fe e t a re ra th e r the e xc e pti o n T he f e e t sh o u ld be ro u n d d e n s e
.
, ,

fi n e in st ru ct u re o f e q u a l siz e a n d S h a p e a n d p e rf e ctly s o u n d
, ,
.

The h o o f sh o u ld be d a rk in c o l o r a n d h a v e a n o ily c o a t O f,

n a tu ra l w a x C o mm o n d e fe cts o f the f e e t o f h e a vy h o rs e s a re
.
 36 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I MAL S
s o ft h o o f dry a n d b ro k e n h o o f fl a t h o o f lo w o r sl o pi n g h e e ls
, , , ,

a n d l a rg e h o o f .

The body S h o u ld be S h o rt the b a ck b ro a d a n d the ribs w e ll

, ,

sp ru n g d e e p a n d i n cli n e d w e ll to the re a r th u s givi n g a S h ort

, , ,

l o i n which sh o u ld be b ro a d a n d thick The u p right sh o u ld e r

,
.

giv e s u n d u e l e n gth to the b a ck which m a y b e c o m e re a ch e d o r

,

su n k e n.

The crou p sh o u ld be b ro a d t hickly m u scl e d a n d m o d e ra t e ly

, ,

sl o pi n g a lth ou gh th e re i s c o n sid e ra bl e di ff e re n c e in d ra ft h o rs e s
,

in this re g a rd . A m o d e ra t e ly sl o pi n g c ro u p giv e s a f a v o ra bl e
a tt a chm e n t o f the m u scl e s fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f p o w e r In .

s o m e st ra i n s o f d ra ft h o rs e s the c ro u p is so v e ry sl o pi n g th a t it
,

d e t ra cts fro m th e i r g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e .

T he thighs a n d q u a rt e rs sh o u ld be h e a vily m u scl e d The .

di re c ti o n o f the thigh S h o u ld be s u ch a s to giv e the m u scl e s

the m o st f a v o ra bl e a tt a chm e n t fo r the d e v e l o pm e n t O f p o w e r .

T hi s m e a n s p e rh a ps th a t the l o we r p a rt O f the thigh sh o u ld

be i n cli n e d w e ll f o rw a rd a n d th a t the le g S h o u ld be m o d e ra t e ly
,

sl o pi n g fro m the thigh to the ho ok .

The ho ck o f the h e a vy h o rs e S h o u ld be cl o s e ly O bs e rv e d fo r ,

in this j o i n t th e re is p e rh a ps m o re w o rk d o n e th a n in a n y o th e r
si n gl e p a rt O f the b o dy The h o ok sh o u ld be wid e p ro p e rly
.
,

se t , a n d cl e a rly d e fi n e d The t e n d o n s e xt e n di n g fro m the

.

h o oks d o wn w a rd S h o u ld be l e a n a n d w e ll d e t a ch e d th u s givi n g ,

a d e e p e r— a pp e a ri n g ho ok a n d a m o re f a v o ra bl e a tt a chm e n t o f the

m u scl e s fo r d e v e l o pi n g p o w e r C ro o k e d n a rro w a n d ti e d -in

.
, ,

h o oks a re s u bj e c t to c u rbs sp a vi n a n d the lik e The h o oks O f

, ,
.

dra f t h o rs e s a re lik e ly to be fl e shy o r g u mmy th u s i n dic a ti n g ,

a li a bility to h o ok trou bl e s a n d a g e n e ra l c o a rs e n e ss O f the

O rg a n iz a ti o n
.
 C HAPTER II

THE FEEDING O F ANIM ALS — G ENER AL DIS CU S SI O N

THE e c on o mi c f e e di n g o f f a rm a n im a ls i n v o lv e s a k n o wl e dg e
O f the p ri n cipl e s u n d e rlyi n g the p ra cti c e .The b e t t e r k n o wl
e dg e o n e ha s O f the f o o d its s o u rc e
, ,
u se c o m p o siti o n a n d di
, ,

g e stibility the m o re f a m ili a r he is with the f u n cti o n o f the

,

v a ri o u s f o o d m a t e ri a ls a n d the b a l a n ci n g O f ra ti o n s the m o re
, ,

i n t e llig e n tly ca n he ch o o s e the f o o ds th a t c o n sti t u t e the ra t i o n .

Fo o d m a y be d e fi n e d a s a n y m a t e ri a l th a t a n a n im a l ca n
t a k e i n t o its dig e stiv e o rg a n s a n d fro m which it ca n a b s orb
m a tt e r fo r the n o u rish m e n t o f its o w n b o dy Pl a n ts a n d th e i r
.

p ro d u cts a n d by — p ro d u cts c o n stit u t e the f o o d O f f a rm a n im a ls ,

a lth o u gh s o m e f a rm a n i m a ls a re in p a rt c a rn iv o ro u s f e e di n g ,

o n o th e r a n i m a ls O r p a rts O f a n i m a ls M a tt e r i s t ra n sf e rre d
.

di re ctly fro m the f o o d to the tiss u e with o r with o u t ch e m ic a l

o r physic a l ch a n g e . M a t e ri a ls is n o t h o w e v e r the o n ly thi n g
, ,

the a n i m a l g e ts f ro m the f o o d . The pl a n t d u ri n g g ro wth a bs o rbs

h e a t fro m the su n whi ch i s h e ld in l a t e n t f o rm in the pl a n t
,

c o mp o u n ds Wh e n th e s e c o mp o u n ds a re ta k e n i n t o the a n i
.
,

m a l b o dy a n d b ro k e n a pa rt by dig e sti o n s o m e o f this st o re d

,

h e a t m a y be t ra n sf e rre d to e n e rgy The a n im a l th e re f o re g e t s

.

fro m the f o o d b o th m a tt e r a n d e n e rgy .

Use of food . The m a tt e r a n d e n e rgy the a n i m a l c o ll e cts

fro m the f o o d a re pu t to th re e disti n ct u s e s : fi rst to s u pp o rt ,

lif e ; s e c o n d , to re p ro d u ce life a n d thi rd s t o re d u p in s o m e

,
38 MAN UAL OF FAR M ANI MAL S

f o rm The a n i m a l m u st m a i n t a i n its e xist e n c e a n d fo r this

.
,

b o th e n e rgy a n d m a tt e r a re re q u i re d A l a rg e p a rt o f the e n e rgy

.

O f the f o o d g o e s to the m a i n t e n a n c e O f the b o dy t e m p e ra t u re .

The b o dy t e m p e ra t u re o f f a rm a n i m a ls is c o n sid e ra bly a b o v e th a t

O f the s u rro u n di n g a tm o sph e re a n d its m a i n t e n a n c e re q u i re s
,

m u ch h e a t a s the b o dy is c o n ti n u a lly givi n g o ff h e a t The

,
.

b o dy tiss u e s b e c o m e w o rn o u t a n d m u st be c o n st a n tly re n e we d .

This m u st be s u ppli e d by the m a tt e r a n d e n e rgy fro m the f o o d .

In the c a s e o f y o u n g a n i m a ls th e re is a c o n st a n t f o rm a ti o n O f
,

n e w tiss u e This re q u i re s m o re m a tt e r th a n e n e rgy Ag a i n the

. .
,

m u sc u l a r f u n cti o n o f vit a l p ro c e ss e s re q u i re m u ch e n e rgy which ,

m u st be s u ppli e d by the f o o d O f the t o t a l a m o u n t o f fo o d

.

th a t a n a n i m a l will o rdi n a rily c o n s u m e a v e ry l a rg e p ro p o rti on

,

g o e s to s u pp o rt lif e a n d a s m a ll a m o u n t to p ro d u cti o n .

Co m posi ti on of fo od The v a l u e o f a f o o d d e p e n ds a m o n g
.
,

o th e r thi n gs o n its co m p o siti o n

,
Th e re i s a t e n d e n cy to ig
.

n o re the f a ct th a t a f o o d sh o u ld be c o n sid e re d with re f e re n c e to

its c o mp o siti o n It is a ss u m e d th a t a p o u n d O f tim o thy ha y

.
,

fo r e x a m pl e is e q u iv a l e n t to a p o u n d o f cl o v e r ha y wh e n a s a
, ,

m a tt e r o f f a ct th e i r c o mp o siti o n is s u ch a s to m a k e th e m wid e l y
diff e re n t so th a t o n e will n o t t a k e the pl a c e o f the o th e r The
,
.

n u mb e r O f c o mp o u n ds f o u n d in the f o o d i s v e ry l a rg e a n d m a n y ,

o f th e m v e ry c o m pl e x in th e i r n a t u re Fo r c o n v e n i e n c e in
.

c o mp a ri n g fo o ds th e s e c o mp o u n ds a re g ro u p e d i n t o cl a ss e s
,
.

Th e s e cl a ss e s a re fe w in n u mb e r e a sy to c o mp re h e n d a n d Se rv e
, ,

the p u rp o s e w e ll f ro m a p ra ctic a l p o i n t o f vi e w We re c o g n iz e .

fi v e disti n ct g ro u ps o n e o f whi ch is divid e d i n t o tw o su b-g ro u ps

,
.

Th e y a re a s f o ll o ws :
1 W a te r
.

2 Ash (m in e ra l c o m p o u n d s )
i i
.

3 Pro t e n ( n t ro g e n o u s co m p o u n ds )
b
.

4 b Nu t rie n t s
{ i
C ru de fi e r
C a r o h y dra t e s
N tro g e n -fre e e xt ra c t
‘

5 Fa ts
.

It is c u st o m a ry to g ro u p t o g e th e r a ll the s u bst a n c e s O f a fo o d
 THE F E E DI N G OF AN I M A LS 89

e xc e pt the w a t e r a n d to sp e a k O f th e m co ll e ctiv e ly a s dry

,

m a tt e r a n d n o t with re sp e ct to th e i r t o t a l w e ight
,
Ash is a ls o .

e li m i n a t e d a n d the re m a i n i n g th re e c o n stit u e n ts a re c a ll e d n u
,

t ri e n ts Ea ch o f th e s e g ro u ps ha s its p a rt to p e rf o rm in the n u
.

tritio n O f a n i m a ls the f u n cti o n o f o n e b e i n g diff e re n t f ro m the

,

o th e rs . Th e re a re a fe w f o o ds c o n t a i n i n g th e s e s e v e ra l co n stitu
e n ts in the prO pe r p ro p o rti o n s t o m e e t the n e e ds O f the a n im a l ,

bu t in m o st f o o ds th e re is a n e xc e ss o f o n e a n d a d e fici e n cy O f the
o th e rs . This m a k e s it d e si ra bl e to a dd t w o o r m o re f o o ds o f
diff e re n t c o m p o siti o n in o r d e r to s u pply the p ro p e r b a l a n c e fo r
the b e st d e v e l o p m e n t O f the a n i m a l .

Wa te r —
. W a t e r is p re s e n t in a ll f o o ds e v e n the d ri e st It ,
.

v a ri e s w ide ly in diff e re n t f o o ds ru n n i n g a s lo w a s 8 o r 1 0 pe r c e n t
,

in the c a s e o f g ra i n s o r con ce n t ra t e s s u ch a s c o rn o a ts o r co tt o n , , ,

s e e d m e a l a n d d ri e d b re we rs g ra i n s to 8 5 o r 90 pe r ce n t in the
,
’
,

m o re w a t e ry f o o ds a s sil a g e ro o ts t u b e rs a n d the lik e

, , ,
Ev e n ,
.

dry ha y v a ri e s c o n s i d e ra bly in this re sp e ct a lf a lf a c o n t a i n i n g a s ,

lo w a s 9 pe r c e n t a n d s o m e cl o v e rs a s high a s 2 0 pe r c e n t Wa t e r .

n o t b e i n g a n u t ri e n t its p re s e n c e o r a bs e n c e is a n i m p o rt a n t fa c
,

to r in d e t e rm i ni n g the u s e f u l n e ss a n d th e re f o re the v a l u e o f a fo o d .

Ash . Ash o r m i n e r a l m a tt e r is p re s e n t in a ll pl a n t f o o d ,

a lth o u gh it f o rm s bu t a s m a ll p a rt S h e ll e d c o rn c o n t a i n i n g o n ly
,

pe r c e n t a n d a lf a lf a o n e O f the high e st c o n t a i n i n g o n ly 8
, , ,

p e r c e n t T
. he l e a v e s a n d the re gi o n O f th e g e rm i n g ra i n c o n t a i n

the m o st a sh The a n i m a l s e c u re s the a sh fro m the f o o d di re ctly

.

by t ra n sf e r M o st pl a n ts co n t a i n s u ffi ci e n t a sh to m e e t the
.

n e e ds o f the a n im a l c o rn a n d c e rt a i n p re p a re d f o o ds b e i n g the
,

o n ly e x ce pti o n s In y o u n g a n i m a ls b e c a u s e o f the l a rg e b o n e
.
,

d e v e l o p m e n t th a t is t a ki n g pl a ce in m ilk a n d e gg p ro d u cti o n
,

a n d the lik e it is O f sp e ci a l i m p o rt a n c e to h a v e s u ffi ci e n t
,

mi n e ra l m a tt e r s u ppli e d by the f o o d .

Prote i n O f the th re e n u t ri e n ts p ro t e i n c a rb o hyd ra t e s

.
, ,

a n d f a ts the p ro t e i n is c o n sid e re d to be the m o st i m p o rt a n t .

This is p e rh a ps du e to tw o f a ct o rs ; fi rst p ro t e i n is a bs o l u t e ly ,
4
0 MAN UAL . OF FAR M AN I MAL S
e ss e n ti a l to the a n i m a l b o dy a n d s e co n d the p e rc e n t a g e o f pro
, ,

t e i n is re l a tiv e ly s m a ll in m o st pl a n ts Lik e the o th e r n u t ri e n ts

.
,

the p ro t e i n g ro u p c o n t a i n s
c a rb o n hyd ro g e n a n d o xyg e n , , ,

a n d in a dditi o n it a ls o co n

ta i n s n it ro g e n which is the ,

ch a ra ct e ristic e l e m e n t O f the
e n ti re gro u p It is o n the .

e l e m e n t n it ro g e n th a t the im

p o rt a n c e o f this gro u p de
p e n ds Pro t e i n e n t e rs l a rg e ly
.

i n t o the c o mp o siti o n o f the

b on e s m u S CIG l m t
F IG 2 6 — C H A M PI O N EN GLI S H S H I R E
e a n e a, ’ ’

M AZ E M O R E HA R O L D
. .

S T ALLI O N
“
W hl te O f e gg a n d the c u rd O f
.
”
,

milk The o n ly s o u rc e fro m .

which the a n im a ls ca n p ro c u re this p ro t e i n is the p ro t e i n O f

the f o o d .

The a m o u n t o f dig estibl e p ro t e i n in v a ri o u s f o o ds v a ri e s

withi n ra th e r wid e li m its c o rn c o n t a i n i n g o n ly 8 pe r c e n t whil e
, ,

c o tt o n -s e e d m e a l ru n s a s high a s 32 pe r c e n t bu t the l a rge r ,

n u mb e r o f f o o d m a t e ri a ls c o n t a i n r a th e r s m a ll a m o u n ts O f pro

te in . Th e re a re c o mp a ra tiv e ly fe w f o o ds th a t a re re l a tiv e ly
rich in p ro t e i n T he v a l u e O f the f o o d t u rn s v e ry l a rg e ly o n
.

the p ro t e i n which it c o n t a i n s Pro t e i n is n o t h o we v e r a s

.
, ,

dig e stibl e a s s o m e o f the o th e r n u t ri e n ts .

Ca rbohy dra te s Th e re a re tw o su b-g ro u ps o f c a rb o hyd ra te s

.

— n it ro g e n fre e e xt ra ct a n d c ru d e fib e r The c a rb o hyd ra t e

-
,
.

g ro u p c o n t a i n s c a rb o n hyd ro g e n a n d o xyg e n bu t n o n it ro g e n
, , ,
.

The n it ro g e n f re e e xt ra ct is co m po Se d l a rg e ly O f st a rch e s a n d
-

s u g a rs a n d c o n stit u t e s the l a rg e r p a rt O f the dry m a tt e r o f m o st

,
-

pl a n ts S t a rch a l o n e f or m s a s m u ch a s 7 5 pe r c e n t O f the dry

.

m a tt e r O f c o rn wh e a t p o t a t o e s a n d s o m e o th e r f o o ds It is
, , ,
.

e a sily dig e st e d m o re so th a n a n y o f the o th e r th re e c o n stit u e n ts

, ,

a n d th e re f o re f o o ds rich in n it ro g e n f re e e xt ra ct a re o rdi n a rily

-
4
2 MAN U AL OF F AR M AN I M A S L
p a rtic u l a rly tru e O f the d a i ry co w which in a dditi o n to the , ,

w a t e r n e e d e d fo r he r O w n b o dy s e c re t e s l a rg e a m o u n ts in the m ilk
, .

T he a n i m a l b o dy re q u i re s m u ch w a t e r p a rti c u l a rly the y o u n g e r ,

o n e s ; th e i r b o di e s a re m o re th a n 5 0pe r c e n t w a t e r Aga in w a te r .
,

a dds s u cc u l e n c e t o t he f o o d which i n c re a s e s its p a l a t a bility

,
.

The g re a t i m p ort a n c e O f a n a b u n d a n c e O f g o o d w a t e r fo r a ll
a n im a ls is O ft e n u n d e re stim a t e d .

As h . The a sh o r m i n e ra l m a tt e r is c hi e fly u s e d in the fo r
m a ti o n o f b o n e bu t a ls o to s o m e e xt e n t in the tiss u e s bl o o d
, , ,

dig e stiv e fl u ids a n d the lik e ,

Y o u n g a n i m a ls f a il to d e v e l o p if
.

giv e n n o m i n e ra l m a tt e r a n d m a t u re a ni m a ls b e c o m e w e a k a n d
,

i n a ctiv e if d e p riv e d O f o n ly o n e s u bst a n ce th a t o f c o mm o n s a lt ,

.

Ho gs if cl o s e ly c o n fi n e d a n d fe d o n co rn a l o n e a re lik e ly to be
, ,

w e a k b o n e d b e ca u s e O f the l a ck o f m i n e ra l m a tt e r in the f o o d
- .

If to the c o rn ra ti o n s o m e f o o d rich in mi n e ra l m a tt e r s u ch a s ,

a lf a lf a o r e v e n w o o d a sh e s is a dd e d n o diffic u lty is e xp e ri e n c e d
, , ,
.

He n s a lw a ys re q u i re m o re li m e th a n is f o u n d in the f o o d This .

is st riki n gly ill u st ra te d wh e n w e c o mp a re the c o m p o siti o n O f

e ggs a n d c o rn fo r e x a mpl e the f o rm e r c o n t a i n i n g
, , p e r c e nt

a sh the l a tt e r o n ly
, p e r c e n t T he a s h in .t he f o o d o f t he

m ilk co w a ls o d e s e rv e s sp e ci a l c o n sid e ra ti o n o n a cc o u n t O f ph o s

p h o r i c a cid lim e ,
a n d p o t
,
a sh so a b u n d a n tly f o u n d i n t he m ilk
which she s e c re t e s In sh o rt the a sh o r m i n e ra l m a tt e r in the
.
,

f o o d O f a ll a n im a ls y o u n g a n d O ld d e s e rv e s m u ch co n sid e ra ti o n
, ,
.

Prote i n S O fa r a s is k n o w n the p ro t e ids O f the f o o d a re the

.
,

o nly s o u rc e O f the p ro t e ids o f the b o dy In o th e r w o rds the .

,

m u scl e s the c o n n e ctiv e tiss u e s the bl o o d the ski n the h a i r

, , , , ,

the h o rn the h o o fs a n d the l a rg e r p a rt O f the tiss u e s o f the

, ,

s e cre tiv e a n d e xc re tiv e o rg a n s o w e th e i r f o rm a ti o n to the p ro t e i n

O f the f o o d S i n c e th e s e a re the tiss u e s th a t l a rg e ly d e t e rmi n e
.

the vig o r a n d q u a lity o f the a n i m a l a n d S i n c e th e y a re f o rm e d

,

ra pidly in the e a rly st a g e s o f g ro wth a n o rm a l a n d c o n ti n u o u s ,

d e v e l o p m e n t d e m a n ds a n a b u n d a n t su pply O f p ro t e i n f o o d In .

a dditi o n to this p ro t e i n is a s o u rc e O f fa t a n d c a n s e rv e a s fu e l , o r
,
 THE FE E DI N G OF AN I M A LS 4
3

as a s o u rce O f e n e rgy The a m o u n t a pp ro p ri a t e d a s fa t a n d

.

e n e rgy d e p e n ds o n the q u a n tity fe d to the a n i m a l A pou n d of .

p ro t e i n h o we v e r i s w o rth m o re th a n a p o u n d O f ca rb o hyd ra t e s
, ,

o n the m a rk e t Th e n to u se p ro t e i n s u bst a n ce s l a rg e ly a s a
.

s o u rc e o f fa t a n d e n e rgy wh e re ch e a p e r s u bst a n c e s w o u ld do
,

f u lly a s w e ll a n d p e rh a ps b e tt e r a s w e sh a ll p re s e n tly se e is n o t
, ,

e c o n o m i ca l O n the o th e r h a n d if the p ro t e i n in the f o o d is in

.
,

su ffi cie n t f u lly to s u pply the n e e ds O f the a n im a l the v e ry b e st ,

d e v e l o p m e n t Will n o t be a tt a i n e d The e c o n o my O f f e e di n g .
,

th e re fo re d e p e n ds l a rg e ly o n the b a l a n ce b e tw e e n the p ro t e i n
,

o n the o n e h a n d a n d the re m a i n i n g n u t ri e n ts o n the o th e r

h a n d It is to s e c u re s u fii cie n t p ro t e i n a n d y e t n o t to u s e it w a st e
.

fu lly th a t so m u ch a tt e n ti o n is giv e n to the p ro p e r b a l a n ci n g o f a

ra ti o n .

Ca rbo hy dra te s C a rb o hyd ra t e s a re u s e d to m a i n t a i n h e a t

.
~

a n d in the p ro d u cti o n O f fa t F o rm e rly it w a s th o u ght th a t

.

c a rb o hyd ra t e s a re u s e d fo r th a t p u rp o s e o n ly bu t it is n o w ,

w e ll e st a blish e d th a t the a n i m a l f a ts m a y h a v e th e i r s o u rc e
in the c a rb o hyd ra t e s Ag a i n e xp e ri m e n ts with milk c o ws
.
,

S h o w cl e a rly th a t m i lk fa t m a y a ls o be d e riv e d f ro m c a rb o
-

hyd ra t e s The f a ct th a t c a rb o hyd ra t e s ca n be u s e d a s h e a t

.

p ro d u c e rs a n d a s f a t-fo rm e rs co n n e ct e d with th e i r e a s e O f dig e sti o n

,

a n d ch e a p n e ss O f p ro d u cti o n t e n ds to m a g n ify the imp o rt a n c e

,

O f this g ro u p O f n u t ri e n ts .

Fa t . F a t lik e c a rb o hyd ra t e s s e rv e s a s a s o u rc e O f h e a t a n d
, ,

O f a n im a l fa t The diff e re n c e s a re th a t the s u pply O f ca rbo hy

.

d ra te s is m u ch the l a rg e r a n d the h e a t v a l u e o f a simil a r w e ight

,

O f f a ts m u ch the g re a t e r
— a s w e h a v e a l re a dy s e e n 2 % tim e s a s
,

g re a t M o re o v e r th e re s e e m s to be e xp e rim e n t a l e vid e n c e
.
,

sh o wi n g v e g e t a bl e fa t to b e c o m e d e p o sit e d in the a n i m a l with o u t

ch a n g e wh e re a s fa t f o rm e d fro m c a rb o hyd ra t e s i n v o lv e s co m
,

pl e x t ra n sf o rm a ti o n .

Fro m the f o re g o i n g st a t e m e n ts it is e vid e n t th a t the w a t e r ,

t a ke n i n t o the a n i m a l s e rv e s a s the wa t e r O f the a n i m a l b o dy .

4
4 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I MAL S
The a sh o r
mi n e ra l m a tt e r t a k e n in s e rv e s a s the mi n e ra l m a tt e r
o f the a n im a l b o dy T he p ro t e i n a cq u i re d m a y s e rv e a th re e
.

f o ld p u rp o s e ; it m u st s e rv e a s the p ro t e id su pply o f the a n im a l

b o dy a s S O fa r a s k n o wn th e re is n o o th e r s o u r c e it m a y s e rv e
, , ,

in h e a t p ro d u cti o n ; a n d it m a y s e rv e a s a fa t f o rm e r The -
.

c a rb o hyd ra t e s s e rv e a d o u bl e p u rp o s e th a t o f h e a t p ro d u cti o n,
-

a n d fa t f o rm i n g
-
T he fa t s e rv e s a si m il a r p u rp o s e a s the ca rbo hy
.

dra te s f o rm i n g fa t a n d p ro d u ci n g h e a t a n d is 2 %tim e s a s

e ffici e n t a s the c a rb o hyd ra t e s .

DI G E S T I B IL ITY OF F OO D
The v a l u e o f a f o o d d e p e n ds o n the dig e stibility O f the
v a ri o u s m a t e ri a ls o f w hi ch it is c o mp o s e d a n d n o t a l o n e o n its ,

c o m p o siti o n a s sh o wn by a ch e mi st Be c a u s e O f the i m p o rt a n c e
.

o f the dig e stibility O f the v a ri o u s f o o d m a t e ri a ls a n d in o r d e r ,

to ge t a cl e a r c o n c e pti o n O f dig e sti o n it will be n e c e ss a ry to ,

re vi e w b ri e fly the p ro c e ss th ro u gh whi ch the f o o d m a t e ri a ls

m u st p a ss o n th e i r w a y fro m the fo o d a s s u ch to the fl e sh o r
e n e rgy o f the a n i m a l b o dy .

Diges ti o n T he p ro c e ss O f dig e sti on is l a rg e ly a p ro c e ss O f

.

s o l u ti o n a id e d to a c e rt a i n e xt e n t by ch e mi c a l ch a n g e s th a t t a k e
,

pl a ce th ro u gh the i n fl u e n c e O f v a ri o u s f e rm e n ts with which the

f o o d c o m e s in c o n t a ct a s it p a ss e s thro u gh the dig e stiv e t ra ct .

The dig e stiv e o rg a n s f o rm a c a n a l th ro u gh the b o dy a n d the ,

f o o d in its p a ss a g e th ro u gh this t ra ct o r c a n a l is a ct e d u p o n by
v a ri o u s fl u ids Ea ch fl u id ha s a sp e ci a l w o rk to do in the prO
.

c e ss O f dig e sti o n T o b e gi n the f o o d is t a k e n i n t o the m o u th

.
, ,

wh e re it is re d u c e d to fi n e p a rti cl e s in o rd e r th a t the dig e stiv e

j u ic e s m a y b e tt e r do th e i r w o rk a n d topu t it i n t o c o n diti o n to be
sw a ll o w e d D u ri n g this m a stic a ti o n th e re is a dig e stiv e fl u id
.
,

c a ll e d s a liv a p o u re d u p o n the f o o d which m o ist e n s it a n d ch a n g e s

, ,

a p a rt O f the st a rch Aft e r l e a vi n g the m o u th the f o o d p a ss e s

.

do wn the e s o ph a g u s i n t o the st o m a ch wh e re the dig e stiv e ,

fl u id c a ll e d g a st ri c j u ic e is p o u re d u p o n it a n d which ch a n g e s a
, ,
 THE FE EDI N G OF AN I MAL S 4
5

p a rt o f the p ro t e i n Wh e n the f o o d l e a v e s the st o m a ch it e n t e rs

.
,

the sm a ll i n t e sti n e s wh e re it co m e s in c o n t a ct with tw o dig e stiv e

,

fl u ids the bil e f ro m the liv e r ,

a n d the p a n c re a ti c j u ic e fro m the

p a n c re a s The bil e p re p a re s the

.

p a rtly dig e st e d f o o d fo r the a o

ti o n O f the p a n c re a tic j u ic e a n d
ch a n g e s the f a ts The p a n c re a tic
.

j u ic e ha s a m o re c o m pl e x f un c
ti o n. It c o n t a i n s a t l e a st th re e
disti n ct f e rm e n ts o n e ch a n gi n g
’

the p ro t e ids a n o th e r the st a r ch

, ,

AS the E
“
gg gfi fi fgfi gfi ; M fg;
‘

a n d the thi rd the f a ts .

m a t e ri a l p a ss e s a l o n g the i n t e s
ti n e s it c o m e s in c o n t a ct w ith a j u ic e s e c re t e d by the w a lls
O f the i n t e sti n e s a n d whi ch a cts u p o n the st a rch bu t th e re is ,

n o a cti on o n the p ro t e ids o r f a ts Fro m the ti m e the f o o d .

e n t e rs the st o m a ch d u ri n g its e n ti re c o u rs e a l o n g the dig e stiv e

,

t ra ct in s o m e w a y n o t wh o ll y u n d e r st o o d the dig e st e d f o o d ha s
, ,

b e e n a bs o rb e d a n d re c e iv e d i n t o v e ss e ls th ro u gh which it i s ,

dist rib u t e d to the v a ri o u s p a rts O f the b o dy A p a rt o f the f o o d .

m a t e ri a ls h o w e v e r in p a ssi n g th ro u gh the dig e stiv e t ra ct e s

, , ,

c a p e dig e sti o n The a m o u n t O i f o o d dig e st e d d e p e n ds o n the

.

ki n d o f f o o d the a m o u n t fe d the cl a ss o f a n im a l a n d o n the

, , ,

c o n diti o n O f the a n im a l s h e a lth ’

.

S i ze of di ge stive orga n s The l e n gth a n d c a p a city O f the di

.

g e stiv o o rg a n s O f the v a ri o u s f a rm a n i m a ls di ff e r wid e ly A m o n g .

ru m i n a ti n g a n i m a l s —th o s e c a p a bl e O f re ch e wi n g the p re vi
,
-

o u sly sw a ll o w e d f o o d the co w sh e e p a n d g o a t the st o m a ch

, , , ,

is a ve ry c o mplic a t e d o rg a n It ha s f o u r divisi o n s o r s a cks

.

c a ll e d p a u n ch h o n eyc o mb m a n y pli e s a n d re n n e t
, ,
The -
,
.

p a u n ch is v e ry l a rg e a n d m a y be c o n sid e re d a s a re s e rv o i r fo r the
st o ra g e O f b u lky f o o ds Be c a u s e O f this p ro visi o n ru m i n a ti n g
.
,

a n im a ls ca n be fe d o n f o o ds c o n t a i n i n g m u ch m o re b u lk th a n ca n
4
6 MAN U AL OF FA R M A NI MAL S
the pig h o rs e
or The f o o d d u ri n g its re t e n ti o n in the p a u n ch
.

b e c o m e s th o ro u ghly s o ft e n e d a n d u n d e rg o e s s o m e f e rm e n t a ti o n ,

th e n it is re -ch e we d c a ll e d ch e wi n g the cu d
,
a n d sw a ll o w e d , .

T he st o m a ch o f the h o rs e a n d pig is a si n gl e s a ck a n d ha s n o t
n e a rly S O m u ch c a p a city .

The v a ryi n g l e n gth O f i n t e sti n e s a n d c a p a city O f st o m a ch

in f a rm a n im a ls is ill u st ra t e d in the f o ll o wi n g t a bl e

Le n gth o f i n te s ti n e s an d ca pa ci ty o f s to m a ch o f f a rm a n i m a ls

C APAC ITY Q U AR T S
AN IM AL S
,

T O T AL
LE N G T H F EE T
N IN
,

I TE S T ES
t
S o m a ch In te st in e s

Il o rse

It re q u i re s th re e to fo u r da ys fo r f o o d to p a ss th ro u gh the di
ge stiv e t ra ct o f f a rm a n i m a ls S i n ce a n i m a ls o f the s a m e cl a ss
.

a n d in g o o d h e a lth a re f a i rly u n if o rm in the a m o u n t o f m a t e ri a l

th e y e xt ra ct fro m a giv e n cl a ss O f f o o d it is p ra cti ca bl e to ,

m a k e dig e sti o n t ri a ls to d e t e rm i n e the a m o u n t O f the v a ri o u s

f o o d m a t e ri a ls dig e st e d a n d to u se th e s e fig u re s a s a b a sis o f co m
p u t a ti o n fo r a ll a n im a ls O f the s a m e cl a ss .

Di ge sti ble n u tri e n ts D ig e stibl e n u t ri e n ts a re th o s e p a rts O f

.

fo o d m a t e ri a ls th a t a re dig e st e d a n d a pp ro p ri a t e d to the a n i
O u r k n o wl e dg e o f the a m o u n t O f the f o o d m a t e ri a ls
’
m a l s u se .

th a t a re dig e st e d is b a s e d o n e xp e rim e n t a l d a t a a n d whil e n o t ,

a b s o l u t e ly a cc u r a t e is s u ffi ci e n tly S O fo r p ra ctic a l p u rp o s e s
,
.

The m e th o d o f d e t e rm i n i n g the dig e stibl e n u t ri e n ts is a s fo l

l o ws : The a n i m a l is fe d fo r a s u ffici e n t l e n gth O f ti m e o n a
c e rt a i n fo o d o r c o mbi n a ti o n O f f o o ds S O th a t the dig e stiv e o r ,

g a n s c o n t a i n o n ly the f o o d u n d e r t e st Th e n fo r a c e rt a i n l e n gth
.

O f tim e the a n i m a l is fe d a c a re f u lly w e igh e d a ll o w a n c e O f s o m e

 THE F E E D I N G OF A N IM A LS 4
7

f o o d the c o m p o siti o n O f whi ch ha s b e e n p re vi o u sly d e t e rmi n e d

,

by a ch e m ist Pro visi o n is th e n m a d e fo r c o ll e cti n g a ll e xc re t a

. .

By m a ki n g a n a n a lysis O f this w a st e m a tt e r the u n dig e st e d ,

p ro t e i n c a rb o hyd ra t e s a n d fa t a re f o u n d This d e d u ct e d fro m

, ,
.
,

the t o t a l in the f o o d giv e s the dig e st e d p a rt

,
The a m o u n t O f .

e a ch c o n stit u e n t dig e st e d divid e d by the t o t a l in the f o o d giv e s

”
the p e rce n t a g e dig e stibl e This i s ca ll e d the c o e ffi ci e n t o f dig e sti
.

”
bility . The g ra i n s a re m o re highly dig e stibl e th a n the c o a rs e
fo dd e rs ;fo r e x a m pl e in c o rn the p ro t e i n is 7 6 pe r c e n t dig e stibl e
, ,

the c ru d e fib e r 5 8 the n it ro g e n fre e e xt ra ct 93 a n d the fa t 8 6

,
-
,

p e r c e n t dig e stibl e whil e,

i n ti m o thy h a y t h e p ro t e i n is 5 6 pe r

ce n t,
the c ru d e fib e r 58 the n it ro g e n fre e e xt ra ct 63 a n d the fa t
,
-
,

5 7 pe r ce n t dig e stibl e .

A m o n g the v a ri o u s f o o d m a t e ri a ls the ca rb o hyd ra t e s a s a

ru l e a re the m o st dig e stibl e ru n n i n g a s high a s 9 5 pe r c e n t in c a s e
,

o f c o rn whil e the c ru d e fib e r is the l e a st dig e stibl e a n d b e tw e e n

, ,

th e s e lie fa t a n d p ro t e i n In g e n e ra l the fa t is m o re dig e stibl e

.

th a n the p ro t e i n As a ru l e the dig e stibl e co e ffici e n t f a lls

.
,

wh e n l a rg e a m o u n t s o f f o o ds a re u s e d If w e c ro wd the co n .

s u m pti o n o f f o o d the a n i m a l d o e s n o t dig e st it a s th o ro u ghly a s

,

it w o u ld if fe d s m a ll e r a m o u n ts O n the o th e r h a n d w e ca n n o t .
,

s e cu re a g re a t e r dig e stibility by li m iti n g the c o n s u mpti o n .

A n im a ls u n d e r a st a rvi n g ra ti o n do n o t dige st a n y m o re th a n
wh e n fe d a n o rm a l a m o u n t .

Ha vi n g the c o m p o siti o n o f the f o o d a s d e t e rm i n e d by the

ch e m ist a n d the dig e stibl e co e ffi ci e n t a s d e t e rm i n e d with the
,

a n i m a l it is a n e a sy m a tt e r to c a lc u l a t e the a m o u n t o f dig e stibl e

,

n u t ri e n ts in the v a ri o u s f o o d st u ffs It is with the dig e stibl e

-
.

n u t ri e n ts a n d n o t the t o t a l f o o d m a t e ri a ls
,
th a t the f e e d e r is ,

c o n c e rn e d in ch o o si n g a ra ti o n A g re at d e a l O f wo rk ha s b e e n
.

d o n e a t the v a ri o u s e xp e ri m e n t st a ti o n s to d e t e rm i n e the dig e sti

bility O f f o o d — st u ff s Fo r re a dy re f e re n c e T a bl e II S h o w i n g the
.
,

a m o u n t o f dig e stibl e n u t ri e n ts in a l a rg e n u m b e r O f f o o ds
. is ,

p u blish e d in the App e n dix O f this m a n u a l .

 M AN UA L OF FAR M AN I MAL S
C O NDI T IO NS I N F L U E NC I NG DIG E STI ON
The ch a n g e s th a t the f o o d u n d e rg o e s in the dig e stiv e t ra c t
d u ri n g dig e sti o n a re b e y o n d the c o n t ro l O f the fe e d e r Th e y .

p ro ce e d in a cc o rd a n c e with fix e d l a ws The f e e d e r h o we v e r
.
, ,

ca n m a n ip u l a t e the f o o d o r ch a n g e the c o n diti o n s u n d e r which

it is fe d SO th a t the c o mpl e t e n e ss O f dig e sti o n is m o difi e d .

Pa la ta bili ty . In the c a s e O f m o st f o o ds a n y thi n g th a t a dds

,

to th e i r p a l a t a bility will p ro m o t e dig e sti o n Whil e a n a g re e a bl e

.

fl a v o r o r t a st e a dds n o thi n g to the e n e rgy O f a f o o d the m o re it is ,

re lish e d the g re a t e r will be the fl o w O f the dig e stiv e j u ic e s the ,

m o re th o ro u ghly the f o o d will be a ct e d o n by th e m a n d the ,

m o re c o m pl e t e ly the n u t ri e n ts will be diss o lv e d a n d dig e st e d .

Pa l a t a bility th e re f o re is a n i m p o rt a n t f a ct o r in f e e di n g a s it
, , ,

p ro m o t e s a m o re Vig o ro u s a cti o n o n the p a rt O f the dig e stiv e

o rg a n s which re s u lt in a m o re c o m pl e t e dige sti o n o f the f o o d
,
.

Ti m e of ha rve sti n g T he e ff e ct o n dig e stibility O f the ti m e

.

O f h a rv e sti n g pl a n ts is g re a t The ti m e to h a rv e st a pl a n t S O
.

a s t o ge t the m a xim u m a m o u n t o f dig e stibl e m a t e ri a l will d e p e n d

m u ch o n the p a rt o f the pl a n t th a t is to be u s e d fo r f o o d In the .

c a s e O f ha y m u ch O f the f o o d m a t e ri a l is t ra n sfe rre d f ro m the

,

st a lk to the s e e d a s the pl a n t rip e n s Th e s e s e e ds a re S O s m a ll

.

a n d h a rd th a t th e y a re n o t dig e st e d by the a n i m a l ; h e n c e ha y

th a t is ou t wh e n rip e is n o t so dig e stibl e a s th a t ou t b e f o re the

s e e ds rip e n a n d whil e the f o o d m at e ri a ls w e re y e t in the g ro wi n g
p a rts . Ag a i n the rip e r the pl a n ts the m o re c ru d e fib e r th e y
,

c o n t a i n a n d this w e h a v e a l re a dy s e e n is m o stly u n dig e stibl e

,
.

In the c a s e O f c o rn it is the s e e d th a t is u s e d a s f o o d a n d in this

, ,

c a s e the pl a n t S h o u ld n o t be h a rv e st e d till the fo o d m a t e ri a ls

h a v e p a ss e d f ro m the st a lk i n t o the s eed Th e re f o re ha y pl a n ts
.
,

o r th o s e pl a n ts O f whi ch the st e m s a n d l e a v e s a re u s e d sh o u ld be ,

ou t wh e n g re e n a n d g ra i n pl a n ts
,
o r th o s e pl a n ts o f whi ch the
,

s e e ds a re u s e d sh o u ld be ou t wh e n rip e
,
.

Gri n di n g the fo od — G ri n di n g c e rt a i n ki n ds o f f o o ds p ro m o t e s
.

dig e sti o n by i n c re a si n g the s u rf a c e e xp o s e d to the a cti o n O f the

50 M AN U A L .
OF FAR M AN IM A LS
j ct S w e e t cl o v e r a n d why w e e ds which O ft e n imp a rt
re e , , a ba d
fl a v o r to the p ro d u ct a re s o m e ti m e s re a dily e a t e n
,
.

M AI NT E NANC E RAT IO NS AND PR O DU CT IVE R ATIO NS

A ra ti o n m a y be d e fi n e d a s the q u a n tity O f f o o d th a t will
be c o n s u m e d by a n a n i m a l w e ighi n g o n e th o u s a n d p o u n ds in
twe n ty f o u r h o u rs In f o rm i n g ra ti o n s it is n e c e ss a ry to t a k e
-
.
,

i n t o a c c o u n t the p u rp o s e fo r whi ch the a n i m a l is i n t e n d e d Fo r .

a giv e n p u rp o s e a n a n i m a l will re q u i re a giv e n a m o u n t a n d

ki n d O f f o o d . Th u s a o n e th o u s a n d p o u n d co w yi e ldi ng
- -

tw e n ty p o u n ds O f m ilk pe r da y will re q u i re a c e rt a i n ki n d a n d
a c e rt a i n a m o u n t o f f o o d This is c a ll e d a st a n d a rd ra ti o n F o r
. .

c o n v e n i e n c e O f st u dy ra ti o n s a re divid e d i n t o tw o g e n e ra l
,

cl a ss e s — ra ti o n s fo r m a i n t e n a n c e a n d ra ti o n s fo r p ro d u cti o n .
,

M a i n te n a n ce ra ti o n s A m a i n t e n a n c e ra ti o n is o n e th a t su p
.

pli e s the n e e ds O f a re sti n g a n i m a l with o u t p ro d u ci n g a n y

ki n d O f l a b o r a n d with n o l o ss o r g a i n O f b o dy s u bst a n c e W e .

h a v e a l re a dy s e e n th a t a ce rt a i n a m o u n t O f the f o o d c o n s u m e d
by the a n i m a l g o e s to s u pp o rt lif e m a i n t a i n b o dy t e m p e ra t u re
, ,

re p a i r w a st e tiss u e a n d t o p ro vid e m u scu l a r a ctivity O f vit a l

,

p ro c e ss e s S i n c e the d e m a n ds o n the b o dy fo r m a i n t e n a n ce
.

a re l a rg e ly fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f m u sc u l a r e n e rgy a n d h e a t ,

n i n e t e n ths o r m o re o f the m a i n t e n a n c e r a ti o n m a y c o n sist o f

-

c a rb o hyd ra t e s This f a ct ha s m u ch S ig n ific a n c e in the wi n t e r

.

in g O f idl e a n i m a ls . St ri ctly sp e a ki n g n o f a rm a n i m a l S h o u ld be
,

fe d o n ly a m a i n t e n a n c e ra ti o n A n i m a ls re c e ivi n g m a i n t e n a n c e
.

ra ti o n s a re yi e ldi n g n o p ro d u ct All f a rm a n im a ls sh o u ld be
.

p ro d u ci n g s o m e thi n g a t a ll ti m e s .

Produ cti ve ra ti o n s Pro d u ctiv e ra ti o n s m a y be l o o k e d u p o n

.

a s m a d e u p o f tw o p a rts : th a t which is n e e d e d to m a i n t a i n the

a n im a l a n d th a t whi c h m a y be a ppli e d to p ro d u cti o n a ft e r the

,

b o dily n e e ds h a v e b e e n s u ppli e d It is the f o o d co n s u m e d in e x

.

c e ss O f the a m o u n t re q u i re d fo r m a i n t e n a n c e th a t e n a bl e s the
a n im a l to p ro d u c e . The q u e sti o n th e n is a s to the q u a n tit y o f
, ,
 TH E F E E DI N G OF AN I MAL S 51

f o o d the a n im a l will c o n s u m e a n d m a k e s u ffi ci e n t re t u rn s fo r in
p ro d u cti o n T he m o re a n a n i m a l c o n s u m e s in e xc e ss o f the
.

a m o u n t re q u i re d fo r m a i n t e n a n c e the m o re it ca n p ro d u ce
, .

Whil e it is t ru e in a s e n s e th a t the a m o u n t o f p ro d u cti o n is in

p ro p o rti o n to the a m o u n t o f f o o d c o n s u m e d in e xc e ss O f th a t
re q u i re d fo r m a i n t e n a n c e it is o n ly withi n ra th e r n a rro w limits
,

th a t this re l a ti o n h o lds st rictly t ru e The i n divid u a lity O f the

.

a n i m a l pl a ys a n i m p o rt a n t p a rt All f a rm a n im a ls will e a t a n d
.

dig e st m o re f o o d th a n is re q u i re d fo r m a i n t e n a n c e bu t the ,

a m o u n t O f p ro d u ct th a t co m e s f ro m this e x ce ss O f f o o d is v e ry

v a ri a bl e a n d in m a n y c a s e s this m a k e s the diffe re n c e b e tw e e n a

,

p ro fit a bl e a n d a n u n p ro fit a bl e a n im a l a s w e ll a s a s u cc e ssf u l a n d
a n u n s u cc e ssf u l f e e d e r This v a ri a ti o n a m o n g i n divid u a l a n i
.

m a ls i s s o g re a t th a t st a n d a rds fo r p ro d u cti o n ca n be u s e d o n ly
a s m e re g u id e s The e c o n o m i ca l a n d p ro fit a bl e f e e di n g o f f a rm
.

a n i m a ls d e p e n ds m u ch o n the fe e d e r s O bs e rv a ti o n s
’
'

of the
a n i m a ls di re ctly in ch a rg e to d e t e rm i n e th e i r c a p a city fo r the
,

u se O f f o o d .

F ee di n g sta n da rds for fa rm a n i m a ls

-
A f e e di n g st a n d a rd is a
.
-

ru l e t o which a ll r a ti o n s sh o u ld co n f o rm fo r a giv e n p u rp o s e .

The G e rm a n s h a v e d o n e m u ch w o rk in e st a blishi n g s u ch st a n d
a rds which h a v e l o n g b e e n in g e n e ra l u se a s g u id e s in c o m p u ti n g
,

ra ti o n s fo r f a rm a n i m a ls Th e re is n o w h o w e ve r a p re v a ili n g
.
, ,

i m p re ssi o n a m o n g A m e ric a n i n v e stig a t o rs th a t th e s e st a n d a rds

c a ll fo r m o re p ro t e i n th a n is n e e d e d fo r b e st re s u lts U n d e r .

c o n diti o n s a s th e y e xist in this c o u n t ry a re d u cti o n O f the p ro t e i n

,

s e e ms a dvis a bl e a lth o u gh j u st ho w m u ch it i s i m p o ssibl e to sa y

,
.

A re d u cti o n O f 1 0 pe r c e n t ha s b e e n re c o mm e n d e d a s n o t u n
re a s o n a bl e .

B AL ANCE D R ATI O N
A b a l a n c e d ra ti o n is o n e th a t c o n t a i n s the f o o d n u t ri e n ts
in the p ro p e r p ro p o rti o n to m e e t the n e e ds O f the a n i m a l fo r a
giv e n p u rp o s e Skill in b a l a n ci n g a ra ti o n d e p e n ds m u ch o n
.

o n e s k n o wl e dg e O f the c o m p o siti o n a n d dig e stibility o f the m o re

’
52 MAN UAL OF FA R M ANI MAL S

c o mm o n f o o ds It is n o t n o w c o n sid e re d n e c e ss a ry to b a l an c e
.

ra ti o n s with the m a th e m a tic a l e x a ct n e ss th a t w a s f o rm e rly in

v o gu e. Ye t it m u st c o nf o rm in a g e n e ra l w a y to the st a n d a rd .

A g re a t n u mb e r o f e xp e rim e n ts d e m o n st ra t e c o n cl u siv e ly the

p ra ctic a bility o f fe e di n g the b a l a n c e d ra ti o n Ba l a n ci n g ra .

ti o n s i s h o w e v e r a t e di o u s u n d e rt a ki n g a s th e re is n o m a th e
, , ,

m a tica l f o rm u l a a n d o n e m u st a dd to o r t a k e f ro m his t ri a l
,

ra ti o n u n til the d e si re d st a n d a rd is O bt a i n e d .

Nu tri ti ve ra ti o-
T he n u t ritiv e ra ti o is the p ro p o rti o n b e tw e e n
.
-

the dig e stibl e p ro t e i n in a giv e n f o o d a n d the dig e stibl e c a rb o

hyd ra t e s a n d f a ts It is a sc e rt a i n e d in the f o ll o wi n g m a n n e r
.

M u ltiply the dig e stibl e fa t by a dd the p ro d u ct to the

dig e stibl e c a rb o hyd ra t e s a n d divid e th e i r su m by the dig e stibl e
,

p ro te i n .

The m e thod of ca lcu la tin g the n u t ri t iv e ra ti o O f c o rn the dig e s

-
,

tibl e n u t ri e n ts o f which a re p ro t e i n c a rb o hyd ra t e s and

fa t is a s f o ll o ws
HE AT EQ U IVAL N
E T

CA R YDR AT E S
BO H

Nu triti v e -ra ti o 1

This giv e s a n u tritiVe ra ti o O f 1 -

fo r c o rn a n d it m e a n s th a t ,

fo r e a ch p o u n d o f dig e stibl e p ro t e i n in the c o rn th e re a re

p o u n ds O f dig e stibl e c a rb o hyd ra t e a n d fa t e q u iv a l e n t A .

” “
nu t ritiv e ra ti o m a y be disti n g u ish e d a s
- n a rro w or wid e .

A n a rro w ra ti o n is o n e in which the p ro p o rti o n O f p ro t e i n is

q u it e l a rg e sa y 1,
wh e re a s a wid e ra ti o n is o n e wh e re the
c a rb o hyd ra t e s a re l a rg e sa y 1 8 o r 1 1 0 Th e s e t e rms do n o t
,
.

re p re s e n t e x a ct v a l u e s bu t a re u s e d in a g e n e ra l w a y
,
.

TO ill u s tra t e the m e th o d o f c a lc u l a t i n g a ra ti o n fo r a giv e n

 THE FEE D I N G OF AN I MAL S 53

p u rp o s e w e will a ss u m e the c a s e o f a h o rs e w e ighi n g a ppro xi

,

m a t e ly 1 000 p o u n ds a n d a t m o d e ra t e w o rk Fro m the disc u s .

si o n o n f o o d re q u i re m e n ts fo r the h o rs e p 5 7 w e l e a rn th a t the ,
.
,

st a n d a rd ra ti o n is a s f o ll o ws

Le t ch o o se fro m T a bl e I I o f the App e n dix s u ch f o o ds a s wi ll

us

s u pply the c o n diti o n s Fo r a tri a l ra ti o n w e will t a k e 1 4

. p o u n ds ,

o f ti m o thy ha y 1 0 p o u n ds o f c a ts a n d 2 p ou n ds o f b ra n
,
The , .

dig e stibl e n u t ri e n ts in th e s e a re c a lc u l a t e d a s f o ll o ws

Ca lcu la ti o n o f dry -m a tte r a nd di ge s ti ble n u tri m e n ts i n tr i a l ra ti o n for

a ho rs e a t m e di u m w o rk

T IM O TH Y HAY O ATS
In 1 00 In 1 4 In 1 00 In 1 0
Po u n ds P
o un ds Po u n ds P oun ds
1 00 x 1 4 1 00 x 10
1 00 X 1 4 1 00 X 10
1 00 X 1 4 1 00 X 10
1 00 X 1 4 1 00 X 10

In lik e m a rin e r c a lc u l a t e ,
the dig e stibl e n u t ri e n ts in tw o
p o u n ds o f b ra n a n d a rra n g e the re s u lt in t a b u l a r f o rm a s fO l

l o ws
F i rst tri a l ra ti o n f or 1 000-po u n d ho rse a t m o de ra te w o rk

D I I
G ES T B LE NU T R I E N T S
NU T R IT I V E
FO O D
P ro te in C a rb o hy dr a te s
RA I OT

4
1 lb . tim o thy
1 0 lb o a ts
b
.

2 lb . ra n
5 4 MAN UAL '

OF F AR M A NI M A LS
This t ri a l ra ti o n f a lls c o n sid e ra bly b e l o w the st a n d a rd in dry
m a tt e r a n d is t o o wid e W e m u st th e re f o re a dd a f o o d rich in
.

p ro t e i n
. W e will try o n e p o u n d o f li n s e e d m e a l O ld p ro c e ss : ,

S e con d tri a l ra ti on f or 1 000-po u n d ho r s e a t m o de ra te w o rk

D I I
G E S T B LE NU T R IE NT S
NU T R IT IV E
FO O D
P ro t e in C a rb o hy d ra t e s
R A IO T

1
1

The s e c o n d t ri a l ra ti o n is still S lightly to o lo w in dry -m a tt e r

a n d p ro t e i n a n d s o m e wh a t to o wid e in the r a ti o
,
Fro m th e s e .

t ri a l ra ti o n s w e l e a rn the m e th o d O f c a lc ul a ti n g ra ti o s The .

st a n d a rd o n ly s e rv e s a s a g e n e ra l g u id e fro m which to e stim a t e ;

th e n o n e m u st a d a pt the ra ti o n to s u it his c o n diti o n s It O ft e n .

h a pp e n s a s in o u r t ri a l ra ti o n fo r the h o rs e th a t o n e will h a v e a n
, ,

e xc e ss O f ce rt a i n n u t rie n t s a n d it will be o f a dv a n t a g e to f e e d it

e v e n th o u gh it is n o t q u it e so w e ll b a l a n c e d b e c a u s e o f the e x

p e n s e O f m a ki n g the ch a n g e ; in the c a s e a b o v e o n e w o u ld h a v e
to dis po s e o f f o o d co n t a i n i n g m u ch c a rb o hyd ra t e s a n d p ro c u re
o n e ri ch in p ro t e i n .

In c a s e s h o w e v e r wh e re th e re is a g re a t d e p a rt u re fro m
, ,

the st a n d a rd it w o u ld pa y t o m a k e the ch a n g e a s ha s b e e n
, ,

p ro v e d by m a n y e xp e ri m e n ts a t the v a ri o u s e xp e rim e n t st a ti o n s
a n d by the e xp e ri e n c e O f o u r s u cc e ssf u l st o ck m e n .

O the r m e thods of com pu tin g ra ti o n s Th e re a re tw o o th e r

.
~

m e th o ds O f c o m p u ti n g ra ti o n s fo r f a rm a n i m a ls ; o n e is s o m e
wh a t si m pl e r th a n the a b o v e a n d the o th e r m u ch m o re diffic u lt .

In the f o rm e r the ra ti o n is c o mp u t e d o n the t o t a l a m o u n ts O f

 THE FE EDI N G OF AN I M A LS 55

n u t ri e n ts A 1 000 p o u n d co w yi e ldi n g 22 p o u n ds O f m ilk re

-
.

q u i re s 2 9 p o u n ds o f dry -m a tt e r O f which a t l e a st 1 6 p o u n ds
,

sh o u ld be dig e stibl e a n d 2 to 2 ;
p o u n ds sh o u ld be dig e stibl e pro
te in . The ra ti o n is c a lc u l a t e d
S imply o n the dig e stibl e m a tt e r

a n d the p ro t e i n
. The o th e r
m e th o d o f c o mp u ti n g ra ti o n s
fo r f a rm a n im a ls is by the u s e
O f e n e rgy v a l u e s O f the f o o d .

In this m e th o d o n e m u st k n o w
the e n e rgy v a l u e s O f the v a ri
o u s c o n sti t u e n t s a ls o a m o u n t
F IG 28 WR Y D E LAN D S S TAR
O f e n e rgy re q ll ire d t o p ro d u c e a LIG H T C HA M PI O N S H I R E M AR E
. .

.
,

u n it O f wh a t e v e r is w a n t e d .

In o th e r w o rds it is e ss e n ti a l to k n o w the e n e rgy re q u i re d to

,

p ro d u c e o n e p o u n d O f b e e f p o rk m u tt o n o r milk
, ,
Kn o wi n g
, .

the e n e rgy o f the f o o d a n d the e n e rgy re q u i re d fo r p ro d u c

,

ti o n the
,
c a lc u l a t e d a cc o rdi n gly .

The n u t ritiv e ra ti o m a y v a ry fro m

-

the st a n d a rd with o u t s e ri o u s re s u lts M ilk c o ws h a v e p ro d u c e d

.

g o o d re s u lts o n ra ti o n s with a n u t ritiv e ra ti o a s wid e a s 1 8 a n d

-
,

h o rs e s h a v e f a re d w e ll o n ra ti o n s with a wid e r n u t ritiv e -ra ti o .

M u ch d e p e n ds o n the i n divid u a lity O f the a n i m a l the c o n diti o n s , ,

a n d the i n divid u a lity o f the f e e d e r . It m u st be re m e mb e re d th a t

n o ru l e s ca n be giv e n th a t will a pply in a ll c a s e s a n d th a t o u r ,

f e e di n g st a n d a rds a re g u id e s a n d n o t l a ws
-
.
 C HAPTER III

THE FEEDING OF HO R S ES

FEE DI NG the h o rs e p re s e n ts a p ro bl e m o f a s wid e i n te re st a s

a n y in c o n n e cti o n with f a rm a n i m a ls . Pra ctic a lly a ll f a rm e rs ,

wh a t e v e r b ra n ch o f f a rmi n g th e y m a y be e n g a g e d in h a v e o c
,

c a si on to f e e d h o rs e s In a dditi o n to f a rm e rs c o mm e rci a l fi rms

.
,

o f v a ri o u s k in ds k e e p h o rs e s in l a rg e n u mb e rs b u si n e ss m e n a n d
,

sp o rtsm e n k e e p m a n y h o rs e s fo r pl e a s u re a ll O f wh o m h a v e a
,

d e e p i n t e re st in m e th o ds o f f e e di n g a s w e ll a s the p ro p e r fo o d .

The f a rm e r the b u si n e ss m a n a n d the sp o rtsm a n e a ch d e riv e

, ,

m u ch pl e a s u re in h a vi n g th e i r h o rs e s p re s e n t a bl e a t a ll tim e s .

The f a rm e r s re l a ti o n to his h o rs e m a y n o t be the s a m e a s th a t O f

’

the sp o rtsm a n bu t his i n t e re st is a s g re a t a n d his c a re a s p a i n s

,

ta ki n g.

F O OD R E Q U I R E M E NTS F O R W O R K

The w o rk h o rs e m a y be c o m p a re d to a st e a m e n gi n e in which
s u ch f o o ds a s g ra i n a n d ha y s e rv e a s f u e l bu t it di ff e rs fro m
,

the e n gi n e b e c a u s e fi re a n d st e a m a re n o t u s e d to co n v e rt the f u e l
i n t o w o rk o r e n e rgy In the h o rs e the f o o d is c o n v e rt e d i n t o
.

e n e rgy in a di ff e re n t w a y .

It is O f i n t e re st to n o t e th a t the h o rs e m a k e s b e t t e r u se o f the
e n e rgy in the f o o d th a n d o e s the st e a m e n gi n e o f the e n e rgy in

the f u e l . It a pp e a rs th a t a b o u t o n e thi rd o f the t o t a l f o o d

-

e n e rgy ca n be c o n v e rt e d i n t o u s e f u l w o rk with the h o rs e whil e

,

the st e a m e n gi n e m a y re c o v e r a s m u ch a s o n e -t e n th o f the
e n e rgy c o n t a i n e d in the f u e l .

M a n y e xp e rim e n ts h a v e b e e n m a d e to d e t e rmi n e the e x a ct re

"

l a ti o n b e tw e e n the a m o u n t O f m u sc u l a r w ork p e rf o rm e d a n d the

56
 8 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I MAL S
ass u m e s m u ch i m p o rt a n c e In v e stig a t o rs h a v e sh o w n th a t the
,

st o m a ch O f the h o rs e m u st fill a n d e mpty its e lf tw o o r th re e tim e s

fo r e a ch m e a l giv e n It a pp e a rs th a t d u ri n g the f o re p a rt O f the
.

F IG 29 —BE LGI AN S TA LLI O N R OB U S TE DE T HI E N S I E S Im p t

or ed by J
y e tte I d
. . . .

Cro u ch So n ,
La f a ,
n .

gi t
The Be l a n d ra f ho rs e i s a n a e o f B e lg u m tiv i b v i i
T h s re e d a r e s w d e l in i y
ig ig t t i ig i g p
.

w e h a n d he h t s a ll o n s f ro m Fla n d e rs w e h n 2 000 o u n d s ho se fro m t

ig i g b t p it ig t v yi g i gy
, ,

Ard e n n a i s w e h n a o u 1 2 00 o u n d s w h the he h ar n a c co rd n l

tp p t g b y b
.
,

t t
I n c o lo r che s n u s a re th e m o s o u la r a l h o u h a s ro w n s a n d ro a n s a re

gi vy i b p by
, , ,

n u m e ro u s T he Be l a n s la ck the he a ha i r o n the l m s o sse sse d the

i y
.

Sh re s a n d C l de s .

m e a l the m a t e ri a l is p u sh e d i n t o the i n t e sti n e s a lm o st a s s o o n a s

it e n t e rs the st o m a ch by the fo o d which f o ll o ws whil e t o w a rd ,

the e n d o f the m e a l p a ss a g e is sl o w a n d the dig e sti o n in the

st o m a ch m o re p e rfe ct This b e i n g t ru e it wo u ld s e e m th a t the
.
,
 THE F E ED I N G OF HO R SES 59

m o re nu t riti o u s f o o ds sh o u ld be fe d t o w a rd the e n d o f the m e a l ,

e sp e ci a lly si n c e s o m e O f the v e ry i m p o rt a n t n u t ri e n ts a re l a rg e ly

dig e st e d in the st o m a ch a n d a t the e n t ra n ce O f the s m a ll i n t e s

ti n e s
.

Wa te ri n g the horse M a n y f e e d e rs thi n k th a t the h o rs e

.

sh o u ld be w a t e re d b e f o re f e e di n g whil e o th e rs a re e q u a lly c e rt a i n
,

th a t f e e di n g sh o u ld p re c e d e w a t e ri n g Ea ch O f th e s e m e th o ds .

is p ro b a bly e q u a lly g o o d fo r the h o rs e a n d the o n e e m pl o y e d ,

will be d e t e rmi n e d by ci r c u mst a n c e s C e rt a i n c o n diti o n s m a y .

m a k e it n e c e ss a ry to a d o pt o n e o th e r c o n diti o n s the o th e r
,
Fo r .

e x a m pl e a ft e r s e v e re lo ss O f w a t e r s u ch a s o cc u r s in c o n s e q u e n c e
, ,

o f l o n g -c o n ti n u e d s e v e re e x e rti o n the a n im a l m a y p e rh a ps be a l
, ,

l o w e d to d ri nk b e f o re he is fe d o th e rwis e he will n o t f e e d w e ll
,
.

O n the o th e r h a n d if p e rm itt e d to d ri n k to e xc e ss this m e th o d ,

O f w a t e ri n g a ff e cts the a pp e tit e a n d the h o rs e will n o t c o n s u m e

,

S O m u ch f o o d a s he o th e rwis e w o u ld Ag a i n it ha s b e e n v e ry .
,

cl e a rly d e m o n st ra t e d th a t if a h o rs e is fe d his g ra i n fi rst a n d th e n

w a t e re d m u ch O f the f o o d is c a rri e d by the w a t e r i n t o the in
,

te stin e s . S i n c e the g ra i n O f the ra ti o n is rich in dig e stibl e n u

t ri e n ts it sh o u ld sta y in the st o m a ch a s l o n g a s p o ssibl e S i n c e the
, ,

dig e sti o n o f o n e o f the m o st i m p o rt a n t O f the n u t ri e n ts is m o re

c o m pl e t e th e re Fro m this it w o u ld s e e m th a t the h o rs e sh o u ld
.

be giv e n w a t e r fi rst O f a ll a n d th a t sh o u ld be f o ll o w e d by ha y
, ,

the gra i n b e i n g withh e ld u n til a t l e a st a p a rt o f the ha y ha s b e e n

c o n s u m e d Th e re a re h o w e v e r v e ry s e ri o u s O bj e cti o n s to this
.
, ,

p ra ctic e a s the h o rs e is u n s a tisfi e d is a n xi o u s a n d v e ry n e rv o u s

, , ,

till fe d his g ra i n a n d sh o u ld n o t be c o m p e ll e d to w a it fo r the

,

g ra i n. A middl e g ro u n d sh o u ld be t a k e n by w a t e ri n g fi rst f e e d ,

in g the g ra i n sp ri n kl e d with a sm a ll a ll o w a n c e O f m o ist e n e d ,

ch o pp e d ha y if p o ssibl e a n d w a t e ri n g a g a i n a ft e r the ra ti o n ha s
, ,

b e e n c o n s u m e d If this p ra cti c e is f o ll o w e d it w ill s a tisfy the

. _
,

d e si re s O f the h o rs e by s u pplyi n g the m o st p a l a t a bl e p a rt O f his

f o o d e a rly a n d y e t i n s u re the re t e n ti o n O f the gra i n in the st o m
,

a ch fo r a c o n sid e ra bl e tim e .
60 MAN UA L OF FAR M ANI MAL S
S a lt in limit e d q u a n titi e s sh o u ld be k e pt b e fo re the h o rs e a t a ll
tim e s Whil e littl e is k n o wn fro m i n v e stig a ti o n s o n this s u bj e ct
.
,

it i s e vid e n t fro m the e xt re m e f o n d n e ss O f the h o rs e fo r s a lt th a t

it sh o u ld be re g u l a rly s u ppli e d him It is b e st n o t to pl a c e to o
.

m u ch b e f o re him a t a ti m e a s s o m e h o rs e s will e a t it to e xc e ss .

The s u cc e ssf u l h o rs e m a n will st u dy e a ch i n divid u a l a n d m o dify

the ra ti o n a cco rdin g tOthe v a ri e d n e e ds
'

‘
o n e h o rs e S h o u ld h a v e

a littl e m o re th a n the re g u l a r a ll o w a n c e a n d the n e xt p o ssibly a,

littl e l e ss b e c a u s e s o m e h o rs e s a re m o re diffic u lt to k e e p in co n
,

diti o n th a n o th e rs d o i n g the s a m e w o rk a n d u n d e r simil a r con

ditio n s .

In h a n dli n g h o rs e s w e sh o u ld re m e mb e r t h a t th e y a re v e ry
s e n sitiv e a n im a l s a n d th a t w e c a n n o t be to o q u i e t in o u r t re a t
m e n t O f th e m S t riki n g th e m o r sh o u ti n g c o mm a n ds a t th e m
.

is a n i n c o n sid e ra t e p ra cti c e ; it c a u s e s the a n im a ls to l o s e co n

fi de n ce in th e i r m a st e r th e re by re n d e ri n g th e m l e ss t e a ch a bl e
, ,

a n d d e st ro ys n e rv o u s e n e rgy m a ki n g th e m l e ss e c o n o m i c a l prO
,

du ce rs th a n if th e y w e re p ro t e ct e d a t a ll tim e s fro m th e s e n e r
v o u s sh o cks .

F EEDI NG T HE W O R K HO R S E

The w o rk h o rs e ha s a v e ry h e a rty a pp e ti te a vig o ro u s ,

dig e sti o n a n d re sp o n ds m o re re a dily t ha n a n y o th e r a n i m a l

, , ,

to i n t e llig e n t c a re He sh o u ld be fe d lib e ra lly a n d fre q u e n tly the

.
,

q u a n tity giv e n b e i n g re gu l a t e d by the siz e O f the a n im a l a s we ll

a s the a m o u n t a n d ki n d O f w o rk he is re q u i re d to do In ge n .

e ra l
,
the h o rs e sh ou ld be s u ppli e d with s o m e thi n g o v e r tw o
p o u n ds O f p ro v e n d e r d a ily fo r e a ch h u n d re d p o u n ds O f w e ight .

O f this a b o u t tw o thi rds the e x a ct q u a n tity d e p e n di n g o n the

-
,

s e v e rity O f the l a b o r p e rfo rm e d sh o u ld be gra i n in s o m e f o rm

,
.

If the w o rk is e xc e e di n gly h e a vy the g ra i n in the ra ti on S h o u ld

,

be i n c re a s e d a n d the ha y dimi n ish e d ; wh e re a s if the w o rk is ,

light the gra in sh o u ld be dimi n ish e d a n d the ha y i n c re a s e d

,
‘

The m o rn i n g m e a l sh o u ld be c o mp a ra tiv e ly light c o n sisti n g ,

m o stly O f g ra i n It sh o u ld n o t p o ss e ss m u ch b u lk
.
In m a n y O f .
 THE FE EDI N G OF HO R S ES 61

the l a rg e r st a bl e s in the city the m id-da y m e a l is o mitt e d Bu t .

m o st h o rs e m e n h o ld th a t s o m e gra i n sh o u ld be giv e n a t n o o n ,

which s e e m s re a s o n a bl e fro m
Of the h o rse s
’
o u r k n o wl e d ge

st o m a ch In a n y c a s e the m id-
i

.
,

d a y ra ti o n sho u ld ln o t be l a rg e .
.

The h e a vy f e e di n g S ho uld co m e
a t n ight a ft e r the d a y s w o rk is
’
,

o v e r a n d wh e n the a n im a l ha s

a m pl e tim e to m a stic a t e a n d di

g e st his f o o d . A v e ry g o o d
p ra ctic e i s a s f o ll o ws : Fo r the
F I G 30 I M P O R T E D BE LGI AN S TA L -

Th e e y e a s o ld
. .

m o rn i n g ra t i o n f e e d o n e f o u rth
,
-
LIO N . r r .

o f the d a ily a ll o w a n c e a t l e a st

o n e h o u r b e f o re g o i n g to w o rk It sh o u ld be in c on diti on to be
.

e a sily a n d ra pidly c o n s u m e d s o a s to be w e ll o u t O f the w a y wh e n

,

the a n im a l is le d fro m the st a bl e Aft e r b e i n g w a t e re d he is

.
,

re a dy fo r the m o rn i n g s t as k If the w o rk is e xh a u stiv e a n d

’
.

e x a cti n g he sh o u ld be fe d a ft e r fi v e h o u rs O f l a b o r
,
Wh e n he .

c o m e s to the st a bl e a t mid da y he sh o u ld h a v e a d ri n k O f fre sh

-
, ,

c o o l w a t e r t a ki n g c a re th a t he d o e s n o t d ri n k to o ra pidly o r
,

g o rg e hims e lf if v e ry w a rm At this tim e giv e him a n o th e r

.

q u a rt e r o f his d a ily a l lo w a n c e NO gre a t e r s e rvic e ca n be re n

.

d e re d the h o rs e a t this ti m e th a n to re m o v e the h a rn e ss S O th a t

he ca n e a t his m e a l in q u i e t a n d c o m f o rt a n d g a i n a fe w m i n u t e s
o f m u ch n e e d e d re st
- If p o ssibl e he sh o u ld h a v e o n e h o u r to con
.
,

s u m e his m e a l He sh o u ld be w a t e re d a g a i n b e fo re g o i n g to
.

wo rk He is n o w re a dy fo r the s e c o n d h a lf O f his d a y s l a b o r
.
’
.

Wh e n the h o rs e c o m e s to the st a bl e in the e v e n i n g ti re d a n d ,

w a rm he sh o u ld fi rst O f a ll be a ll o w e d a fre sh c o o l d ri n k c a re
, , , , ,

b e i n g t a k e n a s b e f o re th a t he d o e s n o t d ri n k to o ra pidly He is .

n o w re a dy fo r the re m a i n d e r O f his d a y s a ll o w a n c e U n h a rn e ss
’
.

a t on ce , a n d wh e n the Sw e a t ha s d ri e d giv e him a th o ro u gh ,

b ru shi n g If fo r s o m e re a s o n the h o rs e is f o rc e d to st a n d idl e

.
62 M AN U A L OF FA R M AN I MAL S
in the st a bl e fo r a fe w d a ys the ra ti o n sh o u ld be d e c re a s e d
, .

O th e rwis e he will b e c o m e st o cky a n d his l e gs b e c o m e swo ll e n a n d

sti ff .

Du ri n g c o ld w e a th e r a m o re c a rb o n a c e o u s r a ti o n m a y be u s e d .

Wh e n m o re f o o d g o e s to f u rn ish h e a t fo r the b o dy it is re a s o n ,

a bl e th a t a h o r s e n e e ds a l a rg e p ro p o r ti o n O f h e a t -m a
ki n g f o o d .

t a l p a r ts O f c o rn a n d o a ts by w e ight w o u ld b e m o re s a tis

f a ct ory a n d ordi n a rily m u ch ch e a p e r th a n a l a rge r p ro p orti o n o f

c a ts .

FIG . 31 .
-A G O O D FA RM TEA M OF G R AD E BE LGI AN S . W E IG H T 35 00 P O U ND S .

In p ro vidi n g a ra ti o n wh e th e r fo r s u mm e r o r fo r wi n t e r u se
, ,

du e c o n sid e ra ti o n S h o u ld be giv e n to the c o st R o u gh a g e is .

o rdi n a rily m u ch ch e a p e r th a n g ra i n bu t a h o rs e a t w o rk is u n
‘

a bl e e c o n o mic a lly to disp o s e o f a l a rg e p ro p o rti o n O f b u lky f o o d .

If c o n sid e ra bl e tim e a n d e n e rgy m u st be e xp e n d e d i n m a stic a ti n g

ro u gh f e e d the u s e fu l n e ss O f the h o r s e fo r w o rk is l e ss e n e d
,

th e re by The m o re c o n c e n t ra t e d the f o o d withi n p ro p e r li m its

.
, ,

the l e ss p e r c e n t a g e O f e n e rgy will be n e e d e d to m a k e it a v a il a bl e .

The p ro p o rti o n o f g ra i n to ro u gh a g e de p e n ds o n the a m o u n t

a n d ki n d O f w o rk to be p e rf o rm e d A h o rs e a t h a rd w o rk S h o u ld
.
 THE FEED I N G OF HO R SES 63

ne v e r be e xp e ct e d to c o n s u m e m o re ro u gh a g e th a n gr a i n by
w e ight .

F EE D I NG T HE DR I V I NG HO R S E

The d ri vi n g o r c a rri a g e h o rs e is m o re diffic u lt to k e e p in co n

diti o n th a n the w o rk h o rs e The p e ri o ds O f e n f o rc e d idl e n e ss
.
,

o cc a si o n e d by l a ck O f b u si n e ss e n g a g e m e n ts O f his m a st e r o r by

i n cl e m e n t we a th e r a re O ft e n f o ll o w e d by l o n g d riv e s a n d h o u rs
,

F IG . 32 —
. A D RI VI N G TEA M OF S PI R I T AN D G O O D FO RM .

Of v
o e r - x
e e rti o n This i rre gu l a r w o rk we a k e n s the c o n stit u ti o n
.

o f the d rivi n g h o rs e which g e n e ra lly ha s bu t a b ri e f c a re e r

,
.

Wh e n d a ily d rivi n g c a n n o t be p ra ctic e d u n d e rfe e di n g is co n ,

side re d the s a f e c o u rs e .

In f e e di n g this cl a ss O f h o rs e s the s a m e g e n e ra l pl a n th a t ha s
,

b e e n s u gg e st e d fo r the w o rk h o rs e S h o u ld be f o ll o w e d Wh e n .
6 4 MAN UA L OF FAR M AN I MAL S
the h ors e is t a k e n fro m the st a bl e d u ri n g the da y the co n
n ot ,

ce n tra te s o r g ra i n p a rt O f the r a ti o n sh ou ld a t o n c e be re d u c e d
, ,

by o n e -thi rd a n d the n o rm a l a ll o w a n c e sh o u ld n o t a g a i n be giv e n

u n til the w o rk is r e s u m e d Drivi n g h o rs e s a re u s u a lly o v e rf e d
.
,

b e c a u s e o f the d e si re O f the o wn e r to k e e p th e m in the pi n k o f

c o n d iti o n This o v e rf e e di n g an d i rre gu l a r e x e rcis e a re the c a u s e
.

O f m o st O f the ills O f the driv m g h o rs e O a ts l e a ds e a sily a m o n g

.

the gr ai n s Wh e n it is fe d the h o rs e e x hi bits m e ttl e a s fro m n o

.
,

o th e r f o o d If a t a n y tim e the a n im a l sh o u ld s e e m c o n stip a t e d

.
,

a b ra n m a sh sh o u ld be giv e n Tim o thy is the p re f e rre d ha y

. .

Whil e a c e rt a i n a m o u n t O f ro u gh a g e m u st be fe d to give b u lk o r
v o l u m e to the ra ti o n in o rd e r th a t the dig e stiv e f u n cti o n s m a y
be p ro p e rly m a i n t a i n e d y e t We mu st re m e mb e r th a t a l a rg e a h
,
n

'
d o m e n c a n n o t be to le ra te dl iii a d rivi n g h o rs e A n o th e r f a ct o r
i

th a t the f e e d e r O f this cl a ss O f h o rs e s m u st e v e r be o n his g u a rd

a g a i n st is the f e e di n g o f l a x a tiv e f o o ds s u ch a s c lo v e r o r a lf a lf a
,
i
ha y o r b ra n in to o l a rg e q u a n titi e s fo r wh e n the ho rse s a re pu t
, ,

o n the ro a d a n d w a rm e d u p th e y will p ro v e v e ry d ra i n i n g o n the

,

syst e m a s w e ll a s dis a gre e a bl e to the d riv e r S tyl e a n d a cti o n .

ar e p re re q u isit e s whil e e c o n o my in f e e di n g a nd s o m e tim e s the

,

h e a lth O f the a n im a l a re h e ld to be bu t s e c o n d a ry Pro f o s .

si o u a l d riv e rs m a y n o t be the s a f e s t p e rs o n s to a dvis e o n

f e e di n g
.

W INTE R ING T HE I DL E HO R S E

O n the v e ra g e f a rm most O f the wo rk c o m e s d u ri n g the g ro w

a

in g s e a s o n It is m o re e c o n o mic a l a n d p e rh a ps a dvis a bl e th a t
.
, ,

the idl e h o rs e be t u rn e d i n t o a lo t if it is w e ll p ro t e ct e d to be
, ,

ro u gh e d th ro u gh the wi n t e r r a th e r th a n c o n fi n e d to o cl o s e ly in

the b a rn . AS win t e r c o m e s o n the h o rs e will gro w a h e a vy c o a t

O f h a i r which will a ff o rd e xc e ll e n t p ro t e cti o n
,
S u ch a h o rs e .

m a y be m a i n t a i n e d wh o lly o r n e a rly S O u p o n ha y o a t st ra w o r , ,

c o rn f o dd e r a s it ha s tim e to m a stic a t e f o o d a n d n o t b e i n g
, ,

t a x e d by l a b o r it is a bl e to s u bsist o n f o o d c o n t a i n i n g a l a rg e
,
66 MAN UAL O F F AR M AN I MAL S
j u s t b e fo re a n d fo r sh o rt tim e a ft e r f o a li n g If she is c o n s ti
a .

pa tiv e b ra n m a sh
,
m a y be giv e n o c c a si o n a lly By the u se O f .

p ro p e r f o o ds the b o we ls
S h o u ld be k e p t in g o o d

c o n diti o n and th e y
sh ou ld be a lit tl e l o o s e ,

ra th e r th a n o t h e rwis e ,

a t the tim e O f pa rtu ri

ti o n Whil e the m a re
.

m a y be w o rk e d u p to
the tim e O f f o a li n g S he ,

sh o u ld be giv e n a fe w
d a ys re st a ft e r f o a li n g
to e n a bl e he r to g a i n he r
st re n gth a n d giv e the
f o a l the p ro p e r s t a rt .

Fo r the fi rst fe w d a ys o f
re c u p e ra ti o n a ho t b ra n

m a sh fe d o n c e a da y ha s
b o th a c o o li n g a n d a
F I G 33 BL A C K P E R CH E R O N G E L D I N G F O U R
l a x a ti ve e fl GCt the
Y E AR S O L D W E IG H T 2 4 6 0 P O U ND S R e dy
. .
,
on
a

F e d by H D S n y de r
. .

for m a ke t
r . . . So n s m a re a n d i t is Ve ry
.
,

b e n e fici a l If a ll ha s .

g o n e w e ll with the m a re a n d f o a l the m a re m a y be pu t to

,

w o rk a t the e n d O f o n e w e e k fro m the tim e O f p a rt u riti on .

S o m e d a ms e sp e ci a lly th o s e w ith th e i r fi rst f o a ls f a il to s u pply

, ,

the p ro p e r a m o u n t o f milk a n d the y o u n g f o a ls do n o t th riv e

,
.

In this c a s e the m a re sh o u ld be p ro vid e d with f o o d which

stim u l a t e s the milk flo w .C o rn a n d ti m o thy ha y fe d a l o n e
are n o t g o o d milk -p ro d u ci n g f o o ds The ra ti o n s u gg e st e d fo r
.

the p re g n a n t m a re is b e tt e r a n d it c o u ld be m u ch i m p ro v e d if
,

a littl e s u cc u l e n t f o o d w e re fe d with it s u ch a s c a rro ts ,

.

Whe n in s e a s o n g o o d p a st u re g ra ss is b e st If th e re is a n o v e r
,
.

su pply O f milk o r if the m ilk is t o o rich the f o o d m a y be re st ri ct e d

, ,
 THE FEE DI N G OF HO R S ES 67 .

and the m a re milk e d ,

in p a rt by h a n d ; o th e rwis e the fo a l will
, n ot

do we ll .

F EE DI N G MU L E S

M u l e s sh o u ld be fe d sim il a rly to h o rs e s The st a t e m e n t is O f .

te n m a d e th a t a m u l e re q u i re s l e ss f o o d th a n a h o rs e to do a give n

FIG 34
. . PA I R OF W E LL -B R ED M UL ES . P ho to gra p h fro m Na ti o n a l S to ck
man a nd F a rm e r .

a m o u n t O f w o rk . Su ch is n o t the c a s e . T ru e ,
a m u l e is l e ss
lik e ly to o v e rf e e d a n d g o rg e hi ms e lf th a n a h o rs e ,
a n d w ill m a k e
68 MAN UAL OF FAR M ANI MAL S

u se o f c o a rs e f o o ds th a t the h o rs e will n o t e a t u n l e ss f o rc e d to do so
by n e gl e c t M u l e s a re O ft e n p re fe rre d by l a rg e b u si n e ss c o n c e rn s
.
,

n o t th a t th e y c o n s u m e l e ss f o o d fo r a giv e n a m o u n t O f w o rk th a n

a h o rs e bu t th a t th e i r f e e di n g c a n be t ru st e d to l e ss skillf u l h a n ds
,

With o u t s e ri o u sly e n d a n g e ri n g the m u l e s h e a lth If a n e xt ra

’
.

l a rg e m e ss is giv e n him he e a ts wh a t he wish e s a n d l e a v e s the

,

re st ; n o t S O w ith the ti re d h o rs e a s he will e a t a ll the g ra i n th a t is

,

giv e n him u p to the p o i n t o f s e ri o u sly e n d a n g e ri n g his h e a lth .

'
Fo r b e st re s u lts the ra ti o n O f the m u l e S h o u ld be c o mp ris e d O f
e a sily dig e st e d a n d n u t riti o u s f e e ds which sh o u ld be v a ri e d f ro m

tim e to tim e a s n o a n im a l l o v e s a v a ri e ty b e tt e r th a n the m u l e .

The ra ti o n sh o u ld be s u it a bl e to the ki n d O f w o rk .Fo r light

w o rk a s m a ll q u a n tity O f g ra i n a n d a re l a tiv e ly l a rg e q u a n tity o f
ba y is b e st bu t wh e n the w o rk is s e v e re a n d e x a cti n g the q u a n tity
, ,

O f g ra i n sh o u ld be i n c re a s e d a n d the ha y d e c re a s e d . AS a m o n g
‘

a ll o th e r f a rm a n im a ls th e re is m u ch diff e re n c e in i n divid u a ls ,

a n d the s u cc e ssf u l f e e d e r will m a k e a c a re f u l st u dy O f e a ch a n d

m o dify the ra ti o n a cc o rdi n gly a s s o m e S h o u ld h a v e a littl e

,

m o re th a n the re g u l a r a ll o w a n c e o th e rs l e ss In a ll e ss e n ti a l
,
.

f e a t u re s the m u l e is v e ry simil a r to the h o rs e a n d wh a t w e su g

,

g e st e d fo r h o rs e s a ppli e s with e q u a l f o rc e to m u l e s .

S AM PL E R ATI O NS FOR THE HO R S E

The f o ll o wi n g ra ti o n s a re c o ll e c t e d fro m v a ri o u s s o u rc e s a n d
fu rn ish a gu id e in d e t e rmi n i n g the ki n d a n d a m o u n t O f f e e d th a t
sh o u ld be a ll o w e d the h o rs e u n d e r v a ri o u s c o n di t i o n s
 T HE FE E DIN G OF HO R S ES 69

RA IO N T

AN IM AL AN D WOR K
G ra in R o u g ha g e

C o lt w e a ni n g t m e
, i Ha y a d li b .

C o lt o n e y e a r O ld
,
Ha y a d li b .

C o lt tw o y e a r s O ld
,
Ha y a d li b .

C o lt , tw o y e a r s O ld
i n t ra n i n g i Ha y a llo w a n ce lim
i te d
C o lt thr e e y e a rs
, O ld Ha y a llo w a n ce
in tra ini n g i te d
R a ce ho r s e 6— 8 lb ha y .

Hu n te r sm a ll
,
1 2 lb ha y .

Hu n t e r la rg e 1 0 lb ha y
v 4
.
,

C a a lr y ho r s e s 1 lb ha y
i 4
.

Art ll e ry ho r se s 1 lb ha y .

He a v y d ra ft 1 5 lb . clo v er ha y

Fa rm w o rk

F a rm te a m s , ea s t 8 lb . ca ts 1 0 lb ha y .

6 lb c o rn
b
.

2 1h . ra n

F a rm te a m s ea s t 8 lb co rn 1 0 lb ha y
b
. .
,

7 lb . ra n

F a rm te a m s , ea s t 8 lb . oa ts 1 0 lb ha y .

6 lb c o rn
b
.

2 lb . ra n

F a rm te a m s ,
ea s t 7 lb . b ra n 1 2 lb . corn -s o v e rt
7 lb . c o rn

F a rm te a m s ea s t 2 %lb ra n b 6 lb ha y
4
. .
,

%lb co rn
i
.

8 ;lb dr e d Bre w
’
. e rs

gra in s

F a rm te a m s ea s t lb c o rn 8 lb ha y
i
. .
,

lb . l n se e d
m eal
F a rm te a m s w es t lb ca ts lb a lfa lfa ha y
b
. .
,

F a rm te a m s , w e st 5 lb . ra n 2 5 lb a lf a lf a ha y
.

5 lb . sho r s t
F a rm te a m s ,
w es t lb . a lf a lfa ha y
F a rm te a m s ,
w e st lb . a lfa lfa ha y
 C HAPTER IV

THE BR EEDING O F ANIM AL S , I N G ENER AL

THE b re e di n g o f f a rm a n im a ls is p e rh a ps the m o st i n t e re sti n g

p ro bl e m c o n ne ct e d with th e i r p ro p a g a ti o n a n d c a re Whil e
.

f a rm a n im a ls h a v e b e e n u n d e rg o i n g i m p ro v e m e n t fro m the ti m e
th a t w e h a v e a u th e n tic hist o ry it is o n ly withi n the l a st o n e
,

h u n d re d y e a rs o r so th a t v e ry g re a t p ro g re ss ha s be e n m a d e in
th e i r i m p ro v e m e n t D u ri n g this p e ri o d p ra ctic a lly a ll O f o u r
.

b re e ds a s w e n o w k n o w th e m h a v e b e e n f o rm e d a n d g re a t dif
, , ,

fe re n tia tio n ha s t a k e n pl a c e in the p ro d u cti o n O f the v a ri o u s

cl a ss e s O n ly re c e n tly h a v e w e p a id m u ch a tt e n ti o n to the
.

milk p ro d u ci n g c a p a city O f o u r c a ttl e a lth o u gh c a ttl e h a v e

-
,

b e e n k e pt fo r m ilk si n c e the b e gi n n i n g O f hist o ry o n ly re c e n tly

h a v e w e s e l e ct e d h o rs e s fo r st re n gth th o u gh th e y h a v e b e e n u s e d
,

in w a r a n d sp o rt for f o u r th o u s a n d y e a rs a n d the s a m e is t ru e
O f a ll the sp e ci a liz e d b re e ds . Fo rm e rly b re e d e rs ha d n o syst e m
,

O f s e l e cti o n . Th e i r st a n d a rds c o n st a n tly ch a n g e d S O th a t n o

,

re a l p ro g re ss in the d e v e l o p m e n t O f the m o st v a l u a bl e q u a liti e s

c o u ld be m a d e .

S h o rtly a ft e r the m iddl e O f the e ight e e n th c e n t u ry R o b e rt ,

Ba k e w e ll O f Dishl e y Gr a n g e Le ic e st e rshi re En gl a n d o rigi n a t e d

, , ,

a syst e m which he p ra ctic e d in the i m p ro v e m e n t O f Le ic e st e r

sh e e p Lo n g h o rn c a ttl e a n d the En glish c a rt —

,
-
,
h o rs e His.

m e th o d w a s t a k e n u p a n d s u cc e ssfu lly p ra ctic e d by o th e r m e n ;

a n d w e n o w h a v e a s the re s u lt O f th e i r l a b o rs a v a ri e ty O f im

p ro v e d b re e ds e a ch diff e ri n g fro m the o th e rs in the p a rtic u l a r

,

ch a ra ct e rs fo r which th e y h a v e b e e n s e l e ct e d a n d th a t a d a pt

70
 THE B R E E DI N G OF ANI MAL S , IN GEN E R A L 1

th e m to sp e ci a l c o n diti o n s a n d p u rp o s e s Th u s w e h a v e a st ra i n
.

O f c a ttl e th a t h a vi n g b e e n s e l e ct e d f ro m g e n e ra ti o n to g e n e ra ti o n
,

fo r th e i r milk yi e ld h a v e b e c o m e so p ro f u s e in the s e c re t i n g o f
,

milk th a t w e ca ll th e m by a c e rt a i n b re e d n a m e The O bj e ct .

s o u ght b e i n g milk yi e ld a n d th ro u gh s e v e ra l g e n e ra ti o n s se
l o ot e d fo r this o n e p u rp o s e the a bility to s e c re t e a l a rg e flo w
,

b e c a m e fix e d a n d c a p a bl e O f t ra n smissi o n to the O ffsp ri n g .

This i n cre a s e d m ilk flo w i s n o t to be u n d e rst o o d a s a n e w

ch a ra ct e r a s a ll c o ws giv e s o m e m ilk bu t m e re ly a n i n c re a s e in
, ,

the a bility to s e c re t e m ilk in l a rg e q u a n titi e s .

Li ke pro du ce s like Ev e rythi n g b ri n gs f o rth a ft e r its ki n d

.
.

In o rd e r th a t the O ffsp ri n g be a high p ro d u ci n g h e if e r it is n e ce s

-
,

s a ry th a t the da m a n d S i re b e f o re he r be O f a high -p ro d u ci n g
st ra i n O f c a ttl e In o th e r w o rds the O ffsp ri n g will b e a r a cl o s e
.
,

re s e m bl a n c e to the p a re n ts in a ll i m p o rt a n t e ss e n ti a ls This .

Ba k e w e ll re co g n iz e d a n d he sh o ck e d the m o d e st p e o pl e O f his
,

tim e by u n iti n g a n i m a ls th a t p o ss e ss e d the ch a ra ct e rs he wish e d

to p ro p a g a t e with o u t re g a rd to the re l a ti o n ship O f the a n im a ls
- .

If a co w a n d he r so n p o ss e ss e d the ch a ra ct e rs he wish e d to re ta i n ,

he u n it e d th e m a n d in this w a y s e c u re d a n O ffsp ri n g p o ss e ssi n g

,

the d e si r a bl e ch a ra ct e rs to a g re a t e r d e g re e th a n e ith e r p a re n t .

It ha s b e e n s a id O f Ba k e w e ll th a t he r e g a rd e d his a n im a ls a s
w a x o u t O f which in ti m e he co u ld m o ld a n y f o rm th a t he d e si re d

to c re a t e All f a rm a n im als h a v e b e e n m o ld e d to a gre a t d e gre e

.

by m a n . It is n o w th ou ght th a t the Pe rch e ro n d ra ft h o rs e a n d

the S h e tl a n d p o n y h a v e d e sc e n d e d f ro m the s a m e o rigi n a l typ e
O f h o r s e a n d th a t the S h o rth o rn a n d the J e rs e y d e s ce n d e d fro m
,

the s a m e typ e O f co w In o n e c a s e th e re w a s a c o n ti n u o u s s e l e c
.

ti o n wh e th e r n a t u ra l o r a rtifici a l fo r a l a rg e a n im a l with the re

, ,

s u lt th a t to da y w e h a v e the p o n d e ro u s d ra ft h o rs e ; in the c a s e O f
-

the p o n y the s e l e cti o n w a s fo r the s m a ll e r a n i m a l with the re s u lt

th a t w e h a v e a di m i n u ti ve h o rs e This s e l e cti o n ha s b e e n g o i n g
.

o n fo r a g e s a n d n o w the tw o typ e s a re fix e d u n d e r th e i r p re s e n t
,

c o n diti o n s Be a r in mi n d h o we v e r th a t a re v e rs a l O f the co n
.
, ,
72 MAN UAL OF FA R M A NI MAL S

ditio n s m ight su lt in a re v e rs a l O f the typ e

re In o th e r w o rds .
,

if o n e wish e d to e n l a rg e the S h e tl a n d p o n i e s a ll he n e e d do is to
f e e d th e m a b u n d a n c e O f n u t riti o u s f e e d a n d u n it e the l a rg e st to
the l a rg e st in b re e di n g a n d in tim e t h e y w o u ld n o l o n g e r be
k n o wn fo r th e i r s m a ll siz e O n the o th e r h a n d if o n e wish e s to
.
,

re t a i n the sm a ll S iz e O f the p o n y o r to di m i n ish it still f a rth e r

, ,

a ll th a t n e e d be d o n e is to re st rict the f o o d a n d u n it e the s m a ll e s t

to the sm a ll e st in b re e di n g The s a m e is t ru e o f a n y ch a ra ct e r
.

o n e wish e s to p ro p a g a t e Fro m this it ca n be re a dily O bs e rv e d

.

t h a t w e h a v e tw o f o r c e s o p e ra ti n g The fi rst is th a t lik e t e n ds

.

to p ro d u c e lik e a n d the s e c o n d th a t if a n y imp ro v e m e n t is

,

b ro u ght a b o u t it is th ro u gh v a ri a ti o n
, .

V AR IATI O N IS T HE B AS IS OF IM P R O V E M E NT
If ch a ract e rs w e re a bs o l u t e ly fix e d a n d u n ch a n g e a bl e th e n n o ,

imp ro v e m e n t c o u ld be s e c u re d The S iz e O f the p o n y c o u ld

.

n e ith e r be i n c re a s e d n o r dimi n ish e d a n d the mi lk fl o w O f c a ttl e

w o u ld re m a i n c o n st a n t fro m g e n e ra ti o n to g e n e ra ti o n a n d the ,

O ffsp ri n g w o u l d be n o b e tt e r th a n the p a re n t V a ri a ti o n th e n .
, ,

is the b a sis O f i m p ro v e m e n t a m o n g f a rm a n im a ls .

V a ri a ti on u n i ve rsa l a m on g fa rm a n i m a ls NO tw o a n i m a ls .

a re a lik e . TO th o s e u n f a mili a r with swi n e e a ch pig O f a litt e r ,

m a y l o o k e x a ctly lik e the o th e rs y e t the t ra i n e d e y e re a dily

,

re c o g n iz e s di ff e re n c e s a n d ca n d e sc rib e e a ch S O th a t th o s e with

e q u a l t ra i n i n g m a y re c o g n iz e th e m Th e s e di ff e re n c e s e xt e n d to
.

a ll ch a ra ct e rs . Tw o c o ws o f the s a m e b re e d m a y di ff e r wid e ly
in the ri ch n e ss O f th e i r milk ; tw o st e e rs O f lik e b re e di n g di ff e r
wid e ly in th e i r a bility to f a t te n a n d the b e e f m a y a ls o di ff e r ,

the l o i n O f o n e b e i n g fi n e a n d t e n d e r whil e the o th e r m a y be

c o a rs e in gra i n . O f tw o S h e e p O f the s a m e b re e d o n e m a y ,

p o ss e ss w o o l o f b right l u st e r fi n e c rimp a n d e v e n th ro u gh o u t ;
, ,

the o th e r m a y h a v e w o o l ra th e r c o a rs e n o c rimp a n d di ffe r , ,

m u ch in v a ri o u s p a rts o f the b o dy Th e re is fre e v a ri a ti o n .

a m o n g livi n g thi n gs .
7 4 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I MAL S

the p a t te rn e sp e ci a lly a s re g a rds re p e a t e d p a rts s u ch a s e x

, ,

tra t o e s e xt ra t e a ts o n swi n e a n d the lik e

,
This cl a ss is n o t S O ,
.

c o m m o n a m o n g a n im a ls bu t e vid e n ce s a re e v e rywh e re O bs e rv e d
,

a m o n g pl a n ts a s st o o li n g in wh e a t o a ts c o rn a n d the lik e It , , ,
.
,

F IG 35 — S U
. . FF O LK yS TA ld LLI O N R E N D L E S HAU SCO R CER . T hre e e a rs O .

Th S ff lk d ft h
e u tiv f S ff lk C ty E gl d i v y
o ra o rse , a iv n a e O u o ou n n an s a er m a ss e

h t l gg d b d p i g l l g d d i l t h bl di p iti
, , ,

-
s or e e re e o sse ss n c ean e s an a oc e ea c a e s os on

ight h t lli v y f 4 9 00 p
.
, ,

I n w e 00
t e s a d d h on sf ar ro m 1 to 1 ou n s an t e m a re s ro m

00
12 6 00 p d
to 1T h h ig ht v i f 5
ou n6% h d Th b
s d e e ar es ro m 1 to 1 an s e re e

t v yi g f b ight a d k h d
. .

h t
'

l i
co o r s c es n u , ar n ro m a r to ar s a e .

is f a m ili a r in the d o u bli n g O f fl o w e rs in which the p a rts m a y ,

be m u ch re p e a t e d .

It will be c o m p ara tiv e ly simpl e to re c o g n iz e v a ri a ti o n a n d to

m a k e i m p ro v e m e n t in a n y O f the b re e ds O f f a rm a n i m a ls if th e s e
 THE B R E E DI N G OF AN I M A LS , IN GEN E R A L 75

l ss e s O f v a ri a ti o n a re k e pt cl e a rly in mi n d No t
c a . a ll ki n ds
O f v a ri a ti o n a re d e si re d The q u a lit a tiv e v a ri a ti o n s
. a re m o st
s o u ght .

P R OX I M ATE C AU S E S OF VAR I ATI O N

The c o n diti o n s th a t b ri n g a b o u t v a ri a ti o n a re wo rthy m u ch
c o n sid e ra ti o n S i n ce o n e by m o difyi n g th e s e co n diti o n s ca n a id
, ,

in p ro d u ci n g v a ri a ti o n in a d e si re d di re cti o n Fo r e x a mpl e if
.
,

w e w a n t to i n c re a s e the milk fl o w O f c a ttl e the c o n diti o n s ,

th a t will c a u s e th e m to v a ry in th a t di re cti o n a re O f m u ch im
p o rt a n c e a n d sh o u ld be w e ll u n d e rst o o d In g e n e ra l v a ri a ti o n
.
,

re s u lts fr o m e n vi ro n m e n t f ro m c ro ssi n g dissi m il a r a n im a ls a n d

, ,

fro m u se o r dis u s e a ll O f which a re u n d e r the c o n t ro l O f m a n

, .

En vi ron m e n t . O f a ll the e xt e rn a l c o n diti o n s b ri n gi n g a b o u t

v a ri a ti o n in f a rm a n im a ls th o s e i n fl u e n c e s th a t w e su m u p
,
“
u n d e r the t e rm e n vi ro n m e n t a re by fa r the m o st imp o rt a n t .

AS a m a tt e r O f f a ct it is th ro u gh the a bility to ch a n g e the

,

e n vi ro n m e n t O f a n im a ls th a t m a n is a bl e to i n d u ce v a ri a ti o n a n d

imp ro v e m e n t A m o n g a n i m a ls in a st a t e O f n a t u re w e d e fi n e
.
,

e n v iro n m e n t a s th o s e c o n diti o n s O f c lim a t e a n d f o o d th a t co n

c e rn the life O f the a n im a l A m o n g f a rm a n im a ls the c o n diti o n s

.

O f e n vi ro n m e n t a re s o m e wh a t c h a n g e d o r e n l a rg e d a n d w e a re ,

a cc u st o m e d to thi n k O f it a s the su m O f a ll O f th o s e c o n diti o n s

th a t a re i n fl u e n c e d th ro u gh a ss o ci a ti o n with m a n The chi e f .

f a ct o rs O f e n vi ro n m e n t th ro u gh which m a n s e e ks to c o n t ro l o r
imp ro v e f a rm a n im a ls a re th o s e O f clim a t e fo o d a n d c a re The, ,
.

”
e n vi ro n m e n t m e a n s t he s u rro u n di n gs .

The cli m a te a n d the ki n d o f a n i m a ls th a t e xist in it a re cl o s e ly

re l a t e d . The ch a ra ct e rs th a t a re m o st O ft e n a ffe ct e d a re the se
th a t h a v e to do with siz e a n d the e xt e rn a l c o v e ri n g O f the a n im a l .

The n a t u ra l re l a ti o n O f clim a t e to siz e is th a t a n im a ls i n h a biti n g

c o ld clim a t e s a re u s u a lly s m a ll a s c o mp a re d with th o s e O f the
s a m e sp e ci e s i n h a biti n g w a rm cli m a t e s M a n m o difi e s the
.

n a t u ra l e ff e ct O f clim a t e th ro u gh the h o u si n g th a t he a ff o rds f a rm

 6 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN IMAL S

an im a ls h e n c e he ca n m o v e a n i m a ls fro m o n e clim a t e to a n o th e r
with o u t s e ri o u s re s u lts M a n y a n im a ls sh o w ca se O f a cclim a
.

tiz a tio n to wid e ch a n g e s O f clim a t e .

C lim a t e ha s a m a rk e d e ff e ct o n the e xt e rn a l c o a t O f the a n im a l .

Wh e n f a rm a n im a ls a re e xp o s e d to c o ld d a mp w e a th e r the h a i r
, ,

b e c o m e s l o n g e r a n d thi ck e r th a n if p ro t e ct e d This h e a vy .

c o a t is p ro d u c e d a t the s a c rific e o f fl e sh
i
In s o m e i n st a n c e s
.

the e xp o s u re p ro d u c e s a do u ble c o a t O f h a i r a n u pp e r o n e ,

b e i n g l o n g a n d w a vy a n d a n u n d e r o n e sh o rt fi n e a n d fu r , ,

lik e. The G a ll o w a y c a ttl e f u rn ish a g o o d ill u st ra ti o n .

T he food su pply is o f p rim e i m p o rt a n ce in e ff e cti n g v a ri a ti o n

a n d i m p ro v e m e n t a m o n g f a rm a n im a ls In g e n e ra l f u ll f e e di n g
.
,

i n c re a s e s S iz e. NO o th e r c o n diti o n s i n fl u e n c e d e v e l o pm e n t to
a g re a t e r e xt e n t th a n the f o o d s u pply La rg e b re e ds a re d e ve l
.

o p e d fro m sm a ll o n e s l a rg e ly by i n c re a si n g the f o o d s u ppl y .

In a dditi o n to the i n c re a s e in siz e th e re is a ls o a n i n c re a s e in the

,

c o n stit u ti o n a l Vig o r wh e n the a n i m a l is w e ll fe d Withh o ldi n g .

the f o o d s u pply n o t o n ly a rre sts d e v e l o pm e n t bu t w e a k e n s the

c a p a city fo r f u t u re d e v e l o pm e n t a s w e ll Th u s it is th a t a n i
.

m a ls p a ssi n g th ro u gh s u ch pe ri o ds O f a rre st e d d e ve l o p m e n t
m a y n e v e r a tt a i n the d e v e l o pm e n t which th e y o th e rwis e w o u ld
re a ch .
”

In o rd e r to s e c u re i n c re a s e d d e v e l o pm e n t — d e ve l o p
m e n t o f p ro d u ctiv e f u n cti on — the a n im a l m u s t be s u ppli e d
with m o re f o o d th a n i s re q u i re d fo r the p e rf o rm a n c e O f the n o r
m a l f u n cti o n . Ag a i n th e re is a c o rre l a ti o n b e tw e e n the f o o d
,

s u pply a n d the ki n d O f p ro d u ct The Isl a n ds O f G re a t Brit a i n

.

h a v e d e v e l o p e d m o re high g ra d e s o f fl e sh p ro d u ci n g a n i m a ls -

th a n a n y o th e r c o u n t ry a n d w e fi n d n u triti o u s p a st u re s o v e r
,

a l m o st a ll O f th a t c o u n t ry .

The ca re th a t f a rm a n im a ls re c e iv e will go a l o n g w a y to w a rds

d e t e rmi n i n g the e xt e n t O f v a ri a ti o n th e y a re lik e ly to u n d e rg o .

Fa rm a n i m a ls th a t a re w e ll c a re d fo r th a t is p ro p e rly h o u s e d
, , ,

fe d w a t e re d g ro o m e d e x e rcis e d a n d the lik e c a n n o t f a il to

, , , , ,

re s p on d to su ch t re a tm e n t M a n y a m a n ha s f a ll e n sh o rt o f
.
78 M AN UA L O F F AR M A NI MAL S
si ra bl e i n divid u a ls a n d to e n c o u ra g e the p ro d u cti o n O f th o s e
,

i n divid u a ls th a t m e e t the d e m a n d In ch o o si n g f a rm a n i m a ls
.

fo r b re e di n g p u rp o s e s th e re a re a t l e a st th re e f a ct o rs to be t a k e n
,

i n t o c o n sid e ra ti o n : Fi rst the p e rf e cti o n o f the i n divid u a l a s a

,

re p re s e n t a tiv e O f its ra c e o r typ e o r the i n divid u a l m e rit o f the

,

a n i m a l a s a sp e cim e n ; s e c o n d the c a p a city O f the i n divid u a l

,

to re p ro d u c e its e lf o r to S h o w imp ro v e m e n t o r the p e dig re e o f ,

the a n i m a l ; a n d thi rd the s u it a bility O f the tw o i n divid u a ls

,

to be m a t e d .

I n di v i du a l m e ri t It is O ft e n a q u e sti o n a s to wh e th e r w e
.

S h o u ld pa y m o re a tt e n ti o n to the i n divid u a l m e rit O f the a n im a l

o r to its p e dig re e . It c a n n o t be s a id th a t th e y a re e q u a l o r th a t ,

o n e is m o re i m p o rt a n t th a n the o th e r Th e re a re tw o g e n e ral
.

p ri n cipl e s in this c o n n e cti o n th a t sh o u ld a lw a ys be b o rn e in

mi n d : the O ffsp ri n g O f a n i n fe ri o r i n divid u a l with a g o o d p e di
g re e is v ery lik e ly to p o ss e ss m e rit ; m a n y O f the O ffsp ri n g o f a
s u p e ri o r i n divid u a l with a p o o r p e digre e wi ll in a ll p ro b a bility , ,

be disti n ctly i n f e ri o r in m e rit In o th e r w o rds n o m a tt e r

.
,

wh a t the i n divid u a l m e rits O f a n a n i m a l m a y be u n l e ss he ha s ,

i n h e rit e d th e s e q u a liti e s e q u a lly fro m his a n c e st o rs w e ca n ,

n o t e xp e ct him to t ra n smit th e m with a n y d e g re e O f ce r

t a i n ty
.

Pe di gre e . The c a p a city o f the i n divid u a l to re p ro d u c e its e lf

o r to S h o w i m p ro v e m e n t d e p e n ds m u ch u p o n his a n c e st o rs ; th a t

is u p o n his p e digre e
,
Pe dig re e is a re c o rd o f the a n c e st ry
.

O f a n a n im a l ; it f u rn ish e s th e re f o re a g u a ra n ty O f the p u rity

, ,

o f the st o ck . The b o o k in which s u ch re c o rds a re k e pt i s

c a ll e d a h e rd -b o o k The m e re f a ct th a t the li n e a g e O f a n a n i m a l
.

i s k n o wn is a c e rt a i n i n dic a ti o n o f the q u a lity O f the a n i m a l

, ,

bu t this f a c t d o e s n o t i n dic a t e the c a p a city O f the i n divid u a l to

re p ro d u c e its e lf . The k n o wl e dg e O f the i n divid u a l q u a lity O f
the a n i m a ls m a ki n g u p a p e dig re e is a n i m p o rt a n t f a ct o r Cha r .

a cte rs will be t ra n smitt e d in p ro p o rti o n to the d e g re e with which

th e y h a v e b e c o m e fix e d in the p a re n ts We a re a cc u st o m e d to .
 THE B R E ED I N G OF AN I MAL S ,
IN GEN ER A L 79

a ss o ci a t e gre a t l e n gth O f p e dig re e wi th high b re e di n g q u a lity .

Hist o ric a l e vid e n c e g o e s to S h o w th a t w e pl a ce to o high v a l u e

o n e xt re m e l e n gth o f p e dig re e M a n y O f o u r p u re b re e ds th a t
.

FIG 37 —HAC K N E Y C OA CH LLI O N

S TA
‘
F O U N DA T IO N Ow n ed a t p
M a le
w o o d Atti c a
. . .

, , N Y. .

The Ha ckn e y co a ch
h o rs e o r igi t g
n a e d i n E n la n d , i n th e co u n e s O f S u ff o lk, ti
i b t p ti y
No rfo lk a n d Y o rk T h s re e d is n o e d a r cu la rl fo r s le a n d h h a c o n ty ig ti
ig v i ti yp i 4
, . .

In he h t t
he re i s m u ch ar a on T h e re a re Ha ckn e o n e s u n de r 1

y b t t g t p i y
.

ha n d s Ha ckn e c o s ha a re la r e r ha n th e o n e s a n d Ha ckn e c o a che s

v ig t v yi g i gy
, ,

o e r 1 6 h a n ds th e w e h ar n a c c o rd n l C h e stn u i s the m o s t t
pp t g b y b b q
.
,

o u la r co lo r a l h o u h a s la cks t
r o w n s a n d o he r co lo rs a re O f fr e u e n t
i tp p b p
, , , ,

o c cu rre n c e T h s i s the m o s o ula r re e d O f c o a ch ho rs e s w he n hi gh-s e t

pi ti o n d i d
.

n g ac is e s re .
80 MAN UAL OF FAR M ANI MAL S

sh o w a high t e n d e n cy to re p ro d u c e th e i r ch a ra ct e ristics h a v e
s e c u re d th e s e q u a liti e s f ro m a c o m p a ra tive ly S h o rt li n e O f
a n i m a ls n o t e d fo r th e i r b re e di n g q u a liti e s It w o u ld be di ffic u l t
.

to t ra c e the a ct u a l i n fl u e n c e o f the p a re n ts b a ck O f the f o u rth

o r fifth p a re n ts in a n u m b e r O f c a s e s
,
It is the i n divid u a ls
.

m a ki n g u p the p e dig re e fo r the l a st fo u r o r fi v e g e n e ra ti o n s th a t

a re o f g re a t i n fl u e n c e in givi n g a n y i n divid u a l the p o w e r to t ra n s

m it q u a liti e s ; a n d if a ll O f the i n divid u a ls c o n stitu ti n g the

p e digre e fo r t h e s e g e n e ra ti o n s h a v e the q u a liti e s th a t w e re c
o gn iz e a s g o o d w e m a y c o u n t u p o n the a n im a ls t ra n smitti n g
,

th e i r q u a liti e s with s u ch a d e g re e O f c e rt a i n ty th a t it m a k e s
littl e di ff e re n c e wh a t the i n divid u a ls w ere b a ck O f th a t p o i n t .

O f l a t e th e re ha s b e e n m u ch disc u ssi o n a s to the p a rt

e a ch a n c e s to r c o n t rib u t e s in the to t a l h e rit a g e G a lt o n w a s .

o n e O f the fi rst to a n sw e r this q u e sti o n Whil e he a n sw e re d it

.

with m u ch h e sit a ti o n his s u gg e sti o n s re c e ive d c o n sid e ra bl e

,

s u pp o rt a n d h a v e c o m e to be k n o wn a s G a lto n s La w O f a n ce st ra l ’

”
h e re dity . G a lt o n se t f o rth the id e a th a t o n e -h a lf O f the f u ll
h e rit a g e c o m e s fro m the p a re n ts ; o n e -fo u rth fro m the g ra n d
p a re n ts o n e e ighth fro m the g re a t g ra n dp a re n ts o n e sixt e e n th
- -

fro m the g re a t gre a t g ra n dp a re n ts a n d S O o n to i n fi n ity

, ,
.

This b e i n g t ru e a n O ff sp ri n g will p ro c u re ggO f its f u ll h e rit a g e

,

fro m the fi v e n e a re st g e n e ra ti o n s O f a n c e st o rs .

In s e l e cti o n the p e rf o rm a n c e O f the a n im a l wh e n a v a il a bl e

, , ,

a s it is in r a c e h o rs e s a n d d a i ry c o ws S h o u ld a ls o be c o n sid e re d
,
.

The re c o rd O f p e rf o rm a n c e a ff o rds v e ry v a l u a bl e i n f o rm a ti o n
a s to wh a t the O ffsp ri n will p ro b a bly be lik e Wh e n b re e di n g
g .

d a i ry co w s if o n e u n it e s tw o a n i m a ls O f lo w -p ro d u ci n g st ra i n s a s
, ,

sh o wn by the re c o rds his ch a n c e O f p ro c u ri n g a high p ro d u ci n g

,
-

re s u lt a re n o t V e ry g re a t O n the o th e r h a n d if o n e u n it e s
:
,

tw o a n im a ls o f high p ro d u ci n g st ra i n s a s sh o w n by the re c o rds

-
, ,

his ch a n c e O f p ro c u ri n g a high p ro d u ci n g O ff sp ri n g a re v e ry g o o d
-
,

a lth o u gh n o t s u re a s th e re m a y be a c e rt a i n i n fl u e n c e O f the
,

h e rit a g e fro m the v e ry e a rly a n c e st o rs wh o s e re c o rds we re n o t S O

82 MAN UAL OF F AR M AN I MAL S
b o th p a re n ts the m a ti n g is co n sid e re d t o b e m o st s u cc e ssfu l
, .

At the s a m e ti m e it is a l m o st n e v e r f u lly a tt a i n e d It is .

a pp ro a ch e d in p ro p o rti o n t o the S i m il a rity O f the p a re n ts .

U n if o rm ity O f typ e a n d ch a ra ct e ristics in a h e r d o r fl o ck is o n e

O f the v e ry d e si ra bl e thi n gs fo r m a n y re a s o n s
,
The u n if o rmity
.

th a t is s e c u re d by re a s o n O f the e q u a l d e g re e O f ch a ra ct e rs s e c u re d
fro m e a ch p a re n t is the m o st d e si ra bl e typ e O f u n if o rmity .

M o re O ft e n the O ffsp ri n g will re s e mbl e o n e p a re n t m o re th a n

the o th e r a n d in this c a s e o n e p a re n t is s a id to be p re p o t e n t
,

o v e r the o th e r . Thi s re s e mbl a n c e will v a ry fro m a v e ry S ligh t

p re p o n d e ra n c e O f the ch a ra ct e ristics o f o n e p a re n t u p to a g re a t ,

o v e r b a l a n c e a m o u n ti n g a l m o st to a c o m pl e t e e xcl u si o n o f the
-
,

ch a ra ct e ristics O f the o th e r p a re n t This q u e sti o n O f p re p o

.

te n cy is o n e O f the m o st i m p o rt a n t h a vi n g to do with s e l e cti o n ,

a n d o n e which will be f u rth e r disc u ss e d in the ch a pt e rs o n

b re e di n g the v a ri o u s cl a ss e s O f f a rm a n i m a ls .

Wh e n the O ffsp ri n g sh o ws n o re s e mbl a n ce to e ith e r p a re n t ,

bu t to s o m e n e a r a n c e st o r it i s c a ll e d re ve rs i o n
,
if to s o m e O f the
fa r re m o v e d a n c e st o rs it i s c a ll e d a ta vi sm Ex a m pl e s a re O ft e n
.

s e e n : as in the c a s e O f a p u re A n g u s co w which is n a t u ra lly

, ,

bl a ck givi n g bi rth to a re d c a lf ; the c a s e O f Po l a n d C hi n a

,

swi n e n a t u ra lly bl a ck o cc a si o n a lly p o ss e ssi n g a s a n dy ti n t o n

, ,

the h a i r .

TW O a n i m a ls tobe s u it a bl e fo r m a ti n g m u st be a lik e in ge n
e ra l physic a l ch a ra ct e rs .O th e rwis e the o u t co m e O f a u n i o n
c a n n o t be f o re t o ld Wh e n the O ffsp ri n g S h o ws g o o d q u a liti e s
.
,

the m a ti n g O f the p a re n ts is co n sid e re d a f o rt u n a t e n ick The .

hist o ry o f f a rm a n i m a ls is f u ll O f s u ch n icks T he s u c c e ss o r
.

f a il u re O f a st o ck b re e d e r v e ry O ft e n d e p e n ds o n his a bility to
“

disc o v e r th e s e n i cks a n d to m a k e u se O f th e m S o m e b re e d e rs
.

b e co m e v e ry skilfu l in th e s e m a tt e rs e v e n th o u gh th e y m a y
,

n o t be a bl e to giv e re a s o n s fo r th e i r ch o ic e o r to i n st ru c t

o th e rs in the s a m e m e th o ds V e ry O f t e n th e s e a re u n t a u gh t
.

a n d u n re a d m e n .
 THE B R EEDI N G O F AN I M A LS , IN G E NE R A L 83

HE R E DITY

Fo r ou r p u rp o s e w e will d e fi n e h e re dity a s the t ra n s m issi o n

,

o r p a ssi n g d o w n O f ch a ra ct e rs fro m p a re n ts to O ffsp ri n g We .

h a v e a l re a dy n o t e d tw o g re a t f o rc e s u n d e rlyi n g o u r b re e di n g
o p e r a ti o n s ; lik e t e n di n g to b e g e t lik e whi ch ha s to d o with
,

h e re dity ; the o th e r the g re a t ru n o f v a ri a ti o n th ro u gh which

i m p ro v e m e n t is s o u ght in o u r f a rm a n i m a ls O n h e re dity a ll
.

s u cc e ssf u l b re e di n g o p e ra ti o n s d e p e n d \V e h a v e j u st n o t e d the
.

ki n ds O f v a ri a ti o n a s w e ll a s the c a u s e s th a t l e a d to th e i r
,

a pp e a ra n c e a n d n o w c o m e to the q u e sti o n w he the r a n d to w ha t

,

e xte n t s u ch v a ri a ti o n s a re h e re dit a ry o r t ra n s m issibl e to the

O ff sp ri n g.

The e xt e n t to which th e s e v a ri a ti o n s a re t ra n s m itt e d i s a

v e ry i m p o rt a n t m a tt e r b e c a u s e v a ri a ti o n s th a t a re n o t re
,

ta in e d a re o f n o i m p o rt a n ce in b re e di n g th o u gh th e y m a y be
,

O f m u ch c o n s e q u e n c e to the i n divid u a l p o ss e ssi n g th e m If .

th e y a re t ra n s m itt e d th e y i n fl u e n c e the ra ce fo r g o o d o r ba d
, ,

d e p e n di n g o n wh e th e r d e si ra bl e o r u n d e si ra bl e Pra ctic a l m e n
.

w o rk o n the s u pp o siti o n th a t th e s e v a ri a ti o n s o r so c a ll e d -

m o difi e d ch a ra ct e rs a re t ra n s m itt e d All re c o g n iz e the n e c os

.

sity O f the high e st d e v e l o p m e n t O f the i n divid u a l fo r the sp e cific

p u rp o s e fo r which it is i n t e n d e d If o n e is to b re e d the
.

b e st ki n d o f b e e f a n im a ls he m u st u n it e a n i m a ls O f the b e st b e e f
,

st ra i n s If o n e is to b re e d the high e st cl a ss O f t ro tti n g h o rs e s

.
,

he m u st u n it e h o rs e s th a t ca n t ro t f a st If o n e i s to
.

p ro d u c e c o ws yi e ldi n g a high m ilk fl o w he m u st u n it e a n i m a ls

,

with high re c o rds O f p e rf o rm a n ce W o rki n g b re e d e rs a re u n i

.

v e rs a lly O f this O pi n i o n . All O f o u r i m p ro v e d b re e ds o f a n i

m a ls a re c o mp a ra tiv e ly re c e n t It is di ffic u lt to se e ho w w e
.

c o u ld h a v e s e c u re d s u ch d e v e l o p m e n t in so sh o rt a ti m e u n l e ss ,

it c a m e th ro u gh the i n h e rit a n c e O f m o difi e d ch a ra ct e rs .

I n he ri ta n ce of di se a se. In a ll O f the e a rly writi n gs o n h e re d

i ty , th e re is m u ch dis c u ssi o n o n the h e re dity o f dis e a s e a n d ,
8 4 M AN UA L .
OF FAR M ANI MAL S

n ear ly e v e ry dis e a s e ha s a t o n e ti m e b e e n cl a ss e d a s t ra n smis

sible . In a g o o d m a n y c a s e s dis e a s e s s e e m to p a ss fro m ge n
,

cra ti o n to g e n e ra ti o n with re g u l a rity o r e v e n c e rt a i n ty a n d a re

O ft e n cl a ss e d a s h e re dit a ry dis e a s e s wh e re a s the f a cts a re th a t

,

s u ch t ro u ble s a re g e rm dis e a s e s a n d a re du e to i n fe cti o n

Ag a i n th e re a re dis e a s e s p e c u li a r to c e rt a i n c o n f o rm a ti o n s
, ,

s u ch a s a c u rb o r a sp a vi n e d h o ck o n the h o rs e The p e c u li a r .

c o n f o rm a ti o n m a y be h e re dit a ry a n d the a n i m a l c o n t ra cts

,

the dis e a s e b e c a u s e O f the c o n f o rm a ti o n bu t the dis e a s e a s,

s u ch w a s n o t t ra n smitt e d The re s ul ts a re the s a m e bu t it is

.
,

b e st to st a t e it c o rre ctly .

Pre poten cy is the p o w e r th a t o n e p a re n t ha s o v e r the o th e r

in d e t e rm i n i n g the ch a ra ct e r O f the O ffsp ri n g It is u s u a lly .

“
c o n sid e re d fro m tw o p o i n ts O f vi e w ; fi rs t ra c e o r b re e d ,

p re p o t e n cy wh e n a ll the i n divid u a ls O f the ra c e o r b re e d a re

,

p o ss e ss e d O f s u ch p o w e r in t ra n s m itti n g th e i r ch a ra ct e rs ; a n d
”
s e c o n d i n divid u a l p re p o t e n cy wh e n the i n divid u a l p o ss e ss e s
, ,

the p o w e r to t ra n s m i t its o w n ch a ra ct e rs to the O ffsp ri n g to

the e xcl u si o n O f the o th e r p a re n t .

Bre e d p re p o t e n cy is cl e a rly e xhibit e d wh e n tw o disti nc t

b re e ds a re c ro ss e d a s the O ffsp ri n g will m o re cl e a rly re s e mbl e
,

o n e b re e d th a n the o th e r A m o n g c a ttl e the G a ll o w a ys a re

.
,

n o t e d fo r b e i n g p re p o t e n t in c o l o r a n d in the p o ll e d ch a ra c

te r fo r wh e n cro ss e d u p o n o th e r b re e ds the O ffsp ri n g a re

, ,

n e a rly a ll bl a ck a n d h o rn l e ss The He re fo rds a re p re p o t e n t in

.

t ra n smitti n g th e i r whit e f a c e to the O ff sp ri n g wh e n c ro ss e d o n

o th e r b re e ds .

In divid u a l p re p o t e n cy is a v e ry gre a t f a ct o r in b re e d im
p ro v e m e n t M a n y o f the m o d e rn b re e ds O f f a rm a n i m a ls o w e
.

th e i r e xist e n c e to the i n divid u a l ch a ra ct e rs O f the a n im a l th a t

f o u n d e d the li n e Ha m bl e t o n i a n 1 0 a m o n g tro tti n g h o rs e s
.

is a n e x a mple He si re d h o rs e s w ho in t u rn si re d a n im a ls o f
.

g re a t sp e e d with the re s u lt th a t m o st O f the St a n d a rd Bre d

,

h o rs e s t ra c e e ith e r di re ctly o r i n di re ctly to Ha m bl e t o n i a n 1 0 .

86 MAN U A L O F F AR M A NI MAL S
an d ba d ch a ra ct e rs a lik e a n d will be disc u ss e d in the p a ra
,

g ra ph O u in a n d in b re e di n g (p
- -
.

Th e s e th re e f a ct o rs a cti n g in c o n j u n cti o n a n d wh e n p ro p e rly ,

m a n ip u l a t e d giv e the high e st d e g re e O f p re p o t e n cy a tt a i n a bl e

, ,

a n d a ll a re u n d e r the c o n t ro l O f the b re e d e r .

The p re p o t e n cy O f the m a l e is giv e n m o re c o n sid e ra ti o n th a n

O f the f e m a l e This is du e to the f a ct th a t it is m o re n o ti ce a bl e
.
,

a s the S i re is the p a re n t O f m a n y m o re a n im a ls th a n t he da m .

A s t a lli o n m a y S i re fifty o r m o re f o a ls in a y e a r wh e re a s the ,

da m ca n giv e bi rth to bu t o n e This is a f o rt u n a t e Vi e w o f the

.

m a tt e r S i n c e i m p ro v e m e n t ca n be m u ch m o re ch e a ply b ro u ght
,

a bou t th ro u gh a g o o d si re fro m the m e re f a ct th a t he is

re p re s e n t e d in m o re p ro g e n y
. .

Prolifi ca cy or fe cu n di ty Fo r o u r p u rp o s e w e will a ss u m e
.

th a t th e s e t e rm s h a v e the s a m e m e a n i n g a n d th a t th e y re f e r ,

to the f ru itf u l n e ss o r the n u m b e r o f y o u n g b ro u ght f o rth .

This i s a v e ry i m p o rt a n t co n sid e ra ti o n in p ractic a l o p e ra ti o n s .

Bre e ds v a ry wi d e ly in this re sp e ct it b e i n g a ch a ra ct e risti c O f

,

s o m e to giv e bi rth to m o re th a n th e y ca n ra is e wh e re a s o th e rs ,
“ ”
a re n o t S O f ru itf u l Un d e r f u n cti o n a l v a ri a ti o n
.
(p 7 3) w e .

h a v e n o t e d the A n gu s co w O ld G ra n n y (No 1 in A n g u s He rd .

Bo o k ) . She p ro d u c e d tw e n ty fi v e c a lv e s the l a st o n e in the

-
,

tw e n ty-n i n th y e a r O f he r lif e O ld Fa n n y C o o k the En glish

.
,

Th o ro u ghb re d m a re p ro d u c e d fift e e n f o a ls givi n g bi rth to

, ,

twi n s a t tw e n ty tw o y e a rs O f a ge
-
The Th o ro u ghb re d m a re
.

Po c a h o n t a s a ls o p ro d u c e d fift e e n livi n g f o a ls a n d liv e d to the

O ld a g e o f thi rty th re e y e a rs
-
In this c o n n e cti o n it is i n t e re st
.

in g to n o t e the n u m b e r O f p e rf o rm a n c e s s o m e O f the l e a di n g
m a l e s O f the v a ri o u s b re e ds h a v e si re d A m o n g Ho lst e i n c a ttl e
.
,

the b u ll He n ge rv e ld D e Ko l ,
is the si re O f n i n e ty e igh t -

d a u ght e rs with a dv a n c e d re gist ry re c o rds ; Pa u l Be e ts De K o l ,

O f n in e ty th re e a n d Lo r d Ne th e rl a n d D e K o l
- Of ,

e ighty - i
n ne . The J e rs e y b u ll Exil e O f St La m b e rt ha s n i n e ty.

f o u r d a u ght e rs in the R e gist e r O f M erit Am o n g St a n d a rd .

 THE B R E EDI N G OF AN I MAL S , IN GE N E R A L 87

Bre d (t ro tti n g p a ci n g ) h o rs e s the st a lli o n G a m b e tt a Wilks

or

4
,

659 ,
ha s tw o h u n dr e d a n d f o u r st a n d a rd p e rf o rm e rs ; O n w a rd
14
,

11 ,
ha s o n e h u n dre d a n d n i n e ty e igh t All e rt o n 5 1 2 8 h a s o n e
-
, ,

F IG 39 . . D E C O R AT E U R , F R EN CH C OA CH STA LLI O N .

T h e F re n ch c o a ch ho r se is a n a e O f F r a n ce Th stiv r e e d i s s m la r t o t h e i b i i
y p ig b bt ig
.

Ha ckn e bu t o sse ss n m o re o n e a n d su s a n ce a n d la ck n m u ch O f the

fl y i ig t i v y 4 p it
,

a sh a ct o n t
In w e h s a ll o n s a r fr o m 1 1 00 t o 1 00 o u n d s w h m a re s
p ig t ig t v i y
.
,

1 00 to 2 00 o u n d s l h e r T h e he h a r e s fr o m 1 5 to 1 6 % h a n d s Ba s
b tp p g yb
. .

an d r o w n s a r e t he m o s o u la r c o lo rs a l ho u h h e re a re m a n ,
t
la cks a n d t
t t
c he s n u s .

h u n dre d a n d n i n e ty ; a n d th e re a re m o re th a n a sc o re with o ve r
o n e h u n d re d The i m p o rt a n c e O f this high f e rtility fro m a
.
,

p ro fit a bl e p o i n t O f Vi e w n e e d n o t be dw e lt u p o n
,
.
88 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN IMAL S

In th e s e c a s e s m u ch d e p e n d e d u p o n the o pp o rt u n i ty The .

b e tt e r the si re the b e tt e r will be the cl a ss O f d a ms O ff e re d a n d

h e n c e the b e tt e r the O ffsp ri n g a ll O f whi ch l e a ds to f u rth e r
,

o pp o rt u n iti e s .An o th e r f a ct in this c o nn e cti o n w e ll w o rth re

m e m be rin g is th a t imp o rt e d a ni m a ls a re s e ld o m f e rtil e u n til
a cclim a t e d . In g e n e ra l dist a n c e m a k e s l e ss di ff e re n c e th a n
,

a ltit u d e
,
t e m p e ra t u re s u n light a n d f o o d s u pply
, ,
.

S te ri li ty O n e O f the b re e d e rs g re a t e st diffi cu lti e s is ste

’
.

rility a m o n g a n i m a ls The c a u s e s whi ch l e a d to st e rility a re

.

v e ry m a n y s o m e O f which a re w e ll u n d e rst o o d a n d a re m o re
,

o r l e ss p re v e n t a bl e whil e o th e rs a re n o t S O w e ll u n d e rst o o d
,

a n d b e y o n d c o n t ro l . If du e to the m a l e th e n a ll the f e m a l e s ,

pu t to him will be st e ril e wh e re a s if du e to the f e m a l e she a l o n e

, ,

f a ils to b re e d S o m e O f the c a u s e s th a t ca n be e a sily c o n t ro ll e d

.

a re a s f o ll o ws : c o n fi n e m e n t a n d l a ck O f e x e r cis e ; i rre gu l a r
s u pply o f f o o d a n d l a ck O f u n ifo rm ity in co n diti o n s f o o d l a ck
in g the p ro p e r n u t ri e n ts o r c o n t a i n i n g to o m u ch s u g a r a n i m a ls
in tO O fa t c o n d iti o n a n d in a n d in b re e di n g cl o s e b re e di n g e x
- -
, ,

ce ssiv e b re e di n g ; a n d the lik e Ag a i n the t e n d e n cy to st e rility

.
,

o r l a ck O f f e rtility is O ft e n h e re di t a ry The Du ch e ss f a mily .

a m o n g S h o rth o rn s a ff o rds a g o o d e x a m pl e This f a m ily w a s .

“
a lw a ys k n o wn a s shy b re e d e rs a n d this w a s c o n sid e re d o n e
,

O f its v a l u a bl e a tt rib u t e s The b re e d e rs a rg u e d th a t this

.

di m i n ish e d the n u m b e rs a n d k e pt the p ri c e v e ry high The .

re s u lts w e re th a t this m o st e x ce ll e n t f a m ily O f S h o rth o rn s dis

a pp e a re d b e c a u s e O f its i n f e rtility .

R e la tive i n flu e n ce of pa ren ts NO q u e sti o n in the b re e di n g

.

O f f a rm a n im a ls ha s giv e n ris e to m o re disc u ssi o n th a n t he

i n fl u e n c e th a t e a ch p a re n t e x e rts o n the O ffsp ri n g AS o n e .

re vi e ws the lit e ra t u re o n the s u bj e ct he c o ll e cts the f o ll o wi n g

,

i d e a s : the m a l e c o n t ro ls the e xt e rn a l a n d the f e m a l e the in

t e rn a l o rg a n s O f the O ffsp ri n g the m a l e c o n t ro ls the f o rw a rd
a n d u pp e r p a rts O f the b o dy a n d the m e n t a l q u a liti e s O f the

O ffs p ri n g ; th a t p a re n t which ha s the st ro n g e r n e rv o u s a n d

90 MAN UAL OF FA R M ANI MAL S

w o rk th e y m a y u n d e rt a k e the b di g p b re d a n im a ls
re e n of u re -

with m u ch be tt e r p ro sp e cts o f s u c ce ss .

The g re a t a dv a n t a g e o f gra di n g is th a t it is ch e a p pa rticu ,

la rly wh e n a c c o m plish e d with the m a l e Fo r e x a mpl e a .

,

p u re b re d b u ll in a h e rd o f tw e n ty fi v e c o ws will m a k e h a lf
-
,
-
,

bl o o ds o f the e n ti re c ro p o f o ffsp ri n g wh e re a s if the gra di n g ,

w a s a tt e mpt e d in the o th e r w a y it w o u ld re q u i re tw e n ty-fi v e ,

p u re b e d c o ws a n d the ca lv e s w o u ld S h o w n o m o re imp ro v e
- r

m e n t Fu rthe rm o re if the i m p ro v e m e n t w e re a cc o m plish e d with

.
,

the c o ws it w o u ld be in tw e n ty-fi v e li n e s e a ch with its sh a d e

, ,
i

O f di ff e re n c e a n d n o t in o n e li n e a s w o u ld be the c a s e w e re the
,

g ra di n g d o n e with the b u ll This is a v e ry i m p o rt a n t f a ct o r

.

wh e n w e c o n sid e r the v a l u e o f u n i f o rm ity a m o n g a ll cl a ss e s o f

f a rm a n im a ls .

Cross in g a s w e h a v e s e e n (p
,
c o n sists in m a ti n g tw o
.

disti n ct b re e ds o r f a m ili e s a n d is a p o we rf u l m e a n s o f i n d u ci n g
,

V a ri a bility Be c a u s e o f its st ro n g t e n d e n cy to p ro d u c e v a ri a
.

ti o n c ro ssi n g is v e ry s e ld o m e m pl o y e d a s a syst e m o f a n i m a l
,

b re e di n g Att e n ti o n is di re ct e d to it in this c o n n e cti o n b e c a u s e

.

it is the m o d e e m pl o y e d in b re e di n g m u l e s the o ffsp ri n g o f a ,

j a ck a n d m a re The re cip ro c a l c ro ss o r the st a lli o n o n the

.
,

j e n n e t giv e s a n o ffsp ri n g c a ll e d hi n n y It is i n t e re sti n g to

, .

n o t e th a t the m u l e m o re n e a rly re s e m bl e s the j a ck h a vi n g ,

l o n g e a rs l a rg e h e a d n o h a i rs in m a n e a n d t a il a n d v e ry
, , ,

sm a ll f e e t wh e re a s the hi n n y re s e m bl e s the st a lli o n h a vi n g a

, ,

ra th e r s m a ll h e a d r a th e r sh o rt e a rs h a i rs in m a n e a n d t a il a n d
, , ,

l a rg e f e e t simil a r to the h o rs e .

Whil e w e h a v e m u l e s a n d hi n n i e s o f b o th s e x e s th e y a re ,

st e ril e ; th a t is o n e c a n n o t p ro d u ce m u l e s by m a ti n g a m a l e
,

with a f e m a l e m u l e n o r will the m u l e b re e d w i th e i th e r the j a ck

,

o r st a lli o n The o n ly w a y to p ro d u c e a m u l e is to m a t e j a ck
.

a n d m a re .

Li n e -bre e di n g c o n sists in m a ti n g a n i m a ls re p re s e n ti n g a
si n gl e li n e o f d e sc e n t This syst e m o f b re e di n g is u s e d e i th e r in
.
 THE B R E E D I N G OF L
AN I M A S , I N G E N E R A L 1

h e rd imp ro v e m e n t o r in b re e d i m p ro v e m e n t F e w o f the m a n y .

b re e ds o f f a rm a n i m a ls a s w e ll a s fe w O f the m o re n o t e d st ra i n s
,

o f the v a ri o u s b re e ds h a v e b e e n f o rm e d with o u t m o re o r l e ss
,

li n e -b re e di n g Exp e ri e n c e ha s S h o wn th a t it is n o t e n o u gh to
.

c o n fi n e s e l e cti o n to the li m its o f the b re e d fo r a ll b re e ds a re ,

e xc e e di n gly v a ri a bl e a n d fo r b est re s u lts o n e m u st re st ri ct his

,

s e l e cti o n to th o s e li n e s th a t m o st n e a rly a pp ro a ch the O bj e ct

s o u ght.

Li n e -b re e di n g c o mbi n e s a n im a ls e ry simil a r in th e i r ch a ra c
y
te r n a rro ws the p e dig re e s to fe w a n d cl o s e ly re l a t e d li n e s o f
,

d e sc e n t i n t e n sifi e s ch a ra ct e rs b o th g o o d a n d ba d a n d th u s give s
, ,

st a bility to the st ra i n o r b re e d It is a v e ry st ro n g f a ct o r in
.

s e c u ri n g u n if o rmity a n d i n c re a si n g the p re p o t e n cy a m o n g f a rm
,

a n im a ls .

NO m e th o d is e q u a l to th a t o li n b e e di n g fo r the i m p ro v e
f e - r

m e n t o f f a rm a n i m a ls It is c o n s e rv a tiv e a n d s a f e
. It is f re e .

fro m m a n y o f the O bj e cti o n s th a t a tt a ch to o th e r m e th o ds .

Th e re a re h o we v e r tw o f a ct o rs th a t m u st n o t be l o st sight o f
, ,

b o th go o d a n d ba d ch a ra ct e rs
a lik e a re i n t e n sifi e d a n d the ,

imp o rt a n c e o f the i n divid u a l in

s e l e cti o n is gre a t Fo rm e rly
.

m u ch w a s s a i d a g a i n st li n e
b re e di n g bu t S i n c e the tim e o f
,

R o b e rt Ba k e w e ll it ha s b e e n a
re c o g n iz e d f a ct o r in liv e -st o ck

i m p ro v e m e n t (p .

The chi e f dis a dv a n t a g e o f

F 4 0 — F R E N CH C O A CH S TA LLI O N
this Sy st e m O f bI e e dln g iS tha t IG

F I V E YE A R S O LD I m p o t e d by
‘ . .
,

C h m p li B o s C hri sto
. r
the b re e d e r is lik e ly to s e l e ct a Io an r ,
, n ,
w .

by p e dig re e a n d th u s f a il to n o t e
,

the i n divi d u a lity O f the a n im a ls he is m a ti n g A li n e —b re d p e di.

gre e is g o o d o r ba d a c co rdi n g a s the a n i m a ls c o m p o si n g it a re

g o o d o r ba d The b re e d e r w ho s e l e cts by p e digre e a l o n e with
.
92 MAN UAL OF FAR M AN I MAL S

o u t re g a rd fo r m e rit is lik e ly to fi n d his h e rd d e t e ri o ra ti n g in a

fe w g e n e ra ti o n s fo r ba d c h a ra ct e rs if th e y e xist in the p a re n t
, , ,

will be i n t e n sifi e d by this m e th o d o f b re e di n g j u st a s ra pidly a s

will d e si ra bl e ch a ra ct e rs (p .

I n -bre e di n g c o n sists in m a ti n g a n im a ls cl o s e ly re l a t e d It is .

li n e -b re e di n g c a rri e d to its li m it s a n d c o n s e q u e n tly it i n t e n sifi e s

,

a ll the a dv a n t a g e s a n d dis a dv a n t a g e s o f th a t syst e m o f b re e di n g .

In -b re e di n g ha s b e e n u s e d s u cc e ssf u lly in the imp ro v e m e n t o f

p ra ctic a lly a ll o f the p re s e n t b re e ds o f f a rm a n im a ls The sys .

te m w a s fi rst pu t i n t o re gu l a r p ra ctic e by R o b e rt Ba k e w e ll ,

a n d si n c e th a t tim e ha s b e e n e mpl o y e d m o re o r l e ss by a ll
s u cc e ssf u l b re e d e rs
.

T e O bj e cts o in b e e di n g a re tw o f o ld : Fi rst m o re q u ickly

h f - r
,

to s e c u re d e si ra bl e ch a ra ct e rs in the o ffsp ri n g ; a n d s e c o n d ,

to re n d e r th e s e ch a ra ct e rs m o re st a bl e th a t th e y m a y be u n i
f o rmly t ra n smitt e d Th u s a ce rt a i n p a re n t fo r e x a m pl e a si re
.
, , ,

is f o u n d to p o ss e ss a n u n u s u a l d e gre e o f e xc e ll e n c e in s o m e
p a rtic u l a r whi ch he t ra n smits to the o ffsp ri n g To re t a i n the .

e xc e ll e n cy this o ffsp ri n g if a f e m a l e
,
wh e n o f the p ro p e r a ge is
,

m a t e d with he r o w n S i re a n d this p ro d u ct if a fe m a l e is in t u rn
, , ,

m a t e d to the s a m e m a l e th a t w a s he r si re a s w e ll a s he r g ra n d
S i re
. This m e th o d is re s o rt e d to fo r th re e a n d O ft e n f o u r g e n e ra
ti o n s with the Vi e w o f i n t e n sifyi n g a n d p e rp e t u a ti n g a d e si ra bl e
ch a ra ct e r fo r which the S i re is e sp e ci a lly n o t e d .

Th e re a re th re e f o rms o f ih -b re e di n g : Fi rst m a t i n g S i re with

,

d a u ght e r givi n g ris e to a n O ffsp ri n g c o n t a i n i n g th re e fo u rths o f

,
-

the bl o o d li n e s O f the si re . This m e th o d if f o ll o we d u p pro

, ,

d u c e s o ffsp ri n g with bu t o n e li n e o f a n c e st ry a n d e limi n a t e s the

ch a ra ct e rs o f the da m . It is p ra ctic e d wh e n it is d e si re d to in
te n sify the ch a ra ct e rs p o ss e ss e d by the si re . S e c o n d m a ti n g so n
,

with da m which giv e s ris e to O ffsp ri n g c o n t a i n i n g th re e f o u rths

,
-

O f the bl o o d li n e s o f the da m This m e th o d is p ra ctic e d wh e n it

.

is d e si re d to i n t e n sify the ch a ra ct e rs o f the da m Thi rd m a ti n g

.
,

b ro th e r with sist e r a m e th o d which p re s e rve s the ch a ra ct e rs o f

,
9 4 MAN UAL OF F AR M AN I MAL S
The th e r c o n diti o n u n d e r whi ch ln b re e di n g is p e rm issibl e
o -

is wh e n o n e fi n ds hi m s e lf in p o ss e ssi o n o f a v e ry li m it e d su
p e ri o r bl o o d a n d is a t a l o ss to k n o w ho w to re t a i n it If he .

b re e ds o u t the d e si ra bl e ch a ra c t e rs will be o blit e ra t e d In this

, .

c a s e the o n ly w a y he ca n re t a i n the d e si ra bl e ch a ra ct e rs is to
,

FIG 4
1 —T HE M O RG AN S TA LLI O N G E NE R A L G AT E S AT T HE H E AD O F T HE
R RY V
. . , ,

U . S . G O V E N M E NT S T U D AT M I DD L E B U , T .

T he M o r g an gh igi t d i V
fa m l iy
t Th h of t o tti
r n o rs e s or na e n e rm o n e se o rs e s

ly b b d b th f i ly f h A i T tt
.

c a n sc a rcel d e c a sse as a re e u t ra er a am o t e m e r ca n ro er

Th y t d f th i tivi ty d d i d d by y
, .

e a re n o e b or e r ac an en u ra n ce u t a re c o n s e re m an

i T h v g ight i f 9 00 000 p d d h h ight

,

as und e rs z e e a e ra e w e s ro m to 1 ou n s, a n t e e

4 5h d B ith d k p i t i h p f d l
.

1 to 1 an s . ay w ar o n s s t e re e rre co o r .

b re e d in O ft e n the risk is g re a t bu t it is the o n lv w a y

.
,

the d e si re d bl o o d ca n be re t a i n e d In s u ch ca s e it is b e st to .

st rik e o u t b o ldly a n d k n o w the w o rst a t o n c e M a n y b re e d e rs .

h a v e f o u n d th e m s e lv e s in j u st s u ch p o siti o n a n d by in b re e di n g -

h a v e n ot o n ly re t a i n e d the g o o d ch a ra ct e rs bu t h a v e i n c re a s e d
 THE B R E E D I N G OF AN I MAL S , IN G EN E R A L 95

an d i n t e n sifi e d th e m by in -b re e di n g a n d in a fe w g e n e ra ti o n s
,

h a v e s u cc e e d e d in b u il di n g u p the b e s t h e rds in the b re e d .

Bre e din g fro m the be st .The a dvis a bility o f b re e di n g f ro m

the b e st d e p e n ds o n the S it u a ti o n Wh e n o n e is g ra di n g it is
.
,

a dvi s a bl e to p ro c u re t he v e ry b e st o bt a i n a bl e O n the o th e r
.

h a n d wh e n o n e is b u ildi n g u p a p u re h e rd it is e q u a lly i m p o rt
, ,

a n t to giv e du e re g a rd to the st ra i n with which o n e is w o rki n g .

Th a t is to s a y in a ct u a l p ra cti c e the b re e d e r w ho b re e ds fro m

,

the b e st with o u t re g a r d fo r bl o o d li n e s is lik e ly to b ri n g to

g e th e r a c o n fu s e d h e rd o u t o f whi ch n o thi n g o f n o t e ca n be
,

e st a blish e d. C ro ssi n g f a m ily li n e s b ri n gs a b o u t m u ch the s a m e

c o n diti o n a s c ro ssi n g the b re e ds o n ly o n a m o re li m it e d sc a l e
, .

Fro m this it m u st be a pp a re n t th a t if o n e is to s e c u re the b e st

re s u lts f ro m a n y syst e m o f b re e di n g wh a ts o e v e r he m u st h a v e ,

du e re g a rd fo r a n ce st ra l li n e s He m u st k e e p the st ra i n s p u re
.
,

i n t e n sify the d e si ra bl e ch a ra ct e rs th u s i n c re a si n g p re p o t e n cy
,

a n d s e c u ri n g u n if o rm ity . If the p u rp o s e is h e rd i m p ro v e m e n t ,

g ra di n g is p ra ctic a bl e a s it is a ch e a p q u ick a n d c o n s e rv a
, , ,

tive m e th o d a n d if p e rsist e d in fo r a fe w g e n e ra ti o n s d e v e l op s
, ,

a n i m a ls a b o u t e q u a l to p u re b re ds fo r p ro d u cti o n If the pu r .

p o s e is b re e d i m p ro v e m e n t th e n li n e b re e di n g o r e v e n in
,
-

b re e di n g will be f o u n d to be m o st e ff e ctiv e fo r by th e s e .

m e th o ds the a n c e st ra l li n e s ca n be k e pt t ru e .
 C HAPTER V

THE BR EEDI NG OF HO R S ES AND M U LES

WHI L E w e h a v e n o d a t a a v a il a bl e in the U n it e d St a t e s o n
the n u m b e r o f h o rs e s a n d m u l e s c o n s u m e d o r u s e d u p in a
, ,

y e a r y e t a v e ry c o n s e rv a tiv e e sti m a t e w o u ld be b e tw e e n fo u r
,

a n d fi v e m illi o n ,
this to i n cl u d e e xp o rt a n i m a ls a s w e ll a s th o s e
co n su m e d a t h ome . Th e s e h o rs e s m u st be re pl a c e d a s co n
s u m e d o r th e re will be a h o rs e f a m i n e
,
. Th e re a re a p
p ro xi m a t e ly tw e n ty milli o n h o rs e s in the U n it e d St a t e s , o f
which w e will a ss u e o n e h lf o r te n m illi o n a re m a re s If
m - a
, ,
.

w e a re t o r a is e b e tw e e n f o u r a n d fi v e milli o n co lts b o th h o rs e
,

a n d m u l e
,
it m e a n s th a t a t l e a st o n e -
h a lf o r 5 0 pe r ce n t o f th e s e
, ,

m a re s m u st be b re d e a ch y e a r .

It m u st be re m e m b e re d th a t the h o rs e s th a t s u pply this

d e m a n d a re p ro d u c e d o n the f a rm s Th e i r p ro d u cti o n is the
.

w o rk o f the g e n e ra l f a rm e r w ho is p ri m a rily a g ra i n ra is e r a
, ,

d a i ry m a n o r wh o s e m a i n b u si n e ss is g e n e ra l f a rm i n g a n d w ho
, ,

ra is e s h o rs e s b e c a u s e he is so S it u a t e d a s to be a bl e to pro pa

g a t e th e m with bu t littl e i n c o n v e n i e n c e to his m a i n w o rk .

S u ch f a rm s u s u a lly p o ss e ss th re e a dv a n t a g e s : th e y g ro w l a rg e
a m o u n ts o f ch e a p f o o d ; th e y c o n t a i n a b u n d a n t ra n g e fo r the

p ro p e r e x e rcis e o f g ro wi n g a n i m a ls ; a n d th e re is c o n sid e ra bl e
t e a m w o rk to be d o n e O n s u ch f ar m s h o rs e s ca n be gro wn
.

with littl e e xt ra l a b o r a n d a t a go o d p ro fit .

PL AN OF B R EE DI NG
A cl e a rly d e fi n e d pl a n o f p ro c e d u re S h o u ld be th o u gh t o u t
b e fo re the f a rm e r m a k e s the a tt e m pt to b re e d h o rs e s To do .

96
98 MAN UAL OF F AR M AN I MA LS
mi n d wh a t e ve r the typ e o r cl a ss ch o s e n wh e th e r it is ligh t o r
, ,

h e a vy o r fo r sp e e d o r d ra ft th a t n o n e bu t s u p e ri o r h o rs e s will
, ,

s e ll a t re m u n e ra tive p ri c e s Th e re will a lw a ys be a n o ve r
.

p ro d u cti o n O f c o m m o n h o rs e s which will be the fi rst to be

,

a ff e ct e d by o v e rs u pply a n d o th e r b u si n e ss d e p re ssi o n s a n d the ,

l a st to be re viv e d The m a rk e t sh o u ld a ls o be st u di e d In
. .

s o m e s e cti o n s the d e m a n d will be fo r a c e rt a i n cl a ss a n d in o th e r

s e cti o n s a n o th e r cl a ss will be in m o st d e m a n d .

Co ope ra ti ve bree di n g . Fro m O bs e rv a ti o n s m a d e in l o c a liti e s

wh e re h o rs e s a re b re d in a c o mm e r ci a l w a y it wo u ld s e e m a d ,

vis a bl e to b re e d o n the c o o p e ra tiv e pl a n It is a pp a re n t th a t

.

the f o rm a ti o n o f h o rs e -b re e di n g a ss o ci a ti o n s in t o w n ships a n d
c o u n ti e s w o u ld do m u ch to a dv a n c e the p ro gre ss o f the i n d u st ry .

Su ch a ss o ci a ti o n s S h o u ld be f o rm e d o f b re e d e rs w ho p o ss e ss the
s a m e cl a ss o r b re e d o f m a re s It w o u ld be the w o rk o f s u ch
.

a n a ss o ci a ti o n to p ro t e ct the i n t e re sts o f its m e m b e rs p ro vid e ,

s u it a bl e st a lli o n s e a ch y e a r fo r u se o n the m a re s o w n e d by the

m e m b e rs a dv e rtis e st o ck a tt ra ct b u y e rs h o ld s a l e s m a k e
, , , ,

e xhibits a t the c o u n ty dist rict a n d st a t e f a i rs h o ld m e e ti n gs

, , ,

fo r disc u ssi o n o f h o rs e -b re e di n g m a tt e rs a n d e d u c a t e the fa r

,

m e rs O f the l o c a lity to b e tt e r m e th o ds o f b re e di n g f e e di n g a n d , ,

d e v e l o pi n g m a rk e t a bl e h o rs e s .

S ecu ri n g sta lli o n s . The f a ct th a t m a re s a re o ft e n b re d to

u n s u it a bl e st a lli o n s is in m a n
,
y i n st a n c e s du e m o re to the diffi
,

c u lty o f fi n di n g the right h o rs e cl o s e a t h a n d th a n to in diffe r

e n c e o r c a re l e ss n e ss 0 1 1 the p a rt o f the b re e d e r A fitti n g st a rt .

m a y be m a de in g ra di n g u p in a c e rt a i n dist ri ct a n d in a fe w ,

y e a rs n o h o rs e o f the s a m e bl o o d i s to be f o u n d to c o n ti n u e the
“

g o o d w o rk in the right di re cti o n T he c o n s e q u e n c e is th a t a

.

h o rs e o f di ffe re n t b re e d u n s u it a bl e in m a n y re sp e cts is u s e d
, ,

u n til a m o re s u it a bl e si re ca n be s e c u re d o r h a pp e n s to e n t e r
,

the dist ri ct .

It O ft e n o c c u rs th a t a st a lli o n is u n e xp e ct e dly th ru st o n a
dis tric t by a s a l e sm a n o f s o m e i m p o rti n g fi rm A c o m p a n y is .
 THE B R E ED I N G OF HO R SES 99

f o rm e d fo r the p u rch a s e o f the h o rs e a n d the p ric e is u s u a lly

,

high a s it m u st c o n t a i n m a n y a n d s o m e ti m e s q u e sti o n a bl e e x
,
“ ”
p e n s e s T he
. c o m p a n y pl a n o f p u rch a si n g a st a lli o n is
th e re f o re O bj e cti o n a bl e . It is m u ch b e tt e r fo r the f a rm e rs
i n t e re st e d in h o rs e b e e di n g to ge t t o g e th e r a n d ch o o s e o n e o f
- r

th e i r o w n m e m b e rs a n d s e n d him to the i m p o rti n g st a bl e o r

ho rs e -b re e di n g fi rm to p u rch a s e the st a lli o n He will h a ve a n
.

o pp o rt u n ity to ch o o s e a n d will ge t o n e m u ch ch e a p e r .

U n d o u bt e dly a n y re p u t a bl e b re e d e r o r i m p o rt e r o f h o rs e s
,

w o u ld be gl a d to s e n d i n t o a n y dist ri ct the h o rs e d e si re d by
a c o m p a n y o f f a r m b e e d e rs a n d in cl o s e a c c o rd with th e i r re
- r

q u ir e m e n ts a s r e g a r ds p e dig re e ch
,
a ra ct e r q u a lity siz
,
e a n d , ,

p ri c e . It is e q u a lly lik e ly th a t the s a m e fi rm w o u ld be willi n g ,

fo r a c e rt a i n c o n sid e ra ti o n in p ri c e to re pl a c e the st a lli o n wh e n

,

he c o u ld n o l o n g e r be u s e d in th a t p a rti c u l a r dist ri c t If s u ch .

a pl a n w e re f o ll o w e d p e rsist e n tly e a ch di st rict so a cti n g w o u ld

,

s e c u re m u ch b e tt e r re s u lts th a n a t p re s e n t .

S E L E C T I NG B R EE DING ST O CK
In the s e l e cti o n o f b re e di n g st o ck w e m u st k e e p in mi n d the
,
“ ”
p ri n cipl e o f h e re dity th a t lik e p ro d u c e s lik e This a ppli e s.

to the b ro o d m a re a s w e ll a s to the st a lli o n Ba d q u a liti e s in

.

the m a re a re a s lik e ly to a pp e a r in the co lt a s a re b a d q u a liti e s

p o ss e ss e d by the st a lli o n The i n fl u e n c e o f the m a re in the t ra n s
.

m issi o n o f q u a liti e s to the f o a l is O ft e n v e ry m u ch u n d e re stim a t e d ,

a n d f re q u e n tly ig n o re d e n ti re ly by h o rs e -b re e d e rs This ca n .

n o t be o th e r th a n a s e ri o u s m ist a k e a n d the f a rm e r w ho
,

k e e ps w o rthl e ss m a re s fo r b re e di n g si m ply b e c a u s e he ca n
n o t s e ll th e m will n o t be a bl e to c o mp e te with his n e ighb o r
,

w ho k e e ps o n ly the b e st b ro o d m a re s e v e n th o u gh th e y b o th
,

p a t ro n iz e the s a m e st a lli o n . The m a re ha s a s m u ch i n fl u e n ce

o n the c o lt a s ha s the st a lli o n . O n ce in a whil e w e m a y ge t
a v e ry fi n e c o lt f ro m a n i n f e ri o r m a re bu t s u ch is v e ry ra re l y
,
1 00 MAN UAL OF FA R M AN I M A LS
the c a s e a n d n o m a n ca n a ffo rd to b re e d h o rs e s fo r this e xce p
,

tio n a l c a s e .

It is a s e ri o u s bu t c o m m o n e rro r in b re e di n g h o rs e s to s u pp o s e
th a t the ba d p o i n ts in o n e a n im a l ca n be fu lly O ffs e t o r o ve rc o m e
by the g o o d p o i n ts in the m a t e The st a t e m e n t th a t the st a lli o n
.

c o n t ro ls the o u tw a rd ch a ra ct e rs a n d the m a re the i n t e rn a l

ch a ra ct e rs ha s le d m a n y b re e d e rs to thi n k th a t the O ffsp ri n g
wo u ld re s e mbl e the p a t e rn a l p a re n t i rre sp e ctiv e o f the m o th e r .

S u ch is n o t the c a s e . The f o u n d a ti o n o f s u cc e ssf u l h o rs e -b re e d

in g is to m a t e tw o a n im a ls e a ch o f whi ch is a s n e a rly p e rf e ct a s
p o ssibl e .

The bre e d a n d type . C ho o s e the b re e d whi ch b e st s u its the

c o n diti o n s the m a rk e ts a n d the t a st e s o f the b re e d e rs Th e re
, , .

is n o b e st b re e d o r typ e fo r a ll c o n di ti o n s Light h o rs e s n a t u ra ll y
.

b e l o n g o n l a n d d e v o t e d to gra ss to da iry in du stry a n d to m a rk e t

, ,

g a rd e n i n g wh e re bu t littl e pl o wi n g a n d o th e r h e a vy h o rs e w o rk
,

is re q u i re d a n d the n e c e ssity o f re a chi n g the m a rk e t the st a ti o n

, , ,

o r the c re a m e ry re q u i re s q u i ck m o vi n g h o rs e s
-
.

O n f a rm s d e v o t e d to f ru it g o wi n g a n d the lik e wh e re the

- r
,

h o rs e w o rk is s o m e wh a t h e a vi e r th a n o n the d a i ry f a rm the ,

c o a ch h o rs e m a y be u s e d C o a ch h o rs es a re w e ll a d a pt e d to
.

f ru it f a rms with on e e xc e pti o n th e y a re ra th e r to o t a ll to be

u s e d to b e st a dv a n t a g e in tilli n g u n d e r t re e s in t he o r ch a rds .

O n g ra i n f a rms wh e re th e re i s m u ch pl o wi n g a n d the w o rk to
,

be d o n e is h a rd h e a vy h o rs e s a re n e e d e d
,
O n g e n e ra l f a rm s
.

the d ra ft h o rs e fi n ds his t ru e pl a c e Dra ft h o rs e s ca n be re a re d

.

with l e ss risk th a n the light e r a n d m o re a ctiv e typ e s s u ch a s ,

the ro a dst e r a n d the c o a ch e rs Th e y do n o t re q u i re so m u ch

.

t ra i n i n g a n d ca n be pu t to light wo rk y o u n g e r The d ra ft h o rs e
,
.

is in g re a t d e m a n d fo r city t ra ffic Ag a i n the ro a dst e r a n d the

.
,

c o a ch e r re q u i re m u ch t ra i n i n g b e f o re th e y ca n be m a rk e t e d if ,

g o o d v a l u e s a re to be s e cu re d This t ra i n i n g re q u i re s skill
.
,

ti m e a n d m o n e y whi ch sh o u ld be t a k e n i n t o a cc o u n t A w e ll
, ,
.

b re d a n d w e ll -t ra i n e d c o a ch o r d rivi n g t e a m will b ri n g a g o o d
1 02 MA N UAL OF FAR M ANI MAL S

m ay n ot be t he th a t s u its his f a n cy b e st o r e v e n the o n e th a t

on e

is b e st s u it e d to the dist ri ct .

U n d e r the syst e m s u gg e st e d the b u y e r o f a n y p a rti c u l a r typ e

,

o r b re e d S h o u ld be a bl e to g o t o a dist ri ct n o t e d fo r the p ro d u c

ti o n o f the cl a ss o f a n i m a l re q u i re d a n d th e re fi n d it in s u ffici e n t
n u mb e rs u n if o rm in typ e a n d q u a lity to m e e t a ll n e e ds
, ,
C o u ld
.

this be d o n e b u y e rs w o u ld s a v e m u ch ti m e a n d e xp e n s e a n d
,

w o u ld be re a dy a n d willi n g to pa y b e tt e r p ri c e s fo r the f u ll s u pply

O f h o rs e s th u s e a sily f o u n d .

S o u n dn e ss . It is o f g re a t imp o rt a n c e th a t the st a lli o n sh o u l d

be fre e f ro m a ll f o rm s o f u n s o u n d n e ss o r dis e a s e th a t a re h e re di
ta ry t ra n s m issibl e o r c o m m u n i c a bl e to the o ffsp ri n g
, ,
It is
.

e q u a lly imp o rt a n t th a t the m a re s b re d to him sh o u ld be s o u n d

'

in the s a m e w a y fo r n o t u n til b o th m a re a n d s ta lli o n u se d fo r

,

b re e di n g p u rp o s e s a re fre e fro m u n s o u n d n e ss ca n w e h o p e to
ra is e the e xc e ll e n c e o f o u r h o rs e s to t he d e g re e p o ssibl e a s the

re s u lt o f i n t e llig e n t b re e di n g a n d d e v e l o p m e n t .

M a n y imp o rt e d a n d h o m e b re d st a lli o n s a re u n s o u n d a n d
-

tra n smit to th e i r p ro g e n y the p re di sp o siti o n to lik e u n s o u n d n e ss .

This is e q u a lly t ru e o f m a re s u s e d fo r b re e di n g p u rp o s e s a s m a n y
,

b re e d e rs h a v e f a ll e n i n t o the gri e v o u s w a y o f c o n sid e ri n g a n y

b ro k e n -d o wn h a lt m a im e d bli n d o r o th e rwis e u n s o u n d m a re
, , , ,

fit fo r b re e di n g p u rp o s e s wh e n n o l o n g e r a bl e to w o rk .

T HE S TALL I ON
The st a lli o n is o f p ri m e i m p o rt a n c e in h o rs e b re e di n g We
-
.

h a v e a l re a dy s e e n th a t the m a l e is c o n c e rn e d with m a n y m o re
i n divi d u a l o ffsp ri n g in a giv e n s e a s o n th a n the f e m a l e a n d th a t
his i n fl u e n c e is mu ch m o re e xt e n s iv e b e c a u s e o f the i n c re a s e d
n u m b e r he i n fl u e n c e s TO s e c u re the i m p ro v e m e n t in the h o rs e s
.

o f a giv e n c o mm u n ity th ro u gh the f e m a l e s w o u ld re q u i re the

u se O f fifty o r m o re s u p e ri o r m a re s to a c c o m plish the s a m e re s u lt

a s might be s e c u re d by the u se O f a S i n gl e st a lli o n a n d e v e n th e n

,

t h e re wo u ld be l e ss u n if o rmi ty in the p ro g e n y This ha s n o .

 THE B R EE D I N G O F HO R S ES 1 03

f
re e re n c e to the re l a tiv e i n fl u e n c e o f the tw o p a re n ts o v e r the
o ffsp ri n g bu t is S i m ply b e c a u s e the st a lli o n c o n t ro ls o n e -h a lf
,

the ch a ra ct e rs in the e n ti re cro p wh e re a s the m a re c o n t ro ls bu t

,

on e . O ft e n o n e ha s n o ch o ic e o f st a lli o n s wh e n m a ti n g the m a re s
b e c a u s e th e re is bu t o n e m a l e in the Vi ci n ity a n d this n o d o u bt ,

is re sp o n sibl e fo r m u ch o f the m ix e d b re e di n g a m o n g o u r h o rs e
st o ck O n the o th e r h a n d u s u a lly th e re a re s e v e ra l st a lli o n s
.
,

a v a il a bl e a n d o n e m u st ch o o s e a m o n g th e m
,
Whil e th e re a re .

m a n y thi n gs to be t a k e n i n t o a cc o u n t the f o ll o wi n g a re a m o n g
,

the m o st i m p o rt a n t : i n di vid u a lity typ e s o u n dn e ss a n d

, , ,

b re e di n g .

T HE M AR E

The m o st f e rtil e p e ri o d in the m a re s lif e is u s u a lly a t f o u r to

’

tw e lv e y e a rs O f a ge In e xc e pti o n a l c a s e s this p e ri o d m a y be
.
,

e xt e n d e d b o th w a ys J u st ho w yo u n g it is s a fe to b re e d filli e s
.

o r y o u n g m a re s is a q u e sti o n co n ce rn i n g which th e re is g re a t

di ff e re n ce O f o pi n i o n In s o m e ca s e s it is p e rf e ctly s a f e to
.

b re e d a tw o -y e a r— o ld filly a n d in m a n y c a s e s it is fa r f ro m s a f e
,

a n d p o sitiv e ly d e t ri m e n t a l to b o th the y o u n g m a re a n d he r

o ffsp ri n g .

The a dvis a bi lity o f b re e di n g a tw o -y e a r O ld fill y d e p e n ds o n -

a t l e a st th re e i m p o rt a n t f a ct o r s : Fi rs t the b re e d Ho rs e s
,
.

O f d ra ft b re e di n g m a t u re m u ch e a rli e r th a n the light e r a n d

m o re a ctiv e b re e ds so th a t a dr a ft filly a t tw o y e a rs o ld is
,

O ft e n a s f o rw a r d a s a t ro tti n g o r ru n n i n g filly a t th re e y e a rs

o f a ge Se co n d the i n divid u a l a n i m a l
.
,
Th e re is c o n sid e r
.

a bl e di ff e re n ce in the w a y m a re s m a t u re U s u a lly a s m o o thly

.

t u rn e d n e a t a n d w e ll -fi n ishe d filly m a k e s its gro wt h e a rli e r

, ,

th a n a ro u gh e r m o re Vig o ro u s i n di vid u a l
,
Ag a i n the f e e d .
,

a n d c a re h a v e m u ch to do wi th the e a rly m a t u rity o f the filly .

O n e th a t is k e pt gro wi n g c o n ti n u o u sly w i ll m a t u re e a rli e r th a n

o n e i m p e rf e ctly c a re d fo r a n d which re c e iv e s a s e t b a ck e a ch

wi n t e r Third the o bj e ct s o u ght IS the q u e sti o n to i m p ro v e

.
, .
10 4 M AN U AL OF F AR M A N I M AL S
.

the st ra i n o f h o rs e s with whi ch o n e i s b re e di n g o r o n ly to ,

m a rk e t the g re a t e st p o ssibl e n u m b e r o f a n i m a ls If the o b

j e ct is t o imp ro v e t he st r a i n o n e sh o,
u ld n e v e r a tt e mp t t o b re e d
a tw o-y e a r-o ld filly .

The p ra cti c e in c e rt a i n d ra ft h o rs e p ro d u ci n g c o u n t ri e s Gre a t

-
,

Brit a i n fo r e x a m pl e i s to b re e d the d ra ft filli e s the sp ri n g th e y

,

a re tw o y e a rs o ld a n d a ll o w th e m n o w o r k wh a t e v e r th a t s e a s o n .

Aft e r w e a n i n g th e i r f o a ls th e y a re t a k e n a s th re e -y e a r-o lds a n d

,

p u t t o w o rk,
a n d n o t b re d a g a i n u n til th e y a re f o u r y e a r s o ld .

This sys te m is w o r thy o f a d o pti o n wh e n o n e wish e s to k n o w

the b re e di ng q u a liti e s o f his m a re a s e a rly a s p o ssibl e ; o th e rw i s e
th e re is n o a dv a n t a g e a s o n e will s e c u re j u st a s m a n y c o lts if he
,

w a its till the m a re is th re e y e a rs o ld a n d th e n b re e ds he r .

Wh e n d ra ft h o rs e s a re w a n t e d o n ly fo r m a rk e ti n g th e re is ,

n o re a s o n why filli e s c a n n o t b e b re d a t tw o y e a rs o f a ge p ro vid e d ,

th e y a re m a t u re h a v e b e e n w e ll g ro w n a n d th e i r o wn e r is
, ,

willi n g to f e e d a n d c a re fo r th e m p ro p e rly d u ri n g th e i r p re gn a n cy
No r i s th e re a n y re a s o n why th e y sh o u ld n o t be b re d e a ch y e a r
th e re a ft e r Th e y sh o u ld n o t h o w e v e r be pu t to w o rk till o v e r
.
, ,

th re e y e a rs o f a ge .

At a b o u t tw e lv e y e a rs the p ro d u ctiv e p o w e rs o f s o m e d ra f t
,

m a re s will b e gi n to w a n e , a lth o u gh m a n y o f th e m a re re li a bl e
b re e d e rs to a b o u t fift e e n y e a rs e sp e ci a lly if th e y h a v e b e e n b re d
,

c o n ti n u o u sly fro m t h e i r m a t u rity Ab o v e this a ge it is ra re ly

.
,

p ro fit a bl e t o k e e p th e m fo r b re e di n g Pe rh a ps it is b e st to .

disp o s e o f d ra ft b ro o d m a re s a t te n o r tw e lv e y e a rs o ld u n l e ss
th e y a re e xc e pti o n a lly g o o d b re e d e rs in whi ch c a s e th e y sh o u ld
,

be k e pt a s l o n g a s th e y will b re e d .

S ea s on of the y e a r to bre e d T he n a t u ra l tim e fo r f o a ls to

.

a rriv e is in the sp ri n g a n d u n d e r o rdi n a ry c o n diti o n s e sp e ci a lly

, ,

o n b re e di n g f a rms this is c u st o m a ry
,
Ho w e v e r o n m o st f a rms
.
,

the m a re m u st do the s e a s o n s w o rk in a dditi o n to ra isi n g the c o l t

’
.

This o ft e n n e c e ssit a t e s b re e di n g the m a re s so a s to h a v e the

c o lts a rrive in the f a ll With g o o d st a bl e s a b u n d a n c e o f fo o d
.
, ,
1 06 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN IM A L S

an d the ss a ry h e lp th e re is n o re a s o n why m a re s sh o u ld n o t
n e ce ,

be m a d e to f o a l in the f a ll if it is m o re c o n v e n i e n t to h a v e th e m
do s o . In f a ct if o n e is f o r c e d to ch o o s e b e tw e e n a sp ri n g f o a l
,

with n o ch a n ce p ro p e rly to f a v o r the m a re a n d a f a ll f o a l whi ch

.

a rriv e s a n d is s u ckl e d whil e the m a re is l a id by the l a tt e r w o u ld ,

be m o re d e si ra bl e Du ri n g wi n t e r h o w e v e r b o th m a re a n d
.
, ,

f o a l will re q u i re m o re a tt e n ti o n th a n if b re d to f o a l in the sp ri n g .

F IG 4
5 — A C R o ss -B R E )i CO A CH A ND R A
AME I C N T O R TT G IN HO R SE A typ e
by p i
. . .

u se d th e Ne w Y o rk o l ce .

By f a ll f o a li n g , the y o u n gst e rs be giv e n d b e f o re

'

ca n a g o o st a rt
th e y a re se t b a ck by the sh o rt p a st u re s a n d fli e s o f m ids u m m e r .

The m a re is n o t s o lik e ly to b re e d in the f a ll a n d wi n t e r a s in

the sp ri n g
’
.S he is o ft e n thi n in fl e s h a ft e r the s u m m e r s w o rk .

Bu t by i n c re a si n g the f o o d e sp e ci a lly the g ra i n ra ti o n s by

, ,

re g u l a r a n d m o d e ra t e e x e r cis e a n d by bl a n k e ti n g the d e si re d
, ,

re s u lts c an o ft e n be b ro u ght a b o u t The b o w e ls sh o u ld be

.

k e pt fre e fro m c o n stip a ti o n by f e e di n g m o d e ra t e a m o u n ts o f

s u cc u l e n t f o o ds .
 THE B R EED I N G O F HO R S ES 1 07

Bre e d e rs c e a n d sh o w h o rs e s t a k e e v e ry a dv a n t a g e o f the
o f ra

a g e li m it a n d th e re f o re f a v o r e a rly f o a li n g
,
Th e re a re a ls o u n
.

q u e sti o n a bl e b e n e fits to be d e riv e d fro m the lif e in the o p e n a n d ,

the n e w g ra ss t o c o m m e n d sp ri n gt i m e fo r f o a li n g bu t the
, ,

p re j u dic e a g a i n st f a ll c o lts is n o t a lt o g e th e r w a rra n t e d a n d cir ,

cu m sta n ce s m a y be s u ch a s to m a k e it m o st a dv a n t a g e o u s .

Acc o rdi n g to the t a bl e (p . a m a re b re d o n J a n u a ry 1

sh o u ld fo a l o n D e c e m b e r 6 ; o n e b re d o n M a rch 2 7 sh o u ld fo a l
o n M a rch 1 the f o ll o w i n g y e a r .

Whe n m a re s shou ld be tri e d — Th e re is gre a t div e rsity o f

.

O pi n i o n a s to wh e n a n d ho w o ft e n a m a r e sh o u ld be t ri e d a ft e r

she ha s b e e n s e rv e d by the st a lli o n It ca n be a cc e pt e d a s a

.

g e n e ra l ru l e th a t if the m a re is p e rf e ctly n o rm a l a n d h e a lthy ,

she will c o n c e iv e . If she is n o t n o rm a l o r is u n h e a lthy she ,

e ith e r will n o t c o n c e iv e a t a ll o r o n ly o c c a si o n a lly a t b e st a n d ,

e v e n th e n th e re is lik e ly to be diffic u lty We sh o u ld se e to it

.

th a t he r o rg a n s a re p e rf e ctly n o rm a l a n d th a t she is in g o o d
h e a l th We sh o u ld n o t ch a n g e he r di e t o r he r m o d e o f lif e so
.

s u dd e n ly a s to u ps e t he r g e n e ra l h e a lth .

S o m e m a re s a re shy b re e d e rs If a m a re is u n willi n g a n d it
.

is d e si re d to b re e d he r she ca n o cc a si o n a lly be b ro u ght a b o u t

,

by h o bbli n g he r s e c u re ly a n d th e n b re e di n g he r Th e n she .

w ill b e h a v e m o re o r l e ss p e a ce a bly fo r e igh t e e n to tw e n ty-o n e

d a ys wh e n she m a y be b re d a g a i n Th e re a re o th e r m a re s a n d
,
.
,

th e y a re n u m e ro u s th a t w ill fre e ly be s e rv e d wh e n th e y a re in
,

f o a l in s o m e c a s e s a lm o st u p to the ti m e o f f o a li n g
,
.

A m a re will a lm o st i n v a ri a bly b re e d o n the n i n th da y o r ,

th e re a b o u ts a ft e r f o a li n g a n d if she is h e a lthy a n d ha s re c e iv e d
, ,

n o i n j u ri e s in givi n g bi rth it is the p ra cti c e to b re e d he r a t this

,

ti m e . J u st wh e n m a re s sh o u ld be re t u rn e d to se e wh e th e r
th e y h a v e c o n c e iv e d is a m u ch disc u ss e d q u e sti o n M a re s di ff e r .

g re a tly in the re c u rre n c e o f th e i r p e ri o ds It is b e st fo r e a ch .

b re e d e r to st u dy the i n divid u a l di ffe re n ce s a m o n g his m a re s .

The c o m m o n p ra ctic e is to re t u rn th e m f o u rt e e n to e ight e e n

1 08 M AN U AL O F F A R M ANI M AL S

Ta ble S how i n g pe ri o d f
o ge s ta ti o n M a re s 3 0 da y s 4
D a te o f s e rv i ce o n the le f t . D a te of fo a lig n on th e r ight
a: w ~ fl M ” w o
s
'

1 6 1 6 1 3 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 5
2 7 2 7 2 42 7 2 6 2 7 2 6 2 7 2 7 2 6 2 7 2 6
3 8 3 8 3 5 3 8 3 7 3 8 3 7 3 8 3 8 3 7 3 8 3 7
49 49 46 49 48 49 48 49 49 4 8 4 9 4 8
5 10 5 10 5 7 5 10 5 9 5 10 5 9 5 10 5 10 5 9 5 10 5 9
6 11 6 11 6 8 6 11 6 10 6 11 6 10 6 11 6 11 6 10 6 11 6 10
7 12 7 12 7 9 7 12 7 1 1 7 12 7 11 7 12 7 12 7 11 7 12 7 11
8 13 8 13 8 10 8 13 8 12 8 13 8 12 8 13 8 13 8 12 8 13 8 12
9 1 4 4
9 1 9 11 9 1 9 13 9 4 1 49 13 9 1 49 4 1 9 13 9 1 9 13 4
10 15 10 15 10 12 10 15 10 1 10 4 15 10 1 41 0 1 5 10 15 10 1 4
10 15 10 1 4
1 1 16 1 1 16 11 131 1 16 11 15 1 1 16 1 1 15 1 1 16 1 1 16 1 1 15 1 1 16 1 1 15
12 17 12 17 12 1 41 2 17 12 16 12 17 12 16 12 17 12 17 12 16 12 17 12 16
13 18 13 18 13 15 1318 1317 1318 13 17 13 18 13 18 13 17 13 18 13 17
4 4 4 4
1 19 1 19 1 16 1 19 1 18 1 19 1 18 1 19 1 19 1 4 4 4 4 4 41 8 1 41 9 1 41 8
1 5 20 1 5 20 1 5 1 7 1 5 20 1 5 1 9 1 5 20 1 5 1 9 1 5 20 1 5 20 1 5 1 9 1 5 2 0 1 5 1 9
1 6 2 1 1 6 2 1 1 6 1 8 1 6 2 1 1 6 20 1 6 2 1 1 6 20 1 6 2 1 1 6 2 1 1 6 20 1 6 2 1 1 6 20
1 7 22 1 7 22 1 7 1 9 1 7 22 1 7 2 1 1 7 2 2 1 7 2 1 1 7 2 2 1 7 22 1 7 2 1 1 7 22 1 7 2 1
1 8 2 3 1 8 2 3 1 8 2 0 1 8 2 3 1 8 2 2 1 8 2 3 1 8 2 2 1 8 2 3 1 8 2 3 1 8 22 1 8 2 3 1 8 2 2
4 4 4 4
1 9 2 1 9 2 1 9 2 1 1 9 2 I9 2 3 1 9 2 1 9 2 3 1 9 2 1 9 2 1 9 2 3 1 9 2 1 9 2 3 4 4 4
4 4
2 0 2 5 2 0 2 5 2 0 22 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 2 0 2 5 2 0 2 4 4
2 1 2 6 2 1 2 6 2 1 23 2 1 2 6 2 1 25 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 5 2 1 2 6 2 1 26 2 1 25 2 1 26 2 1 25
4
2 2 2 7 22 2 7 22 2 22 2 7 22 2 6 2 2 2 7 22 2 6 22 2 7 22 2 7 2 2 2 6 22 2 7 2 2 2 6
2 3 28 23 2 8 2 3 2 5 23 28 2 3 2 7 23 2 8 2 3 2 7 2 3 2 8 23 2 8 2 3 2 7 2 3 2 8 2 3 27
4 4 4 4 4 4
2 29 2 29 2 2 6 2 29 2 28 2 2 9 2 28 2 29 2 2 9 2 2 8 2 29 2 28 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 5 30 2 5 30 2 5 2 7 2 5 30 2 5 2 9 2 5 30 2 5 2 9 2 5 30 2 5 30 2 5 2 9 2 5 30 2 5 2 9
2 6 31 2 6 31 2 6 2 8 2 6 31 2 6 30 2 6 31 2 6 30 2 6 31 2 6 31 2 6 30 2 6 31 2 6 30

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,

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27 1 27 1 27 1 27 1 27 1 27 1 27 1 27 1 27 l 27 1 27 1 27 1
28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2 28 2
29 3 29 3 29 3 29 3 29 3 29 3 29 3 29 3 29 3 29 3 29 3
30 4 30 430 430 430 430 430 430 4 30 430 4 30
31 5 31 5 31 5 31 5 31 5 31 5 31 5
110 M AN U A L O F F AR M A N I M AL S

d e ra n g e m e n t o f the f e m a l e o rg a n s dis e a s e d o v a ri e s t u m o rs a n d
, , ,

the lik e .

Aborti on i n m a re s Ab o rti o n is the e xp u lsi o n o f the f e t u s

.

a t a n y p e ri o d f ro m the d a t e o f i m p re g n a ti o n u n til the f o a l ca n

s u rviv e o u t o f the w o mb It is p ro d u c e d by a n y c a u s e o p e ra ti n g
.

to disc o n n e ct the u n i o n o f the f e t a l m e mb ra n e fro m the u t e ru s .

The m a re m a y a b o rt by re a s o n o f a lm o st a n y c a u s e th a t v e ry
g e n e ra lly dist u rbs he r syst e m a s the i n fl u e n c e o f to o stim u l a ti n g
,

di e t o r the re v e rs e w e t s e a s o n s a p re vi o u s misc a rri a g e a n d

, , ,

a ll ci r c u mst a n c e s o pp o s e d to e ffici e n t n u t riti o n a n d re spi ra ti o n .

The m o re di re ct m e ch a n i c a l c a u s e s a re f a lls bl o ws vi o l e n t , ,

e x e rti o n s e v e re ill n e ss l a rge d ra u ghts o f c o ld w a t e r o r e a ti n g

, ,

i c e d gra ss e rg o t o f ry e the s m u t o f c o rn o r o th e r g ra i n a n d
, , ,

d ri n ki n g filthy st a gn a n t w a t e r a ls o t ra v e li n g o n h e a vy m u ddy
,

ro a ds s o ft pl o w e d g ro u n d o r j u m pi n g o v e r f e n c e s ditch e s a n d
, , , ,

the lik e .

The p re v e n ti o n o f a b o rti o n is the a v o id a n c e o f a ll c a u s e s which

m a y h a v e a t e n d e n cy to p ro d u c e it Wh e n a b o rti o n ha s o n c e
.

o cc u rre d the g re a t e st c a re in s u bs e q u e n t m a n a g e m e n t is n e ce s
,

s a ry The b re e d e r m u st a v o id a ll c a u s e s o f c o n stip a ti o n
.
,

di a rrh e a i n dig e sti o n a n d the lik e

, ,
Wh e n a ll m e a s u re s f a il a n d
.

misc a rri a g e re s u lts a ll th a t ca n be d o n e is to a ssist in the re m o v a l

,

o f the f e t u s a n d its m e mb ra n e s a s in o rdi n a ry p a rt u riti o n s .

The m a re sh o u l d h a v e e xt ra c a re a t this tim e She sh o u ld h a v e

.

a ro o my w e ll -light e d st a ll with pl e n ty o f a ir a n d e a s ily dig e st e d

, ,

f o o d The m a re sh o u ld n o t be s e rv e d a g a i n fo r a m o n th o r
.

l o n g e r a n d in n o c a s e till a ft e r a ll disch a rg es fro m the v u lv a

,

h a ve c e a se d .

P a rtu ri ti on ti m e — . The a v e ra g e p e ri o d o f g e st a ti o n in the

m a re is p o p u l a rly pl a c e d a t e l e v e n m o n ths m o re a c c u ra t e ly ,

p e rh a ps th re e h u n d re d a n d fo rt y d a ys bu t it m a y v a ry gre a tly
,
.

( S e e p a g e Be c a u s e o f the u n c e rt a i n t y o f the p e ri o d the m a re ,

sh o u ld be cl o s e ly w a t ch e d f ro m the te n t h m o n th till p a rt u riti o n .

Th e re a re c e r ta i n sig n s o f the n e a r a pp ro a ch o f p a rt u riti o n th a t

 THE B R E ED I N G OF HO R S ES 111

ra re ly f a il The u dd e r o ft e n b e c o m e s g re a tly dist e n d e d s o m e

.

ti m e b e fo re f o a li n g bu t the t e a ts s e ld o m fill o u t f ull a n d pl u m p

,

to the e n d m o re th a n tw o o r th re e d a ys b e f o re the f o a l is b o rn .

Ab o u t o n e w e e k o r te n d a ys b e f o re f o a li n g th e re is a m a rk e d ,

sh ri n ki n g o r f a lli n g a w a y o f the m u sc u l a r p a rts a t the to p o f the

b u tt o cks b a ck o f the hips A n o th e r sig n is the a pp e a ra n c e o f
.

the w a x o n the e n ds o f t he t e a ts This g e n e ra lly a pp e a rs n o t

.

e a rli e r th a n th re e d a ys b e f o re the f o a l c o m e s In s o m e c a s e s .
,

h o w e ve r the fo a l m a y be b o rn with o u t a n y o f th e s e sign s

, .

F IG 4
7 -
A F A RM G R U P
“

O OF F R EN CH DR AF T HO R S ES Th i b
s re e d w as

d v l p di F i il
. . .

e e o e n ra n ce a n d is s m ar to t h e P e r ch e ro n .

Ab o u t the th re e h u n d re d a n d thi rti e th da y o r wh e n the m a re ,

b e gi n s to sh o w sign s the w o rk sh o u ld be m u ch light e n e d a n d

,

the g ra i n ra ti o n re d u c e d a lth o u gh fo r b e st re s u lts the m a re

,

sh o u ld be k e pt a t light w o rk u p to the da y o f f o a li n g Bra n .

m a sh w ill p ro v e v e ry b e n e fici a l n o w a s it will k e e p the b o w e ls ,

in g o o d c o n diti o n a n d a ll a y a n y t e n d e n cy to f e v e rish n e ss She .

sh o u ld h a v e a ro o m y w e ll -light e d a n d v e n til a t e d bo x st a ll
, , ,

th o ro u ghly cl e a n a n d f re shly b e dd e d .

If bi rth is e a sy a n d n o rm a l le t b o th m a re a n d f o a l a l o n e
,
.

Th e y will co m e th ro u gh the o rd e a l a ll right It m a y be n e ce s .

s a ry th a t a c a re t a k e r be n e a r by a t n ight to re n d e r a ssist a n c e if
112 M A N U A L O F F A R M A N I M AL S

n ee d be bu t the m a re m u st n o t k n o w o f his p re s e n c e M o s t
,
.

m a re s will n o t giv e bi r th to th e i r y o u n g in the p re s e n c e o f pe r

s o n s if th e y ca n h e lp it .

If the m a re sh o ws a ft e r a re a s o n a bl e tim e th a t she c a n n o t de

liv e r the fo a l o r if e x a m i n a ti o n discl o s e s th a t th e re is a n a b
,

n o rm a l p re s e n t a ti o n (n o rm a lly the f o re f e e t a pp e a r fi rst th e n ,

the n o s e ) a v e t e ri n a ri a n sh o u ld be s u m m o n e d a t o n c e
,
Do .

n o t w a it t o o l o n g fo r he r st re n gt h r a pidly f a ils
,
D iffic u lt pa r
.

tu ritio n a m o n g h o rs e s is m u ch m o re lik e ly to re s u lt f a t a lly

to the o ff sp ri n g th a n a m o n g c a ttl e sh e e p o r s w i n e
, ,
.

The m a re a n d the y ou n g foa l . Aft e r fo a li n g if a ll is n o rm a l

, ,

the m a re will u s u a lly g e t u p a n d t e n d to he r f o a l Aft e r she is

.

o n he r f e e t o ff e r he r a d ri n k o f g ru e l m a d e f ro m a p o u n d o f fi n e
,

o a t m e a l in h a lf a b u ck e t o f w a t e r f ro m which the chill ha s b e e n

ta ke n . While the m a re sh o u l d be lightly wo rk e d u p to the da y

o f f o a li n g it is e ss e n ti a l th a t she h a v e a fe w d a ys re st a ft e r f o a l
’
,

in g ; ho w l o n g will d e p e n d o n the c o n diti o n o f the m a re a n d

f o a l a n d the fi n a n ci a l ci rc u mst a n c e s o f the b re e d e r St ro n g
,
.

m a re s th a t h a v e c o m e th ro u gh s a tisf a ct o rily will be a bl e to

do light w o rk in th re e o r f o u r d a ys if n e e d be wh e re a s o th e rs
,

will n e e d a t l e a st tw o w e e ks to re c o v e r f ro m the sh o ck .

Tw o thi n gs re q u i re a tt e n ti o n a t this ti m e s o fa r a s the m a re

is c o n c e rne d : she m u s t be p ro p e rly n o u rish e d n o t fe d to o ,

m u ch o r to o littl e a n d with the right s o rt o f f o o d ; if a bl e ,

she m u st h a v e ligh t e x e r cis e o r the f o a l will s u ff e r .

The f o o ds giv e n the b ro o d m a re wh e n n u rsi n g he r f o a l sh o u ld

be s u ch a s h a v e a t e n d e n cy to p ro d u ce milk . C o rn a n d ti m o thy
ha y fe d a l o n e a re n o t g o o d milk p ro d u ci n g f o o ds
-
Fo o d s rich.

in p ro t e i n a n d a sh s u ch a s o a ts b ra n cl o v e r a n d a lf a lf a ha y
, , , , ,

a re p re fe rre d a n d th e y c o u ld be imp ro v e d by the a dditi o n

,

of a su c cu l e n t f o o d s u ch a s c a rro ts M a n y m a re s a re p o o r
.

m ilk-p ro d u c e rs a t b e st a n d th e y m u s t be e n c o u ra g e d
,
Pl e n ty .

o f g o o d f re sh g ra ss is o n e o f the b e st a ids to h e a lthy a n d a b u n

d a n t n u t riti o n fo r b o th m a re a n d f o a l .
11 4 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S
-

ru bbi n g the b o dy If b re a thi n g is sl o w a fe w ta bl e sp o o n f u ls

.
,

o f b ra n dy a n d w a te r giv e n a ft e r the fi rst fe w re spi ra ti o n s will

, ,

be o f m a t e ri a l s e rvi ce in i n vig o ra ti n g the lo w vit a l p ro c e ss .

As s o o n a s the m a re ha s re co v e re d fro m the sh o ck o f givi n g

bi rth s he sh o u ld be a ll o we d to t e n d the fo a l fo r it will be phys
, ,

FIG 4
8 —HA CK N EY CO A CH M A RE F A L T HR W EEK
AN D O EE S O LD Ow ne d
by A R Gilli S y
. . .
,

. . NYs, ra cu s e , . .

ica lly b e n e fit e d th e re by If she re fu s e s to dry a n d c a re ss it

.
,

a littl e fl o u r sp ri n kl e d o v e r the b a ck o f the f o a l will o ft e n a tt ra ct

he r to it S h o u ld she still re f u s e the f o a l m u st be d ri e d with a

.
,

s o ft fl a n n e l a id e d to fi n d the t e a t a n d a ssist e d to o bt a i n its

, ,

fi rst n o u rish m e n t .
 THE B R E ED I N G OF HO R SES 115

I lls foa l C o n stip a ti o n

the y ou n g — No twithst a n di n g the
f o . .

p u rg a tiv e e ff e cts o f the c o l o st ru m o r fi rst flo w o f mi lk the ,

y o u n g f o a l fre q u e n tly s u ff e rs fro m c o n stip a ti o n e sp e ci a lly if ,

the m a re ha s n o t b e e n in g o o d h e a lth d u ri n g the l a tt e r p e ri o ds

o f p re g n a n cy Th e n a g a i n the da m m a y h a v e s o m e thi n g
.
,

wro n g with he r fi rst m ilk o r the y o u n g f o a l thro u gh w e a kn e ss

,

m a y n o t ge t a g o o d d ra ft Wh a t e v e r the c a u s e if the dig e stiv e

.
,

t ra ct ha s n o t b e e n cl e a n e d o f its c o n t e n ts withi n tw e n ty f o u r -

h o u rs a n d the f o a l p re s e n ts a d ro o py listl e ss a pp e a ra n c e e y e s , ,

n o t b right e a rs l o pp e d o v e r s o m e thi n g m u st b e d o n e to stim u

, ,

l a t e the a cti o n o f the b o w e ls The b o w e ls will o rdi n a rily be .

sti m u l a t e d a ctive ly by a dmi n ist e ri n g tw o o u n c e s o f o liv e o il

o r c a st o r o il a n d a n i n j e cti o n o f w a rm w a t e r i n t o the b o w e ls .

The w a t e r sh o u ld be a t bl o o d h e a t a n d h a v e a dd e d to it a littl e
glyc e ri n e a t e a sp o o n f u l o f glyc e ri n e a n d e n o u gh w a rm w a t e r

to m a k e tw o o r th re e o u n c e s n o t m o re Ne v e r try to fill the

,
.

littl e f o a l with c o pi o u s d o u ch e s o f s o a p s u ds a s is o ft e n d o n e -
, .

Pl a i n c o ld w a t e r is b e tt e r th a n s o a p s u ds O n ly a v e ry little -
.

is n e e d e d In j e ct g e n tly i n t o the re ct u m with a c o m m o n tw o

.

o u n c e h a r d ru bb e r sy ri n g e t a ki n g c a re n o t to r u pt u re the t e n d e r
,

m e mb ra n e This will l u b ri ca t e the p a ss a g e a n d i n d u c e the f o a l

.

to e n d e a v o r to p a ss t he f e c a l m a tt e r which is a y e ll o wish ra th e r, ,

h a rd w a xy s u bst a n c e
,
If giv e n a s di re ct e d the i n j e cti o n ca n
.
,

do n o h a rm a n d it m a y be re p e a t e d e v e ry h o u r
,
In fi v e .

h o u rs re li e f will u s u a llv h a v e b e e n g a i n e d a n d the a pp e a ra n c e

,

o f the y o u n gst e r will h a v e ch a n g e d g re a tly fo r the b e tt e r .

D i a rrh e a o r sc o u rs This dis e a s e is ra th e r p re v a l e n t a m o n g

.

s u ckli n g a n im a ls a n d is o ft e n f a t a l Alth o u gh l e ss s u bj e ct to
,
.

it th a n c a lv e s f o a ls o ft e n die f ro m di a rrh e a withi n a sh o rt

,

ti m e a ft e r bi rth The c a u s e s a re n o t c e rt a i n ly k n o wn
. It is .

o rdi n a rily a tt rib u t e d to ch a n g e s o f a n u n k n o w n c h a ra ct e r in the

c o m p o siti o n o f the m ilk Tw o f a cts h o w e v e r h a v e b e e n p ro v e d :

.
, ,

Fi rst th a t the c a u s e s o f sc o u rs a re m a n y a n d v a ri e d ; s e c o n d
, ,

th a t th e i r p o t e n cy is i n c re a s e d by u n cl e a n s u rro u n di n gs e s pe ,
116 M AN UA L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

cia lly wh o l e s o m e st a bl e s App a re n t c a u s e s a re the n o n

un .

re m o v a l o f the f e c a l m a tt e r ; a ls o an ythi n g th a t v e ry m a t e ri a lly

a ff e cts the h e a lth o r c o n diti o n o f the m a re s u ch a s b e c o mi n g

,

fre tf u l wh e n k e p t a w a y fro m the c o lt fo r a ti m e s o o n a ft e r pa rtu

ritio n . The m a re b e c o m e s f e ve rish the q u a lity o f he r milk
,

m a t e ri a lly a lt e re d a n d the f o a l c o m i n g t o he r h u n g ry g o rg e s
, ,

its e lf with this ch a n g e d milk whi ch i n d u c e s i n dig e sti o n a n d

di a rrh e a . Ve ry ri ch f o o ds m a y stim u l a te the fl o w to s u ch a n
e xt e n t t h a t if the f o a l is p e rmit te d to t a k e it a ll dig e stiv e dis ,

o rd e rs an d di a rrh e a will re s u lt The s a m e o ft e n h a pp e n s in

.

e a rly sp ri n g wh e n the m a re is p a st u ri n g o n a r a n k g ro wth o f

s u c c u l e n t g ra ss C o n fi n e m e n t in cl o s e b u ildi n gs i s o bj e cti o n a bl e
.

to m a re a n d f o a l a lik e In b o th it i n d u c e s a w e a k e n e d c o n diti o n
.
,
'

a n d l e a v e s the syst e m a n e a sy p re y to dis e a s e A c o ld d a m p .

be d e xp o s u re to c o ld ra i n st o rm s a n d the lik e a re to be a v o id e d
, , .

A p a ssi n g sh o w e r m a y do n o h a rm e v e n if c o ld bu t a p ro l o n g e d
, ,

e xp o s u re to ra i n with a lo w t e mp e ra t u re is h a rd o n a n e w b o rn -

f o a l a n d o ft e n l e a ds to dis o rd e rs o f the dig e stiv e o rg a n s a n d f a t a l

di a rrh e a .

The b e s t t re a tm e n t is to a v o id c o n diti o n s lik e ly to c a u s e s u ch

dis o rd e rs If the da m is p ro p e rly fe d a n d e x e r cis e d t h e re is
.
,

v e ry lit tl e d a n g e r O n e sh o u ld a tt e n d the f o a l a t the fi rs t

.

a pp e a ra n c e o f dig e stiv e dis o rd e rs a n d re m o v e the c a u s e ; e v e n

th e n it m a y be to o l a t e If it is du e to a n o v e rs u pply o f rich
.

milk the da m sh o u ld be milk e d in p a rt by h a n d O n e sh o u ld

,
.

be c a u ti on e d a g a i n st givi n g a n a st ri n g e n t with a vi e w to c u tti n g

o ff the disch a rg e . The b e st p o li cy in a ll s u ch c a s e s is to e xp e l
the dist u rb e r with a l a x a tiv e s u ch a s tw o o u n c e s o f c a st o r o il
, ,

a n d l a t e r wh e n the i rrit a n t ha s b e e n e xp e ll e d to ch e ck the dis ,

ch a rg e by a we a k s o l u ti o n o f g u m a ra bi c o f slipp e ry e lm o r by
, ,

w e ll -b o il e d li n s e e d te a o r st a rch o r the lik e

,
Bu t e v e n this ro a d
.

is b e s e t by m a n y a di ffic u lty .

Na v e l i n f e cti o n —
. A n o th e r dis e a s e c o m m o n to y o u n g f o a ls
is th e so c a ll e d n a v e l i n f e c ti o n
-
o r j o i n t dis e a s e
,
It sh o u ld be .
118 M A N U A L O F F A R M A N I M AL S

sh o u ld n e v e r be cu t bu t ll o w e d to b re a k o f its o w n a c co rd with
a ,

a s a t u ra t e d s o l u ti o n o f b o ra c ic a cid a n d th e n d u st it with b o ra cic

a cid p o wd e r .

F e e di n g the y ou n g oa l f
ft e n h a pp e n s th a t the m ilk o f
. It o

the m a re is i n s u ffi ci e n t to p ro m o t e h e a lthy y igo ro u s gro wth in ,

the f o a l a n d o c c a si o n a lly it b e c o m e s n e c e ss a ry to ra is e a f o a l
,

e n ti re ly i n d e p e n d e n t o f the da m In s u ch c a s e s the b e st a ddi

.

ti o n o r s u bstit u t e fo r the m ilk o f the m a re is th a t o f the co w .

T he m ilk o f the m a re ha s m o re s u g a r a n d l e ss fa t th a n the milk

o f the co w O n e sh o u ld ge t m ilk fro m a s f re sh a co w a s p o ssibl e
.
,

a n d the p o o re r in fa t the b e tt e r a s m a re s m ilk will a v e ra g e o n ly

’
,

a bo u t pe r c e n t fa t whil e the m ilk o f m o st c o ws ru n s a b o v e

,

3 pe r ce n t D o n o t u se J e rs e y m ilk fo r c o lts a s it is to o I l Ch in
.
,
'

fa t .

A littl e p a ti e n t e ff o rt will s o o n t e a ch the c o lt to d ri n k m ilk

re a dily bu t o n e m u st be c a re f u l n o t to giv e it t o o m uch a t fi rst
,
.

A h a lf pi n t is e n o u gh fo r a fo a l tw o o r th re e d a ys o ld bu t the ,

ra ti o n sh o u ld be r e p e a t e d o ft e n ; If it Is n e c e ss a ry to f e e d the
f o a l c o w s milk fro m the b e gi n n i n g the m ilk sh o u l d be m o difi e d
’
,
.

To a d e ss e rt sp o o n f u l o f whit e g ra n u l a t e d s u ga r a dd e n o u gh
-

w a rm w a t e r to diss o lv e it Th e n a dd th re e t a bl e sp o o n fu ls o f lim e
.

w a te r a n d e n o u gh m ilk to m a k e a pi n t W a rm the mixt u re to .

bl o o d h e a t Le t the f o a l h a v e a h a lf t e a c u pf u l e v e ry h o u r a t
.

fi rst This t a k e s ti m e bu t m u st be d o n e
.
,
If the c o lt s co u rs .
,

giv e a d o s e o f tw o o u n ce s o f ca st o r o il a n d disc o n ti n u e the f e e d

fo r tw o h o u rs As the c o lt gro ws o ld e r the a m o u n t o f f o o d
.
,

sh o u ld be i n cre a s e d a n d the f re q u e n cy o f f e e di n g d e c re a s e d ,

fi rst to tw e lv e th e n to n i n e s ix a n d l a stly f o u r ti m e s a da y
, , ,
.

T he p u rp o s e is to giv e the f o a l a ll it will d ri n k a n d to f e e d s o ,

o ft e n th a t it will n o t re q u i re m u ch a t a tim e .

G ru e ls m a d e by bo ilin g b e a n s o r p e a s a n d re m o vi n g the ski n s

,

by p re ssi n g the p u lp th ro u gh a si e v e o r o il m e a l a n d sh o rts ,

m a d e i n t o a j e lly by b o ili n g a re e xc e ll e n t fo r the m o th e rl e ss

,

co lt .
 THE B R EE DI N G O F HO R SES 119

As s o o n a s the f o a l is o ld e n o u gh it sh o u ld be e n c o u ra g e d to
,

n ibbl e a t g ra i n p re f e ra bly g ro u n d o a ts
,
It w i ll b e gi n to m u n ch
.

in the g ra i n a n d ha y a t th re e o r f o u r w e e ks o f a ge a n d sh o u ld be,

e n c o u ra g e d t o e a t It will e a t o n ly a v e ry littl e a t fi rst

. If it .

is n e c e ss a ry th a t the fo a l h a v e m ilk a ft e r it is tw o m o n ths o ld ,

ski m m e d m ilk sh o u ld be s u bstit u t e d fo r fre sh co w s m ilk ’

.

Ne v e r f e e d a c o lt s o u r milk Ne v e r f e e d m ilk fro m u n cl e a n

.

v e ss e ls S h o u ld th e re be a n y t ro u bl e fro m c o n stip a ti o n it
.
,

will be w e ll to a dd a b o u t o n e h a lf pi n t o f o il m e a l pe r da y to the
-

ra ti o n . O il m e a l ca n be fe d with p ro fit to gro wi n g c o lts a s it ,

fu rn ish e s a l a rg e p ro p o rti o n o f m u scl e -fo rm in g a n d b o n e -f o rm

in g f o o d The e ff e ct o f s u ch a ra ti o n
. sw e e t skim m e d m ilk ,

g ro u n d o a ts a n d o il m e a l — o n the g ro wth a n d d e v e l o pm e n t
,

o f a f o a l is re m a rk a bl e a n d in a ll c a s e s wh e n the f o a l is lik e ly
,

to e n t e r wi n t e r in lo w fl e sh s u ch a ra ti o n ca n n o t be to o highly
re c o m m e n d e d .

M a n y b re e d e rs a dvis e l e a vi n g the c o lt in the st a bl e whil e the

m a re is a t w o rk ; o th e rs a ll o w the c o lt to f o ll o w the m a re i n t o
the fi e ld M u ch d e p e n ds o n the ki n d o f w o rk th a t is to be d o n e
. .

Ne v e r le t a c o lt d ri n k f ro m a w a rm m a re a ll o w he r to c o o l o ff
a n d p e rh a ps d ra w s o m e o f t he m ilk by h a n d wh e n she m a y be ,

t u rn e d i n t o the st a ll with the f o a l with p e rfe ct s a f e ty to b o th

m a re a n d f o a l .

We a n i n g the foa l We a n i n g is m o re a q u e sti o n o f p re p a ra

.

ti o n th a n o f the a bs o l u t e re m o v a l o f the f o a l fro m the da m ; a n d

the simpli city o f the w e a n i n g p ro c e ss d e p e n ds o n the th o ro u gh
n e ss o f the p re p a ra ti o n If the f o a l ha s b e e n a cc u st o m e d to
.

gra i n a s s u gg e st e d if it ha s b e e n p e rm itt e d to t a k e i n c re a si n gly

,

m o re a s it g re w th e n the p ro c e ss will n o t be di ffic u lt fo r a s the

, ,

ra ti o n i n cre a s e s in a m o u n t o f g ra i n it will d e c re a s e in t he a m o u n t

o f m ilk c o n s u m e d Wh e n the ti m e a rriv e s fo r c o m pl e t e s e p a ra

.

ti o n th e re will be v e ry littl e if a n y se t b a ck o r dist u rb a n c e to

,

e ith e r f o a l o r da m O n the o th e r h a n d if the f o a l m u st l e a rn to

.
,

e a t a ft e r b e i n g d e p riv e d o f its a cc u st o m e d s o u r c e o f s u pply it ,

1 20 M AN UAL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

will re q u i re tim e to ge t u s e d to the n e w c o n diti o n a n d the ,

m a re will d e m a n d sp e ci a l c a re b e ca u s e o f t he re m o v a l o f
the c o l t b e f o re he r m ilk s u pply ha s b e e n dimi n ish e d to a n y
e xt e n t .

Fo a ls a re u s u a lly w e a n e d a t f o u r to six m o n ths o f a ge d e p e n d ,

in g o n c o n diti o n s If the m a re w a s b re d s o o n a ft e r f o a li n g a n d
.

c o n c e iv e d it i s b e st to w e a n the f o a l e a rly so th a t the m a re will

, ,

h a v e t im e to re c u p e ra t e a n d n o u rish the f e t u s If fo r a n y .

re a s o n m a re a n d f o a l a re n o t d o i n g w e ll it is p e rh a ps b e st to ,

w e a n c o mp a ra tiv e ly e a rly If o n the o th e r h a n d the m a re ha s

.
, ,

a f u ll flo w o f m ilk a n d he r s e rvi c e s a re n o t n e e d e d th e re is n o ,

re a s o n fo r w e a n i n g the f o a l u n d e r six m o n ths o f a ge Wh e n .

da m a n d f o a l a re s e p a ra t e d it is b e tt e r fo r b o th th a t the s e p a ra
,

ti o n be c o m pl e t e If a ft e r b o th h a v e b e c o m e re c o n cil e d to the
.
,

s e p a ra ti o n th e y a re p e rm itt e d to se e h e a r o r s m e ll e a ch o th e r
, , ,

a g a i n a ll th a t ha s b e e n g a i n e d is l o st a n d it will be n e ce ss a ry
, ,

to b e gi n o v e r a g a i n C a re sh o u ld a ls o be t a k e n to se e th a t
.

the n e w q u a rt e rs wh e re the w e a n li n gs a re c o n fi n e d a re s o co n
s tru ct e d a n d a rra n g e d th a t th e y c a n n o t i n j u re th e ms e lv e s
whil e fre tti n g o v e r the s e p a ra ti o n .

At this tim e the fo o d a n d the u dd e r o f the m a re re q u i re e xtra

a tt e n ti o n W o rk the m a re right a l o n g if she ha s b e e n a t w o rk
.
,

bu t re d u c e he r g ra i n ra ti o n till she is d ri e d o ff Wh e n the u dd e r

‘

b e c o m e s so f u ll a s to c a u s e he r u n e a si n e ss p a rt o f the milk ,

sh o u ld be d ra wn bu t she sh o u ld n o t be m ilk e d dry

,
If the milk .

is a ll withd ra wn e a ch ti m e it will t a k e l o n g e r to dry he r

,
.

S ki m m e d m ilk m a y still be giv e n to the co lt e sp e ci a lly if it ,

is n o t in g o o d c o n di ti o n to e n t e r the wi n t e r C l e a n s o u n d o a ts .
,

w e ll g ro u n d c o n stit u t e the b e st o f a ll g ra i n s fo r the w e a n li n g .

As c o ld w e a th e r a pp ro a ch e s o n e f o u rth in we ight o f c o rn m e a l
,
-

m a y be a dd e d a s it h e lps t o p ro d u c e fa t a n d k e e ps u p the a n i m a l
,

h e a t If to this a littl e o il m e a l s a y a h a lf pi n t a da y is a dd e d
.
, , ,

the w e a n li n g will m a k e g o o d g a i n s in spit e o f the c o ld w e a th e r

a n d the f a ct th a t it ha s j u st b e e n s e p a ra t e d f ro m its m o th e r .
 TH E B R E E DI N G OF HO R SES 1 23

it will st a rv e if n o t l o o k e d a ft e r p ro p e rly The j e n n e t m u st .

be ca re f u lly m ilk e d a n d the u dd e r b a th e d in w a rm s a lt w a t e r to

re li e v e the i n fl a m m a ti o n .

S o m e j e n n e ts giv e g re a t q u a n titi e s o f m ilk It is a g o o d pl a n .

n o t to giv e m u ch sti m u l a ti n g f o o d b e f o re she is du e to f o a l a n d ,

n o t h a v e he r t o o fa t Th e re f o re the f o o d sh o u ld be re d u ce d
.
,

fo r a sh o rt ti m e j u st b e f o re a n d a ft e r f o a li n g .

F IG 51 A TW O —
YE AR -
O LD CATAL A J A CK
O NI N Ow n ed by C F C o o k,
i gt Ky
. . . . .

Le x n on , .

Wh e n it is d e si d re b re e d m a re s w e h a v e st a t e d th a t th e y
to re - ,

sh o u ld be m a t e d a b o u t the s e v e n th o r n i n th da y a ft e r fo a li n g ,

fo r sh o u ld th e y f a il to b re e d th e n th e y a re lik e ly n o t to co m e
,

in a g a i n whil e n u rsi n g the c o lt O n the o th e r h a n d j e n n e ts

.

b re e d m u ch l a t e r a b o u t the tw e lfth to f o u rt e e n th da y a n d if
, ,

th e y f a il to b re e d th e n a re n o t lik e ly to m a t e whil e n u rsi n g

,
.
12 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M A N I M AL S
.

Ja ck c o lts sh o u ld be c a re d fo r a n d w e a n e d m u ch a s s u gge st e d
fo r h o rs e s Be c a u s e o f the l e n gth o f j a ck c o lts limbs th e y s e e m
.
’
,

to be m o re li a bl e to sp ri n g th e i r f o re l e gs wh e n f e e di n g o n pa s
tu re th a n the h o rs e co lt Th e y a re re q u i re d to pu t to o mu ch
.

w e ight o n the f o re l e gs to e n a bl e th e m to re a ch the gra ss a n d ,

th e re is a givi n g w a y in the j o i n ts ; u s u a lly the k n e e S p ri n gs in

o r o u t bu t o ft e n the a n kl e giv e s w a y
,
Ag a i n wh e n the d a m s a re
.

lo w th u s c o m p e lli n g the c o lt to st o o p a n d s u ck the f o re limb s

, ,

FI G 5 2
. .
-
Tw o T W O -Y EA R -
O LD J A CKS . Ow n ed by C . F . C o o k Le x
, i gt Ky
n on , .

a re o fte n c ra mp e d in s u ch p o siti o n a s to i n c re a s e th e i r li a bility to

i n j u ry Th e s e diffic u lti e s a re so s e ri o u s th a t K n ight giv e s the
.

f o ll o wi n g a dvi c e : Wh e n sh o rt g ra zi n g is the c a u s e o f the t ro u bl e ,

p u t th e c o lt in the st a bl e a n d f e e d with s u it a bl e f o o d ; wh e n

c a u s e d by a lo w da m the difli cu lty m a y be o bvi a t e d by the c o l t

,

b e i n g pu t in the st a bl e a n d fe d o n m o difi e d c o w s milk o r milk ’

,

f ro m the da m .

M u le s a n d hi n n i e s The m u l e is the p ro d u c t o f a j a ck a n d
.
1 26 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I MAL S

an d tra i n e d to ma te m a re s p ro p e rly. If p e rm itt e d to se rv e a

j e n n e t he will n o t a g a i n
,
s e rv e a m a re ,
a n d his u s e f u l n e ss a s
a

m u l e b re e d e r is a t a n e n d .

It is b e st to h a v e a st a lli o n to t e a s e the m a re wh e n a j a ck is
to be u s e d . S o m e m a re s a re a f ra id o f j a cks a n d will n o t sh o w
sig n s to th e m h e n c e the i m p o rt a n ce o f h a vi n g a st a lli o n a s a
,

te a se r. Aft e r the m a re is b re d he r s u bs e q u e n t t re a t m e n t
,

sh o u ld be the s a m e a s s u gg e st e d fo r b ro o d m a re s .
 C HA PT ER VI

CAR E AND M ANAG EM ENT O F HO R S ES

M U CH a tt e n ti o n ha s b e e n giv e n the f e e di n g a s w e ll a s the b re e d

in g o f h o rs e s y e t e a ch o f th e s e will f a il wh o lly o r in p a rt to b ri n g
,

a b o u t the d e si re d re s u lts u n l e ss a n i m a ls th u s fe d a n d b re d re c e iv e

p ro p e r c a re a n d att e n ti o n M a n y a p e rs o n ha s f a ll e n sh o rt o f
.

s u cc e ss in b re e di n g by d e p e n di n g o n bl o o d a l o n e to i m p ro v e the
st o ck He ha s f o rg o tt e n th a t a ll o f o u r i m p ro v e d b re e ds o f
.

h o rs e s a re the p ro d u ct o f a d e q u a t e n u t riti o n a s w e ll a s in te lli

g e n t b re e di n g s u it a bl e e n vi ro n m e n t s u ffi cie n t sh e lt e r a n d
, , ,

ki n dly c a re To m a k e a s u cc e ss with h o rs e s o n e m u st be i n d u s
.
,

trio u s p a ti e n t a n d u n ti ri n g
, ,
He m u st h a v e a fid e lity th a t is
.

u n sw e rvi n g He m u s t h a v e a g e n u i n e l o v e fo r his w o rk
. .

G R O O M ING

No thi n g c o n t rib u t e s so m u ch to the b e a u ty a n d the l u st e r o f

the c o a t a s g ro o m i n g As a co n s e q u e n c e the b o dy re c e iv e s
.
,

m u ch a tt e n ti o n a n d the l e gs e n ti re ly to o littl e wh e re a s the ,

l e gs sh o u ld re ce iv e the m o re a tt e n ti o n O n a rrivi n g a t the

.

if the a n i m a l s l e gs a re m u ddy th e y sh o u ld be ro u ghly

’
sta ble
~

, ,

cl e a n e d by u si g a h lf w o rn c o m m o n b ro o m The a n i m a l
n a -
.

sh o u ld th e n be pl a c e d in the st a bl e fe d u n h a rn e ss e d giv e n a
, , ,

th o ro u gh g ro o m i n g a n d bl a n k e t e d The l e gs sh o u ld n o t th e n be
,
.

n e gl e ct e d bu t b e giv e n a th o ro u gh a n d ra pid b ru shi n g

,
Tim e .

sp e n t in cl e a n i n g a n d ru bbi n g the h o rs e in the e v e n i n g a ft e r the

d a y s w o rk is d o n e is w o rth m u ch m o re th a n ti m e th u s sp e n t
’

in the m o rn i n g .
1 28 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

If the im a l is w o rki n g in the m u d it is d e si ra bl e th a t the h a i r

an ,

be clipp e d f ro m the li m bs It is th e n a ll the m o re imp o rt a n t

.

th a t th e y sho u ld be th o ro u ghly cl e a n e d a n d ru bb e d e a ch e v e n
in g a ft e r w o rk The h o o fs sh o u ld be e x a m i n e d a n d the cl e ft
.

b e tw e e n the s o l e a n d the fro g cl e a n e d .

A n im a ls c a re d fo r in this w a y will pa y fo r the e x t ra c a re

m a n y tim e s o v e r in the s a ti sf a cti o n in h a vi n g the te a m c o m e fro m
the st a bl e in the m o rn i n g in the b e st o f spi rit a s i n di c a t e d by the ,

pl e a si n g a pp e a ra n c e the s n a p a n d vig o r with whi ch th e y lift

,

th e i r f e e t a n d by the c o mpl e t e a bs e n c e o f a n y sti ffn e ss in the

,

j o i n ts Ag a i n a n i m a ls wh o s e li m bs a re th u s c a re d fo r will re
.
,

m a i n c o mp a ra tiv e ly fre e f ro m the m a n y dis e a s e s to whi ch the

l e gs a n d f e e t a re s u bj e ct This c a re will gre a tly i n c re a s e a n
.

a n im a l s e ffici e n cy a n d p ro l o n g his u s e f u l n e ss
’
.

’
CAR E OF T HE Ho R s E s T EE T H
“

O cc si o n a lly a h o rs e d o e s n o t f e e d w e ll du e to i rre g u l a riti e s o f

a ,

his t e e th If the fi rst o r milk t e e th a re n o t l o o k e d a ft e r th e y

.
, , ,

a re lik e ly to re m a i n c a u si n g the s e c o n d o r p e rm a n e n t t e e th to
, , ,
’
g ro w in c ro o k e d The y o u n g h o rs e s m o u th sh o u ld be cl o s e ly
.

w a tch e d a n d the p e rsist e n t m ilk t e e th re m o v e d with f o rc e ps .

Ag a i n it m u st be re m e m b e re d th a t the u pp e r j a w is s o m e wh a t
,

w i d e r th a n the lo w e r a n d a s the t e e th a re n o t p e rf e ctly o p

,

p o s e d a sh a rp e dg e is l e ft u n w o rn o n the i n sid e o f the l o w e r

,

m o l a rs a n d o n the o u tsid e o f the u pp e r whi ch m a y cu t the ,

t o n gu e o r ch e e ks This c o n diti o n ca n re a dily be f e lt by the

.

h a n d a n d the sh a rp e dg e s wh e n f o u n d sh o u l d be fil e d d o wn
,

by a g u a rd e d ra sp ; o th e rwis e the t o n g u e a n d ch e e ks be
c o m e s o re the fo o d i rrit a t e s th e m a n d the h o rs e will n o t f e e d
, ,

w e ll .

C LI PPI NG
C lippi g c o n sis t s in c u tt i n g the h a i r o v e r the e n ti re s u rf a c e o f
n

the h o rs e s b o dy S e v e ra l a dv a n t a ge s a re s e c u re d fro m clippi n g ;

’
.
1 30 M AN UAL OF F A R M AN I M AL S

the lik e O ld st ra w is p re fe rre d to n e w a s it is d rye r a n d m o re

.
,

e l a sti c The m o re b ro k e n a n d b ru is e d the st ra w the l e ss its

.

b u lk a n d e l a sti city a n d the m o re o f it n e e d e d .

B LAN K E TS
In c o ld clim a t e s the u se o f bl a n k e ts i s In disp e n s a bl e The .

h o rs e will p ro v e m o re e ffici e n t a n d will e n d u re m u ch l o n g e r if

re a s o n a bly p ro t e ct e d a g a i n st s u dd e n ch a n g e s in t e m p e ra t u re the ,

c o l d ra i n s a n d h e a vy wi n ds
,
.

S ta ble bla n ke t The p ro p e r u se o f the st a bl e bl a n k e t is o f

.

It is a c o mm o n p ra cti c e a ft e r the d a y s w o rk
’
fi rst i m p o rt a n c e .

to h u rry the h o rs e s i n t o th e i r st a lls u n h a rn e ss bl a n k e t th e m a t

, ,

on ce ,
f e e d a n d l e a v e th e m fo r the n ight ; in the m o rn i n g it is
d e si re d to ge t to w o rk e a rly the h o rs e s a re fe d the bl a n k e ts re
, ,

m o v e d the a n i m a l s b o dy c u rri e d a v e ry littl e the h a rn e ss is pu t

,
’
,

o n a n d in a fe w m i n u t e s the h o rs e s a re a t w o rk
,
A n i m a ls th u s .

tre a t e d sti ff e n in the j o i n ts d e v e l o p le g a n d fo o t dis e a s e s a n d s o o n

, ,

be c o m e u s e l e ss a n d m a y be s o ld o r t ra d e d a s p a rt p a ym e n t o n
,

o th e rs to u n d e rg o the s a m e t re a t m e n t .

The u s e f u l n e ss o f a h o rs e ca n be p ro l o n g e d a n d his e ffici e n cy in

c re a s e d by p ro p e r bl a n k e ti n g a n d g ro o m i n g O n a rrivi n g a t the .

st a bl e v e ry w a rm a n d sw e a ti n g the h o rs e sh o u ld n o t be bl a n k
,

e t e d u n til he ha s c e a s e d to st e a m n o r sh o u ld he be l e ft in a d ra ft
,

If bl a n k e t e d a t o n c e littl e o pp o rt u n i ty i s giv e n fo r him to dry

,

o ff the bl a n k e t will b e c o m e d a mp a n d the h a i r re m a i n so a ll

, ,

n igh t . In c a s e the bl a n k e t is n o t u s e d u n til the a n im a l ha s

c e a s e d to st e a m a n d is s o m e wh a t c o o l e d whi ch w ill b e i n a ,
‘

q u a rt e r o f a n h o u r the h a i r will be dry a n d sm o o th the f o ll o wi n g

,

m o rn i n g St a bl e bl a n k e ts m a y be d isp e n s e d with in the ho t

.

s u m m e r m o n ths if the fli e s a re e xcl u d e d by s c re e n s o r by s o m e

o th e r m e a n s If bl a n k e ts a re u s e d a t this ti m e th e y sh o u ld be
.
,

o f light m a t e ri a l a n d k e pt cl e a n As s o o n a s the n ights b e gi n to

.

g e t c o o l the bl a n k e ts sh o u ld be re s u m e d
, a s a n e a rly u s e will
,

a rre st to a m a rk e d d e g re e the g ro wth o f h a i r This m a y o bvi a t e

.
 CA R E AN D M AN A G EM E N T O F H O R S E S 1 31

the n e ce ssity o f clippi n g In c a s e the h o rs e is clipp e d he sh o u ld

.
,

be c o v e re d with a n e xt ra h e a vy bl a n k e t o r with tw o bl a n k e ts , ,

fo r a ti m e .

O u tdoo r bla n ke t The u s e o f the o u td o o r bl a n k e t is a s im

.

p o rt a n t a s the u se o f the st a bl e bl a n k e t If the h o rs e is a ll o w e d

.

t o st a n d o u td o o rs e ith e r fo r a sh o rt o r fo r a l o n g ti m e he sh o u ld
, ,

be w e ll bl a n k e t e d If o n e is g o i n g to st o p bu t a sh o rt ti m e the
.
,

t e m pt a ti o n is st ro n g n o t to bl a n k e t the a n i m a l The h o rs e c o o ls .

o ff r a pidly a n d m a y chill s o th a t it is b e st to bl a n k e t if o n ly fo r a
,

m om e n t . Ag a i n in the sp ri n g wh e n the w e a th e r is f a i r o n e is
, ,

lik e ly to thi n k th a t n o ill wi ll re s u lt fro m l e a vi n g the a n i m a l u n

bl a n k e t e d a n d y e t he m a y chill a s b e f o re It i s b e st o n st o p .
,

pi n g the a n i m a l to se e th a t he is w e ll p ro t e ct e d a t a ll ti m e s
,
.

C AR E OF THE F EE T

Be c a u s e of the
gre a t i m p o rt a n ce o f the f o o t it sh o u ld be
c a re fu lly c a re d fo r th ro u gh o u t the a ctiv e c a re e r o f the h o rs e .

Ea ch e v e n i n g a ft e r re t u rn i n g f ro m w o rk a s w e ll a s in the m o rn i n g
b e fo re b e i n g s e n t o u t the s o l e o f the f o o t sh o u ld be e x a mi n e d a n d
,

a ll f o re ig n m a t e ri a ls re m o v e d Fo r this p u rp o s e a s m a ll ha y
.

h o o k with the p o i n t sh a rp e n e d is e xc e ll e n t It is v e ry co m m o n .

to fi n d f o re ig n b o di e s s u ch a s n a ils a n d st o n e s e ith e r driv e n i n t o

, ,

the w a ll o r s o l e o f the f o o t o r c o ll e ct e d in the cl e fts a l o n g the

,

fro g a n d it is v e ry e ss e n ti a l th a t th e y be re m o v e d if the h o o f is
,

to re m a i n in h e a lthy c o n diti o n .

O cc a si o n a lly the h o o fs h a ve a t e n d e n cy to dry o u t th u s be ,

c o mi n g h a rd a n d b rittl e Su ch h o o fs sh o u ld be o il e d with s o m e
.

g o o d o il a s li n s e e d o r o liv e o il o r with h o o f o i n t m e n t o f whi ch

, , ,

th e re a re m a n y ki n ds o n the m a rk e t This will s o ft e n the w a ll

.

o f the h o o f a n d m a k e it l e ss lik e ly to c ra ck o r b re a k It o ft e n .

h a pp e n s th a t_a pi e ce is w o rn o r b ro k e n fro m the sid e o f the ho o f ,

whi ch th ro ws the w e ight o f the b o dy in s u ch a w a y a s to b ri n g a

st ra i n u p o n the j o i n ts o f the le g which o ft e n c a u s e s d e f o rmi ty
,

a n d di s e a s e Wh e n s u ch b re a k o c c u rs the h o o f sh o u ld be l e v e l e d
.
,
1 32 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

with a ra sp Wh e n h o rs e s a re cl o s e ly c o n fi n e d in the s t a bl e
.
,

the h o o fs g ro w o u t l o n g a n d if n o t t rimm e d will d e f o rm the

, ,

limb a n d m a k e t ra v e li n g diffic u lt .

The ra t e o f g ro wth o f the h o o f is o f m u ch imp o rt a n c e fo r w e ,

a re o fte n i n te re st e d to kn o w ho w l o n g it will t a k e a c ra ck s u ch ,

a s q u a rt e r-c ra ck sid e -c ra ck o r to e - cra c k a cl e ft o r a c a lk to dis

, , , ,

a pp e a r . O n the a v e ra g e the h o o f g ro ws o n e thi rd o f a n i n ch

,
-

a m o n th Hi n d h o o fs g ro w f a st e r th a n f o re h o o fs a n d u n sh o d
.

o n e s f a st e r th a n sh o d Whil e i n fl u e n c e d to s o m e e xt e n t by w o rk
.

o r e x e r cis e g ro o m i n g m o ist u re a n d f o o d the ti m e re q u i re d fo r

, , , ,

the h o rn to g ro w f ro m the c o ro n e t to the gro u n d v a ri e s in p ro p o r

ti o n to the dist a n c e o f the c o ro n e t to the g ro u n d The to e th e re .
,

fo re d e p e n di n g o n its h e ight g ro ws d o wn in te n to thi rt e e n

, ,

m o n t hs the sid e s six to e ight a n d the h e e l in th re e to fi v e m o n ths

, , ,
.

S hoei n g — The h o rs e s h o o f w e a rs o ff f a st e r th a n it gro ws o u t

’
,
.

a n d i t b e c o m e s s o re In o rd e r to p re v e n t the h o o f fro m w e a ri n g
.

to o ra pidly the f e e t a re sh o d Whil e th e re a re m a n y re a s o n s fo r

.

a pplyi n g sh o e s the m o st i m p o rt a n t a re a s f o ll o ws :
,

Fi rst to p re v e n t w e a ri n g a w a y o f the h o o f in o r d e r th a t it
,

m a y n o t g e t s o re Ho rs e s sh o w n e e d o f sh o e i n g fi rst in the fo re
.

f e e t a n d in s o m e p a rts o f the co u n t ry o n ly the f o re f e e t a re sh o d

,
.

Fo r this p u rp o s e the light sh o e is p re f e rre d S e c o n d to p re v e n t .

,

slippi n g a s o n ice o r m u d Fo r this p u rp o s e wh e n the wo rk i s

,
.
,

h a rd o n e n e e ds h e a vy sh o e s with l a rg e c a lks bu t fo r e a sy w o rk
, ,

th e y m a y be lighte r In this co n n e cti o n it m u st be b o rn e in m i n d

.

th a t a s m o o th sh o d (sh o e s with o u t c a lks ) h o rs e slips m o re o n the

-

ice th a n th o u gh he w e re b a re f o o t e d Th e re a re s e v e ra l m a k e s -
.

o f sh o e s with re m o v a bl e c a lks Thi rd h o rs e s a re sh o d to .

,

m o dify th e i r a cti o n .

O f the m a n y thi n gs to be c o n sid e re d in fitti n g a sh o e p e rh aps

the m o st imp o rt a n t is to k e e p the f o o t p e rf e ctly l e v e l th u s pre ,

v e n ti n g u n d u e w e ight b e i n g th ro wn o n o n e sid e a n d o th e r a tt e n d ,

a n t i n j u ri e s The fro g sh o u ld be l e ft in its n a t u ra l siz e a n d

.

sh a p e to s e rve a s a c u shi o n fo r the fo o t M a k e the f o o t n o rm a l . .

 a tt e mpt e d . O n the th e r h a n d c o lts sh o u ld be wo rk e d co n
o
,

tin u o u sly da y by da a n d n o t simply

y a t the co n v e n i e n c e o f th
e
tra n e r Th
i . e
t a i n e r sh o u ld be g e n tl e a n d fi rm a t a ll tim e s a n d
r

g o th ro u gh with wh a t e v e r is a tt e mpt e d .

Tra i n i n g to the ha lte r The f o a l sh o u ld be t a u ght v e ry

.

the u s e s o f the h a lt e r fi rst to l e a d th

; ,e n to driv e .

b e f o re h a lt e ri n g the
y o u n gst e r m a y be
t a u ght to st a n d “

o ve r to h a v e his
,

f o o t ra is e d to b a ck , ,

a n d the lik e In .

h a n dli n g the c o lt
be c a re f u l a b o u t the
e a rs the b a ck o f the
,

f o re l e gs a n d the ,

fl a n ks a s th e s e a re
,

o ft e n v e ry s e n sitiv e .

C a tch the c o lt by
p u tti n g o n e h a n d

b u tt o cks ( Fig .

F I G 5 4- M E T H O D O F C AT CH I N G A U G A L N e v e r c a t ch a
. .
YO N F O .

a ro u n d the n e ck
o n ly if this is d o n e the c o lt will g o b a ckw a rds a n d p e rh a ps
—
,

a
f ll bu t i n st e a d c a tch him a ro u n d b o th e n ds a s d e sc rib e d
.

;
,

th ifen he a tt e m pts to go f o rw a rd p re ss b a ck with the h a n d

,

u n er
d his n e ck a n d if he a tt e m pts to go b a ckw a rds p re ss fo r
,
,

w d w ith the h a n d th a t is a ro u n d the b u tt o cks C o lts ca u ght

a r
.

in this w a y will le t o e w a lk u to th wh e re a s if th e y a re
em
n
p ,
 C AR E A N D M AN A GE M E N T OF HO R S ES 1 35

ca u ght a ro u n d the ne ck th e re
,
m a y be diffi c u lty in c om i n g n ear

th e m .

Wh e n re a dy to h a lt e r t h e fo l ho o se
a c a st r o n g w e ll fi ttin g
,
-
,

h a lt e r a n d n o t a n e w o n e th a t s m e lls o f a lo t o f thi n gs th a t a re
n e w to the c o lt bu t o n e th a t ha s re c e n tly b e e n u s e d
,
C a re sh o u ld .

be t a k e n n o t to p u ll h e a vily o n the n o s e b a n d a t a n y ti m e -
.

O cc a si o n a lly d e f o rm e d f a c e li n e s a n d n e cks a re ca u s e d by this

m e a n s It is n o t n e ce ss a ry t o d ra g a co lt by t he h a lt e r in o rd e r to
.

s u gg e st to him th a t his b u si n e ss is to f o ll o w As a m a tt e r o f f a ct .
,

the re v e rs e e ff e ct is u s u a l a n d the h a rd e r a c o lt is p u ll e d the

, ,

h a rd e r he h o lds b a ck If o n the co n t ra ry he is c o a x e d a l o n g the

.
, ,

a cc u st o m e d ro u t e a s to the w a t e r t ro u gh a n d b a ck he will s o o n
, ,

fo ll o w p ro m ptly If he re s e n ts h o w e v e r o th e r m e a n s m u st be
.
, ,

t ri e d S e c u re a s m a ll ro p e the siz e o f a light cl o th e s li n e a b o u t

.
, ,

te n f e e t l o n g tie a n o o s e o r f a st e n a ri n g o n o n e e n d pl a c e this
, ,

g e n tly o v e r the c o lt s b a ck j u st in fro n t o f the hips with the n o o s e

’

o r ri n g o n the u n d e r sid e o f the b o dy so th a t wh e n the o th e r e n d,

o f the ro p e is ru n th ro u gh the n o o s e the ro p e ca n be cl o s e ly,

d ra wn a ro u n d the fl a n ks ; p a ss the ro p e a l o n g u n d e r the b o dy ,

th e n b e tw e e n the f o re l e gs th e n u p th ro u gh the ri n g in the h a lt e r

,
.

Ho ld the h a lt e r st ra p in o n e h a n d the light ro p e In the o th e r p u ll

, ,

g e n tly in the h a lt e r st ra p a n d a s the co lt b e gi n s to sh a k e his h e a d

,

giv e the light ro p e a sh a rp p u ll a n d the co lt will i m m e di a t e ly st e p

f o rw a rd D o n o t be in a h u rry bu t giv e the co lt tim e to g e t
.
,

u s e d to the l e ss o n S o o n he will f o ll o w wh e re v e r y o u l e a d
. .

Aft e r the c o lt u n d e rst a n ds the u s e s o f the h a lt e r a n d w ill l e a d ,

he m a y be t a u ght to d riv e w ith li n e s ( Fig T o do this .

s u cc e ssfu lly a s u rci n gl e p ro p e rly a dj u st e d is re q u i re d The su r .

ci n gl e m u st b e p ro vid e d with l o o ps o r ri n gs o n e a c h sid e pl a c e d ,

w e ll b e l o w the ce n t e r o f the b o dy the li n e s p a ss e d th ro u gh th e s e

,

a n d f a st e n e d to the ri n gs o n e ith e r sid e o f the h a lt e r ; n e v e r u se

a bit in the m o u th o f a v e ry y o u n g co lt No w the li n e s will .

p a ss the hi n d q u a rt e rs lo w d o wn a n d th u s p re v e n t the c o lt fro m

,

t u rn i n g with his h e a d t o w a rds the t ra i n e r It is v e ry .

1 36 M ANUAL O F F AR M A NI M AL S

i m p o rt a n t to k e e p the re i n s lo w in t u rn i n g to m a k e the g u id
in g p ro c e ss e a sy Aft e r a littl e a s the c o lt b e c o m e s a cc u s
.
,

to m e d to b e i n g d riv e n he ca n be t o u ch e d u p with the li n e s

, ,

g u id e d to the right o r l e ft bu t he sh o u ld be st o pp e d o ft e n to
,

a ss u re him he is d o i n g w e ll .

Tra i n i n g to the u ses of the bi t It is b e s t p e rh a ps to tra i n the

.

h o rs e to the u s e s o f the bit wh e n he is a b o u t tw o y e a rs o f a ge .

The m a n n e r in which the h o rs e 1 s e d u c a t e d to k n o w a n d mi n d

FIG 5 5
. .
— ARR. A G EME T
N N OF ALT ER
H AND LI N ES FOR T E A CH G Y
IN O UNG C O LT
TO D RI V E .

the bit w ill go fa r

t o w a rds d e t e rmi n i n g his u s e f u l n e ss In a s .

m u ch a s the c o n v e y a n c e o f the m a st e r s d e si re to the h o rs e s mi n d

’ ’

fo r e x e c u ti o n is th ro u gh the h a n ds re i n s bit a n d m o u th n o
, , , ,

p ro g re ss ca n be m a d e a n d n o n e sh o u ld be a tt e mpt e d u n til
this m e a n s o f c o m m u n ic a ti o n ha s b e e n w e ll e st a blish e d .

I m porta n ce of a good m o u th No f a ct o r c o n t rib u t e s so mu ch

.

to the pl e a s u re c o mf o rt a n d s a f e ty o f e ith e r rid e r o r d riv e r a s a

, ,

re sp o n siv e m o u th in a h o rs e o n e th a t a lw a ys o b e ys p ro m ptly

the slight e st i n st ru cti o n f ro m the m a st e r A go o d m o u th to a .

1 38 M AN UA L O F F A R M A NI M ALS

a dj u st e d a s to b ri n g the bit in mild c o n t a ct with the b a rs o f the

m o u th If t e h e a d st a ll is to o S h o rt the b a rs a n d the c o rn e rs
. h -
,

o f the m o u th S OO a e co m e s o re a n d the a n i m a l m a y b e c o m e
,

vi ci o u s o n the Oth e r h a n d if it is to o l o n g the bit d ro ps d o wn

, ,

in the m o u th a n d the a n i m a l b e c o m e s c a re l e ss With the bit .

ti n g h a rn e ss p ro p e rly a dj u st e d t u rn the c o lt i n t o the f a mili a r

,

o p e n p a dd o ck to ge t u s e d t o h a vi n g the bit in his m o u th The .

ch e ck a n d sid e e i n s sh o u ld be l e ft sl a ck a t fi rst G ra d u a lly

-r
.

fro m da y to da y the re i n s sh o u ld be sh o rt e n e d c a re b e i n g t a k e n ,

th a t th e y a re n e ve r m a d e s o S h o rt a s to pl a c e the h e a d in a n u n
c o mf o rt a bl e p o siti o n o r d ra w the bit so tightly a s to m a k e the
,

c o rn e rs o f the m o u th s o re The c o lt sh o u ld be s u bj e ct e d to the

.

u se o f this a pp a ra t u s fo r a fe w h o u rs e a ch d a y fo r p e rh a ps a w e e k

o r l e ss d e p e n di n g o n the i n divi d u a l
, R e a l li n e s m a y n o w be
.

s u bstit u t e d fo r the sid e re i n s a n d the c o lt d riv e n u n til he kn o ws

-

”
ho w to g u id e this w a y a n d th a t ; to s to p a t the w o rd wh o a
“
,

a n d to st e p f o rw a r d a t the c o m m a n d
“
ge t u p T r a i n th e c o lt
.

to st a n d a bs o l u t e ly still wh e n b e i n g h a rn e ss e d s a ddl e d o r , ,

wh e n it is d e si re d th a t he sh o u ld st a n d A h o rs e th a t is co n .

tin u a lly st e ppi n g a b o u t whil e o n e is w o rki n g wi th him is bu t h a lf

t ra i n e d a t b e st .

Ha rn essi n g the colt . Aft e r the c o lt ha s b e c o m e f a mili a r with

the bitti n g a pp a ra t u s a n d ha s l e a rn e d to o b e y si m pl e c o m m a n ds
he m a y be h a rn e ss e d .Do n o t u se n e w h a rn e ss s m e lli n g o f ,

thi n gs u n f a mili a r bu t o n e th a t ha s b e e n in c o n st a n t u se p re f
, ,

e ra bly by a h o rs e th a t the c o lt k n o ws Aft e r b e i n g d riv e n with

.

the bitti n g a pp a ra t u s fo r a tim e a n d the c o lt is ra th e r ti re d pu t ,

him in his st a ll b ri n g the c o ll a r to him le t him sm e ll o f it if he

, ,

lik e s th e n pu t it right o n a s if he w e re a n o ld h o rs e
,
No w ge t .

the h a rn e ss w a lk u p to him a n d lift it g e n tly o v e r his b a ck

, ,
.

Do n o t st a n d o ff a n d th ro w the h a rn e ss o v e r his b a ck fo r the ,

l o o s e st ra ps hitti n g his b a ck a n d a bd o m e n will be re s e n t e d a n d ,

he m a y kick . W a lk b e hi n d him pu t the c ru pp e r st ra p o n th e n

, ,

st e p to the sid e a n d f a st e n the b a n ds .

 CA R E A N D M A N A GE M E N T O F HO R SES 89

T he h a rn e ss sh o u ld be o f g o o d q u a lity a n d in g o o d re p a i r if a
p a rt b re a ks th e re m a y be t ro u bl e a n d the co lt ru i n e d fo r a ll tim e
, .

Se e to it th a t it fits p e rf e ctly The c o ll a r sh o u ld re c e iv e a tt e n

.

ti o n a s it is by m e a n s o f this th a t the h o rs e e x e rts his p o w e r

, .

The c o lt s sh o u ld e rs a re lik e ly to be t en d e r a n d e a sily a b ra d e d

’

a n d w e m u st s e e th a t the c o ll a r fits him w e ll The c o ll a r m u st .

be k e pt sc ru p u l o u sly cl e a n Wh e n the c o lt is fl e shy w e m u st

.
,

wa tch to se e th a t he d o e s n o t l o s e fl e sh a n d the c o ll a r whi ch , ,

fitt e d p e rf e ctly in the b e gi n n i n g b e c o m e to o l a rg e,

A b re a st .

c o ll a r is a dmi ssibl e wh e n the l o a d is l ight i t m u st n o t be a d

j u st e d so high a s to ch o k e the h o rs e n o r so lo w a s to i n t e rf e re
with the a cti o n o f his limbs The s a ddl e a n d the c ru pp e r a ls o
.

n e e d c a re f u l a tt e n ti o n C a re sh o u ld be t a k e n to h a v e th e m fit
.
,

n e ith e r to o l o o s e n o r to o tight a n d th e n to k e e p th e m cl e a n l e st
, ,

th e y a b ra d e the b a ck o r t a il a n d p ro d u c e a vici o u s h o rs e .

Hi tchi n g dou ble — With the h a rn e ss p ro p e rly a dj u st e d the c o lt

.
,

is re a dy to be hitch e d to a v e hi cl e G e t a w e ll t a i n e d g e n tl e
- r
.
, ,

bu t a ctiv e h o rs e if the c o lt is a ctiv e fo r it is a mist a k e to hit ch a

,

q u ick a ctiv e c o lt with a sl o w l a zy h o rs e The v e hicl e to whi ch

, ,
.

th e y a re a tt a ch e d sh o u ld be p ro vid e d w ith a g o o d b ra k e The .

”
c o lt S h o u ld be a tt a ch e d to the o ff sid e a n d the t e a m be
d riv e n a t fi rst in a cl o s e d fi e ld till the c o lt l e a rn s wh a t is w a n t e d
o f him .Wh e n hitchi n g the c o lt d o u bl e fo r the fi rst fe w ti m e s it ,

is we ll to k e e p a p a i r o f si n gl e li n e s o n the c o lt s b ridl e which ca n ’

be h a n dl e d by a n a ssist a n t .

Hi tchi n g si n gle . Wh e n the c o lt is d e si re d fo r S i n gl e u se it is ,

o ft e n a dvis a bl e to t ra i n him to g o si n gl e f ro m the fi rst This .

m a y be d o n e a ft e r he ha s b e c o m e f a mili a r with the bit h a rn e ss , ,

a n d u se o f the li n e s Wh e n t ra i n i n g the c o lt to go si n gl e a t ra i n
.
,

in g-c a rt o n e with l o n g sh a fts s u bst a n ti a lly c o n st ru ct e d a n d

, ,

the s e a t so a rra n g e d th a t the d riv e r ca n ge t o ff a n d o n q u ickly

sh o u l d be e m pl o y e d Su ch a c a rt ca n e a sily be c o n st ru ct e d fro m
.

the re a r wh e e ls a n d the a xl e o f a b u ggy o r c a rri a g e by f a st e n i n g

—

tw o l o n g p o l e s ,
hi ck o ry o r a n y t o u gh sp ri n gy w o o d ,
to the ,
1 0 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S
'

a xl e s e c u ri n g a c ro ss-ba r a n d whippl e tre e in fro n t a n d a b o a rd

, ,

se a t in the re a r T he S h a fts sh o u ld be tw e lv e o r f o u rte e n f e e t l o n g

.
,

with p ro visi o n a t the e n ds fo r the a tt a ch m e n t o f a st ra p a c ro ss

fro m p o i n t to p o i n t to p re v e n t the c o lt in re a ri n g fro m th ro wi n g
his fro n t le g o v e r the e n d o f the sh a ft At fi rst a ki ck-st ra p a t
.

t a che d to e a ch S h a ft a n d p a ss e d o v e r the co lt s ru mp sh o u ld be
’

u s e d a t l e a st till the c o lt is a cc u st o m e d to the sh a fts (Fig

,
.

Wh e n the c o lt is fi rst hitch e d a n a ssist a n t sh o u ld h o ld him u n til

,

F IG 57 —C O LT H IT CHED FO R T HE R S T T I M E S H O W I NG
FI ARRA N G EME NT O F
K I CK S T RAP O V ER R UM P
. .
,

- .

the d ri v e r IS re a dy th e n he S h o u ld be a ll o w e d to go As s o o n a s
,
.

he ha s b e co m e f a mili a r with the v e hi cl e he S h o u ld be c o mp e ll e d

to st a n d sti ll u n til he is w a n t e d to st a rt .

Tra i n i n g to m ou n t In t ra i n i n g a c o lt to m o u n t o n e m u s t be
.
,

v e ry c a re fu l th a t the c o lt d o e s n o t s u cc e e d in th ro wi n g the
tra i n e r fo r if he o n c e s u c c e e ds in g e tti n g the m a n o ff o n e will
, ,

n e v e r be a bl e to c o n vi n c e him th a t he c a n n o t do it a g a i n The .

b e st tim e to t a k e the c o lt is a ft e r he ha s b e e n e x e rcis e d vig o ro u sly

a n d whil e ti re d T he b e st pl a c e is o n s o ft g ro u n d wh e re he ca n
.
 4
1 2 M A N U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

the pl a c e s lik e ly fi rst to S h o w a b ra si o n S o re s th u s p ro d u c e d

.

giv e the h o rs e m u ch p a i n a n d a re lik e ly to b e c o m e a c a u s e o f

vi ci o u s n e ss S o re m o u th th u s o ft e n p ro v o k e s a h o rs e to ru n
.

a w a y ; s o re sh o u ld e rs a n d n e ck o ft e n p ro v o k e b a lki n g a n d s o re

t a il o ft e n p ro v o k e s kicki n g S i n c e the e ffici e n cy a n d c o m fo rt o f

.

the h o rs e d e p e n d so l a rg e ly o n the a dj u st m e n t o f the bit li n e s , ,

c o ll a r s a ddl e a n d c ru pp e r it s e e ms d e si ra bl e to dis cu ss e a ch o f
, , ,

th e s e s e p a ra t e ly .

The bi t a n d the bri dle Wh e n o n e re c a lls the e xt re m e t e n d e r

.

n e ss o f the m o u th t he c ru e l m a n n e r in which it is o ft e n bitt e d

, ,

the i rrit a ti o n f ro m the s o re s he ca n u n d e rst a n d why a h o rs e m a y

,

la g b e hi n d till the p a rts b e c o m e n u m b e d th e n b e gi n to p u ll , ,

h o ldi n g the h e a d to o n e sid e go i n g w ith m o u th o p e n l o lli n g the

, ,

t o n gu e S l o bb e ri n g t o ssi n g the h e a d c ro ssi n g the j a ws a n d

, , , ,

in m a n y o th e r w a ys sh o wi n g e vid e n c e o f the disc o m f o rt he is

s u ff e ri n g .

The bi t . Bits o f m a n y typ e s h a v e b e e n d e vis e d to m e e t the

v a ri o u s a n d p e c u li a r h a bits o f h o rs e s m o st o f whi ch h a v e b e e n
,

d e sig n e d to p u n ish the h o rs e a n d i rrit a t e the s e n sitiv e p a rts .

With the p u n ish m e n t o f the whip a t the re a r a n d a h a rsh a n d

s e v e re bit a t the f ro n t the h o rs e is b e tw e e n tw o g o a ds a n d if he ,

d o e s n o t b a lk re a r pl u n g e o r ru n a w a y he is e xc e pti o n a l
, , , ,
.

A go o d— S iz e d st ra ight bit c o v e re d with l e a th e r o r ru bb e r if the ,

m o u th is t e n d e r c a n n o t be i m p ro v e d o n in m o st c a s e s O n e
,
.

m u s t be c a re f u l to ge t a bit o f the p ro p e r l e n gth fo r the h o rs e s ’

m ou th M a n y bits a re to o l o n g a n d a re p u ll e d o u t o f a dj u st
.

m e n t in the m o u th s o th a t the p re ss u re o n e ith e r sid e is n o t

,

e qu a l. The bit m u st be o f the c o rre ct l e n gth fo r the p a rtic u l a r

a n im a l ,
a n d p ro p e rly a dj u st e d .

S o m e h o rs e s w o rk b e tt e r with the j o i n t e d o r s n a ffl e bit It .

give s m o re ro o m fo r the t o n g u e a n d the p re ss u re is m o r e e v e n ly

,

dist rib u t e d o n the j a ws th a n with the st ra ight bit S e v e re bits .

,

o f which th e re a re m a n y in the m a rk e t a n d whi ch a re i n t e n d e d

,

fo r p u ni shm e n t , sh o u l d n e v e r be u s e d u n l e ss it is a bs o l u t e ly
 CAR E AN D M AN A GE M EN T OF HOR SES 1 4
3

ne c e ss a ry Su ch bits in the h a n ds o f a n o vic e a re re sp o n sibl e

.

fo r m u ch o f the vici o u s n e ss o f h o rs e s The t e n d e n cy o f the

.

n e rv o u s h o rs e to 10 11 his t o n g u e ca n o ft e n be c u re d by the u se
” -b a r bit
of t e h
“
t g
on u e o l lli n g bit This
-
is a st. ra ight with
a pl a t e f a st e n e d o n the ba r a n d is j u st a s e a sy in the h o rs e s
’
,

m o u th a s the pl a i n st a ight ba r bit e xc e pt fo r the a nn o y a n c e o f

r -

the pl a t e .

In the t ra i n i n g a n d d rivi n g o f high -a cti n g h o rs e s the c u rb -bi t

m a y be u s e d A h o rs e p ro p e rly bitt e d with this sh o ws hi m s e lf
.

to b e tt e r a dv a n t a g e th a n with a n y o t he r ki n d o f bit The c u rb .

bit sh o u ld be u s e d o n ly by th o s e w ho a re f a mili a r with it a s it ,

m a y b e c o m e a n i n st ru m e n t o f t o rt u re in the h a n ds o f the in
e xp e ri e n c e d .

The ch o ic e o f the p ro p e r bit fo r e a ch h o rs e ca n be d e t e rmi n e d

o n ly by t ri a l a n d if s e v e ra l ch a n g e s a re n e c e ss a ry o n e S h o u ld n o t
, ,

be di sc o u ra g e d Ho w e v e r wh e n it ha s b e e n d e t e rm i n e d whi ch
.
,

bit b e st s e rv e s the p u rp o s e n o f u rth e r ch a n g e S h o u ld be m a d e

,
.

Aft e r b e c o m i n g u s e d to a ce rt a i n ki n d o f bit a h o rs e d o e s n o t t a k e
ki n dly to a ch a n g e It m a k e s him u n c o mf o rt a bl e a n d m a y in
.

te rfe re wit h his a cti o n .

Hea d-sta ll The b ridl e S h o u ld be so fitt e d to the h o rs e s

.
-
’

h e a d a s to le t the bit e st e a sily

r I n th e m th
o u T h e h d st a ll
e a .
-

S h o u ld be n e ith e r to o l o n g n o r to o sh o rt If it is to o l o n g the bit

.
,

d ro ps s o th a t the ri n gs a re d ra wn i n t o the m o u th The h o rs e .

b e c o m e s c a re l e ss a n d u n m i n df u l o f the d riv e r s wish O n the ’

.

o th e r h a n d if the h e a d -st a ll is to o S h o rt the bit is d ra w n u p

, ,

w a rds i n t o the a n gl e s o f the m o u th a n d b e c o m e s a c o n st a n t

s o u rc e o f a n n o y a n c e to the a n im a l a n d m a y p ro du c e a s o re
m o u th .

Bli n ds . As to the a dvis a bility o f u si n g bli n ds o n the b ridl e s

th e re is div e rsity o f o pi n i o n S o m e p e rs o n s c o n t e n d th a t th e y
.

a re o f be n e fit to the h o rs e whil e o th e rs a re j u st a s c e rt a i n th a t
,

th e y a re c ru e l He re m u ch d e p e n ds u p o n the i n divi du a lity o f

.

the a n i m a l So m e a n im a ls w o rk b e tt e r wi t h the m ; s o m e wo rk
.
1 4
4 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

b e tt e r with o u t th e m If the h o rs e w o rks b e tte r wi th bli n ds o n

.

the b ridl e u se th e m ; if he w o rks b e t te r with the o p e n b ridl e

-
’

, ,

disc o n ti n u e the bli n ds If bli n ds a re u s e d th e y sh o u ld be fi rml y

.
,

a dj u st e d to the b ridl e so th e y c a n n o t swi n g b a ck a n d f o rth .

Bo th sh o u ld be o f the s a m e h e ight o n the h o rs e s h e a d a s it is

’
,

v e ry u n sightly a s w e ll a s a n n o yi n g to the h o rs e to h a ve o n e
pl a c e d lo w a n d the o th e r high o n the f a c e .

C e n te r-
pi e ce s e a
,
r bo bs a n -
d ta ss e ls It is
,
s a id th a t s u ch. fi x -

t u re s a dd to the a pp e a ra n c e o f the t u rn o u t Whil e f a shi o n a n d .

c u st o m s e e m to d e m a n d a c e rt a i n a m o u n t o f u n n e c e ss a ry fixt u re s
to w o rry a n d a n n o y the h o rs e the u se o f th e m c a n n o t be too,

st ro n gly c o n d e mn e d .

The che ck re i n
- T
. h e ch e ck -r
e i n sh o u l d be p ro p e rly a dj u s te d .

In Co mm o n p ra ctic e th e re a re tw o m e th o ds o f ch e cki n g the h o rs e s

’

he a d by m e a n s o f the sid e -re i n a n d by the o v e r-ch e ck re i n .

The f o rm e r is u s e d m o re o ft e n o n w o rk h o rs e s the l a tt e r o n driv ,

in g h o rs e s . The sid e re i n is u s e d with a n d with o u t ch e ck h o o ks

-

a t the th ro a t l a tch
-
This re i n is n o t so e ffe ctiv e in c o mp e lli n g
.

the a n im a l to h o ld his h e a d u p bu t is m u ch m o re c o m fo rt a bl e to
,

the h o rs e a n d e n a bl e s him to h a n dl e hims e lf m o re e fli cie n tly .

Ho rs e s ch e ck e d with the side re i n a re n o t so lik e ly to st u m bl e

-

a s th o s e with the o v e r ch e ck re i n a n d will p u ll a m u ch h e a vi e r

-
,

l o a d This is be c a u s e th e y h a v e m o re lib e rty with the h e a d

.
,

th e re by e n a bli n g th e m to se e the g ro u n d imm e di a t e ly in f ro n t

a n d to l o w e r the h e a d a n d th u s th ro w m o re p o w e r i n t o the c o ll a r .

The o v e r ch e ck re i n w a s d e vis e d fo r t ro tti n g h o rs e s bu t ha s

-
,

b e c o m e so p o p u l a r th a t it is u s e d a lmo st e xcl u siv e ly fo r d rivi n g

h o rs e s O rigi n a lly it w a s u s e d o n the t ra ck wh e re the s u rf a c e
.

is a s s m oo th a s a fl o o r a n d w a s e mpl oy e d o n ly fo r S h o rt p e ri o ds
,
.

To da y it is u s e d o n ro a ds o f a ll s o rts a n d fo r i n d e fi n it e p e ri o ds
-
.

Th e re a re m a n y st ro n g o bj e cti o n s to its u se if d ra wn to o tightly ,

It h o lds the h o rs e s h e a d in s u ch p o siti o n

’
a s is the t e n d e n cy .

th a t he is u n a bl e to se e the g ro u n d i m m e di a t e ly in f ro n t o f him ,

s o th a t he is v e ry lik e ly to st u mbl e It a ls o h o lds the h e a d .

1 4
6 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

c o ll a r to the S h o u ld e rs with s o re sh o u ld e rs a s the re s u l t To

,
.

a v o id this s o re n e ss it is n e c e ss a ry t h a t the stiff c o ll a r be a dj u st e d

,

to the S h o u ld e rs o f the h o rs e fo r whi ch it is i n t e n d e d To do this .

,

ta k e the p o o rly fitti n g c o ll a r n e w o r o ld pl a c e it in th re e i n ch e s

, ,

o f w a t e r a n d le t i t re m a i n o v e r n ight In the m o rn i n g pu t the .

c o ll a r o n the h o rs e a n d with h a m e st ra ps d ra w i t s n u gly to the

,
-

S id e s o f the n e ck ; be s u re th a t the h a m e st ra ps a re p ro p e rly -

a dj u st e d th e n w o rk the h o rs e m o d e ra t e ly th ro u gh the da y
,
.

Aft e r s o a ki n g in this w a y the c o ll a r will a dj u st its e lf to e v e ry

i n e q u a lity o f the sh o u ld e r a n d the h o rs e will s e ld o m be t ro u bl e d
,

w i th s o re n e ss .

FIG 5 9 — T YPE S OF C O LLA R S : (1 ) co m m on le athe r ; ( 2 ) ha lf sw e e n y ; (3) t

s eel

(4 p ti c ; ( 5 )
. .
,

) n eu m a hu m a n e .

Ev e ry h o rs e sh o u ld h a v e his o w n c o ll a r It sh o u ld fit cl o s e .

to the n e ck a l o n g its e n ti re width a n d S h o u ld n e v e r be tight in

s o m e pl a c e s a n d l o o s e in o th e rs T he h a m e st ra ps sh o u ld be .
-

p ro p e rly a dj u st e d a t to p a n d b o tt o m to s u it the S h a p e o f the

h o rs e s n e ck Be s u re a t a ll ti m e s th a t the l o w e r h a m e st ra p is
’
.
-

b u c kl e d a s tightly a s the thi ck n e ss o f the n e ck will p e rm it O c .

ca sio n a lly the c a re l e ss d riv e r f a ils t o b u ckl e the h a m e s tightly ,

a n d wh e n the h o rs e is b a ck e d the h a m e s slip o ff the co ll a r

,
Thi s .

m a y n o t be n o ti c e d a t the ti m e a n d the a n im a l be c o m p e ll e d to
,

p u ll the l o a d with the h a m e s re sti n g o n the sh o u ld e rs .

Adj u sti n g the ha m e -tu g The a dj u stm e n t o f the h a m e -tu g is

.

a ls o a n i m p ort a n t m a tt e r a n d sh o u ld re c e iv e the cl o s e st a tt e n ti o n .

If the d ra ft is to o lo w the a cti o n o f the S h o u ld e r whil e w a lki n g

,
 CA R E AND M AN AGE M EN T OF HO R S E S 7

giv e s to o m u ch b a ck -a n d-fo rw a rd m o ti o n to the c o ll a r which ,

is n o ti c e a bl e a t the h a m e t o ps This is lik e ly to c a u s e s o re

.

sh o u ld e rs e ith e r a t the p o i n ts o r a t the to p If the d ra ft i s to o .

high the lik e lih o o d o f i n j u ry will be e q u a lly g re a t Th e re is a

,
.

p ro p e r pl a c e fo r the d ra ft v a ryi n g with the c o n f o rm a ti o n o f the

,

h o rs e Wh e n the h a m e t u gs a re a t the p ro p e r pl a c e th e re will

.
-
,

be v e ry littl e m o ti o n a t the to p o f the h a m e s a s the h o rs e w a lks .

Ag a i n the t u gs sh o u l d be so a dj u st e d th a t th e y a re b o th o f the
,

s a m e l e n gth O ft e n c a re l e ss drive rs hitch o n e tu g l o n g e r th a n

.

the o th e r which is v e ry h a rd o n the h o rs e a n d a s o u rc e o f m u ch

, ,

e xt ra e x e rti o n a s w e ll a s s o re sh o u ld e rs .

Bre a st ha rn e ss — Fo r light d rivi n g b re a st h a rn e ss is a dmissibl e

.
,

a n d is to be p re f e rre d fo r s u ch light rigs a s ru n a b o u ts a n d b u ggi e s .

In the a dj u st m e n t o f b re a st h a rn e ss c a re S h ou ld be t a k e n th a t
,

the n e ck st ra p is n o t so l o n g a s to le t the b re a st h a rn e ss dro p a n d

i n t e rfe re with the a cti o n o f the f o re li m bs O n the o th e r h a n d .
,

the n e ck st ra p sh o u ld n o t be so S h o rt a s to dra w the b re a st

h a rn e ss u p a n d ch o k e the a n im a l The b re a st h a rn e ss is in
.

t e n d e d fo r light wo rk o n ly a n d if the l o a d is h e a vy the h o rs e

, ,

m a y ch o k e This is p a rti c u l a rly t ru e in a sc e n di n g a st e e p

.

g ra d e . M u ch c a re sh o u ld be e x e rcis e d in its u se .

Fi tti n g the ba ck-ba n d a n d cru ppe r Pe rh a ps n e xt in imp o r

.

t a n c e to the bit a n d co lla r is the c ru pp e r If the b a ck-b a n d o r the

.

ch e ck-re i n is to o sh o rt a n d the c ru pp e r is d ra w n to o tight a g a i n s t

the t a il it is lik e ly to c a u s e s o re n e ss
,
si n c e thi s is a v e ry t e n d e r
p a rt it m a y l e ss e n the re li a bility o f the h o rs e
,
A ho rs e with a .

s o re t a il is h a rd to m a n a g e At a n y tim e he m a y ge t his t a il o v e r
.

the li n e b e c o m e e xcit e d th ro u gh f e a r th a t the a b ra d e d p a rt will

,

be i n j u re d cl a m p his t a il d o wn o n the li n e a n d be di ffic u lt to

, ,

c t l
o n r o If .t h e b a ck b a n d is to o l o n g a n d the c ru pp e r to o l o o s e
-
,

it is lik e ly to re s u lt in the b a ck -b a n d c ru pp e r hip st ra ps a n d

,
, ,
-
,

b re e chi n g a ll slippi n g o ff to o n e sid e o f the h o rs e with the re s u l t ,

th a t the a n im a l m a y b e c o m e e xcit e d a n d di ffic u lt to m a n a g e It .

is th fo e re r e n r h
e c e ss a y th a t t e b a ck b a n d a n d ch e ck e i n be s o
- -r
1 8 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

a dj u st e d th a t the s a ddl e is in the p ro p e r pl a c e o n the b a ck a n d

the c ru pp e r fits s n u gly u n d e r the t a il ; th e n th e re will be n o
t ro u bl e f ro m s o re b a ck o r s o re t a il .

F ly n e ts
- — . The u se o f fly n e ts o ft e n b ri n gs m u ch c o mfo rt
-

to wo rki n g a n im a ls Su ch h o rs e s sh o u ld be p ro vid e d with

.

th o a t l a tch cl o ths wh e n the bo t flie s a re p re s e n t a s th e s e p e sts

r - -
,

a re v e ry a n n o yi n g a n d the a n im a ls in fighti n g th e m will o ft e n

,

b e c o m e e xcit e d with a c o n s e q u e n t l e ss e n i n g o f th e i r u s e f u l n e ss
, .

Wh e th e to u se fly n e ts o fly bl a n k e ts m a y d e p e n d o n co n
r - r -

ditio n s . The u se o f the fly — bl a n k e t is n o t a dvis e d by m a n y pe r

s o n s bu t th e re a re c o n diti o n s in which it p ro v e s v e ry d e si ra bl e
, ,

p a rt ic u l a rly o n h o rs e s wh o s e c o l o r is s u ch a s to f a d e o n b e i n g
e xp o s e d to the di re ct ra ys o f the su n - The fly -bl a n k e t whil e
.
,

ve ry e ffi ci e n t in re t a i n i n g the c o l o r a n d k e e pi n g o u t the fli e s is ,

n o t so p re s e n t a bl e a n d is m u ch w a rm e r th a n the o p e n n e t .

Le a th e r fly -n e ts a re the m o st p re s e n t a bl e a n d the m o st d e si re d by
h o rs e m e n . Bu t fly -n e ts a n d fly -bl a n k e ts a re ra th e r a n n o yi n g to
the t e a mst e r a n d a re m o re o r l e ss e xp e n siv e fo r which re a s o n s
,

th e y a re o ft e n disc a rd e d e n ti re ly .

To do a w a y with the u se o f fly -n e ts a n u mb e r o f fly -kill e r

p re p a ra ti o n s h a v e b e e n c o m p o u n d e d Th e s e m a t e ri a ls a re a p
.

pli e d with a s m a ll sp ra y e r a n d to be e ffe ctiv e m u st be u s e d o ft e n

,
.

“
It is s a i d th a t th e y do n o t s oil o r i n j u re the h a i r a n d a ll thi n gs ,

c o n sid e re d a re ch e a p e r a n d m o re s a tisf a ct o ry o u td o o r fly pro

,
”
te cto rs th a n a re bl a n k e ts .

Ca ri n g for ha rn e ss The p ro p e r c a re o f the h a rn e ss sh o u ld

.

re c e iv e m u ch c o n s id e ra ti o n a s c a re will i n c re a s e the l e n gt h o f its

,

u s e f u l n e ss a n d l e ss e n the li a bility o f its i n j u ri n g the a n i m a l It .

is v e ry i m p o rt a n t th a t the b e a ri n g p a rts be k e pt sc ru p u l o u sly

cl e a n a t a ll ti m e s This a ppli e s p a rtic u l a rly to the p a rts in co n
.

st a n t c o n t a ct with the a n im a l a s the c o ll a r s a dd le a n d c ru pp e r

, , ,
.

It is n o t p o ssibl e to p re v e n t s o re sh o u ld e rs s o re b a ck a n d s o re
, ,

t a il if th e s e p a rts a re p e rmitt e d to b e c o m e di rty which th e y ,

will b e c a u s e o f the S w e a t a n d d a n d ru ff Th e y m u st be c a re f u lly

, .
1 50 M AN UAL OF F AR M AN I M AL S

a re ve ry d e st ru ctiv e to the h a rn e ss a n d in the s e c o n d pl a c e the,

h a rn e ss is fre q u e n tly k n o cke d d o wn u n de r the a n i m a l s f e e t a n d

’

b e c o m e s s o il e d with m a n u re
. It is m u ch b e tt e r to h a v e a ha r
n e ss ro o m c o n v e n i e n t to t he h o rs e st a bl e wh e re a ll h a rn e ss ca n

be k e pt . Wh e n it is k e pt in a s e p a ra t e ro o m it is m u ch l e ss
.

di ffic u lt to k e e p in o rd e r If o n e ha s a h a n g e r fo r e a ch h o rs e s
.
’

h a rn e ss a n d h a n gs it th e re e a ch ti m e the w o rk will be m u ch
,

light e r th a n o th e rwis e . A w e ll -k e pt h a rn e ss ro o m will pa y fo r

i ts e lf e a ch y e a r b e c a u s e o f the e a s e with whi ch the h a rn e ss is
k e pt in c o n di ti o n a n d the i n c re a s e d tim e th a t it will l a st .
 C HA PT ER V II

DI S EAS ES O F THE HO R S E

THE h o rs e is a ro b u st a n i m a l a n d with p ro p e r c a re is e a sily

k e pt in h e a lth Lik e a ll o th e r f a rm a n i m a ls h o we v e r he is
.
, ,

s u bj e c t to ills a n d a ccid e n ts m a n y o f which ca n be p re ve n t e d if

,

t a ke n in ti m e whil e if th e y go u n n o tic e d m a y be c o m e s e ri o u s a n d
, ,

re n d e r the a n im a l u s e l e ss Ev e ry o n e w ho o wn s a h o rs e S h o u ld
.

k n o w ho w to c a re fo r the simpl e r diffic u lti e s a n d wh e n to c a ll fo r ,

the a dvi c e o f a v e t e ri n a ri a n This ch a pt e r will n o t t a k e the pl a c e

.

o f a v e t e ri n a ri a n ; it m a y t e ll y o u wh e n to c a ll o n e No w th a t w e .

a re givi n g s o m u ch a tt e n ti o n to f e e di n g a n d b re e di n g w e sh o u ld

a ls o giv e a dditi o n a l th o u ght to the diffi cu lti e s a n d a ilm e n ts .

The h o rs e is s u bj e ct to a v e ry l a rg e n u m b e r o f a ilm e n ts ,

s o m e o f whi ch a re S i m pl e a n d e a sily c a re d fo r m o re o f whi ch a re ,

c o mplic a t e d a n d re q u i re skillfu l t re a t m e n t Littl e m o re th a n .

a c a t a l o gu e o f the m o re c o mm o n a il m e n ts is giv e n in the f o ll o w

in g p a g e s ; to disc u ss th e m f u lly w o u ld re q u i re a v o l u m e l a rg e r
t h a n this m a n u a l 1
.

TR E ATI NG S IC K HO R SES

Ho rs e s th a t ili n g sh o u ld re c e iv e m u ch c a re
a re a In m a n y .

c a s e s g o o d ca re is to be p re f e rre d to the u se o f m e dici n e In .

o th e r c a s e s re st is to be p re f e rre d t o b o th The a im is to h a st e n
.

re c o v e ry f ro m the ill e ff e cts o f the a il m e n t

; a n d to b e m o s t
e ffici e n t o n e m u st u n d e rs ta n d the h o rs e th o ro u ghly a n d be a bl e

1
The re a de r m ay co n su l t M a yo ’
s D i se a se s of An im a ls fo r fu lle r
p o p u la r de scrip tio n a n d t re a tm e n t
1 52 M AN U AL OF F AR M A NI M AL S

to s u ppl y his e ve ry n e e d He m u st be c a re f u l p a i n st a ki n g a n d
.
, ,

p a ti e n t The fi rs t thi n g to be d o n e i s to l o o k fo r the ca u s e o f the

.

tro u bl e a n d if p o ssibl e to re m o v e it
, ,
If the di s e a s e is co n .

ta gio u s the a ili n g a n i m a l sh o u l d be pu t a w a y f ro m o th e r

,

a n im a ls e q u a lly s u sc e ptibl e to the di s e a s e Wh e th e r c o n t a gi o u s .

o r o the rw ise the q u a rt e rs sh o u ld be c o m f o rt a bl e

o
,
No t e c a re .

f u lly the s u rro u n di n gs o f the a ni m a l the w o rk it ha s b e e n ,

d o i n g the e x e rcis e g e n e ra l c a re fo o d w a t e r a n d the s o u rc e

, , , , ,

o f i n f e cti o n if the dis e a s e is c o n t a gi o u s .

The f o o d S h o u ld re c e iv e m u ch a tt e n ti o n Wh e n the h o rs e .

ca n e a t a sm a ll q u a n tity o f e a sily dig e s tibl e a n d n u t riti o u s f o o d

,

sh o u l d be giv e n The f o o d sh o u ld n o t c o n t a i n m u ch b u lk a n d
.

sh o u ld be ra th e r l a x a tiv e a s S ick n e ss o ft e n b ri n gs c o n stip a t i o n

, .

It sh o u ld be a s a tt ra ctiv e a s p o ssibl e a s the a pp e ti te is u s u a lly ,

p o o r a n d s o m e tim e s l a cki n g Wh e n it ca n be p re v e n t e d m e di
.
,

ci n e sh o u ld n o t be pu t in the fo o d o r w a t e r u n l e ss t a st e l e ss a n d ,

o d o rl e ss a s the hOrse is lik e ly to re f u s e the f o o d wh e n it is im

,

p o rt a n t th a t he S h o u ld h a v e it Na t u ra l f o o ds s u ch a s fre sh.
,

g ra ss ro o ts b ra n m a sh a n d milk a re to b e p re f e rre d to p re p a re d
, , , ,

fo o ds th o u gh the u se o f p a t e n t st o ck f o o ds m a y p ro v e b e n e fici a l
,

in c e rt a i n mi n o r a ilm e n ts wh e n a to n i c is v a l u a bl e
,
The f e e d .

b o x e s sh o u ld be k e pt cl e a n a n d if a n y f o o d is l e ft it sh o u ld be
, ,

re m o v e d a n d n o t l e ft u n til the n e xt m e a l .

In c e rt a i n a ilm e n ts i t is n e c e ss a ry to p ro t e ct the h o rs e a g a i n st
,

the c o ld o r fro m d ra fts This ca n be d o n e by the u se o f bl a n k e ts

. .

To p ro t e c t the limbs b a n d a g e s m a y be a ppli e d

,
The b a n d a g e .

sh o u ld be m a d e fro m st rips o f w o o l e n cl o th a b o u t th re e i n ch e s
wide a n d fi v e to e igh t f e e t l o n g M a k e it i n t o a n e a t ro ll th e n
.
,

a pply by b e gi n n i n g a t the l o w er o r s m a ll e r p a rt o f the li m b

a n d wi n d u pw a r ds This re q u i re s c o n sid e ra b le p a ti e n c e a n d
.

skill bu t a ft e r a fe w a tt e mpts it will st a y in pl a ce

,
.

In th o s e a ilm e n ts in which the h o rs e c a n n o t st a n d y e t S h o u ld .

,

re m a i n in a n u p righ t p o siti o n a S li n g is u s e d A sli n g c o n sists

,
.

o f a wi d e st rip o f st o u t c a n v a s , pl a c e d u n d e r the a n i m a l a n d
‘
15 4 M AN U AL OF F AR M AN I M AL S

ta k e a dv a n t a g e o f s u ch s u pp o rts an d will ge t mu ch re li e f by
l e a n in g a ga in st t h e m .

ADM I NI S T E R I NG M E DI CI NE

In givi n g m e di ci n e the ru l e sh o u l d be to give o n ly fo r a d e fi n it e

p u rp o s e . This ru l e m u st be st ri ctly f o ll o w e d o r m o re ill th a n
g o o d will re s u lt Whil e m e dici n e m a y be giv e n in m a n y w a ys
.
,

w e will disc u ss o n ly a fe w o f the m o re si m pl e s u ch a s d re n ch ,

in g hypo d e rm i c m e dic a ti o n e xte rn a l m e dic a ti o n a n d e n e m a s

, , ,

( o r i n j e cti o n i n t o the re ct u m ) a n d c o u n t,
e r-
i rr it a n ts .

Dre n chi n g A v e ry c o n v e n i e n t w a y to giv e m e di ci n e to the

.

”
h o rs e is by d re n chi n g The m e di ci n e s a re fi rs t diss o lv e d in
.

wa t e r o r o th e r s u it a bl e liq u id Ju st e n o u gh liq u i d sh o u ld be
.

a dd e d th o ro u ghly to diss o lv e the m e di ci n e a s m o re th a n this ,

m a k e s the d re n ch b u lky a n d is u n n e c e ss a ry In s o l u bl e m e dici n e .

,

if n o t i rrit a n t o r c o rro siv e m a y be giv e n si m p ly s u sp e n d e d in the

,

w a t e r The b o ttl e S h o u ld be w e ll sh a k e n i m m e di a t e ly b e fo re
.

givi n g the d re n ch I t sh o u ld be cl e a n
. st ro n g a n d h a v e
, ,

a s m o o th l o n g n e ck The h e a d o f the h o rs e sh o u ld be slightly

.

e le va t e d .To do this pl a c e a l o o p in the e n d o f a ro p e a n d ih

,

tro du ce this l o o p i n t o t he m o u th j u st b e hi n d the u pp e r f ro n t

te e th th e n pl a c e the f re e e n d o v e r a b e a m a n d d ra w the h e a d u p
, ,

n o t to o high fo r in s u ch c a s e s the h o rs e s c a n n o t sw a ll o w
,
G ra d u .

a lly p o u r the m e di ci n e i n t o the h o rs e s m o u th a t the c o rn e r If

’
.

the h o rs e st ra n gl e s l o w e r his h e a d
,
.

Hypode rm i c m e di ca ti on M e di ci n e s a re f re q u e n tly giv e n by

.

the hyp o d e rmi c syri n g e u n d e r the ski n In this m e th o d m u ch

.

s m a ll e r q u a n titi e s o f m e di ci n e a re re q u i re d to p ro du c e giv e n
e ff e cts th a n wh e n giv e n by t he m o u th th e re is l e ss li a bility to
,

w a st e a n d the a cti o n o f the m e di ci n e is m u ch m o re ra pid a n d

,

c e rt a i n . The u se o f the hypod e rm i c sy ri n g e h o w e v e r re q u i re s , ,

m o re skill a n d o n e sh o u ld u n d e rst a n d it th o ro u ghly b e f o re a t

,

te m pti n g to u se it The m e dici n e sh o u ld be su fli cie n tly dil u t e d

.
,

o th e rwis e it will i n j u re the tiss u e a n d c a u s e s e v e re p a i n It m u s t .

 DI S EAS E S OF THE HOR SE 1 55

be fre e fro m s e dim e n t a n d g e rm s Wh e n a ll is re a dy the syri n g e

.
,

S h o u ld be t a k e n in the right h a n d ; t he ski n in the re gi o n o f the

n e ck a n d sh o u ld e r is fi rm ly g ra sp e d with the l e ft a n d with ,

the right the n e e dl e is q u i ckly p u sh e d th ro u gh in a sl a n ti n g

di re cti o n a n d the m e di ci n e i n j e ct e d i n t o the l o o s e tiss u e b e n e a th
the S ki n . In o ld e r a n i m a ls o r th o s e with t o u gh ski n c o n sid e ra bl e
f o rc e is re q u i re d to p u sh the n e e dl e th ro u gh the ski n It is .

o f g re a t e st imp o rt a n ce th a t the i n st ru m e n t b e p e rf e ctly cl e a n

a n d st e ril e o th e rwis e i n f e cti o n m a y b e i n t ro d u c e d a l o n g with

,

the m e di ci n e .

Exte rn a l m e di ca ti on M e di ci n e is o ft e n a dmi n ist e re d to the

.

h o rs e by a pplyi n g to o r ru bbi n g o n the ski n in the f o rm o f

, , ,

li n im e n ts o i n tm e n ts l o ti o n s o r s a lv e s App lic a ti o n s a re a ls o
, , ,
.

m a d e in the fo rm o f p o u ltic e s a n d b a thi n g Li n im e n ts o f .

,

whi ch th e re a re m a n y ki n ds a re s o l u ti o n s c o n t a i ni n g s o m e i rri
,

t a ti n g s u bst a n c e s u ch a s a mm o n i a o r t u rp e n ti n e Th e y sh o u ld .

n e v e r be a ppli e d to f re sh w o u n ds o r s o re s b u t a re u s e f u l in ,

ch ro ni c c a s e s o f i n fl a mm a ti o n Li n im e n t is o ft e n m ix e d wi th o il
.

a n d a ppli e d to the p a rt by ru bbi n g C a re sh o u ld be t a k e n n o t

.

to a pply to o f re q u e n tly o r ru b to o h a rd a s it will blist e r the p a rt ,

.

O i n tm e n ts o f whi ch th e re a re m a n y ki n ds a v a il a bl e a re m e di
, ,

ci n e s mix e d with w a xy m a t e ri a l a n d a re u s e d to s o ft e n s o o th e , ,

a n d h e a l i n fl a m e d p a rts Blist e rs a re o i n tm e n ts c o n t a i n i n g
.

i rri ta ti n g s u bst a n c e a n d a re u s e d to re d u c e i n fl a m m a ti o n
,
.

Lo ti o n s a re m e di ci n e s in s o l u ti o n a n d a re u s e d t o s o o th e c o o l , ,

a n d he a l .

Po u lti c e s a re s o ft m o ist s u bst a n c e s

,
Th e y sh o u ld be a ppli e d
.

ho t bu t sh o u ld n o t re m a i n l o n g a s the tiss u e s b e c o m e s o ft a n d
, ,

fl a bby Po u lti c e s a re a ppli e d to s o ft e n a n d s o o th e a n d a re v e ry

.

u s e f u l to re li e v e s e v e re i n fl a mm a ti o n In o ld ch ro n i c s o re s th e y
.

s o ft e n the tiss u e s a rre st the i rrit a ti o n a n d h a st e n re c o v e ry

, ,
.

Th e y S h o u ld be ch a n g e d fre q u e n tly ; a n d a p a rt sh o u ld s e ld o m be
p o u ltic e d fo r m o re th a n f o rty-e ight h o u rs c o n ti n u o u sly Th e re .

a re m a n y s u bst a n c e s u s e d in m a ki n g p o u ltic e s chie f o f whi ch a re ,

1 56 M AN U A L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

fla xse e d me a l b ra n b re a d a n d milk a n d m a sh e d b o il e d t u rn ips

, , , .

Wh a t e ve r t he s u bst a n c e it sh o u ld be cl e a n s o ft a n d c a p a bl e o f
, , ,

re t a i n i n g h e a t a n d m o is tu re To k e e p th e m cl e a n a n d swe e t
.
,

a dd a t e a sp o o n f u l o f c a rb o li c a ci d to a pi n t o f p o u ltic e .

Ba thi n g the p a rts in ho t o r c o ld w a t e r o ft e n p ro v e s v e ry b e n e

fi cia l . The a ppli c a ti o n S h o u ld c o n ti n u e fo r fift e e n mi n u t e s to
h a lf a n h o u r Wh e n w a rm e d it m a y be a s ho t a s ca n be co m
.
,

fo rta bly b o rn e The b a thi n g sh o u ld t a k e pl a c e tw o o r th re e

.

tim e s a da y . It is m u ch u s e d a n d with g o o d re s u lts in l e ss e n

in g i n fl a mm a ti o n p a i n a n d sw e lli n g o f re c e n t i n j u ri e s a n d the
, , ,

lik e.

En e m a s or i nj e cti on s i n to the re ctu m

, ,
M e di ci n e s a re giv e n .

by i n j e cti o n s i n t o the re ct u m wh e n th e y c a n n o t be giv e n by the

m o u th ; wh e n th e y a re n o t re t a i n e d by the st o m a ch ; wh e n it
is d e si re d to e m pty the b o w e ls to d e st ro y s m a ll w o rm s i n fe cti n g
the l a rg e b o w e ls a n d to sti m u l a t e a cti o n Fo o ds m a y a ls o be .

giv e n in this w a y Six to e ight q u a rts o f w a rm wa t e r is su ffi

.

ci e n t fo r a n a d u lt h o rs e a n d if to this is a dd e d a h a lf t e a c u pf u l
,

o f p u re glyc e ri n e m u ch b e tt e r re s u lts will be o bt a i n e d

,
In .

j e ctio n s a re b e s t giv e n by m e a n s o f a ru bb e r h o s e f o u r f ee t
l o n g to which a fu n n e l is a tt a ch e d O il the h o s e i n s e rt g e n tly .
,

i n t o the re ct u m a b o u t tw o f e e t th e n p o u r the li qu id i n t o the

,

f u n n e l a n d by ra isi n g it a b o v e the a n i m a l it will f o rc e its e lf ,

i n to the b o we ls .

Co u n te r i rri ta n ts
- — This is a cl a ss o f p ra cti c e s a ppli e d fo r
.

the p u rp o s e o f s e tti n g u p a l o c a l a n d a rtifici a l i n fl a m m a ti o n in

o rd e r to c u re o r c o u n t e ra ct a dis e a s e o r i n j u ry Th e i r a ppli .

c a ti o n re q u i re s s o m e skill a n d m u ch e xp e ri e n c e The c o u n t e r .

i rrit a n ts m o s t u s e d a re li n im e n ts blist e rs a n d b u rn i n g with a

, ,
”
ho t i ro n o r fi ri n g
“
.

Blist e rs. T w o s u bs ta n c e s a re c o mm o n ly u s e d fo r blist e rs

“
p u lv e riz e d Sp a n ish fli e s m a k e s fly -blist e r a n d the bi n i o did e ,
”
o f m e r c u ry m a k e s re d blist e r
-
Bo th a re p o is o n o u s a n d S h o u ld
.

be c a re d fo r a cc o r di n gly Th e y a re m a d e by mixi n g o n e p a rt
.
1 58 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

as fo r blist e ri n g The h o rs e sh o u ld be giv e n pl e n ty o f tim e

.

to re c o v e r b e fo re b e i n g pu t to w o rk .

Th e re a re tw o m e th o ds o f fi ri n g in c o m m o n u se O n e c o n sis ts
o f m a ki ng a n u m b e r o f p a ra ll e l li n e s a n d is k n o wn a s
“
li n e
,
”
fi rin g . The o th e r c o n sists in b u rn i n g a n u mb e r o f littl e h o l e s
o v e r the p a rt to be t re a t e d a n d is k n o wn a s
“
,
p o i n t fi rin g It -
.

is h e ld th a t p o i n t -fi rin g s e ts u p a d e e p e r i n fl a m m a ti o n Oc .

c a sio n a lly b o th m e th o ds a re c o m bi n e d a n d a ft e r the li n e -fi rin g

,

a fe w p o i n ts a re m a d e o v e r the m o st dis e a s e d p a rt .

LAM E NE S S Z ITS CAU S E AND TR E ATM E NT

The h o rs e is u s e d l a rg e ly fo r l o c o m o tiv e p o w e r A n yt hi n g .

th a t i n t e rfe re s with his t ra v e l a n d p u ll m a t e ri a lly l e ss e n s his

u s e f u l n e ss O f a ll f a rm a n im a ls the h o rs e is the m o s t e xp o s e d
.
,

to a ccid e n ts a n d i n j u ri e s l e a di n g to l a m e n e ss La m e n e ss i n t e r .

f e re s with his u s e fu l n e ss m o re th a n with th a t o f a n y o th e r f a rm

a n im a l A l a m e h o rs e c a n n o t w o rk wh e re a s a l a m e co w m a y
.
,

giv e a s m u ch milk a l a m e pig t a k e o n fa t a n d a l a m e sh e e p

, ,

sh e a r a s m u ch w o o l a s th o u gh it w e re s o u n d The c a u s e s o f .

l a m e n e ss a m o n g h o rs e s a re n u m e ro u s a n d v a ri e d O n ly a fe w .

o f the m o re i m p o rt a n t a re disc u ss e d h e re a s a c o mpl e t e lis t ,

w o u ld fill a v o l u m e .

La m en ess du e to a i lm e n ts o f the bo n e s

The b o n e s o f the h o rs e s l e gs a re p a rtic u l a rly su b j e c t to

’

a ilm e n ts c a u si n g l a m e n e ss ; t his is e sp e ci a lly tru e o f the b o n e s

b e l o w the k n e e s a n d h o cks The m o st i m p o rt a n t a il m e n ts o f

.

the b o n e s lik e ly to c a u s e l a m e n e ss a re spli n ts ri n g-b o n e s , ,

sid e b o n e s b o n e sp a vi n b o n y e n l arg e m e n ts a n d fra c tu re s o f

- -
, , ,

the b o n e .

S pli n ts , ri n g- bon es , s ide -bon es , bon e -spa vi n , an d bon y e n la rge

m e n ts .
— Th e s e
ilm e n ts a re c a u s e d by s e v e re st ra i ns co n cu s
a ,

si o n bl o w s a n d h u rts ; by p o o rly k e pt h o o fs ; a n d by c e rta i n

,

dis e a s e s o f the f o o t a s c o rn s c ra cks q u itt o r a n d the like

, , , .
1 60 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

The t re a tm e n t is to le t th e m a l o n e a s l o n g a s the h o rs e
s u ffe rs n o i n c o n v e n i e n c e If slightly l a m e re m o v e S h o e s a n d
.
,

giv e re st If l a m e n e ss p e rsi sts try c o ld w a t e r b a th a n d h a n d

.
,

ru b th o ro u ghly ; th e n try a st ri n g e n t l o ti o n If still l a m e try.

,

ti n ct u re o f i o di n e Pa i n t o n twi ce d a ily u n til S ki n b e c o m e s

.

s o re th e n withh o ld a fe w d a ys If sti ll l a m e try Sp a n ish-fly

,
.
,

o r re d -blist r
e L a stly. th e fi rin g
-i ro n s,
m a y b e re s o rt e d to .

S u ch o p e ra ti o n s S h o u ld be p e rf o rm e d o n ly by th o s e f a m ili a r
with the wo rk .

F ra ctu re —A f ra ct u re is a b re a k in a b o n e
. Fra ct u re s a re .

ca u s e d by bl o ws f a lls c o llisi o n s a n d the lik e a s w e ll a sby s u d

, , , ,

de n m u sc u l a r c o n t ra cti o n s s u ch a s a vi o l e n t e ffo rt to m o v e a l o a d ,

a q u ick j u mp a s u dd e n st o p o r t o o s u dd e n st a rt a n d lik e c a u s e s
, ,
.

The t re a t m e n t o f fra ct u re d b o n e s c o n sists in re pl a ci n g the

b ro ke n b o n e s in th e i r n a t u ra l p o siti o n a n d k e e pi n g th e m th e re
wit ho u t m o v e m e n t u n til th e y gro w f a st t o ge th e r This is e a si e s t .

a cc o m plish e d by c o v e ri n g with tw o l a y e rs o f fl a n n e l b a n d a g e s ,

sm o o thly a ppli e d O v e r this b a n d a g e pl a ce thi n st rips o f w o o d

.
,

o r o th e r light m a t e ri a l s o a s to h o l d the b o n e s 1 11 pl a c e th e n bi n d
, ,

with b a n d a g e s Th e s e w o o d e n st rips o r spli n ts sh o u ld be a s l o n g

.

a s c o n ve n i e n t In the pl a c e o f spli n ts pl a s te r o f Pa ris b a n d a g e s

.
,

ca n o ft e n be u s e d to a dv a n t a g e Su ch b a n d a g e s m a y be o b
.

ta in e d f ro m the d ru g st o re o r m a d e f ro m ch e e s e cl o th a n d pl a s
te r o f Pa ris Aft e r a pplyi n g spli n ts th e y sh o u l d be c a re f u lly
.
,

w a tch e d to se e th a t th e y do n o t S h u t o ff the ci rc u l a ti o n b e l o w
the b re a k . If the h o rs e is to be m a i n t a i n e d in a st a n di n g p o si
” “
ti o n a sli n g a n d l e a n to
,
mu st be s u ppli e d to re st the a n i m a l .

La m e n e ss du e to a i lm e n ts of the j oi n ts

Th e re a re th re e cl a ss e s o f i n j u ri e s du e to a il m e n ts o f the j o i n ts .

Th e s e a re affe cti o n s o f the syn o vi a l s a cs o f the j o i n t st ru ct u re s

,

o r o f the b o n e s a n d th e i r a rtic u l a r s u rf a c e an d disl o c a ti o n s o f the

,

j o i n ts The m o st i m p o rt a n t a il m e n ts o f the j o i n t s lik e ly to

.
1 62 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

fro m li a bility to sp ra i n s Se v e re l a m e n e ss u s u a lly c o m e s o n

.

s u dd e n ly a ft e r the i n j u ry The p a rts b e c o m e i n fl a m e d swo ll e n

.
, ,

a n d t e n de r .

The u s u a l c a u s e o f a sp ra i n is e xt e rn a l vi o l e n c e s u ch a s a f a ll ,

o r a p o w e rf u l e x e rti o n o f st re n g th a n d s u dd e n twisti n g a n d

b e n di n g o f the j o i n ts .

The t re a t m e n t d e p e n ds o n the c o n diti o n s If th e re is s e v e re .

p a i n ho t b a ths will s o ft e n s o o th e a n d re l a x the p a rt If th e re

, , ,
.

is m u ch i n fl a mm a ti o n c o l d b a ths will p ro v e b e n e fici a l The

,
.

a n im a l sh o u ld be giv e n re st a n d k e pt q u i e t ; h e n c e the bo x

st a ll is p re f e ra bl e in this c a s e to the pa stu re If the l a m e n e ss

'

p e rsists a pply li n im e n t a n d p e h a ps y blist e rs

,
r fl -
.

S hou lde r la men ess the re s u lt o f a sp ra i n is o f c o mm o n o cc u r

, ,

re n c e . It is by the S h o u ld e r th a t the h o rs e d o e s his w o rk a n d ,

fo r this re a s o n the p a rt is p a rti c u l a rly e xp o s e d to i n j u ry .

It w o u ld be diffic u lt a n d n o t wo rth whil e to n a m e a ll the

fo rm s o f vi o l e n c e by whi ch the sh o u ld e r m a y be i n j u re d .

The chi e f c a u s e s a re f a lls vi o l e n t e ffo rts in st a rti n g h e a v y

,

l o a ds b a lli n g the f e e t with s n o w a n d c o llidi n g with o th e r

, ,

o bj e cts .

If n o t s e v e re ti m e a n d re st will c u re
,
Wh e n th e re is p a i n .

a n d sw e lli n g b a th e in ho t w a t e r fo r h a lf a n h o u r th re e tim e s
,

d a ily a n d a pply s o m e a st ri ng e n t l o t io n W a rm w e t bl a n k e ts
.

a re o f g re a t s e rvic e An o dyn e li n i m e n ts c a mph o r b e ll a d o n n a

.
, , ,

e ith e r in the f o rm o f ti n ct u re s o r o ils a re b e n e fici a l La s tly try

,
.
,

d u ll blist e rs .

S w e en y shou lde r is a ra pi d w a sti n g a w a y o f c e rt a i n m u scl e s

o n the o u tsid e o f the S h o u ld e r-bl a d e Whil e m e t with in h o rs e s
.

o f a n y a ge it is m o re c o m m o n in y o u n g a n i m a ls
,
If n e gl e ct e d .
,

it ru i n s the a n im a l .

Sw e e n y is c a u s e d by st ra i n i n g by s e v e re p u lli n g a n d by
, ,

j e rki n g m o v e m e n ts Idl e h o rs e s wh e n pu t to w o rk a re m o s t
.

li a bl e . The n e rv e s o r bl o o d v e ss e ls o f the a ffe c t e d p a rt s e e m

to be i n j u re d by the p re ss u re o f the c o ll a r .
 DI S E AS E S OF THE HO R SE 1 68

The t re a t m e n t is to re m o v e the c a u s e R e st the h o rs e if po s .

sibl e ; if n o t p ro c u re a p e rf e ct fitti n g co ll a r
,
R u b a n d m a n ip .

n la te the ski n a n d m u scl e La t e r a pply a m ild li n i m e n t a n d

.
,

h a n d ru b Tw o m o n ths S h o u ld be a ll o w e d fo r a c o mpl e t e c u re
. .

L igh t y blis te rs th re e w e e ks a p a rt m a y be u s e d
fl - .

S ore shou lders a n d n e ck a n d ga lls a re o f f re q u e n t o cc u rre n c e

,

a m o n g h o rs e s a n d a re du e to p o o rly fitti n g c o ll a rs a n d h a rn e ss

a s w e ll a s to c e rt a i n ki n ds o f w o rk wh e n the l o a d b o rn e by the

n e ck is g re a t .

The re m e dy is to re m o v e the c a u s e Ke e p the p a rts dry . .

Wa sh in c o ld o r ho t w a t e r d e p e n di n g o n c o n diti o n s th re e tim e s
, ,

d a ily a n d a pply whit e l o ti o n

,
If n o thi n g e ls e is a t h a n d a n d
.
,

the g a lls n o t ba d w a sh the p a rts in ho t o r c o ld s a lt w a t e r

,
.

D u st o n fi n e ly p u lv e riz e d a ir-sl a k e d lim e O xid e o f zin c o in t .

m e n t is go o d If the p a rts b e c o m e c a ll o u s e d a pply a d u ll re d

.
,

blist e r which will a bs o rb the ca llo u s It w i ll be n e c e ss a ry to

,
’

giv e the a n im a l re st whil e a pplyi n g the blist e r .

Cu rb is a thicke n i n g o r b u lgi n g o f the lig a m e n t o n the b a ck

p a rt o f the h o ck a n d j u st b e l o w the p o i n t givin g the c a n n o n
, ,

a c u rv e d p ro tru di n g o u tli n e A c u r b is e a sily n o t e d wh e n

,
.

vi e we d fro m the sid e .

The c a u s e m a y be a sp ra i n o f the t e n d o n which p a ss e s o v e r

the b a ck p a rt o f the h o ck Ho oks o f c e rt a i n c o n f o rm a ti o n s u ch
.
,

a s o v e rbe n t c o a rs e thick o r th o s e to o n a rro w a re li a bl e to

, , , ,

this a ilm e n t . The t e n d e n cy s e e ms to be h e re di ta ry (s e e dis

cu ssio n in C h a pt e r IV ) .

The t re a tm e n t fo r c u rb is to g i v e c o ld b a th o n the fi rs t
a pp e a ra n c e o f i n fl a mm a ti o n All o w the a n im a l to re st Sh o e
. .

the f o o t o f the a ffe ct e d le g with high h e e l e d sh o e This will -

.

ra is e the h e e l a n d sl a ck e n the lig a m e n t Apply o i n t m e n ts o f .

i o di n e . La t e r the a pplic a ti o n o f d u ll re d blist e r re p e a t e d in -

tw o o r th re e w e e ks m a y p ro v e b e n e fici a l In c a s e s in which .

a n im a ls h a v e a n a t u ra l c u rby h o ck a n d it d o e s n o t c a u s e l a m e

n e ss , i t is b e s t to le t it a l o n e .
 16 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

La m e n e ss du e to ca ppe d-e lbow s or sho e -bo i ls

C a pp d j i ts e o n an d
sh b o ils fi rst a pp e a r a s a s o ft fl a bby
oe - ,

ba g c o n t a i n i n g a littl e w a t e ry fl u id .

Ca pped e lbow s a re c a u s e d by the i rrit a ti o n du e to the h o rs e

-

lyi n g o n the sh o e wh e n the f o o t is b e n t b a ck u n d e r the b o dy .

The t re a tm e n t o f c a pp e d -e lb o ws is to d e vis e a m e a n s fo r it s
p re v e n ti on This is o ft e n di ffic u lt The h o rs e sh o u ld be w e ll
. .

b e dd e d If the h e e ls o f the S h o e p ro t ru d e th e y S h o u ld be
.
,

sh o rt e n e d A g o o d m e th o d o f p re v e n ti n g a h o rs e fro m lyi n g
.

o n the h e e l o f the sh o e is to f a st e n a pi e c e o f w o o d sa y tw o by ,

six i n ch e s a c ro ss the st a ll a b o u t o n e f o o t b a ck o f wh e re the

,

h o rs e u s u a lly st a n ds This p re v e n ts the a n im a l fro m d o u bli n g

.

his f o re f e e t b a ck u n d e r the b o dy wh e n lyi n g d o wn .

Ca ppe d kn ee is a n e n l a rg e m e n t o n the f ro n t o f the k n e e a n d

-

is so m e wh a t simil a to a c a pp e d e lb o w
r -
C a pp e d k n e e s m a y
.
-

p ro v e a g re a t s o u rc e o f a n n o y a n c e b e c a u s e o f the u n sightly
bl e mish th e y c o n stit u t e .

Whil e th e re m a y be m a n y c a u s e s o f c a pp e d k n e e s th e y a re -
,

m o st c o mm o n a m o n g h o rs e s a ddict e d to the h a bit o f pa w m g

whil e in the st a bl e a n d st riki n g the f ro n t o f the st a lls with th e i r
k n e e s a n d a m o n g n a t u ra lly w e a k k n e e d a n im a ls which a re su b
,
-

j e ct to f a lli n g a n d th u s b ru isi n g th e i r k n e e s o n the g ro u n d .

The t re a tm e n t is fi rst o f a ll to re m o v e the c a u s e This o f .

,

c o u rs e c a n n o t be a cc o m plish e d a m o n g a n im a ls with w e a k
,

k n e e s a n d this cl a ss is di ffic u lt to t re a t The e n l a rge m e n ts ca n

,
.

be re d u c e d in siz e by ho t b a ths a n d by ru bbi n g with li n i m e n t

'

A w a rm p o u ltic e o f o il-m e a l o r g ro u n d fla xse e d e n v e l o pi n g the

e n ti re j o i n t a n d h e ld in pl a c e by b a nd a g e s is o ft e n f o ll o w e d by

a n a bs o rpti o n o f the e n l a rg e m e n t .

Ca ppe d hock is a n e n l a rg e m e n t o f the p o i n t o f the h o ck a n d is

-

s o m e wh a t si m il a r to c a pp e d e lb o ws a n d k n e e s It is c o m m o n ly .

c a u s e d e ith e r by the h o rs e lyi n g o n the h o ck o r by i rrit a ti o n du e

to the re p e a t e d hitti n g o f the h o ck a g a i n st a w hiffle t re e o r -
1 66 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

and to cc o mplish this e n d it is n e c e ss a ry n o t o n ly to k n o w ho w

a

to c u re a il m e n ts to which th e y a re li a bl e bu t b e tt e r still ho w , , ,

to p re v e n t th e m .

I n te rferi n g This is the n a m e giv e n to the c o n diti o n wh e n

.

o n e f o o t st rik e s the o pp o sit e le g whil e t ra v e li n g The i n n e r .

s u rf a c e o f the f e tl o ck j o i n t is the p a rt m o st s u bj e ct to this i n j u ry ,

a lth o u gh it m a y h a pp e n a l o n g the c a n n o n wh e n it is u s u a lly

,

c a ll e d sp e e dy c u ts
“
The hi n d l e gs a re m o re li a bl e th a n the
.

f o re l e gs As a re s u lt o f i n t e rfe ri n g the ski n a n d d e e p e r tiss u e s

.

a re b ru is e d which o ft e n c a u s e s l a m e n e ss a n d thick e n i n g o f the

,

i n j u re d p a rts It is o ft e n c a u s e d by f a u lty c o n f o rm a tio n ; f ro m

.

the f e e t g ro wi n g to o l o n g ; f ro m d e f e ctiv e sh o e i n g ; f ro m ro u gh
o r slipp e ry ro a ds ; f ro m e xh a u sti o n ; f ro m high kn e e a cti o n ;
'

f ro m f a st w o rk ; a n d b e c a u s e the ch e st o r hips a re to o n a rro w .

The t re a tm e n t is o ft e n di ffi c u lt a n d p e rh a ps imp o ssibl e wh e n

,

du e to d e f o rmity o r f a u lty c o n f o rm a ti o n Wh e n du e to f a tig u e

.
,

f e tl o ck a n d a n kle b o o ts m a y be u s e d Pro p e r sh o e i n g will o ft e n

-
.

p re ve n t i n te rf e ri n g The o u tsid e h e e l a n d q u a rt e r o f the f o o t

.

o n the i n j u re d le g sh o u ld be l o w e re d e n o u gh to ch a n g e the p o si

ti o n o f the fe tl o ck j o i n t by b ri n gi n g it f a rth e r a wa y fro m the

,

c e n t e r th e re by p e rmitti n g the o th e r f o o t to p a ss by with o u t

,

st riki n g a t the s a m e tim e s e tti n g the sh o e th a t is c a u si n g the

,

i n j u ry we ll u n d e r the h o o f .

Aft e r re m o vi n g the c a u s e a pply c o ld w a t e r b a n d a ge to the

,

i n j u re d p a rts to re m o v e the s o re n e ss a n d swe lli n g in re c e n t

c a s e s In o ld e r c a s e s wh e n the p a rts h a v e b e c o m e c a ll o u s e d
.
,

f m l o n g c o n ti n u e d b ru isi n g a pply a fly blist e r to the p a rts

ro -
,
-
,

re p e a ti n g in th re e w e e ks if n e c e ss a ry .

Ove rre a chi n g is the c o n diti o n wh e n the sh o e o f the hi n d f o o t

st rik e s a n d i n j u re s the h e e l o r q u a rt e r o f the f o re f o o t It .

s e ld o m o cc u rs e xc e pt wh e n the h o rs e is t ra v e li n g f a st It is .

m o st c o mmo n in t ro tti n g a n d ru n n i n g h o rs e s A n im a ls .

th a t a re s u bj e ct to o v e rre a chi n g sh o u ld n o t be d rive n

f a s t with o u t q u a rt e r b o o ts It ca n s o m e tim e s be re m e di e d
.
 D I S EA S E S OF THE HOR SE 1 67

by sh o e i n g t re a t m e n t the s a m e a s fo r i n t e rf e ri n g m e n ti o n e d
,

a b o ve .

Ca lk w o u n ds Th e s e a re w o u n ds n e a r the to p o f the h o o f
.

a n d a re c a u s e d by sh a rp sh o d h o rs e s e ith e r t ra mpli n g o n th e m
-

s e lve s o r o n e a ch o th e r He a vy d ra ft h o rs e s a re m o re s u bj e ct
.

th a n light e r o n e s a n d the fo re fe e t m o re li a bl e to i n j u ry th a n
,

the hi n d o n e s th o u gh th e y o ft e n re s u lt in the hi n d f e e t f ro m the

,

h o rs e re sti n g o n e f o o t o n to p o f the o th e r The t re a t m e n t is the .

u se o f b o o ts p ro p e rly to p ro t e ct the to p o f the h o o f a n d sh o e i n g ,

the f o o t c a u si n g the i n j u ry with bl u n t c a lks Wh e n the w o u n d .

is n o t d e e p a n d s o re n e ss slight c o ld w a t e r b a n d a g e s a n d a pro
,

te ctiv e d re ssi n g s u ch a s c a rb o liz e d v a s e li n e will be a ll th a t is

, ,

n e e de d .

Corn s re s u lt f ro m b ru is e s o f the s o l e Th e y o cc u r o n the in .

sid e h a lf o f the s o l e o f the fro n t f e e t C o rn s o ft e n a cc o mp a n y .

w e a k fla t f e e t a n d o ft e n re s u lt f ro m p o o r sh o e i n g The t re a t
,
.

m e n t is to disc o v e r the c a u s e a n d if p o ssibl e re m o v e it G iv e .

the h o rs e re st Ho rs e s s u bj e ct to c o rn s sh o u ld be sh o d with
.

wid e we bb e d ba r sh o e s a s th e s e p ro t e ct the fo o t As to a c u re
-
,
.
,

the bl o o d o r pu s th a t ha s co ll e ct e d n e e ds to be re m o v e d To do .

this cu t a h o l e th ro u gh the s o l e o f the f o o t a ll o wi n g the fl u id to ,

e sc a p e .W a sh in w a rm w a t e r a n d a pply a 5 pe r c e n t s o l u ti o n
o f c a rb o lic a cid t u rp e n ti n e p u re o r whit e l o ti o n
,
Wh e n the .

disch a rg e ha s ce a s e d a pply pi n e ta r to the o p e n i n g to k e e p o u t

,

the di rt .

Pu n ctu re d w ou n ds Of the foo t The f o o t o f the h o rs e is

.

li a bl e to w o u n ds m a d e by s o m e sh a rp o bj e ct p u n ct u ri n g the s o l e
o r the f ro g a n d i n j u ri n g the s o ft tiss u e s Su ch w o u n ds m a y .

b e c o m e s e ri o u s a n d h e n c e sh o u ld re c e iv e cl o s e a tt e n ti o n Te .

t a n u s o r lo ckj a w o ft e n fo ll o ws s u ch w o u n ds in the h o rs e S u ch .

w o u n ds a re c a u s e d by n a ils sh a rp ro cks gl a ss wi re a n d the lik e

, , , ,
.

Th e y o ft e n c a u s e l a m e n e ss The t re a t m e n t is fi rst o f a ll to
.

withd ra w the o bj e ct If pu s a n d bl o o d ha s c o ll e ct e d the h o l e

.
,

mu st be e n l a rg e d to f a cilit a t e d ra i n a g e a n d the s o l e w a sh e d with

1 68 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

5 pe r c e n t So l u ti o n o f c a rb o lic a cid Wh e re th e re is m u ch s o re .

n e ss the f o o t m u st be p o u ltic e d fo r a da y o r tw o
,
K e e p the .

h o rs e in a cl e a n dry s ta bl e a s o th e rwis e di rt will ge t i n t o the

, ,

wo u n d .

Cra cke d hoofs C ra cks o cc u r in the w a ll o f the h o o f

. Th e y .

a re d e sig n a te d by th re e n a m e s d e p e n di n g o n the l o c a ti o n A .

“
q u a rt e r-c ra ck is wh e n the c ra ck b e gi n s a t the to p o f the h o o f
” “
a n d e x te n ds d o w n w a r d in the w a ll ; a s a n d-c ra ck wh e n the
” “
c ra ck b e gi n s a t the b o tt o m a n d e xt e n ds u pw a rd ; a to e c ra ck -

wh e n the c ra ck is in the fro n t o f the h o o f Th e y m a y be du e .

to s e v e re wo rk i n j u ri e s a t the to p o f the h o o f a n d to a dry

, , ,

w e a k e n ed c o n diti o n o f the w a lls o f the h oo f Wh e n the c ra cks .

e xt e n d to o r f ro m the to p o f the h o o f th e y m a y c a u s e s e v e re ,

l a m e n e ss AS the h o rs e st e ps the h o o f sp re a ds a n d the so ft

.

tiss u e s a re pi n ch e d in the c ra ck S a n d a n d gra v e l m a y ge t i n t o .

the c ra ck th u s i n c re a si n g the t ro u bl e The t re a t m e n t is to .

”
cl e a n o u t the c ra ck n e a tly If p ro u d fl e sh ha s f o rm e d sw a b
.
,

wi th b u tt e r o f a n ti m o n y W a sh with 5 pe r c e n t s o l u ti o n o f
.

c a rb o li c a cid th e n a pply pi n e ta r to k e e p o u t the di rt a n d to

,

a id in h e a li n g D ra w c ra ck t o g e th e r by sh o e i n g n a ils d riv e n
.

a c ro ss the c ra ck a n d cli n ch e d Sm a ll clips ca n be p ro c u re d

.

fo r this p u rp o s e The h o o f sh o u ld be k e p t w e ll o il e d
. .

DI S EAS E S O F T HE LE G S

S cra tche s is i n fl a m m a ti o n o f the ski n e sp e ci a lly in the

an ,
” “
re gi o n o f the h e e ls a n d by s o m e is c a ll e d
,
g re a s e h e e l This .

a ilm e n t is u s u a lly du e to m u d a n d filth The hi n d h e e ls b e i n g .

m o re e xp o s e d to the m a n u re a re m o re s u bj e ct The t re a t m e n t .

is to cl e a n the p a rts Fi rst clip the ha ir cl o s e to the ski n b a th e

“

,
.

in w a rm w a t e r th e n a pply a w a rm p o u lti ce o f sc a ld e d b ra n o r
,

li n s e e d m e a l ch a n gi n g twi c e in twe n ty fo u r h o u rs Aft e r sc a bs

,
-
.

a re re m o v e d w a sh wip e dry a n d a pply a n a n tis e pti c a s b o ri c

, ,

a cid d u sti n g i n t o the s o re s th e n c o v e r with s o m e o ily d re ssi n g

, ,

a s v a s e li n e ,
glyc e ri n e c a s to r o il o r fre sh l a rd
, ,
.
1 70 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

The h o rs e sh o u ld be fe d s o ft f o o ds s u ch a s g ru e ls a n d ,

m a sh e s .

Abn orm a l a n d di se a se d te e th The o u t e r e dge s o f the u pp e r

.
,

a n d the i n n e r e dge s o f the l o w e r b a ck t e e th m a y b e c o m e sh a rp

,

a n d cu t t he ch e e ks o r to n g u e With a g u a rd e d ra sp re m o v e
.
,

the S h a rp p o i n ts ta ki n g c a re n o t to ra sp the g ri n di n g s u rf a c e o f
,

the te e th .

De c a y e d u lc e re d split a n d b ro k e n te e th sh o u ld be re m o v e d
, , , .

This sh o u ld be d o n e with f o rc e ps Ne v e r p u n ch t e e th o u t if
.

it ca n be a v o id e d a s the t o o th is lik e ly to be b ro k e n a n d s o m e
,

o f the pi e c e s re m a i n in the j a w wh e re th e y c a n n o t be re m o v e d ,

a n d th u s c a u s e m u ch t ro u bl e O cc a si on a lly h o we v e r it will be
.
, ,

n e c e ss a ry to cu t a h o l e th ro u gh the j a w b o n e a n d p u n ch the

to o th o u t .In a ll c a s e s the o pp o sit e t o o th sh o u ld be fil e d o ff

a t l e a st o n c e a y e a r .

La m pa s is a sw e lli n g o f the m u c o u s m e mb ra n e c o v e ri n g the to p

o f the m o u th It is c a u s e d by s o m e i rrit a ti o n o f the m o u th
.
,

a n d is m o re t ro u bl e s o m e a t te e thi n g tim e a ft e r whi ch it will ,

dis a pp e a r The t re a tm e n t is to re m o v e the c a u s e wh e n po s

.

sibl e . In v e ry ba d c a s e s a fe w p ricks with a s u t u re n e e dl e ,

th e n b a thi n g the m o u th in a l u m w a t e r will p ro v e h e lpf u l ,

If .

the m o u th is p rick e d the h o rs e sh o u ld be fe d o n s o ft f o o d fo r

,

a tim e . In mild c a s e s the f e e di n g o f e a r c o rn will s u ffic e .

Bu rn i n g l a mp a s i s c ru e l a n d i n j u ri o u s a n d sh o u ld n e v e r be
to l e ra t e d.

Ailm en ts of the throa t and gu lle t

Dis e a s e s and
d e ra n g e m e n ts o f th e s e o rg a n s a re n o t c o m m o n
e xc e pt ch o ki n g the re s u l t o f the i n t ro d u cti o n o f f o re i g n b o di e s
,

o r o f givi n g s o m e i rrit a ti n g m e dici n e .

Choki n g is the cl o si n g o f the gu ll e t wi t h s o m e fo re ig n b o dy .

It o ft e n h a pp e n s wh e n the a n i m a l a tt e m pts to sw a ll o w a n
a ppl e o r tu rn ip a n d S i m il a r o bj e cts with o u t c ru shi n g th e m .

S o m e h o rs e s ch o k e f ro m f e e di n g to o ra pidly The tre a tm e n t is .

 D I S E AS E S O F THE HO R SE 1 71

to re m o v e the o bj e ct by g e tti n g it u p if p o ssibl e ; if n o t by ,

p u shi n g it d o w n If the o bj e ct is in the b e gi n n i n g o f the g u ll e t

.
,

it ca n be wo rk e d u p To do this it is n e c e ss a ry to u se a m o u th
.

h h
’

g a g in t e h o rs e s m o u th to p ro t e ct t e h a n d th e n a s s o m e o n e ,

p re ss e s u pw a r d a n d fo rw a rd o n the o bj e ct fro m the o u tsid e o f

the g u ll e t p a ss the h a n d i n t o the m o u th a n d if p o ssibl e with
, ,

d ra w the o ffe ndi n g o bj e ct It m a y re q u i re s o m e e ff o rt to w o rk

.

the o bj e ct u p in this w a y bu t it S h o u ld be d o n e if p o ssibl e

, If .

a ll a tt e m pts to w o rk the o bj e ct u p f a il th e n it sh o u ld be p u sh e d ,

d o wn with a p ro b a n g a sm o o th fl e xibl e t u b e o r ro d
,
A pi e c e
, .

o f th re e f o u rt h i n ch ru bb e r h o s e is g o o d
-
.

Ai lm e n ts of the stom a ch a n d i n te s ti n e s

Be c a u s e the
sm a ll siz e o f the h o rs e s st o m a ch it is o ft e n
of
’
,

diffic u lt to di sti n gu ish b e twe e n the dis e a s e s o f the st o m a ch a n d

i n t e sti n e s Whil e the st o m a ch a n d i n t e sti n e s o f the h o rs e a re
.

s u bj e ct to a gre a t m a n y a ilm e n ts w e sh a ll disc u ss o n ly the ,

m o re i m p o rt a n t which a re i n dig e sti o n c o li c di a rrh e a a n d co n

, , , ,

stipa tio n .

I n di ge sti o n is on e of the m o st
il m e n ts o f the dig e s
c o m mo n a

tiv e o rg a n s a m o n g h o rs e s It m a y be du e to b o th the st o m a ch
.

a n d s m a ll i n t e sti n e s f a ili n g to dig e st the f o o d p ro p e rly So m e .

o f the m o re imp o rt a n t c a u s e s a re the f e e di n g o f i n dig e stibl e f o o d ,

i m p ro p e r f e e di n g ba d t e e th whi ch p re v e n t p ro p e r m a stic a ti o n
, ,

o f fo o d ,
h a rd w o rk i m m e di a t e ly a ft e r fe e di n g a n d a n y c a u s e ,

th a t p ro fo u n dly di st u rbs the syst e m It m a y o cc u r in e ith e r .

mild o r a c u t e f o rm If the a tt a ck is m ild the a ni m a l re fu s e s

.
,

his fo o d li e s d o wn a n d i m m e di a t e ly a ft e r g e ts u p l o o ks t o w a rd
, , ,

the fl a n ks a n d f re q u e n tly p a ws the g ro u n d

,
In s u ch c a s e s the .

t re a tm e n t is n o t di ffic u lt G iv e the st o m a ch a n d i n t e sti n e s a

.
°

fe w d a ys re st in whi ch to re c u p e ra t e f e e di n g o n ly a light l a x a
’
,

tiv e di e t s u ch a s b ra n m a sh e s a n d fre sh g ra ss Dre n ch the

, .

h o rs e with tw o o u n c e s o f J a m a ic a gi n g e r diss o lv e d in a pi n t o f ,

fa i rly ho t w a t e r th re e tim e s d a ily In a c u t e i n dig e sti o n the

,
.
1 72 M A N U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

an im a l s u ffe rs m u ch p a i n The sy m pt o m s a re m u ch the s a m e

. .

The a n i m a l lyi n g d o w n f re q u e ntly p a ws the g ro u n d l o o ks

, , ,

t o wa rds the fl a n ks st a n ds st re tch e d o u t a n d sh o ws e vid e n c e

, ,

o f the p a i n he is s u ff e ri n g T re a t m u ch the s a m e a s fo r mil d

.

i n dig e sti o n bu t re p e a t the J a m a i c a gi n g e r d re n ch e v e ry th re e

,

h o u rs If th e re is m u ch p a i n a n o u n c e o f l a u d a n u m m a y be
.
,

giv e n th re e tim e s d a ily .

FIG 63 — AN AMER I C A N T R O TT I N G BRE D C A RR I AG E HO R S E P O SS E S S ING GO O D

TY L IS H AC TI O N
. .

F O RM AN D S .

Co li c .
— This t e rm is ft e n l o o s e ly a ppli e d to a lm o s t a n y
o

a il m e n t o f the dig e s tiv e o rg a n s th a t i s a cc o m p a n i e d by p a i n

‘

Fo r o u r p u rp o s e w e sh a ll c o n sid e r i t u n d e r tw o f o rm s : sp a s
m o dic o r c ra m p c o lic a n d fl a tu le n t o r wi n d c o li c
,
.

Sp a sm o di c c o lic is a V i o l e n t a n d p a i n fu l c o n tra cti o n o f the

c o a ts o f the i n t e sti n e s It is c a u s e d by s o m e i rrit a n t in the
.

i n t e sti n e s s u ch a s u n dig e st e d fo o d l a rg e a m o u n ts o f c o ld w a t e r
, ,

wh e n the h o rs e is ti re d a n d w a rm s u dd e n ch a n g e s in the fo o d
, ,

s u ch a s ch a n gi n g fro m dry to gre e n fo o d a n d si m il a r ch a n ge s ,

.

The p a i n is s e v e re a n d o ft e n c o m e s o n s u dd e n ly The h o rs e .
 17 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

p re disp o s e d to di a rrh e a e sp e ci a lly wh e n d riv e n o n the ro a d

, .

S i n c e di a rrh e a i s c a u s e d by a n i rrit a n t the t re a tm e n t is fi rst ,

to l o c a te the c a u s e a n d re m o v e it T he dis ch a rg e m u st n o t be .

ch e ck e d to o s u dd e n ly A h a lf t e a c u pf u l o f ca st o r o il c o m bi n e d
.
,

with a n o un c e o f l a u d a n u m a n d giv e n a s a dre n ch with a littl e

li n s e e d g ru e l is e xc e ll e n t O a k b a rk te a m a d e by st e e pi n g the
,
.
-
,

i n n e r b a rk o f whit e o a k is g o o d fo r p e rsist e n t c a s e s A t e a cu p
,
.

fu l o f this te a c o m bi n e d with a n o u n c e o f l a u d a n u m sh o u ld be
giv e n a s a dre n ch twi c e d a ily Ho rs e s th a t a re s u bj e ct to .

di a rrh e a whil e o n the ro a d sh o u ld be w a t e re d a n d fe d a s l o n g

a s p o ssi bl e b e f o re pu t to w o rk W a t e r sp a ri n gly imm e di a t e ly
.

b e fo re a n d d u ri n g the driv e .

Con stipa ti on is the o pp o sit e to di a rrh e a The di sch a rg e is .

n o t fre q u e n t the m a tt e r h a rd a n d dry a n d o ft e n p a ss e d with

,

mu ch e ffo rt The c a u s e s a re ra th e r n u m e ro u s a n d v a ri e d
. .

C o n stip a ti o n m a y be du e to ba d f o o d l a ck o f e x e rcis e in su ffi , ,

ci e n t w a t e r i m p ro p e r f e e di n g a n d is o ft e n du e to o th e r dis
, ,

e a se s. The t re a t m e n t is to re a ch the c a u s e a n d re m o v e it ,

th e n fe e d l a x a tiv e fo o ds s u ch a s thi n b ra n m a sh e s li n s e e d
, ,

g ru e ls a n d if p o ssibl e g re e n g ra ss In j e cti o n s o f w a rm w a t e r
, ,
.

a n d glyc e ri n e a re g o o d to e m pty the b o w e ls If the a il m e n t .

p e rsists give sm a ll d o s e s o f ca st o r o il o r ra w li n s e e d o il sa y
, ,

o n e pi n t a n d if this is n o t e ff e ctiv e re p e a t
,
Thi s is m o re s a tis ,
.

f a ct o ry th a n o n e l a rg e d o s e .

DI S E AS E S OF T HE R ES PI R ATO R Y O R G ANS

The st a bl e is the s o u rc e o f m a n y re spi ra t o ry a il m e n ts Po o rly .

v e n til a t e d p o o rly light e d p o o rly dr a i n e d a n d p o o rly k e pt

, , ,

st a bl e s a re p e rh a ps the s o u rce o f mo re a il m e n ts a m o n g h o rs e s
th a n a ll o th e r a g e n ts c o mbi n e d Pu re a ir light d ryn e ss a n d .
, , ,

cl e a n li n e ss a re e ss e n ti a ls to the h o rs e s w e ll b e i n g Th e s e ca n ’
.

be p ro c u re d with s m a ll c o st a n d sho u ld n o t be n e gl e ct e d in t he
a rra n g e m e n t o f a st a bl e in whi ch to c a re fo r t he h o rs e .

Ca ta rrh is a n i n fl a mm a ti o n o f the m u c ou s m e mb ra n e o f the

 D I S E AS E S OF THE HO R SE 1 75

no st rils a n d n a s a l c h a m b e r Th e r.e a r e t w o w e ll -r
e c o gn i z e d

f o rm s ; the a cu t e a n d the ch ro n ic C a t a rrh is o ft e n a ss o ci a t e d

.

with dist e m p e r Ac u t e ca t a rrh c o m e s o n ra th e r s u dd e n ly

. .

The a n i m a l a pp e a rs d u ll Th e re is o ft e n a chill in the e a rly

.

st a g e s f o ll o we d l a t e r by f e v e r The m e mb ra n e is dry a n d
,
.

ra th e r re d . So o n a w a t e ry d is ch a rg e fl o ws f ro m the n o st rils ,

the e y e s m a y be a ffe ct e d a n d t e a rs fl o w d o wn the ch e e ks .

T eh disch a rg e f r o m t h e n o st r ils b e c o m e s thi c k e r a n d p u s -lik e .

The b o w e ls a re o ft e n co n stip a t e d The ca u s e is e xp o s u re to

.

c o ld a n d w e t The t re a t m e n t is to giv e re st p ro vid e c o m f o rt

.
,

a bl e q u a rt e rs bl a n k e t the a n i m a l a n d f e e d l a x a tiv e e a sily

, , ,

dig e st e d f o o d s u ch a s b ra n m a sh e s li n s e e d g ru e l a n d g ra ss if
, , , ,
’
in s e a s o n . A fe w d a ys q u i e t re st with p u re a ir a n d g o o d fo o d
, ,

wi ll be o f gre a t e r b e n e fit th a n m o st m e di ca ti o n G iv e a ta bl e .

sp o o n f u l o f s a ltp e t e r in the dri n ki n g w a t e r o n c e da ilv O f te n .

m u ch b e n e fit ca n be d e riv e d f ro m the i n h a l a ti o n o f st e a m .

To do this th ro w a bl a n k e t o v e r the h o rs e s h e a d pl a c e u n d e r this

’
,

a p a il o f b o ili n g w a t e r c o n t a i n i n g a t a bl e sp o o n f u l o f c a rb o lic a cid .

C h ro n i c c a t a rrh c o m e s sl o wly ; in f a ct is u s u a lly du e to s o m e

o th e r dis e a s e s u ch a s a c o ld th o u gh th e re a re o th e r c a u s e s
,
.

The a n im a l a pp e a rs m u ch the s a m e a s in a c u t e c a t a rrh the ,

disch a rg e b e i n g thick e r o ft e n y e ll o wish to whit e It m a y be

,
.

disch a rg e d in l u mps In s o m e c a s e s it cl o gs a n d the f a c e m a y

.
,

b u lg e f ro m the p re ss u re o f the pu s i n sid e O cc a si o n a lly the.

p a rts b e c o m e dis e a s e d a n d the pu s c u ts thro u gh a n d is dis

ch a rg e d to the o u tsid e S o m e tim e s th e re is a c o u gh
. The .

t re a tm e n t so fa r a s re st a n d fo o d is c o n c e rn e d is the s a m e a s
in a c u t e c a s e s G ive the h o rs e a t o n ic
. St e a m the h e a d. .

Aft e r st e a mi n g sp ra y the n o st rils o n c e d a ily with the fo ll o wi n g

tw o d ra ms o f b o ric a cid diss o lv e d in o n e q u a rt o f w a rm w a t e r .

O c ca si o n a lly the pu s c o ll e cts in o n e o f the c a viti e s a n d it is n e ce s ,

s a ry to cu t o p e n a n d w a sh o u t the c a vity The b o ric a cid s o l u .

ti on m a k e s a g o o d w a sh fo r this p u rp o s e This m a y g re a tly

.

h a st e n the c u re .
1 76 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

He a ve s broke n w i n d, a sthm a — M a n y l o o s e ly a pply the te rm

h e a v e s to a ll a il m e n ts wh e re the b re a t hi n g is diffic u lt a n d
n o isy . Whil e the v e t e ri n a ri a n s d e fi n e th e s e a il m e n ts a s if w e ll
u n d e rst o o d y e t th e y s e e m t o be u n a bl e to do m u ch fo r s u ch
,

dis e a s e s . He a v e s is o ft e n a ss o ci a t e d with i n dig e sti o n o r to a n ,

e rro r in the c h o ic e o f f o o d O ve rfe e din g e sp e ci ally with d u sty

.
,

o r m o ldy ha y is a c o mm o n c a u s e
, S e v e re w o rk i m m e di a t e ly
.

a ft e r f e e di n g m a y b ri n g o n the a ilm e n t Ag a i n the t e n d e n cy .

to the dis e a s e s e e ms to be h e re dit a ry h e n c e a n im a ls th u s dis ,

p o s e d sh o u ld n o t be u s e d in b re e di n g He a v e s is re a dily re c .

o gn iz e d by the d e e p m o ist g ru n ti n g c o u gh ; by the p e c u li a r

, ,

m o v e m e n t o f the fl a n k d u ri n g e xpi ra ti o n a n d by the dil a t e d

n o st rils which fre q u e n tly disch a rg e a thick m u c u s Th e s e .

a re m o re n o tic e a bl e imm e di a t e ly a ft e r f e e di n g o r w a t e ri n g .

He a v y h o rs e s a re v e ry com m o n
”
.

Wh e n the dis e a s e is e st a blish e d th e re is n o c u re Pro p e r

, .

a tt e n ti o n sh o u ld be p a id to the q u a rt e rs a n d di e t Pro vid e .

light dry cl e a n a n d w e ll v e n til a t e d q u a rt e rs Fe e d e a sily

, , ,
-
.

dig e st e d n u t riti o u s a n d n o t b u lky f o o d M o ist e n the ha y

, , .

a n d do n o t f e e d to o m u ch M o l a ss e s a s we ll a s c a rro ts p o t a
.
,

t o e s o r t u rn ips ch o pp e d a n d mix e d with o a ts a n d c o rn a re a

, ,

g o o d di e t Fo r m e dici n e giv e a rs e n ic in the f o rm o f Fo wl e r s

.
,
’

s o l u ti o n a t fi rst tw o t e a sp o o n f u ls in the fo o d o r w a t e r th re e
,

ti m e s d a ily gra d u a lly i n c re a si n g to a t a bl e sp o o n fu l th re e tim e s

,

d a ily a n d c o n ti n u i n g fo r o n e m o n th .

R oa ri n g w hi stli n g thi ck w i n d
, ,
Th e s e a re du e to a n o bst ru o
.

ti o n in s o m e p a rt o f the re spi ra t o ry t ra ct which p re v e n ts the

fre e p a ss a g e o f a ir The c a u s e s a re n u m e ro u s a n d n o t w e ll
.

u n d e rst o o d It o ft e n f o ll o ws dist e m p e r o r i n j u ry to the th ro a t

. .

The t e n d e n cy is h e re dit a ry S o m e a n im a ls s e e m m o re dis

.

p o s e d th a n o th e rs e sp e ci a lly th o s e with l o n g sl e n d e r n e cks

,
.

Wh e n the dis e a s e is e st a blish e d th e re is littl e th a t ca n be d o n e ,

by w a y o f t re a t m e n t In ce rt a i n fo rms o f the a ilm e n t ligh t

.
,

blist e ri n g o ve r the l a ryn x will giv e re li e f .

1 78 M AN U AL O F F A R M A N I M AL S

shippi n g f e v e r is p e cu li a r to the h o rs e m u l e a n d a ss a n d it
, , , ,

is c o mm o n It a pp e a rs a s a f e v e r l a sti n g a fe w d a ys with
.
,

f o rm a ti o n o f m a tt e r o r pu s in the a ir ti ibe s a n d o ft e n the fo r

, ,

m a ti o n o f a bsc e ss e s in o th e r p a rts o f the b o dy It u s u a lly l e a ve s .

the h o rs e p e rfe ctly h e a lthy bu t m a y l e a v e it a ro a re r

,
The .

dis e a s e is i n f e cti o u s a n d p a ss e s fro m o n e a n i m a l to a n o th e r ,

a n d fe w a re the a n i m a ls th a t e sc a p e it O rdi n a ry light c a s e s .

re q u i re bu t littl e t re a tm e n t b e y o n d p ro p e r p ro t e cti o n a n d f e e d

in g n u t riti o u s e a sily dig e st e d f o o d s u ch a s b ra n m a sh e s

, , Th e y .

m u st h a v e p ro t e cti o n fro m e xp o s u re to c o ld a n d d a m p o r the

dis e a se will be c o m plic a t e d with b ro n chitis o r si m il a r a ilm e n ts .

If the ca se be co m e s s e ri o u s m o re c a re is re q u i re d
.
,
To re d u c e .

the t e m p e ra t u re the s a f e st a n d simpl e st pl a n is to i n j e ct l a rg e

q u a n titi e s o f c o ld w a t e r i n t o the re ct u m ; o r giv e a t a bl e
sp o o n fu l o f n it ra t e o f p o t a ssiu m a s a d re n ch o r in the d ri n ki n g
,

w a t e r o n c e d a ily To e a s e the c o u gh a n d a ll a y the i n fl a mm a ti o n

.

o f the m u c o u s m e m b ra n e pl a c e a bl a n k e t o ve r the h e a d a n d
, ,

st e a m with the v a p o r o f w a rm w a t e r p o u re d o v e r a b u ck e t o f
b ra n a n d ha y in which b e ll a d o n n a l e a v e s o r ta r h a ve b e e n
pl a c e d a s in ca t a rrh If the b o w e ls a re c o n stip a t e d g i v e l n
,
.
,

j e ct io n s o f w a rm w a t e r a n d glyc e ri n e P hysic sh o u ld n o t b.e

giv e n . If a n a b sc e ss fo rm s p o u ltic e with w a rm li n s e e d ch a n g

, ,

in g d a ily o p e n a n d w a sh w ith 3 pe r c e n t s o l u ti o n o f c a rb o lic

,

a cid .

I nflu e n za s o m e tim e s c a ll e d pi n k -e y e bili o u s f e v e r g ripp e

, , , ,

a n d v a ri o u s o th e r n a m e s is a ls o p e c u li a r to the h o rs e m u l e a n d
, , ,

a ss. It u s u a lly a pp e a rs a s a f e v e r ; the a n i m a l Se e m s g re a tly

d e p re ss e d the m u c ou s m e m b ra n e s o f the e y e s a re v e ry fre
,

q u e n tly e n l a rg e d a n d i n fl a m e d givi ng ris e to the n a m e pi n k e y e

,
-
.

O n e a tt a ck u s u a lly p ro t e cts the a n i m a l f ro m f u t u re o n e s o f the

s a m e dis e a s e bu t n o t a lwa ys The dis e a s e is i n f e cti o u s a n d
,
.

c o n t a gi o u s p a ssi n g f ro m o n e a n i m a l to a n o th e r The t re a t
,
.

m e n t is to giv e re st p ro vid e c o m f o rt a bl e q u a rt e rs a n d f e e d
, ,

e a sily dig e s t e d a n d n u t ri t i o u s f o o ds s u ch a s b ra n m a sh ro o ts, , ,

 D I S E AS E S O F THE H O R S E 1 79

a ppl e s g o o d o a ts a n d g ra ss in s e a s o n
, ,
The a n i m a l m u st h a v e
.

p ro t e cti o n a n d w a rm th o r c o m plic a ti o n s wi ll d e v e l o p If the .

c o u gh is t ro u bl e s o m e st e a m the h e a d a s s u gg e st e d fo r dist e mp e r
, ,

u si n g a pi e ce o f c a m ph o r a b o u t the siz e o f a w a l n u t in a p a il

o f b o ili n g w a t e r a n d h o ld t he a n i m a l s h e a d o v e r it fo r fift e e n
’

mi n u t e s a t a ti m e a t l e a st th re e ti m e s d a ily To re d u c e the .

t e m p e ra t u re i n j e ct c o ld w a t e r a s s u gge st e d fo r di st e m p e r o r
, ,

giv e a t a bl e sp o o n fu l o f n it ra t e o f p o t a sh a s a d re n ch o r in the
,

d ri n kin g w a t e r o n c e d a ily If the th ro a t is s o re ru b o n a littl e

.
,

m u st a rd o n c e a da y fo r a fe w d a ys C a re m u st be t a k e n to
.

a v o id c o mplic a ti o n s .

FIG 6 4— HA CK NE Y M A RE K TTY I G REY IN AC T IO N Ow n ed by C W

W
. . . . .

a tso n .

Azotu ri a is a f o rm o f p o is o n i n g re s u lti n g fro m high f e e di n g

“
a n d l a ck o f e x e rcis e It is o ft e n c a ll e d bl o o dy w a t e r b e c a u s e
.

o f the d e n s e re ddish o r b ro wn ish u ri n e Az o t u ri a o cc u rs o n ly

.

a m o n g h o rs e s th a t a re in g o o d fl e sh wh e n th e y a re e x e rcis e d
,

a ft e r st a n di n g in the st a bl e fo r a fe w d a ys It o ft e n c o m e s o n
.

q u i ckly a tt a c ki n g the a n im a l a ft e r t ra v e li n g o n ly a sh o rt dis

,

t a n ce The h o rs e b e c o m e s sti ff p a rtic u l a rly in the hi n d p a rt

.
, ,

a n d in s e v e re c a s e s sw e a t s p ro f u s e ly , the m u s cl e s t re m bl e
'

,
h is
1 80 M AN U AL OF F AR M ANI M AL S

hi n d p a rts di ffic u lt to c o n t ro l a n d he g o e s d o wn a n d is o fte n

,

u n a bl e t o ris e a g a i n This a ilmen t v a ri e s m u ch in s e v e rity ;

.

in s o m e c a s e s the a n i m a l g o e s l a m e a n d if st o pp e d a n d bl a n k e t e d ,

the dis e a s e p a ss e s a w a y ; in o th e r c a s e s the a n i m a l g o e s d o wn

a n d di e s in a fe w mi n u te s The tre a tm e n t in m ild c a s e s is a
.

lax a t iv e a n d g ra d u a t e d d a ily e x e r cis e

,
S u dd e n a tt a cks will
.

s o m e tim e s p ro m ptly s u bsid e if ta k e n o n the i n st a n t a n d the

s u bj e ct k e pt still a n d c a lm e d by a d o s e o f b ro m id e o f p o t a ssi u m
in h a lf o u n c e d o s e a n d swe e t spi rits o f n it e r in o u n c e d o s e If .

the a n im a l d o e s n o t c a lm the b ro mid e m a y be re p e a t e d in fi v e

,

h o u rs a n d the n it e r twi c e d a ily Bl a n k e ts wru n g fro m w a rm

.

w a t e r a n d pl a c e d o v e r the l o i n s a re a ls o g o o d to q u i e t the
a n im a l . Aft e r the a n im a l ha s c a l m e d i o did e o f p o t a ssi u m in
,

d ra m d o s e s m a y be giv e n th re e tim e s d a ily in pl a c e o f the

b ro mid e The h o rs e sh o u ld be giv e n a ll the w a t e r he w a n ts
.
,

a n d if u n a bl e to st a n d m u s t h a v e a t hick s o ft be d a n d sh o u ld
, ,

be tu rn e d f ro m sid e to sid e a t l e a s t e ve ry twe lv e h o u rs It is .

o ft e n n e c e ss a ry to d ra w the u ri n e with a c a th e t e r .

F ou l shea th G e ldi n gs a re o cc a si o n a lly t ro u bl e d by a n

.

a cc u m u l a ti o n o f the m a t e ri a l f ro m the gl a n ds o f the sh e a th

which o ft e n hi n d e rs the fre e p a ss a g e o f u ri n e The sh e a th .

m a y b e c o m e st o pp e d u p a n d the re t a i n e d u ri n e i n c re a s e the
tro u bl e . In s u ch c a s e s the sh e a th sh o u ld be w e ll cl e a n e d a n d ,

t h e n gre a s e d with fre sh l a rd o r v a s e li n e .

Di sea ses of the e ye The v a l u e o f s o u n d e y e s a m o n g h o rs e s

.

c a n n o t be o v e re sti m a t e d Whil e th e re a re m a n y dis e a s e s a n d

.

i n j u ri e s to which the e y e is s u bj e ct w e sh a ll c o n sid e r o n ly the

,
“
th re e c o m m o n a ilm e n ts : si m pl e i n fl a mm a ti o n m o o n bli n d ,
” ”
S impl e i nfla mm a ti o n is u s u a lly du e
“
n e ss , and pi n k-e y e .

to a n i n j u ry o r to s o m e f o re ig n b o di e s in the e y e s u ch a s ha y
, ,

s e e d ch a ff Ci n d e rs s a n d a n d the like
, , , , S t ro n g light i rrit a te s
.

the e y e The e y e b e c o m e s re d a n d i n fl a m e d the e y e lids

.
,

swo ll e n a n d the t e a rs a re disch a rg e d fre e ly The t re a t m e n t is

, .

to l o c a t e the c a u s e a n d re m o v e it S u ch b o di e s a s ha y s e e d
.
PAR T T\V O CATTLE
1 86 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

The da i ry type .
—
Wh e n w e re fl e ct u p o n the p u rp o s e fo r
which d a i ry c o ws a re k e pt the typ e b e c o m e s a pp a re n t Th e y ,
.

a re u s e f u l fo r the m ilk th e y ca n

s e c re t e a n d n o t fo r the fl e sh o f ,

th e i r b o di e s ; a n d a s the f o o d
sh o u ld go to p ro d u c e milk a n d
n o t fa t th e re f o re the b o dy will ,

be sp a re a n d n o t fl e shy The .

s e c re ti o n o f m ilk t a k e s pl a c e in
the u dd e r a n d a lli e d o rg a n s ;
th e re fo re the re a r d e v e l o pm e n t ,

F I G - 6 5 — JE R S EY C O W T O RM E NT will be l a rge Fu rth e rm o re w e

LA S S by H d c a n n o t h a v e l a rge p ro d u ct i o n ,
.

’ ”
OR s O ed w n oo

D a i y typ
.

F a m Lo e ll M a s
r , w , s . r e .

with o u t a l a rg e f a ct o ry ; th u s a
l a rg e s e c re ti o n o f m ilk c a lls fo r a l a rg e dig e stive t ra ct whi c h ,

a dds to t he re a r d e v e l o p m e n t (Fig .

In g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e the f o rm o f the d a i ry co w re s e m bl e s
,

th a t o f a t ripl e -w e dg e Vi e w e d f ro m the sid e she sh o ws g re a t e r

.
,

d e pth o f b o dy b e hi n d th a n in f ro n t Vi e we d fro m the re a r a n d .

to p she g ra d u a lly wi d e n s fro m

,

the ch e st to the hips Vi e we d .

fro m the fro n t a n d to p s he ,

g ra d u a lly wi de n s f ro m the
w ith e rs b a ckw a r d a n d d o wn

w a rd to the a bd o m e n Whil e .

this is the d e si re d f o rm a n d
m a n y s u p e ri o r c o ws p o ss e ss it ,

yet e xc e pti o n s o cc u r an d ,

m a n y hea v y m i lk e rs a re n O t F I G : 6 6 — A G U S T EER
N S G a d ch a m r n

pi o a t the I te a ti o l Liv e Sto ck

. .

a s so ma te d with this f o rm
.

,
n n rn na

Exp O S itio n 1 9 09 Be e f ty p e
Fl e shi n e ss h o w e v e r is dis
' ’
’

tin ctly o bj e cti o n a bl e in the m ilki n g co w .

The be ef type In the b e e f typ e the f o o d g o e s to the pro

.
,

d u cti o n o f fl e sh ; h e n c e a t e n d e n cy to f a t t e n is d e si re d The .
 C HO O S I N G A CO W 1 87

q u a lity of the
fl e sh in di ffe re n t p a rts o f the b o dy v a ri e s wid e ly .

In the m e a t m a rk e t fl e sh fo rm i n g c e rt a i n p a rts o f the b o dy is

-
,

wo rth m a n y ti m e s th a t fro m o th e r p a rts We d e m a n d th e re .

fo re in the b e e f typ e n o t o n ly a n a n i m a l with a t e n d e n cy to

t a k e o n fa t bu t this t e n d e n cy m u st be a cc e l e ra t e d in the
,

re gi o n o f t he v a l u a bl e c u ts .

In g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e the f o rm o f the b e e f typ e re s e m bl e s

,

th a t o f a b ri ck se t o n e dg e Vi e w e d f ro m the sid e the t o p a n d

.
,

b o tt o m li n e s a re p a ra ll e l Th e re is n o w e dg e sh a p e ; the a n i
.

m a l is a s d e e p in f ro n t a s b e hi n d Vi e w e d fro m the re a r a n d .

to p the with e rs a n d ch e st p re s e n t a n a pp e a ra n c e a l m o st a s
,

wid e a s the hip a n d ru m p The a n im a l is c o m p a ct a n d b ro a d

.

o f b a ck f ro m sh o u ld e rs to hips C a ttl e o f the b e e f typ e a re .

o ft e n re f e rre d to a s bl o cky ”
i n d ic a ti n g co m p a ct n e ss a n d
“
,

sq u a re n e ss o f fo rm (Fig .

HO W TO E S TI M ATE T HE AG E O F A CO W

The a ge o f a co w is a v e ry i m p o rt a n t f a ct o r in d e t e rm i n i n g he r
p re s e n t a n d p ro sp e ctiv e v a l u e F a m ili a rity with the ch a ra ct e rs
.

th a t i n di ca t e a ge th e re fo re a re o ft e n e xt re m e ly u s e f u l As in
, ,
.

the c a s e o f the h o rs e a k n o wl e dg e o f th e s e ch a ra ct e rs is n o t
,

di ffi cu lt to s e c u re bu t skill in th e i r a pplic a ti o n d e p e n ds m u ch
,

o n c o n ti n u e d p ra ctic e .

Ge n e ra l co n si de ra ti o n In e stim a ti n g the a ge o f a co w
.
,

the o rd e r o f the a pp e a ra n c e o f the p e rm a n e n t t e e th f u rn ish e s

the b e st i n d e x e sp e ci a lly f ro m tw o to fi v e y e a rs o f a ge
,
Th e re .

a re,
h o we v e r o th e r g e n e ra l co n sid e ra ti o n s th a t a id in e stim a t
,

in g a ge e sp e ci a lly in the c a s e o f y o u n g a n d v e ry o ld a n i m a ls
,
.

Siz e is the p ri n cip a l f a ct o r in d e t e rm i n i n g the a ge u p to a y e a r

a n d o n e h a lf
-
In o ld a n i m a ls the to p o f the h e a d b e co m e s
.

m o re p ro m i n e n t the sid e s o f the f a c e m o re d e p re ss e d a n d the

, ,

h o ll o ws a b o v e the e y e s d e e p e r With a ge the b a ckb o n e be .

c o m e s m o re p ro m i n e n t a n d o ft e n st ro n gly cu rv e d d o wn w a rd .

Exa m i n a ti o n Of the te e th Whil e the o rd e r o f the a pp e a ra n ce

.
 88 M AN U AL O F F AR M A N I M AL S

of the p e rm a n e n t t e e th a n d th e i r m e th o d o f we a ri n g a re con
side re d the m o st a cc u ra t e m e a n s o f e sti m a ti n g a ge a m o n g c a ttl e ,

y e t th e y a r e n o t a bs o l u t e ly a cc u ra t e

n o r a re th e y a s d e p e n d a bl e a s in

the h o rs e T e e th in c a ttl e v a ry in .

m u ch the s a m e m a n n e r a s in the
h o rs e S e e p a g e 8 fo r v a ri a ti o n in .

te e th a m o n g h o rs e s .

As in the h o rs e th e re a re tw o ,

s e ts o f t e e th — fi rst the t e m p o ra ry , ,

o r m ilk t e e th a n d l a t e r the p e rm a ,

n e n t t e e th T he l a tt e r di ffe r f ro m .

the f o rm e r in th e i r g re a te r siz e .

This re pl a c e m e n t o f the t e m p o ra ry
by the p e rm a n e n t is m a d e n e ce s
s a ry by the i n c re a s e d siz e o f the
j a w a s t h e a n i m a l g ro ws o ld e r .

The c a lf is o ft e n b o rn with the

c e n t ra l p a i r o f m ilk t e e th a n d the ,

re m a i n i n g p a i rs a pp e a r withi n the

Fm 6 7 — Co w s T EE T H AR fi r st m o n th a ft e r bi rth T h e c a lf
’
.

R AN G ED A CC O R D I N G T O AG E is p ro vid e d with fo u r p a i rs o f in
. .

Lo e st ow ep t r 15 w r re s e n s a

m o th n o ld sm o th
’
s co n d
e i so r t e e th
u
Th e re
e
a re i n c i s o rs .

1 8 m o ths t hi d o
,

in the l o w e r j a w o n ly the u pp e r
’
row 27 n ,
r r w
,
m o th s fo u th
’
n o 36 r r w

fi fth o 45 m o ths b ci n g p ro v i d e ( 1 W Ith a ca r 1 a gi n o u s

0
,

m o th
, ’
n s r w n

p ts pa d
’ ,

and t he t o p ow r re re se n .

$AfI Acz
1d
223
f te w y e a
f
e F °
Wh en the a n i m a l is a ppro xi
V l

m a t e ly e ight e e n m o n ths o f a ge ,

the middl e p a i r o f milk t e e th is re pl a c e d by p e rm a n e n t o n e s ,

which a re f u lly twic e a s b ro a d a s the milk t e e th h e n c e e a sily ,

re c o g n iz e d (Fig The i n t e rv a l s b e tw e e n the a pp e a ra n c e o f

.

the s u cc e e di n g p a i rs v a ri e s m u ch a cc o rdi n g to the c o n diti o n s ,

bu t ca n be st a t e d a s a pp ro xi m a t e ly n i n e m o n ths p e rh a ps m o re ,

ra th e r th a n l e ss In g e n e ra l the a ge o f the a n im a l a t the ti m e

.
1 90 M AN UA L O F F AR M A N I M A L S

a re c o rd o f the q u a n tity o f m ilk the p e r c e n t a g e o f fa t a n d the

, ,

a pp ro xi m a t e f o o d c o n s u m e d the v a l u e o f a co w fo r d a i ry pu r
,

p o s e s m a y be d e t e rm i n e d v e ry a c c u ra t e ly If in a dditi o n to he r
.

o w n re c o rd ,
w e h a v e a re c o rd o f the p e rf o rm a n c e o f b o th he r
’
da m a n d he r si re s d a u ght e rs w e ca n sp e c u l a t e with s o m e
,

d e g re e o f c e rt a i n ty he r p ro sp e ctiv e p ro d u cti o n a s w e ll a s th a t ,
’
o f he r d a u ght e rs a n d he r s o n s ge t S u ch re c o rds h o w e v e r
.
, ,

a re s e ld o m a v a il a bl e a n d in th e i r a bs e n c e w e e sti m a t e the pro

,

d u cti o n by th o s e sign s th a t m o st c e rt a i n ly i n di c a t e it Whil e .

th e s e sig n s a re n o t a lw a ys t ru e i n di c a ti o n s o f high p ro d u cti o n ,

y e t in t he a bs e n c e o f m o r e a c c u r a t e i n f o rm a ti o n th e y a re t he

b e st w e ca n do .

As in the cho o sm g o f a h o rs e it is e ss e n ti a l th a t w e e x a m i n e
,

the a n i m a l in syst e m a ti c o rd e r o th e rwis e s o m e v e ry v a l u a bl e

,

ch a ra ct e r m a y go u n o bs e rv e d Pe rh a ps the m o st c o n v e n i e n t
.

a n d si m pl e st m e th o d is to n o t e the g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e o f t he

a n i m a l fi rst th a t is the f o rm
, , o r sh a p e w e ight q u a lity a n d
, , ,

c o n stit u ti o n a n d if th e s e a re s a tisf a ct o ry th e n m a k e a m o re
, ,

d e t a il e d e x a m i n a ti o n st u dyi n g e a ch ch a ra ct e r i n re l a ti o n to
,

milk p ro d u cti o n .

Ge n e ra l cha ra cte ri s ti cs i n da i ry cow s

By f lly o bs e rvi n g the g en e ra l a pp e a ra n c e o f the d a i ry

c a re u

co w ,
o n e ca n g a i n a f a i r k n o wl e dg e o f he r d e si ra bility Ve ry .

o ft e n the g e n e ra l f e a t u re s a re n o t giv e n m u ch c o n sid e ra ti o n

a n d w e p a ss to a d e t a il e d e x a m i n a ti o n with the re s u lt th a t
,

m a n y v e ry i m p o rt a n t ch a ra c t e risti cs go u n co n sid e re d So me .

p e rs o n s h a ve s u ch a n a c c u ra t e ey e fo r a pp e a ra n c e s th a t
th e y a re a bl e to j u dg e a co w v e ry s u re ly by a g e n e ra l l o o k ;
bu t fo r m o st p e o pl e this m e th o d i s u n s a f e .

F o rm .
— The g e n e ra l f o rm sh o u ld be c o n sid e re d f ro m tw o
p o i n ts o f vi e w : Fi rst with re sp e ct to a n g u l a rity ; s e co n d
, ,

f re e d o m f ro m be e fi n e ss It will a id u s to g a i n a cl e a re r u n d e r
.
 C HO O S I N G A ‘
CO W 1 91

st a n di n g o f the f o rm a m o n g d a i ry co ws if w e will re m e mb e r
th a t th e re is e xt ra h e a vy d e m a n d m a d e u p o n f o u r syst e m s .

Th e s e a re the m ilk s e cre ti n g syst e m the dig e stiv e syst e m the

-
, ,

ci rc u l a t o ry syst e m a n d the n e rv o u s syst e m

,
It is b e c a u s e o f .

the e xt re m e a ctivity o f th e s e c e n t e rs th a t the d a i ry co w is in

clin e d t o w a rds a giv e n f o rm The milk s e c re ti n g o rg a n s a n d
.
-

the dig e stiv e o rg a n s h a v i n g a n u n d u e a m o u n t o f w o rk to do

t e n ds t o wa rds e xt re m e d e v e l o p m e n t whil e the o th e r p a rts be
, ,

ca u s e o f th e i r i n a ctivity a re i n cli n e d to be n a rro w

,
.

The typic a l f o rm o f a d a i ry co w is th a t o f a t ripl e w e dg e a s ,

a l re a dy i n di c a t e d. Vi e we d f ro m e ith e r S id e she sh o u ld S h o w
g re a t e r d e pth o f b o dy b e hi n d th a n in fro n t The sh o u ld e r .

sh o u ld be l o we r th a n the hips a n d the fl o o r o f the ch e st hi gh e r

th a n the b o tt o m o f the u dd e r If a st ra ight e dg e w ere l a id
.

a l o n g the b a ck a n d a ll o w e d to p ro j e ct f o rw a rd a n d a se con d ,

st ra ight e dg e pl a c e d a l o n g the u n d e r li n e t o u chi n g the b o tt o m

o f the u dd e r the a bd o m e n a n d the fl o o r o f the ch e st a n d a ll o w e d
, , ,

to p ro j e ct f o rw a rd it sh o u ld m e e t the o n e f ro m the b a ck a sh o rt
,

dist a n c e in f ro n t o f the a n i m a l Vi e w e d fro m the re a r a n d to p

.

the d a i ry co w sh o u ld g ra d u a lly wid e n f ro m the ch e st to the hips .

St ra ight e dg e s pl a c e d a l o n g e ith e r sid e a n d p ro j e cti n g f o rw a rd .

sh o u ld m e e t a sh o rt dist a n c e in fro n t o f the a n i m a l Vi e w e d .

f ro m the f ro n t a n d to p she gra d u a lly w id e n s fro m the wi th e rs

b a ckw a rd a n d d o w n w a rd (Fig This ill u st ra t e s the typi ca l
.

d a i ry fo rm a n d the o n e t o w a rds which m o st g o o d mi lk c o ws t e n d ,

th o u gh it d o e s n o t f o ll o w th a t a co w to be a g o o d d a i ry a n i m a l
, ,

m u st be o f this typ e O cc a si o n a lly a go o d m ilke r ca n be f o u n d

.

n o t o f this f o rm ,
bu t si n c e m o st g o o d m ilk co ws t e n d t o w a rds
this sh a p e a n d in the a bs e n c e o f m o re a c c u ra t e d a t a s u ch a s
, ,

the a ct u a l re c o rds the ch o o si n g o f a n i m a ls p o ss e ssi n g s u ch

,

c o n fig u ra ti o n is to be re c o m m e n d e d .

If the co w t e n ds n a t u ra lly to t a k e o n fa t she is w o rt h j u st so ,

m u ch l e ss a s a m ilk co w T he d a i ry co w sh o u ld be sp a re
. .

Th e re sh o u ld be a n a bs e n c e o f fle shin e ss th ro u gh o u t p a rti e ,
1 92 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

u la rly in the
gi o n o f the sh o u ld e rs the b a ck the ru mp a n d
re , , ,
'

a b o u t the t a il -h e a d pl a c e s lik e ly fi rst to sh o w fa t a m o n g a n im a ls

,

p o ss e ssi n g s u ch a t e n d e n cy Whil e this is the f o rm o rdi n a rily .

F IG 68 —G UERN EY S Cow D O LL Y D I M S re d PLE i by Y e om a n S he a e gv

p i iig p W ld
. . . .

ou n ds o f m lk co n t a n n 9 07 o u n ds o f f a t or
’
s r e co r d f o r th e

b by
.

re e d . Br e d a n d o w n e d F L Ai n e s , No r h E a s
. . t to n , M a ss .

y d i y ttl
T he G u e rn s e td
a r h i l
ca d f e igi
hi h th y t k th i
or na e on t e s an ro m w c e a e e r

n am e f h Ch
on e o l I l d g
t e p Th y p anne i il h t i ti
s an ro u e o sse s s s m ar c a ra c e r s cs

y b h t l g i lk i h dly i h T h
.
,

h J
to t e e rse s, u d h
t a re so m e w a ar e r, a n t e m s ar so r c e

ight i ll 9 0 p d d p d Th l i ith y ll i h b
.

w e w ru n 0 ou n s an u w ar e co o r s e er e ow s ro w n

ddi h f hit
.
,

i h
s o r re d s , aw n , an w e .

p o ss e ss e d by the b est p ro d u c e rs h e re to o e xc e pti o n ca n o cc a ,

sio n a lly be f o u n d A co w m a y be fo u n d th a t is so e ffi ci e n t
.

with he r fo o d th a t she ca n t a k e o n fa t a n d in a ddit io n s e c re t e

m o re milk th a n a n o th e r a n d l e ss e ffici e n t co w ca n se c re t e a l o n e ,
19 4 M AN UAL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

and i n cli n e d to f a tt e n He n ce fo r the d a i ry w e d e si re a co w

.
,

o f n e rv o u s t e m p e ra m e n t o n e th a t is s e n sitiv e a n d a ctiv e
, po s ,

s e ssi n g gre a t e st vit a lity a n d th a t is c a p a bl e o f givi n g a ll o rg a n s

,

the g re a t e st p ro d u ci n g p o w e rs .

De ta i l cha ra cte rs of a da i ry cow .

Ha vi n g c o n sid e re d the
g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e o f the d a i ry co w ,

w e sh o u ld p a ss to a m o re d e t a il e d e x a mi n a ti o n o f he r c h a ra ct e rs

b e f o re ch o o si n g In o rd e r th a t n o n e o f th e s e ch a ra ct e rs go
.

u n o bs e rv e d th e y sh o u ld be c o n sid e re d in o r d e r
,
.

The he a d o f a d a i ry co w sh o u ld be l o n g l e a n a n d f e mi n i n e in , ,

a pp e a ra n c e . Th e re sh o u ld be f re e d o m fro m c o a rs e n e ss a n d
h e a vi n e ss The f a c e sh o u ld be p ro l o n g e d l e a n a n d the fe a
.
, ,

tu re s disti n ct The p o ll sh o u ld be p ro mi n e n t a n d the f o re h e a d

.

b ro a d The e y e s sh o u ld be m ild b right a n d f u ll The n o st rils

.
, ,
.

sh o u ld be l a rg e p e rmitti n g o f the fre e p a ss a g e o f a ir The e a r

,
.

sh o u ld be o f m e di u m siz e fi n e q u a lity a n d o f a n o ra n g e c o l o r
, ,

i n sid e . The h o rn sh o u ld be ra th e r s m a ll a n d f re e fro m c o a rs e

n e ss,
e sp e ci a lly a t the b a s e .

The n eck sh o u ld be ra th e r l o n g sli m a n d fi n e c a rryi n g the , , ,

h e a d g ra c e fu lly Th e re sh o u ld be fre e d o m fro m f u ll n e ss a n d

.

h e a vi n e ss T he wi n dpip e sh o u ld be ra th e r p ro m i n e n t e sp e ci a lly
.
,

u p n e a r the th ro a t Whil e the n e ck sh o u ld h a v e a n e a t a tt a ch

.

m e n t a t the h e a d a n d S h o u ld e rs y e t it sh o u ld n o t bl e n d so,

sm o o thly a s in b e e f c a ttl e b e c a u s e o f the l a ck o f fl e sh T he .

a n i m a l sh o u ld n o t h a v e a b u ll n e ck .

F ore -qu a rte rs The sh o u ld e rs sh o u ld be p ro mi n e n t fre e

.
,

f ro m be e fi n e ss a n d ra th e r a n gu l a r The with e rs sh o u ld be
,
.

l e a n thi n a n d re fi n e d Bo th with e rs a n d sh o u ld e rs sh o u ld be
"

, ,
.

fre e fro m m e a ti n e ss a n d h e a vi n e ss T he l e gs sh o u ld be st ra ight

.

a n d sh o rt with fi n e sh a n ks (Fig .

Body . The p ro d u ci n g p o w e rs o f the d a i ry co w d e p e n d

l a rg e ly o n the d e pth a n d v o l u m e o f the b a rre l W e h a v e a l re a dy .

n o t e d the imp o rt a n c e o f the dig e stiv e ci rc u l a t o ry a n d re spi ra t o ry

, ,
 CH O O S IN G A CO W 1 95

syst e ms in the d a i ry co w In o rd e r th a t th e s e syst e m s p e rfo rm

.

th e i r f u n cti o n s m o st e ffici e n tly it is n e c e ss a ry to p ro vid e th e m

a m pl e ro o m The ch e st sh o u ld
.

be d e e p with l a rg e h e a rt gi rth
, ,

a n d b ro a d o n the fl o o r p a rti e ,

u la rly a s n o t e d b e twe e n the

fo re l e gs The ribs sh o u ld be
.

l o n g a n d s u ffici e n tly a rch e d to

p ro vid e a c a p a ci o u s b o dy .

The a bd o m e n sh o u ld be l a rg e
a n d de e p i n di c a tiv e o f m u ch
,

F — G UER N S EY C o w
c a p a city a n d sh o u ld be w e ll IG 6 9 IM
P O RT E D
.
,
,
HA YE S R O S I E Da m of
s u pp o rt e d The ba ck S h o u ld d by F L Am e s
.

”
.
Y om a Ow e n . ne . . .

be l e a n b a ckb o n e ra th e r p ro m i
,

n e n t a n d st ro n g In m a n y g o o d d a i ry co ws th e re is m u ch
.

dist a n c e b e tw e e n the spi n a l p ro c e ss e s a n d the co w is s a id to ,

“
be o p e n j o in t e d The l o i n sh o u ld be b ro a d a lth o u gh the
.
,

sp a ce b e twe e n the l a st rib a n d hip m a y be ra th e r o p e n .

Hin d qu a rte rs
- — As a wh o l e the hi n d q u a rt e rs in a d a i ry
.
-
,

co w sh o u ld be w i d e l o n g a n d d e e p ,
Th e re sh o u ld be fre e d o m
,
.

fro m fu l ln e ss a n d m e a ti n e ss p a r ti cu l a rly a t the t a il h e a d In

,
-
.

m a n y v e ry g o o d co ws th e re is a slight ra is e f ro m the hips to the

a tt a ch m e n t o f the t a il The hip b o n e s sh o u ld be ra th e r sh a rp
.
,

p ro mi n e n t a n d wid e a p a rt th u s givi n g a m pl e ro o m fo r the ge n

,

e ra tiv e o rg a n s Th e y sh o u ld n o t be l o w e r th a n the spi n e

. The .

ru m p sh o u ld be l o n g a n d wi d e with the th u rls a n d pin b o n e s ,

-

high a n d wid e a p a rt Fro m the p o i n ts o f the hips to the t a il

.

h e a d th e re sh o u ld be a m a rk e d h o ll o w du e to the a bs e n ce o f ,

fl e sh The thigh sh o u ld be o u tc u rv e d a n d thi n a s thi s p ro vid e s

.
,

ro o m fo r the u dd e r A thick thigh a n d a f u ll twist a re de

.

cide dly o bj e cti o n a bl e in a d a i ry co w The l e gs sh o u ld be .

c o m p a ra tiv e ly sh o rt .

Udde r — To o m u ch st re ss ca n n o t be pl a ce d o n the i m p o r
.

t a n c e o f th o ro u ghly e x a mi n i n g the u dd e r wh e n ch o o si n g a d a i ry
1 96 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

co w . If on e ca n sa y th a tis m o re imp o rt a n t th a n
on e g
or a n

a n o th e r the u dd e r is p e rh a ps the m o st imp o rt a n t o rg a n in t he

,

d a i ry co w The u dd e r sh o u ld be c o n sid e re d fro m tw o p o i n ts

.

o f Vi e w : the siz e a n d f o rm a n d the q u a lity

,
.

The u dd e r sh o u ld be l a rg e In f o rm it sh o u ld be m o d e ra t e ly
.

thick a tt a ch e d high a n d f u ll b e hi n d e xt e n di n g w e ll d o wn
, , ,

th o u gh n o t p e n d u l a n t a n d e xt e n di n g fa r in f ro n t
, The q u a r .

t e rs sh o u ld be c o mp a ra tiv e ly e ve n with the t e a ts o f c o n ve n i e n t

,

siz e a n d w e ll pl a c e d The l e n gt h o f the u dd e r is i m p o rt a n t

.

si n c e it giv e s a l o n g li n e o f a bs o rpti o n It sh o u ld be a pp ro x
.

im a te ly thi rty i n ch e s f ro m the a tt a chm e n t a t the b a ck to

wh e re i t j o i n s the b e lly .

M o re imp o rt a n t th a n the siz e a n d fo rm o f the u dd e r is its

q u a lity M a n y p e rs o n s h a v e p u r ch a s e d a co w b e c a u s e o f he r
.

l a rge u dd e r o n ly to l e a rn th a t it w a s l a rg e b e c a u s e fl e shy
,

a n d n o t b e c a u s e o f c o n t a i n i n g m u ch m ilk Pe rh a ps the b e s t .

w a y to d e t e rm i n e this is to se e the u dd e r m ilk e d o u t Wh e n .

e mpty the u dd e r sh o u ld a lm o st l o s e its f o rm

,
It sh o u ld a pp e a r .

to c o n sist o f f o lds o f s o ft pli a bl e a n d l o o s e ski n

, The im
, .

p o rt a n c e o f this c a n n o t be o ve re sti m a t e d Th o s e o f l a rg e .

e xp e ri e n c e ca n d e t e rm i n e by the t o u ch wh e th e r the u dd e r is

l a rg e b e c a u s e fl e shy o r l a rge b e c a u s e fill e d with milk Wh e n .

fill e d with milk the u dd e r yi e lds to p re ss u re s o m e wh a t a s a

,

sp o n ge wh e n fill e d with w a t e r O n the o th e r h a n d wh e n l a rg e

.
,

b e c a u s e fl e shy the yi e ldi n g is m o re lik e s o ft ru bb e r Th e re is

,
.

a ch a ra ct e ristic diffe re n c e whi ch ca n be l e a rn e d o n ly by e x

pe rie n ce .

Whil e th e re a re m a n y d e f e cts o f the u dd e r the m ost c o m m o n ,

a re s m a ll f ro n t q u a rt e rs with the t e a ts m u ch high e r a b o v e o r

,

cl o s e to the hi n d o n e s ; fl e shy u dd e rs whi ch re d u c e bu t littl e

with milki n g a n d yi e ld a s m a ll flo w ; u dd e rs e n ti re ly d e fici e n t
in siz e a n d o ft e n w ith v e ry u n e q u a l q u a rt e rs O n e m u st be .

o n the a l e rt fo r s m a ll t e a ts s o d e fici e n t in siz e a s to be v e ry

,

i n co n ve ni e n t wh e n m ilki n g .
1 98 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

is c a ll e d the e s cu t ch e o n or m ilk m i rro r . It is a ss e rt e d

th a t the l a rg e r the a re a co v e re d by this u p g ro wi n g h a i r the
-
,

b e tt e r p ro d u ce r the co w will be . G u e n o n a Fre n ch m a n h e ld

, ,

th a t the sh a p e o f the e sc u tch e o n w a s i n di ca tiv e o f the q u a n tity

o f m ilk a nd th a t the siz e w a s a n i n d e x o f the l e n gth o f milk

flo w . A n o th e r c h a ra ct e r whi ch G u e n o n a ss o ci a t e d with l a rg e
“
p ro du cti o n w a s the thigh o v a ls . Th e s e a re ci rc u l a r p a tch e s
o f h a i r o ft e n f o u n d o n the r e a r o f the u dd e r a n d j u st a b o v e

the hi n d t e a ts . Th e y a re n o t p re s e n t in a ll u dd e rs bu t th e i r
,

p re s e n c e is c o n s id e re d to i n di ca t e l a rg e m ilk p ro du cti o n .

Th e re a re m a n y m o re o f th e s e so — c a ll e d m ilk sig n s whi ch h a v e

fro m ti m e to ti m e a n d by di ffe re n t m e n b e e n c o n sid e re d to be
a t ru e i n d e x to the v a l u e o f a d a i ry co w a s a m ilk p ro d u ce r .

Whil e it is n o d o u bt t ru e th a t m a n y l a rg e p ro d u ci n g m ilk c o ws
-

h a v e p o ss e ss e d a ll o f th e s e sig n s it i s a ls o t ru e th a t m a n y m o re
,

a n d high e r p ro d u c e rs h a v e b e e n l a cki n g in th e m o n e a n d a ll
,
.

C HO O S I NG B EE F CATTL E

In b e e f p ro d u cti o n th e re a re tw o cl a ss e s o f c a ttl e to be
c o n sid e re d : the b re e di n g a n i m a ls a n d the f a tt e n i n g a n i m a ls .

We a re c o n c e rn e d h e re in the s e l e cti o n o f ca ttl e to fa tt e n fo r

b e e f The b e e f a n i m a l a t v a ri o u s ti m e s in his life is d e sig n a t e d
.

by th re e n a m e s : st o re a n i m a l f e e di n g a n i m a l a n d fa t a n i m a l
, ,
.

C a ttl e a re sp o k e n o f a s st o re a n i m a ls wh e n m e re ly b e i n g c a rri e d
a l on g a s th ro u gh the s u m m e r
, ,
o r wi n t e r a n d b e f o re f e e di n g
,

b e gi n s ; th e y a re c a ll e d f e e di n g a n i m a ls d u ri n g the p ro c e ss o f
”
f a tt e n i n g ; a n d fa t a n i m a ls a ft e r th e y a re fi n ish e d and

re a dy fo r m a rk e t .

Fo r f a tt e n i n g p u rp o s e s st e e rs a re p re f e rre d to h e ife rs All.

thi n gs b e i n g e q u a l st e e rs will f e e d o u t b e tt e r th a n h e ife rs

,
.

This is du e in p a rt to the f a ct th a t st e e rs a re q u i e t e r in the f e e d

lo t th a n a re h e if e rs . The f e m a l e s a re o ft e n re stl e ss fo r th re e
o r f o u r d a ys e v e ry th re e w e e ks o n a c c o u n t o f th e i r p e ri o ds o f

h e a t Fo r this re a s o n it is o bj e cti o n a bl e to h a v e e v e n a fe w
.
 C HO O S I N G F O R B EE F 1 99

h e if e rs in with a lo t o f st e e rs a s th e y dist u rb the st e e rs a t s u ch

ti m e s Fu rth e rm o re to o the m a rk e t d is cri m i n a t e s a g a i n st
.
, ,

h e if e r b e e f a n d the b u t ch e r will n o t pa y a s m u ch fo r a d ro v e
,

o f h e if e rs a s he will a lo t o f st e e rs .

Ge n era l cha ra cte ri s ti cs f

o be ef ca ttle

In ch o o si n g f e e di n g ca ttl e o n e sh o u ld n o t e ca re fu lly th e i r
g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n ce The fo rm the q u a lity the co n diti o n the
.
, , ,

u n if o rm ity a n d the a ge a re e a c h i m p o rt a n t
,
a n d sh o u ld re ,

ce iv e du e co n sid e ra ti o n .

F orm of the fe e de r In fo rm the f e e d e r in g e n e ra l sh o u ld

.
-

re s e mbl e a b rick se t o n e dg e It sh o u ld fill o u t a p a ra ll e l o gra m

. .

The to p a n d b o tt o m li n e s sh o u ld be p a ra ll e l The sh o u ld e rs .

a n d ch e st sh o u l d be a l m o st a s wid e a s the hips a n d ru mp .

“ ”
Fe e d e rs sh o u ld be bl o cky i n di c a ti n g c o m p a ct n e ss a n d
,

sq u a re n e ss o f f o rm Th o s e with l o n g b o di e s a re t e rm e d
.

“
ra n gy whil e th o s e with l o n g l e gs sh o wi n g to o littl e d e pth a n d
,
” “
fu ll n e ss o f b o dy a re t e rm e d l e ggy b o th o f whi ch a re o bj e cti o n ,

a bl e in a f e e d e r S t e e rs st a n di n g high f ro m the g ro u n d ligh t

.
,

in the fl a n ks a n d sh a ll o w in the h e a rt gi rth ra re ly m a k e g o o d

,

f e e d e rs .

The qu a li ty of the fee de r Q u a lity in f e e d e rs is d e t e rm i n e d

.

in the s a m e w a y a s in d a i ry c a ttl e th a t is by a s o ft m e ll o w , , ,

hi d e silky h a i r a n d a fi n e b o n e
, , The co n diti o n o f the ski n is
.

th o u ght to be a n im p o rt a n t in dic a ti o n a s to the p ro b a ble f e e d

in g qu a liti e s o f a st e e r If the ski n is m e ll o w a n d e l a sti c to
.

”
the t o u ch it i n di c a t e s g o o d
,
h a n dli n g A n i m a ls p o ss e ss e d o f
.

s u ch ski n s u s u a lly f a tt e n ra pidly wh e re a s th o s e wit h h e a vy ,

sti ff ski n s o ft e n f a tt e n sl o wly .

The f o o d i n fl u e n c e s the h a n dli n g to a m a rk e d d e g re e Wh e n .

lib e ra lly fe d e sp e ci a lly o n o ily l a x a tive f o o ds the ski n is s o ft

, ,

a n d e l a sti c a n d the h a i r u s u a lly silky a n d fi n e O n the o th e r .

h a n d if sc a n tily fe d o r with i m p ro p e r f o o ds the ski n o ft e n

, ,

b e c o me s tightl y a tt a ch e d to the b o dy a n d it f e e ls dry

"

, .
2 00 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

and p p
a e r-lik e Fe e d e rs p o ss e ss e d o f ro u gh
. c o a rs e h a i r , ,

tight h a rsh ski n ro u gh h e a v y b o n e s with c o a rs e j o i n ts

, , , ,

p ro mi n e n t hips a n d ro u gh o p e n sh o u ld e rs a re o bj e cti o n a bl e
, ,

a s f e e d e rs .

Con di ti on of the fee de r — In i n sp e cti n g a lo t o f c a ttl e with

.

a Vi e w to cho o sm g f e e d e rs it is imp o rt a n t to n o t e th e i r c o n diti on

,

in re sp e ct to th rift a n d fle shin e ss The i n di c a ti o n s o f th rift .

a re a g o o d c o a t o f silky h a i r ; s o ft pli a bl e ski n ; a cl e a n a n d ,

mild e y e ; a bs e n c e o f disch a rg e fro m the n o st rils ; an d the

d u n g o r e xc re t a o f p ro p e r c o n sist e n cy n e ith e r to o l o o s e n o r to o ,

h a rd a n d dry Th rifti n e ss is o f m u ch imp o rt a n c e if st e e rs a re

.

to m a k e e c o n o mi c a l a n d p ro fit a bl e b e e f p o d u ci n g a n im a ls
- r .

O th e r thi n gs b e i n g e q u a l the thi n n e r the st e e r a t the time o f

,

b e gi n n i n g the f e e di n g o p e ra ti o n s the m o re ra pid a n d the m o re ,

e c o n o mic a l a s w e ll a s the m o re p ro fit a b le the g a i n s will be pro

v idin g o f c o u rs e th a t the a n i m a l is th rifty a n d th a t he ha s

, ,

n ot be e n st u n t e d in his g ro w th If the a n im a l ha s b e e n .

st u n t e d it is lik e l y to p ro v e a di s a pp o i n tm e n t in the f e e d lo t
,
.

Un iform i ty a m on g fee de rs — C a ttl e ch o s e n fo r f e e di n g pu r

.

p o s e s sh o u ld be o f u n ifo rm a ge c o l o r typ e b re e di n g c o n di , , , ,

ti o n a n d q u a lity Whil e s u ch u n if o rm ity will n o t a dd to the i r

,
.

a bility to t a k e o n fl e sh o r to m a k e e c o n o mic a l g a i n s y e t it ,

will a dd v e ry m a t e ri a lly to th e i r g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e wh e n o n
the m a rk e t Su ch a lo t o f fa t st e e rs will c o mm a n d a m u ch
.

high e r p ric e th a n a simil a r lo t o f m ix e d c o l o rs o r o f mix e d ,

typ e s o r o f m ix e d b re e di n g o r e v e n o f m ix e d a g e s
, ,
.

De ta i l cha ra cte rs of be ef ca ttle

Be e f c a tl e t a re as a ru e l d a i ry n ot So w e ll t ra i n e d a s a re

c a ttl e a n d it is n o t so p o ssibl e to h a n dl e th e m e ff e ctive ly

, ,

y e t a c o n sid e ra ti o n o f d e t a ils is e ss e n ti a l if o n e is to m a k e a
s u cc e ss o f ch o o si n g a n im a ls to f e e d fo r b e e f p ro d u cti o n .

The he a d is u s u a lly c o n sid e re d a g o o d i n d e x in the ch o ic e o f

a fe e d e r It sh o u ld be b ro a d a n d sh o rt a s s u ch a cc o mp a n i e s a
.
,
2 02 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

ru m p sh o u ld be l o n g f ro m the hips to the t ail h e a d with pin

-
,

b o n e s a n d th u rls ra th e r high a n d wid e bu t n o t p ro m i n e n t The

, .

ru m p sh o u ld be l e v e l a n d f re e f ro m h o ll o w n e ss .The thighs
sh o u ld be fu ll a n d fl e sh e d w e ll d o wn to the h o ck with twist f u ll
, .

The fa t ste e r
. In ch o o si n g a fa t st e e r o n e m u st k e e p in mi n d
,

the d e m a n ds o f the b u t ch e rs .Th e y d e si re a st e e r to d re ss with

a re l a tiv e ly s m a ll p e rc e n t a g e o f o ff a l ; with a re l a tiv e ly l a rge

p e rc e n t a g e o f m e a t in the re gi o n o f the v a l u a bl e c u ts ; a n d a n
a n i m a l th a t is in the p ro p e r c o n diti o n t o sl a u ght e r th a t is
, ,

n e ith e r o v e r n o r u n de r fe d
. Fu ll n e ss a t the b a se o f the t o n gu e
a n d j u st in f ro n t o f the p o i n t o f the sh o u ld e r a f u ll twist
, a,

l a rg e m e ll o w co d (sc ro t u m ) a f u ll thi ck fl a n k th a t st a n ds o u t
,

a n d ro lls a s the a n i m a l w a lks f u ll n e ss a t the t a il h e a d a n d a l o n g

,
-

the ru mp i n dic a t e th a t d e g re e o f f a t n e ss e ss e n ti a l to the high e st

,

q u a lity o f b e e f .
 C HA PT ER IX

FEEDING DAIR Y CATTLE

PE R HAP S no oth e r q u e sti o n in c o n n e cti o n with the p ro p a g a ti o n

a n d c a re o f f a rm a n i m a ls ha s re c e iv e d so m u ch c o n sid e ra ti o n a s

th a t o f fe e di n g the d a i ry co w M a n y a n d di ffi cu lt a re the p ro b
.
,

l e ms i n v o lv e d To c a t a l o gu e a n d disc u ss th e m a ll u ld re q u i re
.

a w o rk l a rg e r th a n this m a n u a l It is n o t the re fo re in this

'

.
, .
,

c o n n e cti o n p ro p o s e d to en t e r i n t o a n e l abor a t e dis cu ssi o n bu t

, ,

o n ly to c a ll a tt e n ti o n to s o m e o f the m o re i m p o rt a n t i te ms in
,

c o n n e cti o n with the m o st s u c c e ssf u l pra ctic e .

FO OD R E Q U IR E M E NT S FO R M ILK

The q u a n tity o f f o o d re q u i re d by a m ilki n g co w d e p e n ds o n

m a n y f a ct o rs chi e f o f which a re the ki n d o f fo o d the q u a n tity
, ,

o f milk yi e ld e d the q u a lity o f the m ilk a s w e ll a s the i n divid u a l

, ,

ity the we ight a n d a ge o f the a n im a l

,
.

in o n n e io n with f e e i n g the
e a dy o
d
t hat f o o ds v a ry
P
t e a m o n t o f e n gy t he y co n
h j
In a d diti o n to this th e y a ls o v a ry gre a t ly in th e i r in
flu e n ce u p o n m ilk s e c re ti o n ; th a t is to sa y c e rt a i n f o o ds a ct ,

f a v o ra bly o n the s e c re ti n g gl a n ds wh e re a s o th e r f o o ds t e n d
,

t o w a rds the p ro d u cti o n o f fa t The e x a ct a cti o n o f the f o o ds ln

.

flu e n cin g s e c re ti o n is n o t u n d e rst o o d n o r is th e i r u lti m a t e e ff e ct

,

u p o n the a n i m a l d e fi n it e ly k n o wn C hi e f a m o n g the f o o ds
.

t e n di n g to e c o n o m i z e milk p ro d u cti o n a re s u cc u l e n t f o o ds s u ch ,

a s g re e n f o ra g e c ro ps sil a g e a n d ro o tS by p ro d u cts s u ch a s
, ,
°
-

b ra n b re we rs g ra i n s a n d d ri e d distill e rs g ra i n s a n d the l e g u
,
’
, ,

mi n o u s h a ys s u ch a s cl o v e r a n d a lfa lf a
,
.

2 03
20 4 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S
.

M w / i
The q u a n tity o f fo o d which the milki n g co w re q u i re s w il l be
i n fl u e n c e d by the a m o u n t o f m ilk
t a k e n i n t o a cc o u n t by Wo l ff a n d
Th u s w e n o tic e th a t a 1 0 s of

m ilk d a ily re q u i re s 2 5 p o u n ds o f e ld

in g 2 2 p o u n ds o f milk pe r da y re q of d m
-
a tt e r
in he r ra ti o n

Wo lfi - Le hm a n s ta n da rd , s ho w i n g the a m ou n t f fo o d
o r e qu i re d pe r 1 000
po u n ds li v e w e i ght f or the gro w i n g a n d the m a tu re co w y i e ldi n g va ryi n g
qu a n ti ti e s o f m i lk

D IG E S T LE N TR E T
IB U I N S

C O NDI TIO N O F AN I M AL
P ro te in

G ro w in g C a ttle , D a iry
Bre e d s

M ilkin g C o w s, w he n
y ie ld in g D a ily

1 1 0 1b
. . of m ilk
lb . of m ilk
lb . of m ilk
lb . of m i lk

Th e s e s ta n d a rds w e re a rra n ge d to m e e t the n e e d o f the a v e ra g e

f a rm co w u n d e r n o rm a l c o n diti o n s Th e y we re n o t i n t e n d e d to
.

be a bs o l u t e a n d fix e d bu t to be v a ri e d in p ra ctic e a s ci rc u m
,

st a n c e s s u gg e st i O f l a t e y e a rs th e y h a v e b e en s u bj e ct e d to
2 06 M AN U A L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

wo u l d re q u ire a pp ro xi m a t e ly 3 p o u n ds o f m ilk s o lids o r a n a ct u a l ,

s e c re ti o n f
o o n e -h lf p
a o u n d m o re s o lid m a tt e r in t he m ilk Th u s .

the co w yi e ldi n g the 6 pe r c e n t m ilk w o u ld re q u i re m o re fo o d

th a n the co w givi n g o n ly 3 pe r c e n t m ilk .

Ha e ck e r ha s c o n d u ct e d m a n y e xp e ri m e n ts in a n e n d e a v o r to
g a i n s o m e kn o wl e dg e o f the re l a ti o n b e tw e e n the p e rc e n t a g e o f
fa t in the m ilk a n d the f o o d re q u i re d to p ro d u c e the s a m e .

Fro m th e s e e xp e rim e n ts he ha s c a lc u l a t e d the n u t ri e n ts

p ro t e i n c a rb o hyd ra t e s a n d fa t
,
re q u i re d fo r the p ro d u cti o n
,

o f a giv e n a m o u n t o f fa t a n d u si n g this a s a b a sis ha s co n

, ,

st ru ct e d st a n d a rds fo r milk p ro d u cti o n

’ 1
HAE C K ER S F EEDI N G-S T ANDAR D M AT U R E CO W

Ta ble s how i n g fo o d m a i n te n a n ce pe r 1 00 po u n ds li v e w e i ght a n d n u tri

f
o

e n ts r e qu for
i re d the pro du cti on Of 1 po u n d Of m i lk te s ti n g a gi v e n pe r
ce n t Of bu tte r f a t -

P R O TE N
I C AR HY RATE
BO D

Fo r m a i n t e n a n ce

M ilk t e st n g i
M ilk t e stin g
M ilk t e stin g
M ilk t e stin g
M ilk t e sti n g
M i lk t e stin g

To ill u st ra t e the m e th o d o f u si n g the t a bl e to d e t e rmi n e the

a m o u n t o f f o o d re q u i re d in m ilk p ro d u cti o n ch o o s e the c a s e o f a ,

1 000 p o u n d co w yi e ldi n g 2 2 p o u n ds o f milk d a ily

-
Le t u s a s .

s u m e th a t in o n e c a s e it c o n t a i n s 3 pe r c e n t fa t a n d in a s e c o n d
th a t it c o n t a i n s 6 pe r c e n t .

1
M in n e so ta A gi t
r c u l u ra l Exp i er m en t Sta ti o n i
Bu lle t n No 7 9 . .
 F E E D I N G D AI R Y C A T TL E 207

Fro m the t a bl e w e l e a rn

C . H
.

Nu tr i en ts fo r 1 lb . of 3 pe r ce n t m lki
Nu tr i e n ts fo r m a i n t e n a n c e 1 00 lb . w e i g ht

Fo r co w we ighi n g 1 000 p o u n ds an d yi e ldi n g 22 p o u n ds of 3 pe r

.

ce n t m ilk :

C . H. R AT IO

Nu tri e n t s fo r 2 2 lb 3 pe r ce n t m ilk
.

Nu trie n t s fo r 1 000 lb m a in t e n a n ce .

Ha e cke r ra ti o n re q u ire d 1

Fo r we ighi n g
co w 1 000 p o u n ds an d yi e ldi n g 22 p o u n ds of 6
pe r c e n t m ilk :

C . H. R AT IO

i
Nu tr e n t s fo r 2 2 lb 6 .
pe r ce n t m lk i
Nu trie n t s fo r 1 000 lb . m a in t e n a n c e
Ha e cke r ra t i o n re q u i re d 1 7 O
.

W o lfi Le hm a n st a n da rd
- 1

Th u s w e se e th a t e v e n th o u gh the flo w w a s 2 2 p o u n ds in e ith e r
c a s e the fo o d re q u i re d is m u ch gre a t e r in the c a s e o f the m ilk
,

rich in fa t By co m p a ri n g th e s e with the W o l ff -Le h m a n st a n d

.

a rds w e n o t e th a t th e y a re a pp ro xi m a t e ly the s a m e e xc e pt in the ,

c a s e o f the p ro t e i n Acc o rdi n g to Ha e ck e r the p ro t e i n re q u i re d

.
,

e v e n in the 6 pe r c e n t m ilk is m u ch l e ss th a n th a t c a ll e d fo r in
,

the Wo lff-Le hm a n st a n d a rd .
2 08 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN IM AL S

Whil e n o d o u bt s o m e s u ch f o rm a l st a n d a rd a s the Wo l ff
Le h m a n o r the Ha e ck e r sh o u ld be f o ll o w e d in c a lc u l a ti n g the
a m o u n t o f f o o d re q u i re d fo r milk p ro d u cti o n , y e t it is w e ll to
re m e mb e r th a t th e re a re m a n y di ffic u lti e s e n c o u n t e re d in f e e di n g

d a i ry c a ttl e th a t st a n d a rds c a n n o t d e cid e . C hi e f a m o n g th e s e

a re the dig e stibility o f t he f o o d a n d the i n di vid u a lity o f the a n i

m al . O u r m e th o ds o f a rrivi n g a t the dig e st ibility o f f o o ds a re

c ru d e a n d f o o ds v a ry wid e ly in th e i r dige stibility a n d e ith e r o f
, ,

th e se di ffi c u lti e s m a y s e ri o u sly i n te rf e re with s u ch cl o s e fig u ri n g

a s is re c o mm e n d e d in the Ha e ck e r st a n d a rds ; th a t is to sa y the ,

dige stive v a l u e s a ssign e d the f o o d s m a y e a sily be so e rro n e ou s a s

to o ffs e t a n y s a vi n g th a t s e e mi n gly o c c u rs fro m s u ch c a lcu l a
ti o n .

The i n divid u a li ty o f the co w is a f a c to r which s ta n d a rds ca n

n o t t a k e i n t o a cc o u n t . C o ws v a ry wi d e ly in the a m o u n t o f fo o d
th e y will c o n s u m e fo r the p ro d u ct io n o f milk s o m e re q u i ri n g
,

twi c e a s m u ch f o o d to p ro d u c e
a giv e n p ro d u ct a s o th e rs .

So m e h o ld th a t this v a ri a ti o n
is du e to the f a ct th a t the co w
will c o n s u m e the f e e d tho u gh
,

she d o e s n o t n e e d it a n d th a t
,

by li m iti n g he r ra ti o n she ca n
o f te n be m a d e to p ro d u c e a t

a p ro fit . Th a t th e re is a v a s t
FI 7 2 — HO L S T E I N F R I E S AN
-
C O W di ff e re n c e a m o n g i n divid u a ls in
f §
"
;
.

ow n e d
b Ji t Arg
AM I TY
ns i th e a m o u n t o f f o o d re q u i re d
°

i .

fo r a giv e n p ro d u ct m u st n o t
be l o st sight o f if o n e is to s u c c e e d in the d a i ry b u si n e ss .

The a ge o f the a n i m a l a ls o ha s a n i n fl u e n c e o n the a m o u n t o f

fo o d re q u i re d fo r m ilk p ro d u cti o n . This s u bj e ct ha s a ls o b e e n
i n v e stig a t e d by Ha e ck e r His e xp e ri m e n ts sh o w th a t the h e if e r
.

re q u i re s c o n sid e ra bly m o re n u t ri e n ts fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f a

giv e n a m o u n t o f fa t th a n the m a tu re co w . Fro m th e s e e xpe ri

21 0 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Fo r a h e if e r w e ighi n g 1 000 p o u n ds an d yi e ldi n g 22 p o u n ds

of 6 pe r c e n t m ilk :

PR O T E IN C . H . F AT R AT IO

N u trie n t s fo r 2 2 lb o f 6 pe r ce n t m lk
. i
Nu trie n t s fo r 1 000 lb m a n t e n a n ce
. i 7 00.

He ife r Ha e c ke r ra t i o n re q u i re d
,
1
M a tu re co w Ha e cke r ra t i o n re q u i re d
,
1 7 0 .

W o lfi -Le hm a n s ta n da rd 1

Acc o rdi n g to this st a n d a rd the h e ife r n e e ds c o n sid e ra bly m o re

,

n u t ri e n ts th a n the m a t u re co w a n d in the c a s e o f high p ro d u c

,

ti o n c a lls fo r m o re n u t ri e n ts th a n the Wo l ff -Le h m a n st a n d a rds

p ro vid e . This is du e to the f a ct th a t she n e e ds n u t ri e n ts in
b u i ldi n g u p he r o w n b o dy a s w e ll a s fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f milk .

It is w o rthy o f n o t e h o w e v e r th a t in a ll th e s e c a s e s the W o lff

, ,

Le hm a n ra ti o is m u ch m o re n a rro w th a n the Ha e ck e r ra ti o .

F ee di n g sta n da rds m e re ly gu i de s
- Fro m the fo re go m g disc u s
.

si o n o f the f o o d re q u i re m e n t fo r m ilk it m u st be a pp a re n t th a t
whil e o n e sh o u ld u se a st a n d a rd it sh o u ld be c o n sid e re d o n ly a s
,

a g u id e a n d be m o difi e d to m e e t the c o n diti o n s s u ch a s the i n di ,

v idu a lity o f the a n i m a l a n d the p ric e s o f f o o ds It is n o t p ra e .

tica ble to a tt e m pt to f o ll o w st a n d a rds with st rict m a th e m a tic a l

a cc u ra c y a n y m o re th a n to f o ll o w th e m sl a vishly with fe r
,

tiliz e rs o r with q u a n titi e s o f s e e d pe r a c re .

E FF E CT O F FO O D O N CO M P O S IT IO N O F M IL K

Of a ll p ro bl e ms co n n e ct e d with the fe e di n g o f d a i ry c a ttl e

the ,

p e rh a ps n on e ha s re c e ive d m o re a tt e n ti o n th a n the e ffe ct o f f o o d

u p o n the c o m p o siti o n a n d q u a lity o f the m ilk Th e re is a pre .

v a ili n g o pi n i o n a m o n g p ra ctic a l d a i ry m e n th a t o n e ca n i m p ro ve
the c o m p o siti o n o f the m ilk p a rtic u l a rly wi th re sp e ct to the pe r
,

c e n t a g e o f fa t by lib e ra l f e e di n g This h o we v e r is o n e o f t he
,
.
, ,
 F E E D I N G D AI R Y CA T TL E 21 1

re us lts th a t c a re f u l i n v e stig a ti o n s h a v e b e e n t ryi n g to s e c u re fo r

the l a st th re e d e c a d e s a n d s o fa r th e y h a v e m e t with littl e o r n o
,

s u cc e ss .

It is a ss e rt e d th a t the f o o d m a y a ff e ct the m ilk in m a n y

w a ys the tw o m o st i m p o rt a n t b e i n g its c o m p o siti o n a n d its
,

fl a vo r Th e re a re th re e w a ys in which the c o m p o siti o n

.

might be a ff e ct e d : F i rst by ch a n gi n g the p ro p o rti o n o f w a t e r

,

a n d t o t a l s o lid m a tt e r ; s e c o n d by ch a n gi n g the p ro p o rti o n o f

,

fa t s u g a r a n d p ro t e ids
, ,
a n d thi rd by ch a n gi n g the co n stitu
,

e n ts o r c o n sist e n cy o f the fa t .

Efi ect of food on to ta l so li ds In the g re a t m a j o rity o f c a s e s

.

the c o n cl u si o n o f e xp e ri m e n ts i s th a t n o c o n sist e n t re l a ti o n
s e e m s to e xist b e twe e n the q u a n tity o r ch a ra ct e r o f the fo o d
a n d the c o m p o siti o n o f the mi lk In a fe w c a s e s a t e mp o ra ry
.

ch a n g e o cc u rre d in the m ilk i m m e di a t e ly a ft e r ch a n gi n g the

fo o d bu t in m o st c a s e s the mi lk s o o n re t u rn e d to its n o rm a l
,

c o m p o siti o n Whil e in a v e ry s m a ll n u m b e r o f e xp e rim e n ts the

.

milk a pp e a re d to u n d e rg o slight p e rm a n e n t ch a n g e y e t o n e is ,

fo rc e d to the c o n cl u si o n th a t the q u a lity o f the mi lk c a n n o t be

ch a n g e d a t will by the f e e d It w o u ld s e e m th a t the t re a t m e n t
.

o f t he c a ttl e ha s a g re a t e r i n fl u e n c e u p o n the ch a ra ct e r o f the

milk th a n d o e s the fo o d c o n s u m e d .

Efle ct of foo d on the pe rce n ta ge of fa t — The id e a p re v a ils

.

th a t it is p o ssibl e to f e e d fa t i n t o m ilk This p ro bl e m ha s b e e n

.

t he s u bj e ct o f c a re f u l e xp e rim e n t a ti o n Aft e r a p a i n st a ki n g
.

p e ru s a l o f the w o rk o n e is fo rc e d to c o n cl u d e th a t it is n o t po s
sibl e m a t e ri a lly a n d p e rm a n e n tly to i n c re a s e o r di m i n ish the
p e rc e n t a g e o f fa t by ch a n g e s in the a m o u n t a n d ch a ra c te r o f
the f o o d p ro vi di n g o f c o u r s e th a t the a n i m a ls re c e iv e s u ffici e n t
, , ,

n u t riti o n in a ll c a s e s It m a y be p o ssib le with a co w th a t ha s

.

b e e n in su flicie n tly fe d a n d ha s n e v e r ha d a ch a n c e to d e v e l o p ,

to f e e d he r s u ch a n a b u n d a n c e o f ri ch milk p ro d u ci n g fo o d a s -

slightly a n d p e rm a n e n tly to i n c re a s e the p e rc e n t a g e o f fa t in

he r milk ; bu t b e y o n d this w e p ro b a bly ca n n o t g o .
21 2 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

F o od and f fla v or is doe fi n m i lk

it e ly k n
. o wn It
t h a t c e rt a i n

f o o ds e sp e ci a lly if fe d in la rg e q u a n titi e s i m p a rt ba d o d o rs to
, ,

the milk C hi e f a m o n g the f o o ds p ro d u ci n g s u ch d e l e t e ri o u s

.

e ff e c t s a re c a bb a g e tu rn ips o n i o n s sil a g e wild l e e ks a n d the

, , , , ,

lik e . It is h e ld th a t s u ch o d o rs m a y be imp a rt e d to the milk in

t w o w a ys : Fi rst b y tra n sf e re n c e th ro u gh the a n i m a l a n d
, ,

s e c o n d by a bs o rpti o n fro m the a ir o f the st a bl e

, C o n c e rn i n g .

m a n y o f th e s e p o i n ts w e h a v e littl e d e fi n it e e vid e n c e a n d ,

th e re is g re a t di ff e re n c e o f o pi n i o n a s to wh a t o d o rs a re a bs o rb e d
fro m the a ir a n d wh at a re t ra n sf e rre d th ro u gh the a n im a l .

Th e re ca n be littl e d o u bt ho w e v e r bu t th a t the fe e di n g o f c e rt a i n
, ,

fo o ds b e fo re milki n g imp a rts c e rt a i n fl a vo rs to the m ilk a n d th a t ,

s u ch fla vo rs a re n o t d e t e ct e d wh e n the fo o d is giv e n a ft e r milk

in g . It i s a dvis e d p a rti c u l a rly th a t sil a g e be n o t fe d j u st be
f o re milki n g .

Orde r of su pplyi n g fo od Be c a u s e o f the s u pp o s e d ill e ff e c t

.

o f s o m e f o o ds in givi n g o d o rs to the milk the o rd e r o f s u pplyi n g ,

c e rt a i n o f t h e s e f o o ds a ss u m e s m u ch i m p o rt a n c e In the c a s e .

o f c a bb a g e t u rn ips a n d t he lik e i t i s p e rh a p s b e st th a t th e y be
, , ,

fe d a f t e r milki n g In the c a s e o f ha y which is lik e ly t o c o n t a i n

.
,

m o re o r l e ss d u s t it is p e rh a ps b e st to f e e d this a ft e r milki n g
,

a ls o a n d in e i t h e r o f th e s e c a s e s it w o u ld n e c e ssit a te the f e e di n g
,

o f gra i n fi rs t P e rh a ps the id e a l w a y wh e n the f o o d is o f s u ch

.
,

a n a t u re t o p e rmit is to f e e d the g ra i n a n d s u cc u l e n t f o o d to
,

g e th e r sp ri n kli n g the g ra i n o v e r the s u cc u l e n t fo o d a n d th en

, ,

wh e n th e s e a re b o th cl e a n e d u p to f e e d the ha y A g o o d o rd e r
,
.

fo r the d a y s w o rk is a s f o ll o ws : In the m o rn i n g m ilk fi rst th e n

’
,

f e e d g ra i n th e n sil a g e cl e a n st a bl e w a te r f e e d ha y g ro o m the
, , , , ,

a n im a ls th e n o n pl e a s a n t d a ys tu rn o u t fo r a n h o u r o r so
,
In .

the a ft e rn o o n w a t e r cl e a n st a bl e s f e e d g ra i n m ilk f e e d sil a g e

, , , , ,

a rra n g e b e ddi n g a n d l a stly f e e d s o m e l o n g ha y

,
S u ffi ci e n t .

a tt e n ti o n i s n o t give n to the d a y s p ro g ra m i n the d a i ry ’

,

b u si n e ss .

Efi e ct of fo od o n qu a n ti ty of m i lk
’
O cc a si on a lly the st a t e .
21 4 M AN U A L OF F AR M AN I M AL S

s u ch p ra cti c e in the fi rst pl a c e it re q u i re s m u ch f o o d to h e a t this

w a t e r u p to the b o dy t e m p e ra t u re a n d the a n im a l w ill n o t ,

d ri n k the re q u i re d a m o u n t S u ch l a rg e d ra fts o f co ld w a t e r m a y
.

F IG 7 3 IN T E R R V E W D A RY BA R
IO I OF I N, S H O WIN G EED I N G AL L EY
F M AN
G ER AL WAT E R G D E V CE Q u i ck Au bu
. .
,

S, AN D I N D I V I D U IN
'
I . Bo w en , rn , N Y
. .

c a u s e i n dig e sti o n a n d in Q a n ,

t a k e the chill o ff d ri n ki n g w a t e r in wi n t e r is n ow an a cc e pt e d
p ra cti ce with p ro g re ssive d a i rym e n .

F E E DI N G T HE M I LK IN G CO W
A
S i n c e the q u a n tity o f m ilk p ro d u ce d by a co w d e p e n ds la rge fr ’

o n the a m o u n t a n d ch a ra ct e r o f the f e e d s u ppli e d it is o f the ,

u t m o st i m p o rt a n ce th a t the f e e di n g be giv e n ca re f u l c o n s i d e ra

ti o n . D e v e l o pi n g the m ilki n g c o w ca lls fo r skill s e c o n d to n o n e

o th e r a m o n g f a rm a n i m a ls T he m il ki n g co w sh o u ld be fe d
.

lib e ra lly fmeg g efi tfy a n d re g u l a rly the a m o u n t giv e n b e i n g re g u

, , ,
 F E ED I N G D AI R Y CA TTL E 21 5

l a t e d by the siz e o f the an im a l and by the q u a n tity

w e ll a s the as

q u a lity o f he r m ilk in g e n e ra l t
a g o o d d a i ry
,

co w in f u ll fl o w a n d o n e h a lf -

we ight O f .

tibl e m a tt e r .

ide ra bly l a rg e r
q u a n ti ti e s to ,
i h —
a ge w h l e t e lo w p ro d u c e rs sh o u ld re c e iv e

l e ss T he re a d e r m a y re c u r to the g e n e ra l disc u ssi o n o f f o o d

.

re q u i re m e n ts a s d e t a il e d o n p a g e s 2 03 to 2 1 0 .

Fe e di n g d a i ry c a ttl e n a t u ra lly divid e s its e lf i n t o tw o p a rts

the s u m m e r p e ri o d wh e n the c o ws a re a t p a st u re a n d the wi n t e r ,

p e ri o d wh e n th e y a re st a bl e d a n d fe d th e i r e n ti re ra ti o n .

of da i ry ca ttle .Pa st u re is o n e o f the e ss e n

tia ls d a i ry f a rm i n g The f a v ora bl e i n fl u e n c e o f
-
.

e a rly e s e c re ti o n o f m ilk is w e ll k n o w n T he .

flo w e ria lly d a s is the t o t a l ;yi e ld o f fa t th o u gh

, ,

the p a g e o f fa t o t m a t e ri a lly a lt e re d T ru e .
,

som e the p e rc e e o f fa t s e e ms to in cre a se n bu t o th e r ,

y e a rs c re a s e s in s a m e a n i m a l ; a n d the f o o d is p ro b
a bly the c a u s e .

As ru l e in the e a rl
,
rt o f the p a st u re s e a so n the c o ws will ,

o bta i s u ffici e n t fo o d the p a st u re s a l o ne bu t l a t e r in the

,

s e a so ri it will o ft e n be n e c e ss a ry t o s u ppl em e n t the p a st u re .

This m a y be d o n e by s o ili n g ,
c u tti n g the fo ra g e a n d f e e di n g it
t
to the c a ttl e g re e n ,
with sil a g e o r with g rai n
,
.

Exp e rim e n ts s e e m to i n dic a t e th a t the f e e di n g o f g ra i n to c o ws

o n p a st u re is p ro fit a bl e o n ly wh e n th e re IS sc a rcity o f p a st u ra g e .

In f a ct t he y will c o n s u m e bu t littl e whil e the p a st u re is a b u n

,

d a n t a n d in u tritio u s It wo u ld s e e m wis e ho w e v e r in c a s e the

.
, ,

a n im a ls e a t it , to p ro vid e a fe w p o u n ds o f fw he a t b ra n o r b ra n
a n d o a ts mix e d p a rtic u l a rly in the c a s e ( if h e a vy milk e rs as ,

this will i n s u re m a xim u m p ro d u cti o n

T he m a rk e d f
.

Pro te cti n g cow s from fli e s . a lli n g o ff i n the m ilk

flo w o f the d a i ry co w in the l a t e s u m m e r a n d f a ll i s l o o k e d u p o n
21 6 M AN U AL OF F A R M ANI M AL S

as un a v o id a bl e a n d is a ttrib u te d to the wo rry o f the s t o ck by

’

fli e s This c o n cl u si o n i s n o t b o rn e o u t by the e xpe rim e n ta l d a ta

.

/
a v a il a bl e M a n y e xp e rim e n ts h a v e be
. to d e t e r
mi n e to wh a t e xt e n t this w o rry c a u s e d by the y i e ld
o f milk a n d fa t Ih /th e s e e xp e rim e n ts
. e xcl u d e d
"
f ro m the a n im a ls a t i n t e rv a ls a n d a c o rd k e p t o f the
p ro d u cti o n . ha d v e ry li ttl e if

h
a n y e ff e ct u p o n t e yi e ld e ith e r o f m The f a il u re to "

p ro vid e a n a b u nd a n c e o f s u cc u l e n t s u ppl e m e n t the

p a rch e d p a stu re s t h u s c o mp e lli n g t
'

,
a n im a ls to g ra z e o v e r
'
l a rg e a re a s in the ho t su n s e e ms to the p ri n cip a l f a c to r in
,

c a u si n g a d e c re a s e d p ro d u c ti o n in e r s u mm e r .

Wi n ter fe e di n g of da iry ca ttle Wi n te r f e e di n g is the m o s t

.

e xp e n siv e a n d the p ro fit to be d e riv e d f ro m a d a i ry co w will

,

d e p e n d in a l a rg e p a rt u p o n the e c o n o my o f the wi n te r ra ti o n
, , .

This d o e s n o t m e a n th a t she sh o u ld be fe d sp a ri n gly ; o n the

o th e r h a n d the g o o d d a i ry co w sh o u ld be fe d a b u n d a n tly
,

wi th a v a ri e ty o f n u triti o u s f e e ds Fe e d a v a ri e ty wh e n e v e r
.

p o ssibl e A g o o d d a i ry co w sh o u ld m a k e e c o n o mic a l u se o f
.

se v e n to te n p o u n ds o f g ra i n
(

p e r d a y a n d fif t e e n t o t w e
,
n ty
p o u n ds o f dry f o ra g e o r b e tt e r ,

s till t hi rt y to f o rty p o u n ds o f,

s u c c u l e n t f o o d a n d fi v e to te n
p o u n ds o f dry fo ra g e o r ha y ,

the e x a c t a m o u n t s to be v a ri e d
to m e e t c o n diti o n s
7 4— HO L S T E I N F R I E S I A N C o w
.

or co n cen tra te d fe e ds
FI -

ED A I S Y P A U L I N E P A U L 2 d Gra i n
. .

.
,
n

O w n e d by J o hn Ar fm a n
.

The m o re c o mm o n g ra i n s fe d
,
-

to d a i ry c a ttl e a re the c e re a ls
c o rn o a ts wh e a t b a rl e y a n d ry e
, , ,
a n d the m ill re fu s e
,
of ,

which th e re is a n a l m o st e n dl e ss v a ri e ty u p o n the m a rk e t .

The a m o u n t o f g ra i n th a t ca n be fe d wi th p ro fi t to a d a i ry
cow will d e p e n d o n the p ric e o f the f o o d , the yi e ld o f the co w ,
 21 8 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

e x a m pl e if o n e ha d a fe w c o ws o n ly a n d fe d bu t tw e n ty p o u n ds
,

p e r h e a d a n d d a y t h e sil a,
g e w o u ld b e lik e ly t o sp o il o n to p ,

in which c a s e it w o u ld be n e c e ss a ry to f e e d it f a st e r .

Th e re a re m a n y w a ys o f p ro c u ri n g s u c cu l e n t f o o ds s u ch a s ,

p re s e rvi n g g re e n f o o ds in the sil o ra isi n g o f ro o ts a n d t u b e rs

, ,

p ro c u ri n g re fu s e f ro m the b re w e ri e s distill e ri e s a n d s u g a r fa c
, ,

t o ri e s a n d s o ili n g
,
.

S ila ge . G re e n fo o d p re s e rv e d in the sil o is c o mi n g to be a

v e ry c o mm o n s u cc u l e n c e fo r the d a iry co w Whil e th e re a re .

m a n y g re e n pl a n ts s u ch a s a lf a lf a cl o v e r c o wp e a vi n e s a n d
, , , ,

the lik e p re s e rv e d in this w a y y e t c o rn is by fa r the m o s t im

, ,

p o rt a n t Sil a g e c ro p No o th e r pl a n t will fu rn ish n e a rly so m u ch

.

sil a g e pe r a c re a s co m All sil a g e c o n t a i n s a v e ry high pe r

.

c e n t a g e o f w a t e r a n d fo r this re a s o n is b u lky As a s u cc u l e n t
,
.

f o o d fo r milki n g c o ws g o o d c o rn S il a g e is h a rd to i m p ro v e o n
, .

It is v e ry p a l a t a bl e re a dily dig e stibl e a n d s t im u l a t e s the fl o w

, ,

o f m ilk s e c o n d o n ly to g ra ss .

R o ots a n d tu bers — Wh e n the c o n s t ru cti on o f a sil o is n o t

.

c o n v e n i e n t o n e ca n p ro c u re a V e ry g o o d s u cc u l e n t f o o d by
,

ra isi n g roo ts a n d t u b e rs Whil e th e re a re m a n y ro o ts a n d

.

t u b e rs su ch a s p o t a t o e s b e e ts fla t tu rn ips ru t a b a g a s an d the
, , , , ,

lik e , th a t m a y be g ro w n m a n g e ls a re by fa r the m o st imp o rt a n t

,

ro o t-c ro p a s a s u cc u l e n t f o o d fo r c a ttl e Th e s e ro o ts a ll p o ss e ss
.

a V e ry high p e rc e n t a g e o f w a t e r e v e n m o re th a n sil a g e
,
As a .

s u cc u l e n t f o o d fo r the m ilki n g co w th e y a re e xc e ll e n t b e i n g ,

p a l a t a bl e a l m o st e n ti re ly dig e stibl e a n d stimu l a ti n g the flo w

, ,

o f m ilk . Whil e the a m o u n t th a t m a y be fe d v a ri e s a cc o rdi n g

to c o n diti o n s the s a m e a s in sil a g e o n e m a y f e e d f ro m 35 to 5 0
, ,

p o u n ds d a ily pe r 1 000 p o u n ds o f liv e w e ight .

S oi li n g As w e h a v e a l re a dy s e e n s o ili n g c o n sists o f cu t
.
,

ti n g g re e n c ro ps a n d f e e di n g th e m f re sh S u cc e ssfu l a n d .

e c o n o mi c a l s o ili n g m e a n s f u rn ishi n g to the m ilki n g co w a su p

ply o f g re e n f o ra g e d u ri n g the g ro wi n g s e a s o n It m e a n s th a t .

c ro ps a n d a re a s m u st be so a rra n g e d th a t o n e gre e n c ro p will

 F EE D I N G DAI R Y CA TTL E 21 9

s u cc e e d a n o th e r d u ri n g the e n ti re s e a s o n Th e re a re m a n y
.

a dv a n t a g e s o f s o ili n g s u ch a s i n c re a s e d f o o d p ro d u cti o n f ro m a
,

giv e n a re a p ro vidi n g th re e ti m e s th a t o f p a st u ra g e l e ss w a st e
, ,

a s the ca ttl e a re n o t c o n st a n tly t ra m pi n g a n d lyi n g o n the

fo ra g e ; g re a t e r v a ri e ty o f f o o d a s the s u cc e ssi o n o f c ro ps
,

p ro vid e s m a n y ch a n g e s ; i n c re a s e d milk a n d b u tt e r p ro d u cti o n

wh e n p ric e s a re high a s in the f a ll ; l e ss disc o m fo rt o f a n i m a ls
, ,

a s th e y a re fe d in the c o o l st a bl e s ; a n d l e ss f e n ci n g re q u i re d .

O n e g re a t o bj e cti o n is the i n c re a s e d l a b o r ; s u ch a s p re p a ri n g
the s o il fo r the c ro ps s e e di n g e v e ry fe w d a ys c u tti n g the c ro p
, ,

o f g re e n m a t e ri a l a n d h a u li n g to st a bl e s — the f o o d b e i n g
,

g re e n a n d h e a vy ,
— a n d the e xt ra l a b o r o f c a rryi n g fo r the

c a ttl e in the st a bl e .

So ili n g c ro ps v a ry wid e ly in th e i r c o m p o siti on a n d a s a su c

c u l e n t fo o d fo r the milki n g co w As a ru l e th e y c o n t a i n m o re
.
,

w a st e th a n sil a g e . Th e y a re v e ry p a l a t a bl e re a dily dig e stibl e

, ,

a n d sti m u l a t e the flo w o f m ilk It is c u st o m a ry to f e e d s o m e

.

wh a t l a rg e r q u a n titi e s o f s o ili n g c rop s th a n o f sil a g e 6 0 p o u n ds ,

b e i n g c o n sid e re d a f a i r d a ily a ll o w a n c e fo r a 1 000 p o u n d co w -

.

In a dditi o n she m u st h a v e he r g ra i n ra ti o n the s am e a s wh e n ,

sil a ge is fe d a n d a sm a ll a ll o w a n c e o f ha y o f g o o d q u a lity
, ,

cl o v e r o r a lf a lf a wh e n p o ssibl e
,
In st e a d o f ch o o si n g c o a rs e
.

’
g ra i n s s u ch a s b ra n distill e rs d ri e d g ra i n s a n d the lik e it is
, , , ,

p re f e ra bl e to f e e d the m o re c o n c e n t ra t e d s u ch a s middli n gs
, ,

o il m e a l c o rn m e a l gl u t e n m e a l a n d the lik e
, , ,
.

Wh e n s o ili n g is p ra ctic e d the a re a re q u i re d to the co w a n d

,

the ro t a t i o n o f c ro ps a re i n t e re sti n g p ro bl e m s Bo th v a ry wid e ly .

in di ff e re n t s e cti o n s o f the c o u n t ry bu t o n the a v e ra g e o n e a c re

,

shou ld s u pp o rt tw o c o ws wh e n g ra i n a n d s o m e ha y i s fe d in
,

c o n n e cti o n a s su gg e st e d Whil e the c ro ps to be u s e d in ro t a

,
.

ti o n v a ry a s d o e s the ti m e o f pl a n ti n g y e t the f o ll o wi n g e x a mpl e s

,

w i ll s e rv e a s a b a sis to be v a ri e d a cc o rdi n g to c o n diti o n s

2 20 M AN U AL OF F AR M AN I M AL S

Exa m ple s o f r o ta ti o n f
o s o i li n
g cro ps , s ho w i n g ki n d of f o ra ge , s e e d to
a cre , ti m e Of s e e di n g, a ppro xi m a te a re a s , a n d ti m e of cu tti n g f or a he rd

of 1 0 co w s , a llo w i n g 6 0 po u n ds of f o ra ge a co w da i ly o r - o u n ds
p
'

a da y i n a ll, f o r difi e re n t s e cti o n s of the cou n try

NE W Y O R K — W I NG ’
S S O I L I N G S Y S T E M As B A S I S

5 M ON TH S — M AY 15 To O CTO B E R 1 5 — 1 0 Cow s — 6 0 PO U NDS PE R Co w D A LYI

Ki n d of C ro p T im e of t
C u t in g

M a y 1 5—M a y 31
Ju me l —Ju n e l O

Ju n e 1 1 —Ju n e 2 0

S p rin g 1 a cre Ju n e —
2 1 Ju ly 1 0

M ixe d S p rin g a c re Ju ly —
1 1 Ju ly 2 0

S p rin g Ju ly 2 1 —Ju ly 31

C o rn , e a rl y fl in t Au g 1 —Au g
. . 15

C o rn , m e diu m de n t 9, a cre Au g 1 6—Au g 31

. .

S e co n d cu ttin g , clo v er

and g ra sse s S e p t l —S e p t 1 0
. .

C o rn , la t e , M am
m o th Ev e rg re e n La t e S p i
r ng 4 a cre S e p t l l —S e p t 30
. .

Ba rle y
M ix e d Au g 1 —1 0 a cr e O c t l O ct 1 5 —
Pe a s
. . .

1
W he re a lfa lfa w ill d o w e ll it sho u ld be u se d i t
n s e ad o f w he a t .
222 M A N U A L O F F AR M A N I M AL S

W C — C A R LY L E S O I L ING S YS TE M B A S IS — Co n ti n u e d
’
I S O N S I N S AS

5 M ON TH S -
M AY 15 TO OC T R O BE 15 — 10 Cow s — 60 PO U N D S PE R Cow D A LY I

Ki n d of C ro p Are a Tim e of Cu tti n g

M i xe d
O a ts a cr e Ju ly 4—Ju ly 31
Pe a s

C o rn , e a rl y (2 d cu t
ti n g a lfa lfa ) —
1 0 2 0 lb . S p rin g 1 a cr e Au g .
—
1 Au g 31 .

C o rn , m ed u i m (2 d
cu tt i n g clo v er ) 1 0 2 0 lb . Spr i ng 1 a cre Se p t .
—
1 Se p t . 30

1 0 lb . Ju n e é —a cre O c t l —O c t 1 5
. .

F E E DI NG FO R HI G H PR O DU CTIO N
Th o s e w ho a re ra isi n g b re e di n g a n i m a ls a re o ft e n i n t e re st e d
in high re c o rds o f p ro d u cti o n As w e h a v e a l re a dy s e e n the .
,

m a j o r d a i ry b re e d e rs a ss o ci a ti o n s Ho lst e i n s J e rs e y Gu e rn
’
, ,

se y a n d Ay rshi re
,
e n c o u ra g e this by e st a blishi n g re gist e rs in

which o n ly th o s e a n i m a ls th a t m a k e c e rt a i n re c o rds m a y be
re c o rd e d The f e e di n g o f a co w in o rd e r th a t she m a y m a k e
.

“ ”
an a dv a n c e d re gist ry re c o rd a s it i s o ft e n c a ll e d is a , ,

di ff e re n t p ro bl e m fro m th a t o f f e e di n g a co w in a c o mm e rci a l
d a i ry In thi s c a s e a ll is s a c rific e d fer a high re c o rd o f pro
.
,

d u cti o n The high re c o rd s e rv e s a s a n a dv e rtis e m e n t a n d the

.
,

b re e d e r is e n a bl e d to s e ll his a n i m a ls a t a m u ch high e r p ric e

th a n p the rw ise .

Whil e the m e th o ds o f f e e di n g a s w e ll a s the f o o d u s e d by the

di ff e re n t b re e d e rs v a ry wid e ly (in f a ct n o tw o a re the s a m e ) ,

y e t th e g e n e ra l p ro c e d u r e is s o m e wh a t a s f o ll o ws h a v e the co w

v e ry fa t a t c a lvi n g ti m e T o do this she sh o u ld be d ri e d o ff .

s o m e ti m e b e fo re c a lvi n g a n d re c e iv e e xt ra c a re a n d f e e d It .

is t ru e th a t a v e ry fa t co w is m o re s u bj e ct a t c a lvi n g ti m e to
diffic u lti e s s u ch a s m ilk f e v e r g a rg e t di ffic u lt p a rtu riti o n a n d
, , , ,
 F E E D I N G D AI R Y C A TTL E 22 8

the lik e bu t th e s e will be ca re d fo r by a p a i n st a ki n g a n d fa

,

m ili a r a tt e n d a n t The a rgu m e n t h e re is th a t the co w w ill u se

.

this e xt ra b o dy fa t to re p a i r the w a st e o f the b o dy th u s e n ,

a bli n g he r to u se a l a rg e r p a rt o f he r f o o d in the e l a b o ra ti o n o f

milk s o m e g o i n g so fa r a s to sa y th a t a p a rt o f the e xt ra fa t is
,

u s e d in the m a n u f a ct u re o f the milk Whil e j u st wh a t p ro c e ss e s

.

t a k e pl a c e in the a n i m a l s b o dy a re n o t k n o wn y e t it is t ru e
’
,

th a t su ch a n a n i m a l will p ro d u c e m o re th a n a s if she w e re in
a v e ra g e c o n diti o n .

Wh e n e xt re m e high p ro d u cti o n is s o u ght the co w is fe d a n d ,

m ilk e d f o u r ti m e s d a ily The tim e v a ri e s s o m e wh a t bu t the

.
,

m o re c o m m o n is 5 A M a n d 1 1 A M ; 5 P M a n d 1 1 P M The
. . . . . . . .

re a s on fo r ch o o si n g th e s e h o u rs is th a t the 5 A M and 5 P M . . .

f e e di n g a n d milki n g a re a t the s a m e ti m e the re st o f the h e rd

is b e i n g fe d a n d m ilk e d Ev e rythi n g a b o u t the st a bl e sh o u ld
.

be q u i e t a n d the m ilki n g c a re fu lly a n d w e ll d o n e (se e p a g e

,

The f e e ds c o m p o si n g the ra ti o n s v a ry wid e ly n o tw o b re e d e rs ,

u si n g the s a m e . In a ll c a s e s h o w e v e r the s e c re t o f s u cc e ss is
, ,

v a ri e ty S o m e tim e s the g ra i n p a rt o f the ra ti o n is co m p o s e d

.

o f a h a lf d o z e n o r m o re di ff e re n t ki n ds o f g ra i n s ; the dry

f o ra g e o f tw o o r m o re ki n ds o f ha y a n d th re e o r f o u r ki n ds o f
s u cc u l e n t f o o ds The a m o u n t giv e n i s limit e d o n ly by the
.

a pp e tit e o f the co w .

F EE DI NG T HE HE IF E R

As the tim e o f c a lvi n g a pp ro a ch e s the f e e di n g o f the h e if e r ,

sh o u ld re c e iv e c a re fu l a tt e n ti o n D o n o t f e e d to o sti m u l a ti n g
.

o r d e c a y e d f o o ds a s th e y a re lik e ly to c a u s e a b o rti o n
, Cle a n .

sw e e t cl o v e r o r m ix e d ha y o r c o rn st a lks a n d co rn sil a g e o r ro o ts
with a sm a ll a ll o w a n c e o f g ra i n s u ch a s g ro u n d o a ts b ra n, , ,

sh o rts o r co rn will p ro v e v e ry e ffici e n t J u st p re vi o u s to c a lv

, ,
.

in g it is b e st to dis co n ti n u e the f e e di n g o f g ra i n o r a t m o st ,
.

o n ly a c o u pl e o f p o u n ds pe r d a y a n d n o t i n c re a s e a g a i n till the
,

h e ife r fre sh e n s Im m e di a t e ly a ft e r c a lvi n g a w a rm thi n g ru e l

.
,
22 4 M AN UAL OF F AR M AN I M AL S

c o n sisti n g o f o a tm e a l o r b ra n sh o u ld be giv e n Fe e d sp a ri n gly .

with ra th e r l o o s e n i n g f o o ds fo r a fe w d a ys o r u n til the d a n g e rs

o f m ilk f e v e r a re o v e r Th e n i n c re a s e the ra ti on g ra d u a lly u n til
.

she is re c e ivi n g a fu ll f e e d .

It m u st be re m e mb e re d th a t the h e if e r is d o i n g d o u bl e d u ty
in a ddi ti o n to e l a b o ra ti n g milk she is g ro wi n g ra pidly a n d if
, ,

b re d she mu st s u pply the fe t u s ;

,

h e n c e the i m p o rta n c e o f e xt ra
c a re a n d a b o v e a ll lib e ra l f e e d
, ,

in g To m e e t the re q u i re m e n ts
.

o f he r g ro wi n g b o dy the d e v e l ,

o pi n g fe tu s a n d the milk a g o o d ,
,

su pply o f p ro te i n m u st be fu r
n ishe d Pro t e i n the
. yo u n g
F IG 7 5 — HO L S T E I N F R I E S IAN C o w
- g rowi n g h e ife r mu s t h a v e if She '

NE T HER L A ND
. .

is to d e v e l o p i n to a high-p ro d u c
"
BE TT Y LY O N S
“

O w n e d by H A M o y e r S yr a u se c
h
,

T
. .
,

N Y . .
i n g c o w e t re a t m e n t g i v e n

the h e if e r will l a rg e ly d e t e rm i n e
the u s e f u l n e ss o f the f u tu re co w He a vy f e e di n g sh o u ld co n
.

tin u e th ro u gh ou t the e n ti re l a c ta ti o n p e ri o d whi ch sh o u ld be ,

e xt e n d e d a s l o n g a s po ssible /fo r the d e v e l o pi n g o f a p e rsis te n t

milki n g h a bit is f a v o re d by a l o n g c o n ti n u a n c e of the fi rs t

l a ct a ti o n p e ri o d .

S AM PLE R ATI O NS FOR T HE DAIR Y CO W

Thef o ll o win g ra ti o n s a re c o ll e c te d fro m v a ri o u s s o u rc e s a n d ,

fu rn ish a g u id e in d e t e rm i n i n g the ki n d a n d a m o u n t o f f e e d
th a t sh o u ld be a ll o we d a d a i ry co w Th e y a pply to a 1 000.

p ou n d d a i ry cow yi e ldi n g 22 p o u n ds o f a v e ra g e milk

226 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

R AT IO N

R AT IO

G ra in Fo ra g e

12 4lb . w he a t b ra n 30 lb . c o rn s ila ge 1
2 lb . co tto n -se e d m eal co tto n -s e ed hu ll s ad lib .

13 6 lb . w he a t b ra n 4
0 lb . c o rn s ila g e 1
co w pea ha y a d lib .

1 4 3 lb . w he a t b ra n 1 0 lb . co w pea ha y 1
3 lb . co tto n -se e d m eal so rg hu m ca n e a d lib .

15 3 lb . co tto n -se e d m eal 1 5 lb . a lfa lfa ha y 1

co tto n - se ed hu lls a d lib .

GR A I N M IX T U R E F O R C A L F R ATI O N
3 p a rt s c o rn m e a l
3 p a rt s g ro u n d o a t s
1 p a rt w h e a t b ra n
1 p a rt li n se e d m e a l

AG E M o
, . G RA IN M IX TR
U E, LB . SU M M ER W TR IN E
 C HA PT ER X

BR EEDING DAIR Y CATTLE

THE b re e di n g d a i ry c a ttl e o ff e rs a g re a t e r fi e ld o f o p e ra
of

ti o n th a n a n y o th e r in c o n n e cti o n with the p ro p a g a ti o n o f

f a rm a n i m a ls Pe rh a ps in n o o th e r cl a ss is v a ri a ti on so g re a t
.

o r imp ro v e m e n t so e a sily a cc o m plish e d a s in the i m p ro v e m e n t

o f d a i ry a n i m a ls p ro vidi n g p ro p e r m e th o ds a re u s e d
,
T he in
.

c re a si n g po p u l a ti o n is m a ki n g i n c re a si n g d e m a n ds fo r milk a n d
its p ro d u cts ,
b u tt e r a n d ch e e s e a n d whil e the s u pplyi n g

o f this d e m a n d p a rtic u l a rly in o u r l a rg e citi e s is a v e ry co m

, ,

pl e x p ro bl e m imp ro v e m e n t in the p ro d u cti o n o f d a i ry c a ttl e

,

c a n n o t be s a id to be a diffic u lt t a sk In the p a st w e h a v e b re d
.

d a i ry c a ttl e with o u t re g a rd to th e i r re c o rd o f p ro d u cti o n . In

f a ct re c o rds o f p ro d u cti o n We re w a n ti n g a s n o n e s u ch w e re k e pt
, .

T ru e w e h a v e k e pt p e dig re e s o f o u r d a i ry c a ttl e fo r m a n y
,

g e n e ra ti o n s bu t th e s e p e dig re e s t e ll u s o n ly : the c o l o r the

, ,

d a t e o f bi rth the o wn e r a n d his a dd re ss the si re a n d the da m

'
, , ,

n o n e o f which s u ppli e s u s with i n f o rm a ti o n a s to the m e rits

o f the co w . Wh a t is e q u a lly t ru e w e h a v e e stim a t e d pio

,

d u cti o n o f d a i ry c a ttl e f ro m ti m e i m m e m o ra bl e by s a yi n g o n e
co w giv e s so m a n y q u a rts a n o th e r s o m a n y q u a rts m o re
, ,
an d

still a n o th e r so m a n y q u a rts l e ss ; bu t s u ch e stim a ti o n is a lm o st

wo rthl e ss b e c a u s e o f the g re a t v a ri a ti o n in the yi e ld o f in
divid u a l co ws fro m da y to da y .Pe rh a ps tw o d a ys a w e e k a
co w w i ll yi e ld 1 5 q u a rts the o th e r fi v e d a ys o n ly 1 0 q u a rts ; a n d
,

in ou r e stim a ti o n w e a re lik e ly to re m e mb e r the 1 5 q u a rts a n d

22 7
22 8 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

fo rg e t the 1 0 q u a rt s Aga i n fo r m a n y y e a rs w e h a v e k e p t
.
,

a m o re o r l e ss a ccu ra t e re co rd o f the sh o w — y a rd c a re e r o f o u r
l e a di n g d a i ry a n i m a ls bu t this in tu rn giv e s u s n o i n fo rm a ti o n
,

a s t o th e i r p ro d u ci n g p o w e rs fo r it is n o w w e ll k n o wn t h a t a n i
,

m a ls with b illi a n t sh o w y a rd c a re e rs a re n o t a m o n g the b e s t

r -

p ro d u ce rs .

F IG 76 -
AYR S H I RE C o w G ra n d C h a m o n Na t o n a l D a ry pi i i S ho w 1 9 07
P ho t o g r a p
. . . .
,

h fro m Na ti o n a l S to ckm a n a n d F a rm e r .

T he A y hi d i y ttl igi t d i h
rs re a r ca e or na e n t e co u n t y of Ay r S co tla n d w he re the y
d h i fly i ki g Th y tri m pp
, ,

a re u se hc e n c e e se -m a n e a r
e an d n e a t in a e a ra n ce

ight h b t 1 000 p d b p
. .

In w e t e co w s ru n a ou ou n s rn d th e u ll s 1 500 o u n ds The
i ld db
.

c o lo r n c u d hi t
e s re , ro w n , an w e .

As ha s b e e n n o t e d in the ch a p t e r o n g e n e ra l b re e di n g ,

v a ri a ti o n is the b a sis o f i m p ro v e m e n t With o u t v a ri a ti o n .

th e re ca n be n o imp ro v e m e n t a n d wh e n g re a t v a ri a ti o n e xists ,

m u ch i m p ro v e m e n t is p o ssibl e D a i ry c o ws v a ry wid e ly b o th .

in re sp e ct to the q u a n tity a n d the q u a li ty of th e i r milk To .

28 0 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

p re s e n t m a n y d a i ry h e rd s p o ss e ss c a ttl e p ro d u ci n g a t a l o ss
,

n o t yi e ldi n g s u ffici e n t mi lk to pa y fo r the f o o d c o n s u m e d

e t in t h e a bs e n c e o f a cc u ra t e re c o rds the f a ct g o e s u n o bs e rv e d
y
a n d the o w n e r d o e s n o t k n o w the p ro fit a bl e f ro m the u n pro fi t

a bl e a n im a ls No p e rs o n is a bl e to go i n t o a h e rd o f te n c o ws
.

a n d pick o u t a ll the b e st by e x a mi n a ti o n R e c o rds a re a bso

.

lu te ly n e c e ss a ry to d e t e rm i n e p ro fit a n d l o ss .

M e thod of kee pi n g re cords — R e c o rds a re m o re e a sily k e pt

.

th a n i s g e n e ra lly s u pp o s e d The ti m e a n d c o s t o f k e e pi n g a
.

re oc r d o f th e a m o u n t o f milk a n d b u tt e r-
fa t yi e ld e d by e a ch
co w is q u it e i n sig n ific a n t e sp e ci a lly wh e n c o m p a re d with the
,

v a l u e o f s u ch re c o rds The m a t e ri a ls n e e d e d a re a p a i r o f sc a l e s
.
,

a h an d B a b c o ck t e st e r with o u tfit a n d a ,bl a n k m ilk -sh

e et .

T he sc a l e sh o u ld be g ra d u a t e d to t e n ths o f a p o u n d i n st e a d o f
o u n c e s a s the re c o rds a re m u ch m o re e a sily a dd e d
,
C h a till on s
.
’

Im p ro v e d C i rc u l a r Sp ri n g Ba l a n c e s a re o rdi n a rily u s e d .

The sc a l e s sh o u ld b e h u n g in a c o n v e n i e n t pl a c e a n d e a ch
c o w s milk w e igh e d s e p a ra t e ly a n d se t d o wn o n a R e c o rd
’

Sh e e t si m il a r to t a bl e o n p 231
,
. .

O n c e e a ch m o n th the m ilk fro m e a ch cow sh ou ld be te st ed

fo r the p e rc e n t a g e o f b u tt e r fa t To do this o n e sh o u ld t a k e a
-
.
,

c a re fu l s a mpl e o f the milk fo r tw o s u cc e ssiv e d a ys The s a mpl e .

n e e d n o t be l a rg e bu t the q u a n tity sh o u ld be in p ro p o rti o n

,

O n e h a lf pi n t s a v e d f ro m the tw o d a ys milk
’
to the flo w .
-

in g is s u ffici e n t .This sh o u ld be pl a c e d in a j a r a n d c o v e re d
to p re v e n t e v a p o ra ti o n In w a rm w e a th e r it is n e c e ss a ry to
.

pu t s o m e s o rt o f p re s e rv a tiv e i n t o the milk o th e rwis e it will ,

s o u r a n d in th a t c a s e c a n n o t be t e st e d
,
Fo r e a ch co w th e re
.

sh o u ld be a j a r with he r n a m e p a st e d u p o n it th u s a v o idi n g a n y ,

p o ssibility o f g e tti n g the s a m pl e s m ix e d By pl a ci n g the pe r .

c e n t a g e o f fa t th u s o bt a i n e d o n the re c o rd sh e e t b e n e a th the -

flo w o n e ha s a c o m pl e t e re c o rd o f e a ch a n im a l e a ch m o n th By
, .

m u ltiplyi n g the t o t a l m ilk by the pe r c e n t o f fa t o n e g e ts the ,

to t a l a m o u n t o f fa t This c o m pl e t e s the re c o rd fo r the m o n th

. .
28 2 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

The l e n gth o f tim e re q u i re d to we igh the milk a n d t a k e .

the s a mpl e will d e p e n d m u ch o n the a ctivity o f the o n e

d o i n g the w o rk O n the a v e ra g e it will re q u i re l e ss th a n o n e
.

h a lf mi n u t e a da y fo r e a ch co w to w e igh the milk a n d se t the

w e ight d o wn o n the e c o rd sh e e t
r — O n the tw o c o n s e c u tiv e
.

d a ys th a t the s a mpl e s a re t a k e n it will re qu i re the s a m e tim e

,

d a ily to the co w a s w e ighi n g a n d m a ki n g the re c o rd Th e n a n .

h o u r o r tw o o n c e a m o n th is a ll th a t is re q u i re d to m a k e the
Ba b c o ck t e st fo r p e rc e n t a g e o f fa t With this l e n gth o f tim e
.
,

o n e ca n o bt a i n a re a s o n a bly a cc u ra t e re c o rd o f the p e rf o rm a n c e

o f e v e ry co w in his h e rd .

V a lu e of m i lk-re cords The high e st d e g re e o f s u cc e ss

.

c a n n o t be a tt a i n e d u n l e ss w e k n o w the p ro d u cti o n o f e a ch
i n divid u a l co w . In a dditi o n s u ch re c o rds s e rv e a m u ch l a rg e r
,

u s e f u l n e ss b e c a u s e th e y e n a bl e u s to m a t e the a n im a ls m o re

j u dici o u sly . No t o n ly a re t he lo w p o d u ce rs u n p ro fit a bl e in
- r

th e ms e lv e s bu t in the a bs e n c e o f a re c o rd o f th e i r p ro d u cti o n
, ,

th e y a re p ro p a g a t e d a n d th e i r o ffsp ri n g in t u rn p ro v e u n
,

p ro fit a bl e.

TE S TI NG M I LK FO R B U TT E R -F AT

The m a t e ri a ls n e e d e d in t e sti n g milk fo r b u tt e r-fa t a re a

c e n t rifu g a l t e st e r t e st b o ttl e s a
,
-
c c ( c u bi c c e n tim e t e r)
,
. .

pip e tt e to m e a s u re the milk a c c a cid m e a s u re a n d su l

,
. .
,

f u ri e a cid a ll o f which ca n be p u rch a s e d fo r a b o u t fi v e d o ll a rs

,

fro m a n y d a i ry s u pply c o m p a n y ( Fig Th e y m a y be .

o rd e re d o f a h a rdw a re d e a l e r Su lfu ri c a cid i s s o ld a t a n y

.

d ru g st o re .

S a m pli n g the m ilk The milk to be t e st e d sh o u ld be

.

th o ro u ghly m ix e d j u st b e f o re s a m pli n g To do this p o u r b a ck .

,

a n d f o rth b e tw e e n tw o v e ss e ls s e v e ra l ti m e s With the pip e tt e .

,

m e a s u re o u t c c o f milk a n d pl a c e in the t e st -b o ttl e To

. . .

do this s u ck the milk u p a b o v e the 1 7 6 c c m a rk

, Q kly
u i c . . . .

p l a c e the i n d e x fi n g e r o v e r the u pp e r e n d o f the pip e tt e th e n

‘

,
 B R E EDI N G D AI R Y CA TTL E 2 85

th e b o ttl e by the u pp e r e n d o f the n e ck l e tti n g it h a n g in a ,

p e rp e n di cu l a r p o siti o n o n a l e v e l with the e y e R e a d the m a rk .

a t the to p a n d b o tt o m o f the c o l u m n o f fa t The diff e re n c e .

b e twe e n th e s e is the p e rc e n t a g e o f fa t in the milk Fo r e x a mpl e .

,

if the to p re a di n g is a n d the b o tt o m t h e n the milk t e sts

p e r c e n t .

M u ch c a re sh o u ld be e x e rcis e d in cl e a n i n g the t e st -b o ttl e s

a s th e y sh o u ld be p e rf e ctly f re e f ro m di rt wh e n u s e d .

T E S TI N G AS S O C IATI O NS

In th o s e s e cti o n s o f the c o u n t ry in which d a i ryi n g is e xt e n siv e ly

p ra cti c e d the f o rmi n g o f t e sti n g a ss o ci a ti o n s will p ro v e v e ry
,

a dv a n t a g e o u s . C o w -
t e sti n g a ss o ci a ti o n s a re o rg a n iz a ti o n s o f
f a rm e rs h a vi n g fo r th e i r o bj e ct the d e t e rmi n a ti o n o f the pro
d u cti o n o f the i n divid u a l co w in the h e rd Whil e the m e th o ds .

o f p ro c e d u re o f th e s e a ss o ci a ti o n s v a ry wid e ly in di ff e re n t
l o c a liti e s y e t the f o ll o wi n g pl a n giv e s a g e n e ra l id e a a n d m a y
,

be m o difi e d to s u it the co n diti o n s

Gen era l pla n —
.

. A n u mb e r o f d a i rym e n twe n ty to t w e n ty ,

fi v e h a vi n g a t o t a l o f 300 to 6 00 c o ws e ff e ct a n o rg a n iz a
, ,

ti o n e l e ct o ffic e rs a d o pt a c o n stit u ti o n a n d by l a ws a n d
, ,
-
,

giv e the o ffic e rs p o w e r to e mpl o y a m a n to do the t e sti n g .

This t e st e r Visits e a ch o f the h e rds o n c e a m o n th w e ighs the ,

milk o f e a ch co w fo r a p e ri o d o f tw e n ty f o u r h o u rs t a k e s -
,

s a m pl e s o f the s a m e a n d te sts fo r p e rc e n t a g e o f fa t In s o m e .

c a s e s the t e st e r w e ighs the fe e d o f e a ch co w a n d figu re s the

c o st o f the ra ti on The t e st e r m a k e s a c o mpl e t e re c o rd o f the
.

a m o u n t o f m ilk the p e rc e n t a g e o f fa t a n d t o t a l fa t a n d the f o o d

, ,

c o n s u m e d fo r e a ch co w in the h e rd l e a v e s a c o py o f this re c o rd
, ,

with the d a i rym a n a n d p ro c e e ds to the n e xt h e rd to re t u rn

, ,

a g a i n in a b o u t o n e m o n th In a dditi o n he giv e s a ll the h e lpf u l

.

s u gg e sti o n s p o ssibl e s u ch a s the su cc e ssfu l p ra ctic e s o f the

,

o th e r m e mb e rs o f the a ss o ci a ti o n The e n t i re c o st to the

.
286 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

d a i rym a n is a pp ro xi m a t e ly o n e d o ll a r pe r co w in a ddi ti o n to
b o a rdi n g a n d p ro vi di n g p a ss a g e fo r the t e st e r .

R E CO R DS OF PE R F O R M AN C E AND O F B R EE DI NG

In d e r to m a t e d a i ry ca ttl e j u di ci o u sly it is abs o lu t e ly

or ,

e ss e n ti a l th a t w e k n o w n o t o n ly s o m e thi n g o f the p e rf o rm a n c e

o f the a n i m a ls th u s m a t e d bu t the re c o rds o f p ro d u cti o n o f

,

th e i r a n c e st o rs a s w e ll Su ch re c o rds e n a bl e u s to m a t e the b e st
.

with the b e st a n d in so d o i n g imp ro v e the st ra i n with which w e

,

a re w o rki n g .

In a ll b re e di n g o p e ra t i o n s it m u st be re m e mb e re d t h a t lik e
,

p ro d u c e s lik e with the t re n d o f the ra c e d o wn w a rd Th a t is to

,
.

sa y the o ffsp ri n g will re s e m bl e the p a re n ts in g e n e ra l th o u gh o n

, ,

the a v e ra g e th e y will be slightly i n f e ri o r Whil e o n the a v e ra g e

.

the o ffsp ri n g a re i n f e ri o r to th e i r p a re n t s a n d whil e in g e n e ra l

th e y re s e mbl e th e i r p a re n ts y e t i n divid u a l o ffsp ri n g will v a ry
,

wid e ly s o m e fa r s u p e ri o r to th e i r p a re n t a g e whil e o th e rs will be

, ,

e q u a lly a s i n f e ri o r This i s wh e re the s u c c e ssfu l b re e d e r is

.

a bl e to m o ld the d e sti n y o f his h e rd by s e l e cti o n Po ss e ssi n g

.

a re c o rd o f the p ro d u cti o n o f e a ch i n divid u a l i n f e ri o r a n d s u p e rio r

,

a lik e he m a t e s the s u p e ri o r to the s u p e ri o r a n d disc a rds the in

,

fe rio r .

In this c on n e c t i o n it m a y be w e ll to c a ll a tt e n ti o n to a ra th e r
wid e sp re a d bu t i n c o rre ct id e a W e h a v e c e rt a i n b re e ds o f
.

d a i ry c a ttl e th a t a re re c o g n iz e d a s h e a vy milk e rs bu t ra t h e r
lo w t e s t e rs a n d w e a ls o h a v e high t e sti n g b re e ds bu t ra th e r light
,

milk e rs M a n y a b re e d e r o f d a i ry c a ttl e ha s f a ll e n i n t o the

.

g ri e v ou s e rro r o f thi n ki n g th a t if he m a t e s a h e a vy milk e r with

a high t e st e r the o ff sp ri n g sh o u ld giv e a f a i rly h e a vy fl ow o f
,

milk with a lib e ra lly high t e st Su ch b re e d e rs h a v e f o rg o tt e n

.

t h a t the d ra g o f the ra c e is d o wn wa rd a n d th a t by c ro ssi n g a

,

h e a vy milk e r bu t lo w t e st e r o n a high t e st e r bu t light milk e r ,

th a t o n the a v e ra g e the o ffsp ri n g will be b o t h a light milk e r

a n d a lo w te s t e r .
2 38 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

the d a i ri e s a re c ro wd e d fo r ro o m th a t th e re is o ft e n n o t
so

sp a c e e n o u gh to ra is e th e s e c a lv e s ; y e t wh e n p o ssibl e p ro visi o n
sh o u ld e b m a f r r h
d e o p e p e t u a ti n g t e high p ro d u ci n g c o ws
-
.

The p ra ctic e o f b u yi n g a ll the c o ws ha s a t e n d e n cy to l o w e r

ra th e r th a n ra is e the a v e ra g e p ro d u cti o n o f the h e rd fo r the ,

f
re a s o n th a t e w o f h
t e high p o d u ci n g c o ws a re fo r s a l e a n d the
- r
,

d a i rym a n is o blig e d to t a k e ra th e r i n f e ri o r p ro d u c e rs to s u pply

his c u st o m e rs with milk .

Coope ra tive bree di n g A v e ry s u cc e ssfu l m e th o d o f i m p ro v

.

in g the d a i ry c a ttl e o f a c o mm u n ity Is to b re e d th e m o n the

O r i
co pe a t v e pl n a I . h
n t e l o c a liti e s wh e re co w t e sti n g a ss o ci a
-

ti o n s e xist this is a v e ry e a sy m a tt e r It is a ls o a pp a re n t th a t
,
.

the f o rm a ti o n o f co w -b re e di n g a ss o ci a ti o n s in c o n n e cti o n with

,

co w -t e sti n g a ss o ci a ti o n s w o u ld do m u ch t o a dv a n c e the p ro g
,

re ss o f the d a i ry i n d u st ry Ea ch a ss o ci a ti o n sh o u ld h a v e fo r
.

its o bj e ct the p ro d u cti o n a n d i m p ro v e m e n t o f high g ra d e a n d -

p u e b re d d a i ry c a ttl e a n d sh o u ld be f o rm e d o f b re e d e rs w ho
r -
,

p o ss e ss the s a m e cl a ss o r b re e d o f c a ttl e It w o u ld be the wo rk

.

o f s u ch a n a ss o ci a ti o n to p ro t e ct the i n t e re sts o f its m e m b e rs ,

p ro vid e s u it a bl e b u lls e a ch y e a r fo r u se o n the c o ws o w n e d by

the m e mb e rs a dv e rtis e st o ck a tt ra ct b u y e rs h o ld m e e ti n gs fo r
, , ,

disc u ssi o n o f co w b re e di n g m a tt e rs a n d e d u c a t e the f a rm e rs o f

-
,

the l o c a lity to b e t te r m e th o ds o f b re e di n g f e e di n g a n d d e v e l o p
, ,

in g high -p ro d u ci n g d a i ry c o ws .

FO R M ATI O N O F THE DAI R Y HE R D

Pe rh a ps o n e of the
m o st disc u ss e d q u e sti o n s in the f o rm a ti o n
-

o f a d a i ry h e rd is wh e th e r to b e gi n with p u re b re d o r g ra d e -

c o ws By p u re ly b re d a n i m a ls a re m e a n t th o s e th a t a re re
.

c o rd e d in the h e rd b o o ks o f th e i r re sp e ctiv e b re e ds ; by g ra d e
is m e a n t the p ro d u c e o f a p u re b re d si re u p o n a n a tiv e o r co m
-

m o n da m O pi n i on s di ffe r wid e ly a s to which i s the m o re

.

p ro fit a bl e Pu re —
. b re d a n i m a ls a re m u ch s o u ght fo r b re e di n g
p u rp o s e s ; th e i r o ffsp ri n g a re th e re f o re m o re v a l u a bl e a n d co m
 B R E E DI N G D AI R Y CA TTL E 28 9

m a n d a high e r p ric e th a n do the o ffsp ri n g o f g ra d e s Th e re .

f o re if the v a l u e o f the c a lv e s is t a k e n i n t o c o n sid e ra ti o n a

, ,

p u re b re d h e rd is a m o re p ro fit a bl e o n e o th e r thi n gs b e i n g
-
,

e qu a l th a n a g ra d e h e rd On — the o t her ha n d b yi he g ra di n g
‘
r
x
.
,

u p pro ce s a tha t is by con tin u a lly se le cti n g a n d b re e di n g the

w -w
a
L

c o ws th a t a re the b e st p ro d u c e rs to a p u re -b re d b u ll I h 48
_
“

,
“
-

e n ti re ly p o ssibl e a nd by n o m e a n s di ffic u lt to e st a blish a h e rd

/

o f g ra d e ce Ws th a t w ill e q u a l in the p ro d u cti o n o f m ilk a n y

/

he rd C f p u re b re d a n fi ds
/
-
If th e re f o re m ilk -p ro d u cti o n a l o n e
‘
.
, ,

is s o u ght a g ra d e h e rd m a y p ro d u c e a s l a rg e ly a s a p u re
,

b re d ; bu t if the o ff sp ri n g is t a k e n i n t o c o n sid e ra ti o n a pu rehr ,

b re d h e rd c e rt a i n ly ha s a n a dv a n t a g e o v e r a g ra d e h e rd o f
e q u a l p ro d u ctiv e c a p a c ity .

The e n t e rp risi n g a n d p ro g re ssiv e o w n e r will h a rdly be co n

t e n t with g ra d e s o n ly In the b e gi n n i n g his b u ll will be p u re
.
,

b re d ; p re s e n tly he will w a n t a p u re b re d co w to m a t ch th e n -
,

o n e o r tw o m o re Th u s he will be st e a dily a n d p ro p e rly w o rk

.

in g t o w a rds a p u re -b re d h e rd a n d g a i n i n g in k n o wl e dg e a n d
e xp e ri e n c e a t the s a m e ti m e This will be f o u n d a m u ch .

b e tt e r pl a n e sp e ci a lly with the b e gi n n e r o r th o s e u n a c c u st o m e d

,

to h a n dli n g re gist e re d st o ck th a n to p u rch a s e a p u re b re d ,

-

h e rd in the b e gi n n i n g .

G RADI N G UP T HE
o
fi

-
HE R D

by the g ra di n g -u p p ro c e ss it
is e n ti re ly p o ssibl e a n d by n o m e a n s difli cu lt to e st a blish a
h e rd o f g ra d e c o ws th a t will e q u a l in the p ro d u cti o n o f milk
a n y h e rd o f p u re b re d a n im a ls
-
This m a y s e e m a b o ld st a t e .

m e n t b u t it is the o n e th a t it is d e si re d to i m p re ss o n the
,

a v e ra g e d a i rym e n Whil e the m e th o ds o f a c c o mplishi n g this

.

v a ry g re a tly ca re fu l s e l e cti o n a n d j u dici o u s m a ti n g f u rn ish

,
“

the ke y to the sit u a ti o n Th e re a re n o s e c re ts in h e rd im

.

p ro v e m e n t In this disc u ssi o n it is p ro p o s e d b ri e fly to i n di c a t e

.

the li n e s a l o n g which a n a tt e mpt t o b re e d u p a n d im p ro v e a

 4
2 0 M AN U AL O F F A R M ANI M AL S

h e rd o f c o m m o n c a ttle is m o st lik e ly to p ro v e s u cc essfu l Fo r

'

it m u st be re m e m beré d th a t the l a rg e Of da iry m e n ,

"
,

s e e ki n g to imp rov e th e i r h e rd m u st a rg e ly o n the

i n divid u a l a n i m als th e y a dy o n h the b a sis f ro m

whi ch to sta/rf the im pro
The fi rst e ss e n ti a l is a re c o rd o f the p e rf o rm a n c e o f e a ch
co w c o mp risi n g the h e rd In h e rd i m p ro v e m e n t it is f u n d a
.

m e n ta l a n d with o u t it a dv a n c e m e n t c a n n o t be m a d e
, No .

o n e n o t e v e n the e xp e ri e n c e d d a i rym e n
,
ca n a ff o rd to do this
,

u p o n g u e ss w o rk a l o n e .

T he s e c o n d e ss e n ti a l is the s e l e cti o n o f a s u it a bl e b u ll Th re e .

f a c t o rs in o rd e r o f th e i r imp o rt a n c e a re : his p e dig re e b a s e d

u p o n a re c o rd o f p e rf o rm a n c e his i n divid u a lity a n d his a bility
, ,

to ge t u n if o rm o ff sp ri n g . G re a t e st i m p ro v e m e n t is n o t p o ssibl e
wi th a n y o n e o f th e s e f a ct o rs w a n ti n g .

The fi rst gen e ra ti on . If the si re ha s b e e n w e ll ch o s e n the ,

c a lv e s in the fi rst g e n e ra ti o n a re lik e ly to be a n e v e n a n d u n i

f o rm c ro p e v e n th o u gh th e i r d a ms be o f m ixe d b re e di n g If
,
.

the si re be a p u re -b re d the fi rst c ro p o f c a lv e s will be h a lf —

,
bl o o ds .

If c o n v e n i e n t a ll o f the h e if e r c a lv e s sh o u ld be re t a i n e d
,
A .

g re a t a dv a n t a g e in the ra pid imp ro v e m e n t o f a h e rd o f c o ws

u n d e r this g ra di n g u p p ro c e ss is the a bility to ra is e a l a rg e n u m
-

be r o f i n divid u a ls u p to the tim e th a t th e y b e gi n to p ro d u c e so ,

th a t a g re a t e r n u mb e r m a y be a v a il a bl e f ro m which to s e l e ct .

If o ft e n h a pp e n s h o w e v e r th a t the ci rc u m st a n c e s o f the o wn e r
, ,

do n o t a dmit o f re a ri n g a l a rg e n u mb e r a n d s o m e s e l e c t i o n ,

m u st be m a d e a t the tim e o f bi rth .

S e le ct heife r ca lve s from hi gh produ ci n g da m s-

If s o m e .

c a lv e s m u st be disc a rd e d o wi n g to l a ck o f fa ciliti e s fo r re a ri n g
,

th e m le t it be th o s e f ro m the lo w -p ro d u ci n g d a ms
, R e t a i n the
.

h e if e rs f ro m the high -p ro d u ci n g c o ws This Is i n k e e pi n g with

.

our la w th a t
“
lik e p ro d u c e s lik e ”
. 8m
-m
re tai mn ga he h e ife m
l
” O n
M

lv eS from tho se w e w s fl ra t sho w v a ri a ti o n

'

p a rt ic u l a rly t o wa r d —i mp ro ve m en t b si
a n g
- th e i r a rgu m e n
—
_ on
” *

,
 4
2 2 M A N UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

p ro d u cti o n a lth o u gh a fe w i n divid u a ls m a y S h o w m a rk e d

,

imp ro v e m e n t This will p ro v e the skill a n d p a ti e n ce o f the

.

b re e d e r.

Co n ti n u e d j u di ci ous se le cti on the m e a n s of i m pro ve m en t .

T he fe w i n divid u a ls o f the s e c o n d g e n e ra ti o n th a t sh o w the

m a rk e d i m p ro v e m e n t a re the o n e s to be re li e d o n to c a rry
the h e rd f o rw a rd in the i m p ro v e m e n t Th e i r f e m a l e o ffsp ri n g
.

will in t u rn S h o w m a n y i n f e ri o r to th e m s e lv e s with o n ly a fe w ,

s u p e ri o r o n e s It is the c o n ti n u e d a n d j u dici o u s s e l e cti o n fro m

.

the high p ro d u ci n g a n d
-
t h r n h
e disc a di g o f t e lo w p ro d u ci n g
-

th a t i m p ro v e s the g e n e ra l a v e ra g e o f the h e rd As g e n e ra ti o n s
.

c o m e a n d go ch a ra ct e risti cs o f the p u re b re d si re will b e c o m e

,
-

m o re a n d m o re fix e d a n d u n if o rm R e v e rsi o n s t o w a rds the

.

—
lo w p ro d u cti o n o f the c o m m o n b re d a n c e st o rs will be l e ss a n d
l e ss f re q u e n t The h e rd will be p ra ctic a lly p u re b re d f ro m the
.
-

st a n dp o i n t o f the c a p a city o f the i n divid u a l a n im a ls to re

p ro d u c e th e i r ch a ra ct e risti cs a lth o u gh th e y ca n n e v e r b e c o m e
,

—
e ligibl e to re gist ra ti o n in a h e rd b o o k .

This pl a n o f g ra di n g u p ha s b e e n s u cce ssfu lly p ra cti ce d in the

-

i m p ro v e m e n t o f a l a rg e n u mb e r o f h e rds o f d a i ry c a ttl e a n d is ,

e n ti re ly withi n the re a ch o f a n y o n e As a n e x a m pl e o f this

pl a n th e re is sh o wn in the t a bl e (p 24
.

3) the i m p ro v e m e n t th a t
.

w a s s e c u re d in the c a s e o f a h e rd d e sc e n di n g f ro m a si n gl e in

fe rio r co w .

The t a bl e sh o ws a v e ry ra pid i m p ro v e m e n t fo r the fi rst tw o

g e n e ra ti o n s a n d fo r the n e xt th re e it j u st a b o u t h o lds its o w n
,
.

Th e re a re tw o re a s o n s why the thi rd fo u rth a n d fifth g e n e ra

, ,

ti o n s do n o t e q u a l the s e c o n d : fi rst b e ca u s e th e y c o n t a i n m a n y
,

h e if e rs which h a v e n o t y e t re a ch e d m a t u rity a n d s e rv e to p u ll
the g e n e ra l a v e ra g e d o wn ; a n d s e c o n d th e re a re a l a rg e n u mb e r
,

o f a n im a ls t a k e n i n t o a c co u n t .

Whil e the pl a n ha s b e e n a ppli e d to the i m p ro v e m e n t o f a h e rd

st a rti n g with a c o m m o n co w it sh o u ld be re m e m b e re d th a t the
,

sa m e p ri n cipl e s a pply e q u a lly w e ll t o a n y h e rd Th e re a re v e ry

.
2 4
4 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S
,

fe w h e rds e v e n
,
the b e st ,
inwhich the i n t e llige n t a ppli ca ti o n of

th e s e p ri n cipl e s w ill n ot re s u lt in m a rk e d i m p ro v e m e n t .

T HE DAI R Y BU LL

The b u ll is o f p ri m e Imp o rt a n c e in b re e di n g d a i ry c a ttl e We .

h a v e a l re a dy o bs e rve d th a t the m a l e is c o n ce rn e d with so m a n y

m o re i n divid u a l o ffsp ri n g th a t his i n fl u e n c e is m u ch m o re e x
t e n siv e b e c a u se o f the i n c re a s e d n u mb e r he i n fl u e n c e s To .

se c u re the imp ro v e m e n t in a h e rd o f c a ttl e th ro u gh the f e m a l e s

w o u ld re q u i re t e u se o twe n t y fi v e o r m o re s u p e ri o r c o ws to
h f -

a cc o mplish the s a m e re s u lts th a t migh t be s e c u re d by the u se

o f a si n gl e b u ll a n d e v e n th e n th e re w o u ld be l e ss u n if o rm ity
,

in the o ffsp ri n g . This is du e m e re ly to the f a ct th a t the b u ll

c o n tro ls o n e fli a lf the ch a ra ct e rs in the e n ti re c ro p a n d n o t to a n y
sp e ci a l p re p o t e n cy o n his p a rt .

Choosi n g a da iry bu ll In ch o o si n g d a i ry b u lls it m a y be

.
,

n o te d th a t th e y h a v e m a n y p o i n ts in c o m m o n with the d a i ry

co w ,
p a rtic u l a rly f e a t u re s o f typ e su ch a s we re fu lly disc u ss e d
,

in the ch a pt e r o n ch o o si n g a d a i ry co w p a g e 1 8 9 ; bu t it is a ,

m u ch m o re difli cu lt t a sk to ch o o s e a b u ll th a n it is to discri m i
n a t e b e tw e e n c o ws .

The fi rs t a n d m o st imp o rt a n t a t t rib u t e is g o o d p e dig re e ,

b a s e d o n a re c o rd o f p e rf o rm a n c e No t o n ly sh o u ld the d a ms
.

in the p e dig re e h a v e g o o d re c o rds o f p e rf o rm a n c e bu t the ,

m a l e s sh o u ld a ls o be g e tt e rs o f p e rf o rm e rs The l o n g e r the .

li n e o f high -p ro d u ci n g a n c e st ry the m o re c e rt a i n a re the o ff

,

sp ri n g to be high p ro d u c e rs .

Aft e r h a vi n g s a tisfi e d o u rs e lv e s with re sp e ct to the p e dig re e ,

a s b a s e d o n re c o rds o f p e rf o rm a n c e th e n w e m a y t a k e i n t o
,

a cc o u n t the i n divid u a lity o f the b u ll In n o c a s e sh o u ld o n e

.

s a c rific e i n divid u a lity n o m a tt e r ho w p e rf e ct fo r p e rf o rm a n ce

, ,
.

It w o u ld be u n p a rd o n a bl e to ch o o s e a b u ll if he w a s so w e a k ,

a s to be u n a bl e to p ro p a g a t e his ki n d The c o n stitu ti o n a l

.

Vi go r a n d p re p o t e n cy a re i n dic a t e d to a ce rt a i n e xt e n t by the
2 6 4 M AN U AL OF F AR M A N I M AL S

u tt e r l a ck o f syst e m in b re e di n g Wh e n o n c e w e h a v e d e cid e d
.

o n the b re e d ,
th e re sh o u ld be n o fu rth e r ch a n g e W e re this
.

d o n e fo r a fe w g e n e ra ti o n s u n til c e rt a i n b re e ds b e c a m e ide n ti
,

fi e d with ce rt a i n l o c a liti e s th e n w e c o u ld d e p e n d o n u n if o rm ity

,

o f the e n ti re c ro p o f c a lv e s si re d in a n y giv e n s e a s o n .

Nu m be r of cow s to the bu ll The n u m b e r o f cOw s th a t it is

.

s a fe to b re e d to a b u ll in a s e a s o n d e p e n ds m u ch o n the b re e d .

T he b u lls o f the h e a vy phl e g m a ti c b e e f b re e ds a re n o t so p ro lific

a s the light e r m o re a cti v e d a i ry b re e ds The s a m e is t ru e a m o n g
.

the v a ri o u s d a i ry b re e ds bu t to a l e ss m a rk e d e xt e n t
,
It is .

e n ti re ly s a f e to c o u n t o n a b u ll s e rvi n g tw e n ty-fi v e c o ws a n d ,

wh e n the b u lls a re e xc e e di n gly st ro n g a n d vig o ro u s th e y m a y ,

fa r e xc e e d this n u m b e r .

T HE DAI R Y C O W

Whil e a ll d a i ry c o ws m u st be b re d in o rd e r th a t th e y m a y
f re sh e n the c o ws to which w e l o o k to re pl e n ish the h e rd sh o u ld
,

be c a re fu lly s e l e ct e d
. T he fi rst a n d by fa r the m o st i m p o rt a n t
f a ct o r to t a k e i n t o c o n sid e ra ti o n is p e dig re e ba s e d u p o n the
re c o rd o f p e rf o rm a n c e. Aft e r h a vi n g s a tisfi e d o u rs e lv e s a s to
the p e rf o rm a n c e th e n w e m a y l o o k to the i n divid u a lity a s
, ,

s u gg e st e d in the ch a pt e r o n ch o o si n g a co w (p .

Produ cti ve pe ri o d i n da i ry ca ttle The m o st f e rtil e p e ri o d in

.

the c o w s lif e is u su a lly fro m tw o to e ight y e a rs o f a g e In e x

’
.

c e ptio n a l c a s e s this p e ri o d m a y be e xt e n d e d b o th w a ys J u st .

ho w y o u n g it is b e st to b re e d h e if e rs is a q u e sti o n c o n c e rn i n g
which th e re is gre a t di ffe re n ce o f o pi n i o n So m e a rgu e th a t
.

s e c re ti n g m ilk is a ki n d o f h a bit a n d the s o on e r the y o u n g a n i

,

m a l b e co m e s a cc u st o m e d t o it the b e tt e r it is fo r he r ; wh e re a s
o th e rs sa y th a t the co w sh o u ld n o t be b re d u n til she g e ts he r

g ro wth c o n t e n di n g th a t the d e m a n ds m a d e o n the y o u n g

,

a n i m a l by the g ro wi n g f e t u s a n d he r o w n g ro wth a re to o s e v e re ,

a n d t h a t she is lik e ly to b e st u nt e d .

The a dvis a bility o f b re e di n g a h e if e r so a s to h a v e he r d ro p

 B R E E DI N G D AI R Y CA T TLE 4
2 7

the c a lf a t tw o y e a rs o f a ge d e p e n ds m u ch o n the i n divid u a l .

If she is vig o ro u s h e a lthy a n d w e ll g ro wn it will p ro ba bly be

, , ,

b e tt e r to b re e d he r ra th e r y o u n g a n d e n c o u ra g e the milki n g
,

h a bit fro m the b e gi n n i n g O n c e givi n g m ilk k e e p he r a t it a s

.
,

l o n g a s p o ssibl e fo r the co w th a t d ri e s o ff a ft e r s e c re ti n g milk a

,

fe w m o n ths is u n p ro fit a bl e a t b e st D O n o t b re e d he r a s e c o n d
.

tim e till ra th e r l a t e a s the e ff e ct o f the a n i m a l a g a i n b e c o mi n g

,

p re g n a n t is to d e c re a s e the flo w o f milk This p ra ctic e ha s m u ch

.

to re c o m m e n d it . In the fi rst pl a c e u n b re d h e if e rs a re in h e a t
,

tw o o r th re e d a ys e v e ry t h re e w e e ks a n d th e s e c o n st a n t re c u r
,

ri n g p e ri o ds a re a s m u ch o f a ch e ck o n the g ro wt h o f the h e if e r

a s th a t o f the g ro wth o f the f e tu s Ag a i n if the co w is le t ru n

.
,

in this u n b re d s t a t e the re p ro d u ctiv e o rg a n s a re lik e ly to be

,

c o m e d e ra n g e d a n d the a n i m a l b a rre n The a n i m a l b re d y o u n g

.

in lif e will p ro v e a m o re re gu l a r b re e d e r The c o n diti o n o f

.

p re gn a n cy s e e m s to h a v e a m a rk e d sti m u l a ti n g e ffe ct o n the

syst e m o f the h e if e r The a ssimil a ti o n is m u ch b e tt e r a n d if
.
,

p ro vid e d with a n a b u n d a n c e o f n u t riti o u s f o o d she will m a k e ,

a gre a t e r g ro wt h d u ri n g p re g n a n cy th a n o th e rwis e It is e a si e r .

to d e v e l o p the m ilk s e c re ti n g o rg a n s a t this e a rly p e ri o d

- .

Th e re f o re if the h e if e r is th rifty a n d w e ll g ro w n it w o u ld s e e m
, ,

b e st f ro m a p ra cti c a l p o i n t o f vi e w to b re e d he r y o u n g .

At a b o u t e ight o r te n y e a rs o f a ge the p ro d u ctiv e p o we rs

,

o f m o st d a i r c o ws b e gi n to w a n e a lth o u gh m a n y o f th e m a re
y ,

re li a bl e b re e d e rs w e ll i n t o the te e n s Ab o v e tw e lv e y e a rs o f
.

a ge ,
h o w e v e r it is ra re ly th a t th e y will b re e d a n d wh e n a n
, ,

a n im a l o f this a ge p e rsist e n tly f a ils to co n c e iv e it is p e rh a ps,

b e st to disp o s e o f he r a s the ch a n c e s o f he r p ro p a g a ti n g a re
e xc e e di n gly r e m o t e .

S e a son of the ye a r to bre e d The n a t u ra l ti m e fo r c a lv e s to

.

a rriv e is in the sp ri n g U n d e r o rdi n a ry f a rm c o n diti o n s this

.

is the c u st o m a ry ti m e fo r h a vi n g the c o ws d ro p th e i r c a lve s .

Th e re a re m a n y a dv a n t a ge s in h a vi n g the c a lv e s c o m e a t this
tim e The p re gn a n t co w ca n be t u rn e d to g ra ss whi ch is the
.
,
 4
2 8 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

na t u ra l fo o d fo r p re g n a n t a n im a ls a n d n e e d n o t re c e i v e so cl o s e
,

a tt e n ti o n a s w o u ld be n e c e ss a ry w e re she c o n fi n e d to the st a bl e

a n d fe d dry f o o ds . The w a rm w e a th e r a pp ro a chi n g the c a lf ,

is m o re e a sily c a re d fo r th a n in the wi n t e r Th e re is n a tu ra l .

g ra ss fo r the c a lf to f e e d o n a n d n o thi n g is b e t te r
, .

F a ll c a lvi n g is m u ch to be p re f e rre d o n d a i ry f a rms o r wh e re

high p ro d u cti o n is d e si re d Th e re a re m a n y re a s o n s fo r this
. .

By h a vi n g the c a lv e s d ro pp e d in the f a ll the c o ws a re givi n g

th e i r m a xim u m yi e ld wh e n the p ri c e o f d a i ry p ro d u cts is high .

W hil e the c a lf is m o re t ro u bl e to c a re fo r in wi n t e r this is the ,

idl e s e a s o n a n d m o re a tt e n ti o n ca n be giv e n it Ag a i n o n the

,
.
,

a v e ra g e the fl o w ca n be k e p t u p l o n g e r a n d the t o ta l p ro d u c
,

ti on m a d e m u ch m o re wh e n the co w f re sh e n s in the f a ll This .

is du e in p a rt to the f a ct th a t she is t u rn e d to p a s tu re j u s t a s
, ,

he r fl o w b e gi n s to w a n e whi ch c a u s e s it to ris e a g a i n
,
O n the .

o th e r h a n d if the co w f re sh e n s in t he sp ri n g the a n i m a ls giv e

, ,

th e i r m a xi m u m yi e ld wh e n the p ric e o f d a i ry p ro d u c ts is lo w ,

a n d th e n the dry f a ll c o m i n g o n c u ts th e i r fl o w th e n l a t e r th e y
,

a re pu t o n the dry f o o d o f wi n t e r whi ch still f u rth e r re d u c e s the

,

yi e ld so th a t a t the ti m e d a i ry p ro d u cts a re high the a n im a ls

, ,

a re givi n g v e ry littl e o r n o m ilk a t a ll .

A co w b re d Jan 1 sh o u ld c a lv e O c t 1 0 o r o n e b re d Ju n e 23
. .
,

sh o u ld c a lv e Ap ril 1 a cc o rdi n g to the ta bl e o n n e xt p a g e

,
.

Pa rtu ri ti on tim e — The a v e ra g e p e ri o d o f g e s ta ti o n in the co w

is p ro p e rly pl a c e d a t n i n e m o n ths m o re a cc u ra t e l y p e rh a ps tw o
,

h d ed
u n r a n d e ighty th re e d a ys bu t it m a y v a ry e ith e r w a y
-
,
.

A c a lf b o rn a t the tw o h u n d re d a n d f o rti e th da y m a y li v e a n d ,

a c a s e is re p o rt e d wh e re a th rif ty c a lf w a s d ro pp e d o n the th re e

h u n d re d a n d thi rty-fi fth da y Be c a u s e o f the u n c e rt a i n ty o f the

.

p e ri o d the co w sh o u ld be cl o s e ly w a tch e d f ro m the e ighth m o n th

,

u n til c a lvi n g . Th e re a re c e rt a i n sig n s o f the n e a r a pp ro a ch o f

p a rt u riti o n th a t ra re ly f a il The u dd e r b e c o m e s e n l a rg e d fi rm
.
,

a n d re sist a n t t o the t o u ch with m o re o r l e ss sw e llin g in f ro n t a n d

, ,

s e c re te s a milky fl u id the v u lv a b e c o m e s e n l a rg e d a n d sw o ll e n
-
,
250 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

and disch a rg e s a st ri n gy m u c u s ; the b e lly d ro o ps a n d the

m u scl e s o n e a ch sid e o f the ro o t o f the t a il f a ll in ”
l e a vi n g ,

d e e p h o ll o ws La t e r the co w .

b e c o m e s u n e a sy c e a s e s e a ti n g , ,

li e s d o wn a n d ris e s a g a i n ,

swit ch e s he r t a il a n d m a y be l ,

lo w o r m o a n S o o n the l a b o r .

p a in s c o me on the a n im a l ,

a r ch e s he r b a ck l o w e rs he r ,

c ro u p d ra ws the b e lly u p a n d "

, ,

st ra i n i n g 1 s m o re o r l e ss vi olen t
F I G 7 9 — JER S EY C o w J A C O B A a n d c o n ti n u ou s S o o n the cl ea r
S he g a v e p o u ds w ate r b a gs p ro t ru d e b e tw e e n
. .
.

I RE N E n

m i lk co nt a i i g 9 5 3 p o
.

n n ds fa t un

th e b e d
.

o rld s re co d fo the lips O f the v u lv a thn h

’
T he w r r r e .
,
( ) n e d by A O Au te n Je rse y v ille
w . .

bl
,
o o d m a y p re c e d e th e m
,
The .

I1 l
“

w a t e r b a gs c o m e ra pidly ha n g
-
,

in g d o wn w a rd to w a rd the h o cks p u ll a t the f e t u s a n d a id in , ,

dil a ti n g the w o m b In this m a n n e r th e s e b a gs a id m a t e ri a lly

.

a n d sh o u ld n o t be ru pt u re d u n til th e y do so n a t u ra lly T he .

a ft e r— p a i n s c o m e o n l a t e r a n d e xp e l the a ft e rbi rth which

sh o u ld n o t be l e ft l o n g e r t h a n tw e n ty-fo u r h o u rs .

F o r diffic u lt p a rt u riti o n a n d re m o v a l o f a ft e rbi rth se e p a g e ,

334 Di re ctly a ft e r c a lvi n g ; giv e a w a rm g ru e l o f o a tm e a l

.
,

wh e a t b ra n o r sh o rts In c re a s e the g ra i n ra ti o n g ra d u a ll y
,
.

u n til o n f u ll f e e d .

THE CALF

The y o u n g c a lf t h a t m a k e s its a p p e a ra n c e n o rm a lly a n d is

b right a n d a ctiv e n e e ds o n ly to be le t a l o n e a s l o n g a s b o th co w
a n d c a lf a re d o i n g w e ll No t a ll c a lv e s h o w e v e r a re so fo rtu
.
, ,

n a te O cc a si o n a lly o n e l o s e s its lif e th ro u gh w a n t o f a tt e n

.
\

ti o n a t ti m e o f bi rth It s o m e tim e s h a pp e n s th a t the n e w b o rn

.
-

c a lf c a n n o t b re a th e d o e s n o t e s ta blish the fu n cti o n o f re spi

ra ti o n St e ps m u s t be t a k e n q u ickl y to e s t a blish re spi ra ti o n
. .
 B R EE D I N G D AI R Y CA T TL E 25 1

If d e t a ch e d m e m b ra n e s c o v e r the a ir p a ss a ge re m o v e th e m , .

Wipi n g o u t the n o s e d e e ply with a f e a th e r o r e v e n with the ,

fi n g e r e xcit e s s n e e zi n g a n d st a rts b re a thi n g Bl o win g vi o l e n tly

,
.

i n t o the n o s e a n d m o u th ha s a si m il a r e ff e ct S l a ppi n g the .

ch e st with the p a l m o f the h a n d o r with a t o w e l dipp e d in c o ld

w a t e r is g o o d to st a rt b re a thi n g .

As s o o n a s the co w ha s re c o v e re d f ro m the sh o ck o f givi n g

bi rth she sh o u ld t e n d the c a lf fo r it will be physi ca lly b e n e
, ,

fi te d th e re by If she re fu s e s to lick a n d c a re ss he r c a lf a littl e

.
,

fl o u r sp ri n kl e d o v e r the b a ck o f the l a tt e r will o ft e n a tt ra ct he r

to it . S h o u ld she still re fu s e the c a lf m u st be d ri e d with a cl o th
,

o r wisp o f st ra w a n d if n e c e ss a ry a ssist e d to g e t its fi rst m e a l

, , .

It is e sp e ci a lly i m p o rt a n t fo r the c a lf th a t it ge t the fi rst o r

c o l o st ru m m ilk o f the da m This m ilk is rich in m i n e ra l m a tt e r
.

a n d a sh is a p o w e rfu l l a x a tiv e a n d i s e ff e ctiv e in re m o vi n g the

, ,

f e ca l m a tt e r f ro m the a li m e n t a ry c a n a l a n d in a dditi o n s e rv e s ,

a s a t o n ic The c a lf sh o u ld be a ll o w e d to s u ck the da m a fe w
.

ti m e s ; s o m e re c o mm e n d u n til the m ilk is fit fo r h u m a n c o n

s u m pti o n u s u a lly a b o u t the e ighth o r n i n th milki n g whil e o th e rs
, ,

re c o m m e n d s e p a ra ti n g th e m o n the s e c o n d da y p ro vidi n g the ,

c a lf is st ro n g a n d the c o w s u dd e r in g o o d sh a p e a s the co w is
’
,

m o re e a sil y re c o n cil e d to the s e p a ra ti o n a n d the c a lf c a n be ,

t a u ght to d ri n k m o re e a sily th a n if it ha s s u ck e d the co w fo r

s o m e ti m e If h o w e v e r the c a lf is w e a k it is b e tt e r to h a v e
.
, , ,
'

it w ith the co w a s it will f e e d o fte n e r a n d g ro w st ro n g e r o r if

,

the co w s u dd e r is i n fl a m e d the c a lf will h e lp to b ri n g it b a ck

’
,

to the p ro p e r c o n diti o n The c a lf m a y be pl a c e d in a n e a r by

.
-

p e n a n d in sight o f th e d a m a s it is th o u ght
,
s he will b e l e ss e x
“ ”
cit e d a n d n o t a tt e m pt to h o ld u p he r m ilk .

F e e di n g the da i ry ca lf O n a cc o u n t o f the high p ri ce o f milk

.

i t b e c o m e s n e c e ss a ry to f e e d the d a i ry c a lf by h a n d This c a lls .

fo r e xt ra l a b o r a n d s o m e ti m e s e n t a ils e xt ra di ffi cu lti e s bu t if ,

p ro p e r p re c a u ti o n s a re t a k e n th e s e m a y in a l a rg e m e a s u re be
,

a v o id e d .
252 M AN U AL OF F AR M AN I M AL S

T e a chi n g the ca lf to d ri n k Wh e n the c a lf i s ta k e n f ro m the .

co w it m a y n o t d ri n k a t fi rst bu t a ft e r the o m issi o n o f a f e e d

, ,

it b e c o m e s h u n g ry a n d a s a ru l e ca n be t a u gh t to d ri n k v e ry
e a sily A ca lf is m u ch m o re t ra ct a bl e wh e n h u n g ry The ca lf
. .

will n o t l e a rn to d ri n k a n y y o u n g e r by b e i n g f o rce d to b re a th e

FI G 80 — IM P O RTED BR O WN S w rss BU LL A r st fi pi r ze Wi n n e r Ow n ed by
g y
. . . .

S e d le F a rm s , Hin sd a le I II , .

Th B
e S i ttl
ro w n tiv f S it
w l d
ss ca l d d e n a es o w zer a n a re c a sse as p p
u al —u r o se ;
th t i th y yi ld f i q tity f v g q lity i lk d h
, ,

a s, e e a a r u an o a e ra e ua m an t t
e s e e rs wh en

f tt
a d k v g b f I i h b ll igh f 5 0
en e m a e a e ra e ee n s ze t e u s w e ro m 1 0 to 2 0 0 0 p d ou n s

p d Th l i lly lig ht d kb f di g
.

th 0 5
e co w s 1 2 0 to 1 00 ou n s e co o r s u su a or ar ro w n a n

t g y l g h b kb il d b t h b lly
.
,

o ra a on h t e a c on e to t e ta an a ou t e e .

the milk i n t o its l u n gs It sh o u ld be re m e m b e re d th a t i n s t i n c t

.

t e a ch e s the c a lf to l o o k u p fo r its f o o d a n d the f e e d e r mu s t ,

ch a n g e this by t e a chi n g the ca lf to l o o k d o wn Th e re is g re a t .

di ff e re n ce a m o n g b re e ds a s w e ll a s a m o n g i n dividu a ls in the e a s e
with whi ch the ca lv e s a re ta u ght to d ri n k fro m the p a il So m e .

a re t a u ght to d ri n k a t the fi rst t ri a l with li t tl e o r n o su cki n g o f

25 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

n ni g to s u bstit u t e k
s im m ilk
will v a ry a c co rdi n g to co n di ti o n s
-
.

In g e n e ra l the ch a n g e sh o u ld b e gi n wh e n the c a lf is f o u r w e e ks o f
a ge . This ch a n g e sh o u l d be m a d e gra d u a lly so th a t the ca lf m a y ,

a dj u st its e lf to the n e w f e e d with o u t t ro u bl e A g o o d pl a n is to .

i n c re a s e the ski m mi lk o n e p o u n d e a ch da y a n d d e c re a s e the

-

wh o l e m ilk by the s a m e a m o u n t a n d th u s re q u i ri n g a b o u t o n e
,

we e k to m a k e the c o m pl e t e ch a n g e T he ski m -m ilk sh o u ld

.

a lw a ys be sw e e t a n d a s n e a rly the s a m e f ro m da y to da y a s is

p o ssibl e The a m o u n t fe d m a y be g ra d u a lly i n c re a s e d to 2 0

.

p o u n ds d a ily bu t i t is n o t c o n sid e re d a dvis a bl e to f e e d m o re

,

th a n th a t a m o u n t .

Wh e n tw o o r th re e w e e ks o ld the ca lf sh o u ld be t a u ght to e a t
,

a littl e g ra i n This is b e st a cco m plish e d by pl a ci n g a h a n dfu l in

.

the p a il i m m e di a t e ly a ft e r t he ca lf ha s fi n ish e d d ri n ki n g the m ilk .

It is n o t a g o o d p ra ctic e to pu t the g ra i n in the m ilk a s the c a lf ,

will sw a ll o w it with the m ilk a n d n o t l e a rn to m a sti ca t e it p ro p

e rly . Aft e r the c a lf ha s l e a rn e d to e a t the gra i n a bo x sh o u ld ,

be p ro vid e d in whi ch to fe e d the g ra i n If fo r s o m e re a s o n the

.

c a lf fa ils to e a t the g ra i n it m u st be re m o v e d a n d n o t l e ft in the

,

bo x to d e c a y The g ra i n sh o u ld be k e pt f re sh a n d cl e a n
. A t six .

w e e ks o f a ge the c a lf sh o u ld be e a ti n g o n e p o u n d d a ily o f the

,

fo ll o w i n g m ixt u re : 3 p a rts co rn m e a l 3 p a rts gro u n d o a ts 3

, ,

p a rts wh e a t b ra n a n d 1 p a rt li n s e e d m e a l
,
.

The y o u n g c a lf sh o u l d be t a u ght to e a t ha y a l o n g with the

g ra i n If sw e e t n u t riti o u s ha y i s pu t withi n its re a ch it will
.
,

s o o n l e a rn to e a t it Wh o l e ha y is p re fe rre d to ch o pp e d
. .

Am o n g the v a ri o u s h a ys a lf a lf a h o lds fi rst pl a c e bu t if n o t a v a il

, ,

a bl e b right cl o v e r ha y o f fi n e q u a lity is e x ce ll e n t fo r the c a lf

,
.

The ha y sh o u ld n o t be o v e rrip e a s s u ch ha y co n t a i n s to o m u ch
,

c ru d e fib e r a n d is co a rs e a n d w o o dy The c a lf m a y h a v e a ll the
.

ha y it will co n s u m e p ro vidi n g it g e ts g ra i n a n d ski m -m ilk in

,

a dditi o n It is d o u btf u l wh e th e r it is a dvis a bl e to f e e d sil a g e o r

.

ro o ts whil e the c a lf is g e tti n g ski m -m ilk .

Fa ll c a lve s m a y be t u rn e d to gra ss the f o ll o wi n g sp ri n g ,

 B R EED I N G D AI R Y CA TTL E 255

bu t g ra i n f e e di n g sh o u ld a ls o be p ra ctic e d a s stro n ge r a n d l a rge r

,

ca l v e s will re s u lt La t e r in the s u m m e r wh e n the g ra ss is sh o rt

.
,

a n d d e a d t he fli e s ba d a n d w e a th e r v e ry w a rm
, ,
s o m e g re e n fe e d , ,

if a v a il a bl e w o u ld be a v a l u a bl e a dditi o n
,
Aft e r the fi rst o r .

s e c o n d m o n th the c a lv e s sh o u ld h a v e a c ce ss to co o l cl e a r w a t e r , ,

a s the m i lk f u rn ish e d will n o t be s u ffi ci e n t fo r th e m to d ri n k ,

p a rtic u l a rly if t he we a th e r is ho t a n d the fli e s t ro u bl e s o m e .

M ilk s u b stit u t e s fo r ra isi n g c a l v e s Wh o l e m ilk is the n a t

.

u ra l f o o d fo r the c a lf O n it the a v e ra g e c a lf will th riv e b e tt e r

.

th a n o n a n y o th e r f o o d Be c a u s e o f the high p ric e o f milk

.

m a n y s u bstit u t e s fo r m ilk a s a c a lf f o o d h a v e b e e n pu t u p o n
the m a rk e t f ro m ti m e to ti m e Fro m a c a re f u l p e ru s a l o f the
.

lit e ra t u re b o th wi th re sp e ct to e xp e ri m e n ts a n d p ra ctic e it
, ,

s e e m s th a t ski m m ilk g ra i n
-
,
a n d ha y m a k e the b e st s u bstit u t e s
,

fo r wh o l e m ilk in ra isi n g c a lv e s S ki m m ilk h o w e v e r is s e ld o m

.
-
, ,

a v a il a bl e a n d this ha s le d to t ryi n g the s u bstit u t e s f o u n d u p o n

,

the m a rk e t . Whil e ski m -m ilk g ra i n a n d ha y a re the b e st su b

, ,

stitu te s fo r wh o l e m ilk it is t ru e th a t h e a lthy c a lv e s ca n be

,

ra is e d wi th o u t m ilk o f a n y ki n d a ft e r the fi rst f o u r w e e ks In .

g e n e ra l c a lv e s so ra is e d will be i n f e ri o r in siz e bu t th e y ca n be ,

b ro u ght th ro u gh st ro n g a n d h e a lthy .

R e m ovi n g horn s fro m y o u n g ca lve s — Wh e n d a i ry ca ttl e a re

.

d e si re d with o u t h o rn s the re m o v a l is v e ry e a sily a cco m plish e d

,

whil e the ca lf is v e ry yo u n g As s o o n a s the h o rn ca n be l o c a t e d

.

by e x a m i n i n g the h e a d with the h a n d clip the h a i r a w a y f ro m ,

the b u ddi n g h o rn Wra p a stick o f c a u stic p o t a sh in p a p e r to

.

p ro t e ct the h a n d dip the e n d o f the stick in w a t e r a n d ru b this

, ,

u p o n the tip o f the h o rn u n til the ski n o r sc u rf b e gi n s to l o o s e n u p

a n d g e ts re d t a ki n g c a re a ll the ti m e th a t n o n e o f the p o t a sh
,

co m e s in c o n t a ct with the ski n s u rro u n di n g the h o rn In a fe w .

d a ys the pl a c e will s ca l e o v e r O n e a pplic a ti o n is s u ffici e n t

. .

Ca stra ti n g the m a le ca lf The a ge a t whi ch c a st ra ti o n is pe r

.

missibl e v a ri e s bu t u s u a lly is p e rfo rm e d d u ri n g the s e c o n d

,

o r thi rd m o n th .If d o n e in e a rly life , t h e re is l e ss d a n g e r o f

25 6 M AN UAL O F F A R M ANI M AL S

c o mplic a ti o n s a s the o rg a n s a re n o t f u lly m a t u re a n d if

”
le t go to o l o n g the a n i m a l b e c o m e s
,
st a ggy in a pp e a ra n c e
a n d will n o t m a k e a s g o o d a f e e di n g c a lf a s o th e rwis e C a st ra t
.

in g a c a lf a t s o e a rly a n a ge is n o t a di ffi cu lt t a sk
. The o p e ra ti o n
m a y be p e rf o rm e d with the ca lf st a n di n g if o n e is p ro vid e d with
,
“
st o cks t o h o ld him o r in the a bs e n c e o f st o cks by th ro wi n g
,

the c a lf u p o n his sid e a n d ho ldi n g him fi rm . Wh e n re a dy h o l d ,

the t e sti cl e in the l e ft h a n d a n d with a sh a rp i n st ru m e n t in the

,

righ t m a k e a g o o d f re e 1 n crs1 0 n re m e m b e ri n g th a t th e re a re tw o
,

thi ck c o a ts th a t m u st be c u t th ro u gh . No w the t e sticl e m a y

be re m o v e d by si m ply c u tti n g it o ff th o u gh this m a y be f o ll o w e d
,

by a h e m o rrh a g e . To a v o id this t a k e the c o r d in the l e ft h a n d

, ,

h a vi n g the co rd b e twe e n the th u m b a n d the i n d e x fi n ge r .

No w t wist the t e sticl e s e v e ra l tim e s with the right h a n d a n d

p u sh with the l e ft h a n d t o w a rds the b o dy o f the a n i m a l This .

w ill do a w a y a l m o st e n ti re ly with the bl e e di n g . If h o we v e r

, ,

this s e e m s to o diffi cu lt s cra p e the c o rd in tw o i n st e a d o f c u tti n g

,
.

Le t the a n i m a l u p a n d in a fe w d a ys he will be a ll right a g a i n

,
.
25 8 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN IM AL S

sh o u ld wip e d with a d a m p cl o th j u st b e fo re milki n g

be Ha y .

s h o u ld n o t be fe d p re vi o u s t o milki n g a s it fills the a ir with ,

d u st C a re sh o u ld be t a k e n to
.

fe e d cl e a n n u t riti o u s fo o ds a n d
,

s u ch a s will n o t co n t rib u t e a n
u n d e si ra bl e fl a v o r to the milk .

The d ri n ki n g w a t e r fo r the c o ws
sh o u ld be cl e a n f re sh a n d the , ,

t a n ks p ro t e ct e d fro m p o ssibl e
c o n t a m i n a ti o n F u rth e rm o re .
,

F I G 8 1 —BR O WN S w rs s C o w Vo the CO WS sh o u ld be h e a lthy On e

O w e d a t S e d g le y F a rm s
. . .

G EL n

Hi n sda le Ill
'

.
ca n n o t
’
p ro d u c e s a n it a ry m ilk
,

a n d k e e p d i s e a s e d c o ws Ea ch .

a n i m a l c o m p o si n g the h e r d sh o u ld be t e st e d fo r t u b e r c ul o sis

o n ce e a ch y e a r a n d t he dis e a s e d c a s e s re m o v e d .

The sta ble s If o n e is to p ro d u c e s a n it a ry milk the st a bl e

.
,

m u s t be k e pt cl e a n This a ppli e s to d u st c o bwe bs a n d the lik e

.
, , ,

a s w e ll a s to the m a n u re a n d litt e r M u ch light a n d g o o d v e n

.

tila tio n a re e ss e n ti a l The fl o o rs sh o u ld be o f c e m e n t

. The .

g u tt e rs a n d litt e r sh o u l d be cl e a n e d o u t twi c e d a ily a n d the ,

m a t e ri a l h a u l e d to the fi e ld o r pl a c e d in a p ro t e ct e d w a t e r
,

tigh t pit o u tsi d e the b a rn y a rd a n d o f s u ffici e n t dist a n ce to pre

v e n t o d o rs fro m re a chi n g the st a bl e The c o v e re d sh e d if o n e
.
,

is u s e d a n d st a bl e —
,
y a rd m u st be cl e a n a n d w e ll d ra i n e d It
,
.

is a ra th e r c o m m o n p ra ctic e to h o u s e o th e r a n i m a ls s u ch a s ,

h o rs e s o r sh e e p a n d s o m e ti m e s swi n e in the s a m e st a bl e with

,

c a ttl e If s a n it a ry m ilk is to be the p ro d u ct n o o th e r a n i m a ls

.
,

s h o u ld be p l a ce d in the s a m e st a bl e with the c o ws .

The c o ws sh o u ld be b e dd e d lib e ra lly p a rtic u l a rly if the fl o o r

,

is o f c e m e n t The b e ddi n g sh o u ld n o t be p e rm itt e d to b e c o m e

.

f o u l a s this n o t o n ly l e ss e n s the c o m f o rt o f the ca ttl e bu t m a k e s

, ,

i t m o re diffic u lt to k e e p th e m cl e a n a n d it p ro m o t e s dis e a s e .

O ld st ra w m a k e s the b e st b e ddi n g m a t e ri a l bu t wh e n high in ,

p ric e it m a y be re pl a c e d by m a n y o th e r m a t e ri a ls su ch a s s ba v
, ,
 CAR E AN D M AN A GE M E N T O F D AI R Y CA T TL E 25 3

i n gs f ro m the pl a n i n g m ill — which m a k e a cl e a n a nd sw e e t

—
,

b e ddi n g ,
by b a rk by l e a v e s a n d the lik e
ta n -
, , .

M ilk hou se -
. Pre f e ra bly the milk -h o u s e sh o u ld be s e p a ra t e
f ro m the b a rn a n d l o c a t e d a t a s a f e dist a n c e f ro m a ll s ou rc e s o f

F IG 82 —A D E V I CE FO R C O O L I N G M I L K M il k co o le d i m m e di a te ly
: t
a f er

i g w ill ke e p sw e e t m u ch lo n ge r tha n othe rw i se

. .

d ra w n .

c o n t a mi n a ti o n y e t c o n v e n i e n t to the c o ws It sho u ld be divid e d

, .

i n t o tw o ro o ms on e fo r h e a ti n g w a t e r a n d cl e a n i n g the u t e n sils
, ,

a n d the o th e r fo r w e ighi n g s a mpli n g c o o li n g a n d st o ri n g the

, , ,
-

milk The milk h ou s e sh o u ld be w e ll light e d a n d we ll ven ti

.
-

l a t e d the fl o o rs sh o u ld be co n s t ru ct e d o f c e m e n t a n d t he w a lls ,
-
260 M AN UAL O F FAR M AN IM AL S

an d c e ili n g m a d e tight a n d sm o o th in o rd e r th a t th e y m a y be
e a sil y cl e a n e d T he w i n d o ws a n d d o o rs sh o u ld be sc re e n e d to
.

e xcl u d e the fli e s .

T h e u te n si ls s u ch a
,
s the milk -c o o l e r the p a ils c a n s st ra i n e rs
, , , ,

a n d t he lik e sh o u ld be th o rou ghly cl e a n e d by fi rst s o a ki n g in

,

w a rm w a t e r t h e n w a shi n g in b o ili n g w a t e r c o n t a i n i n g s om e
,

cl e a n i n g m a t e ri a l ri n s e d in cl e a n ho t w a t e r a n d th e n st e riliz e d
, ,

with st e a m . Aft e r th o rou ghly cl e a n i n g th e y sh ou ld be i nv e rt e d

,

in the p u re a ir p re f e ra bly in the s u n ligh t

,
.

M i lkin g . The milk e r sh ou ld be cl e a n ly in his h a bi ts a n d ,

sh o u ld milk with dry h a n ds A sm a ll to p milk p a il sh o u ld be

.
-

u s e d to e xcl u d e the di rt a s fa r a s p o ssibl e As s oo n a s e a ch .

co w is milk e d the m ilk sh o u ld be t a k e n di re ctly t o the milk

,

h ou s e a n d t h e re w e igh e d a re c o rd m a d e o f the w e ight a s a mp l e

, ,

t a ke n to t e st fo r the fa t th e n it sh ou ld be st ra i n e d , a n d im
,

m e di a te ly run o v e r a c o o l e r re d u ci n g i t s t e m p e ra tu re a s lo w a s
,

p o ssibl e (Fig . The mi lk sh o u ld th e n be k e pt a t a s lo w a te m

pe ra tu re a s p o ssibl e A g o o d pl a n is to se t the c a n s in a v a t
.

co n t a i n i n g i ce a n d c o v e r the v a t with a lid

,
If t his i s n ot con .

v e n ie n t s e t the c a n s in ru n n i n g w ell o r sp ri n g w a t e r Du r n g
i

, .

t ra n sp o rt a ti on c o v e r the c a n s with a bl a n k e t In su mm e r the .

bl a n k e t sh o u ld be w e t in wi n t e r dry ,
.

M ILK ING MACHINE S

P e rh a ps the m o s t imp o rt a n t f a ct o r re t a rd i n g the d e v e l o p m e n t

o f d a i ryi n g is the diffic u lt y o f s e c u ri n g milk e rs w ho ca n be de

p e n d e d o n to do t h e i r w o rk s a tisf a ct o rily In g e n e ra l the siz e .

o f the d a i ry is re s t ric t e d to the n u mb e r o f c o ws th a t the o wn e r

ca n a t t e n d to a t s u ch tim e s a s his h e lp f a ils him If the qu e s t i o n .

o f mil ki n g the c o ws with o u t b e i n g so d e p e n d e n t o n hi re d h e lp

, ,

co u ld be s a tisf a ct o rily s o lv e d the n u mb e r o f a n i m a l s ke p t o n

,

m a n y d a i ry f a rms w o u ld i n c re a s e u p to the limi t o f the a c re a g e

to f e e d the a n im a ls An y p o ssibility th e re f o re o f mi lkin g c o ws
.
, ,

b y m a chi n e ry is lik e ly to a p p e a l st ron gl y to the d a iry f arm er .

26 2 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

i n gs If the te a t -c u ps slip f ro m the t e a ts whil e the m a chi n e is

.

w o rki n g m a n y g e rm s a re lik e ly to be d ra wn i n t o the milk p a il

, .

The m a chi n e s a re p ro vid e d with a ir filt e rs a n d t he e ffici e n cy ,

in k e e pi n g the g e rm c o n t e n t lo w d e p e n ds m u ch o n the co n diti o n

o f th e s e filt e rs The milk in its p a ss a g e f ro m the t e a ts to the p a il
.

F IG 83 — D U T CH BE L T EDB U LL AU E N T A fi rs t pi r ze w in n e r Ow n ed by
itl
. . . .

R F S a n d e rs B r
. .
, s o , N H . .

t t b
T h e D u ch Be l e d re e d o f d a r ca le i s a n a iy
e o f Ho lla n d tt tiv
T he c o w s a r e
i i p ig i v g i i
.

fa r m lke rs ro d u c n m lk o f a e ra e r chn e s s T h e s z e i s m u ch sm a lle r

i b ig i g 4 p
, .

t h a n the Ho ls e n s the u lls w e h n 1 00 to 1 8 00 o u n d s a n d the co w s 1 2 00

t
p b it it b b y
,

t o 1 5 00 o u n d s T he co lo r i s la ck w h a w h e e l a ro u n d t he o d
.
, t .

m u st p a ss th ro u gh the t e a t -c u p s a n d a fe w fe e t o f ru bb e r t u bi n g .

Th e s e t e a t c u ps a n d t u bi n g a re lik e ly to c ra ck a n d th e s e m i
-
,

n u t e c ra cks b e c o m e l a d e n with g e rm s which a re h a rd to w a sh ,

o u t a nd if the ru bb e r is st e a m e d s u ffici e n tly to kill the g e rm s

, ,

it s o o n w e a rs o u t T o o bvi a t e this diffic u lty i t is re c o m m e n d e d

.

to k e e p the t e a t -cu ps a n d ru bb e r p a rts in a 1 0 pe r c e n t s o l u

 CAR E AN D M AN AGEM E N T O F DAI R Y CA TTL E 26 3

ti o n of
c o m m o n s a lt This t re a tm e n t p ro v e s v e ry e ff e ctiv e
. .

If th e re f o re the w o rkm a n is skill e d in the m a n ip u l a ti o n o f

, ,

the m a chi n e a n d c a re s fo r it p ro p e rly the g e rm c o n t e n t o f the ,

milk ca n be k e pt lo w a n d a cl e a n pro d u ct s e cu re d T he a v a il .

a bl e d a t a s e e m to i n dic a t e th a t the m a chi n e ha s n o e ff e ct o n

the fa t c o n t e n t o f the milk p a rtic u l a rly if the c o ws a re st ri pp e d

,

by h a n d a s is u s u a lly a dvis a bl e
,
.

M ANAG E M E NT O F THE BU LL

The b u ll c a lv e s mu st be re m o v e d fro m the h e ife rs wh e n f ou r

to six m o n ths o ld In re a ri n g a b u ll a c c u st o m it to b e i n g
.
,

h a n dl e d f ro m c a lfh o o d Fro m the v e ry be gi n n i n g it sh o u ld

.

be g e n tly bu t fi rm ly m a n a g e d a n d n o t f o n dl e d o r p e rmitt e d
to f ro li c G i v e it ki n d q u i e t fi rm a n d u n v a ryi n g t re a t
.
, , ,

m e n t Alw a ys k e e p it u n d e r s u bj e cti o n th a t it m a y n e v e r
.
,

k n o w its st re n gth a n d p o w e r Pla Ce a ri n g in its n o s e b e f o re it .

is a y e a r o ld This ri n g sh o u ld be f re q u e n tly re n e we d in o rd e r
.
,

th a t it be a lw a ys st ro n g If this is n e gl e ct e d the ri n g will c o m e

.
,

in tw o wh e n m o st n e e d e d Alw a ys l e a d a n d h a n dl e the hu ll
.

wit h a st a ff The b u ll sh o u ld n e v e r ru n l o o s e in the y a rd o r

.

p a st u re It sh o u ld be p ro vid e d with a b u n d a n t a n d re g u l a r
.

e x e rcis e At su ch ti m e s it sh o u ld be u n d e r re st ra i n t a n d fu ll
.

c o n t ro l .Fo r e x e rcis e s o m e re c o mm e n d pl a ci n g the b u ll in a

,

t re a d -p o w e r a n d u se the p o w e r th u s g e n e ra t e d to g ri n d the gra i n ,

ru n the f o dd e r c u tt e r o r c re a m s e p a ra t o r a n d the lik e bu t this , ,

d o e s n o t s e e m p ra cti c a bl e A v e ry g o o d pl a n to p ro vid e e xe r
.

cis e fo r the bu ll is to a rra n g e a wi re o v e rh e a d a n d a tt a ch the

’
b u ll s h a lt e r st ra p to it This will e n a bl e him to t a k e e x e rcis e
.

a t will a n d still k e e p him u n d e r c o n t ro l As a ge a n d st re n gth .

i n c re a s e a s e c o n d ri n g sh o u ld be pl a c e d in the n o s e in whi ch to
,

a tt a ch a st ra p ch a i n o r ro p e to s u ppl e m e n t the st a ff wh e n the

, ,

a n i m a l is le t o u t fo r s e rvic e Le t th e re a lw a ys be a d o u bl e hitch
.

in g d e vi c e s o th a t the b u l l m a y n e v e r by a ccid e n t fi n d hims e lf

,

fre e wh e n he sh o u ld be ti e d In the m a n a g e m e n t o f a b u ll it is .
,
26 4 MAN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

w e ll to rem e mb e r th a t o n e physi c a lly ti re d m a y be d e p e n d e d

o n to be q u i e t a n d e a sily m a n a g e d ; h e n c e the i m p o rt a n c e o f

m u ch e x e rcis e .

Wh e n p o ssibl e it is m u ch b e t t e r to k e e p the b u ll in the

,

p re s e n ce o f the he rd th a n s ta bl e d by himse lf in a l o n e ly pl a ce
, ,

a s is so o ft e n the c a s e .

It is a c o mm o n p ra ctic e a m on g d a i rym e n to u se imm a t u re b u lls

a n d to disp o s e o f th e m b e f o re th e i r m e rits a s si re s a re k n o w n .

This is b e c a u s e b u lls o f s o m e a ge a re lik e ly to be vici o u s a n d

d a n g e ro u s M a n y a g o o d b u ll ha s b e e n s o ld fo r b e e f o n ly be
.

c a u s e he w a s n o t e a sily m a n a g e d a n d it w a s th o u ght d e si ra bl e
to disp o s e o f him b e f o re s o m e o n e w a s i n j u re d A b u ll th a t .

is k n o wn to ge t g o o d o ffsp ri n g sh ou ld be k e pt a s l o n g a s he
is u s e fu l a s a si re .

R i n gi n g the bu ll M a n y n e gl e ct to ri n g the b u ll c a lf u n d e r
.

the e rron e o u s imp re ssi on th a t it is a diffic u lt ta sk O n the o th e r

.

h a n d it is v e ry e a sy All o n e n e e ds to do is p u n ch a bo l e th ro u gh
,
.

the m e mb ra n e b e tw e e n the tw o n o st rils i n s e rt the ri n g a n d sc re w

, ,

i t to g e th e r If o n e ha s a b u ll -ri n gi n g p u n ch to m a k e the h o l e it
’

.
,

is m u ch e a si e r bu t in the a bs e n c e o f the p u n ch the h o l e m a y be

,

m a d e with a kn if e pl a ci n g the ri n g in a s the bl a d e is d ra wn

,

ou t . To re s tra i n the c a lf i t m u st be ti e d u p s e c u re l y by the

h e a d The ri n gi n g o f a n o ld e r b u ll i s m o re diffic u l t b e c a u s e of
.

the di ffic u l t y o f re s t ra i n i n g him .

THE DAIR Y BAR N

The d a i ry co w is p e rh a ps the m o st diffic u l t o f f a rm a n im a l s

t o s ta bl e p ro p e rly The p u rp o s e fo r which she is k e pt th a t o f
.
,

su pplyi n g m ilk ; the u se to whi ch the m ilk is pu t th a t o f ,

h u m a n fo o d ; the c o n diti o n in which it is u s e d b e i n g ra w ; the ,

pl a c e fro m which it is d ra wn b e i n g e xp o s e d to gre a t e st fil t h ;

,

the m an n e r in whi ch it is d ra wn by h a n d a n d o ft e n by u n cl e a n
,

milk m e n ; a n d the c o n diti o n o f he r d u n g o r m a n u re a s w e ll a s ,

the f a c t th a t if m a ximu m p ro d u cti o n is to be o bt a i n e d she ,

2 66 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Su n light , the m o st e ffici e n t disi n f e ct a n t a s w e ll a s the m o st

p o we rf u l o f a ll m e dici n e s is fre e a n d p ro v isi o n fo r its a d m it
, ,

t a n c e i n t o a n y co w b a rn n e e d c o st bu t littl e Wi n d o w gl a ss i s .

i n e xp e n siv e . O ld b a rn s th a t a re d a rk a n d dis m a l m a y e a sily

be p ro vid e d with s u ffici e n t light by c u tti n g h o l e s in the w a lls
a n d p u tti n g in wi n d o ws . Be st re s u lts a re o bt a i n e d by c u tti n g
the wi n d o ws l o n g f ro m top to b o tt o m a n d lo w a s m o re di re c t ,

s u n light will f a ll o n the fl o o rs .

V e n ti la ti o n e sse n ti a l to he a lth The imp o rt a n c e o f p u re a ir

.

in a co w st a bl e c a n n o t be o v e re stim a t e d It is e ss e n ti a l to
.

the w e ll b e i n g o f the h e rd ; with o u t it dis e a s e will s u re ly w o rk

,

d e st ru cti o n. Whil e th e re a re m a n y m e th o ds o f v e n til a ti n g a

d a i ry b a rn the Ki n g syst e m in s o m e o f its m o difi e d fo rm s
,

is a d m itt e d to be the m o st e ffici e n t If in a dditi o n the

.

Wi n d o ws a re a rra n ge d a s s u gge st e d on p a g e 2 6 8 a m pl e v e n
’
,

til a ti o n ca n be p ro c u re d .

K i n g s syste m o f ve n til a ti o n
’
Whil e th e re a re m a n y m e th
.

o ds o f a rra n gi n g this syst e m it c o n sists e ss e n ti a lly o f tw o

,

p a rts : the i n l e ts a n d the o u tl e ts in the f o rm o f flu e s This

,
.

syst e m will n o t w o rk if the w a lls o f the b a rn a re fu ll o f c ra cks

o r the fl o o r is m a d e o f l o o s e b o a rds The fl o o r w a lls ce ili n gs
.
, , ,

a n d wi n d o ws m u st be s o c o n st ru ct e d a s to p re v e n t a n y l a rg e

q u a n tity o f a ir f ro m l e a vi n g o r e n t e ri n g .

"
The i n l e ts m u st be so c o n st ru ct e d a s to m e e t tw o co n d i
"

ti o n s ; fi rst th e y m u st a dm it the fre sh a ir n e a r the c e ili n g

, ,

wh e re the b a rn a ir is w a rm in o rd e r th a t the fre sh a ir m a y

,

mi n gl e with the w a rm e st a ir o f the st a bl e a n d ra is e the te m

pe ra tu re b e fo re d e s ce n di n g to the fl o o r th u s n o t a ll o wi n g ,

the a n i m a ls to lie in c o ld a ir In the s e c o n d pl a c e th e y m u st

.
,

n o t p e rm it the w a rm a ir to p a ss o u t i n st e a d o f the c o ld f re sh

a ir to c o m e in . This is a cc o m plish e d by c o n st ru cti n g the i n l e t

flu e so th a t it b e gi n s n e a r the g ro u n d o n the o u tsid e a n d e n ds
n e a r the c e ili n g o n the i n sid e . All th a t is n e c e ss a ry is to h a v e
the o u t e r e n d o f the fl u e s e v e ra l f e e t l o we r t h a n the i n n e r e n d .
 CAR E A N D M ANA GEM E N T O F D AI R Y C A TTL E 26 7

The i n l e ts sh o u ld be n u m e ro u s o f sm a ll siz e a n d c o n st ru ct e d
, ,

o n a ll f o u r sid e s o f the st a bl e in o rd e r to t a k e a dv a n t a g e o f the

wi n d re g a rdl e ss o f the di re cti o n fro m which it bl o ws In this

,
.

w a y a l a rg e q u a n tity o f a ir is a d m itt e d a n d e v e n ly dist rib u t e d

th ro u gh o u t the st a bl e A c o n v e n i e n t siz e fo r th e s e i n l e ts is
.

4x 1 2 i n ch e s a s this p e rmits the flu e to be b u ilt b e twe e n tw o

,

FIG 85 —IN T ER IO V EW
H O WI N G F EED C A RR I E R F EED ALL EY M A N G ER S
R I S -

AN D S T A N CH I O N O F T HE D A I RY BA R N NE W Y O RK S TAT E C O L L E G E O F
. .
, , ,

AG R I CU LT URE AT C O R N E LL U N I V ER S I TY I T H A C A N Y
,

. .
, ,

4i ch st
-
n Th e re sh o u ld be o n e s u ch flu e to e a ch t hre e
u ddi n gs .

c o ws The flu e s sh o u ld be li n e d with b u ildi n g p a p e r a n d this

.
,

c o v e re d wi th m a tch e d l u mb e r All o p e n i n gs a n d e sp e ci a lly

.
,

the o u tsid e o n e s sh o u ld be s e c u re ly c o v e re d With h e a vy Wi re

,

n e tti n g .

The o u tl e t s m u s t be so c o n st ru ct e d a s to m e e t th re e co n
ditio n s Fi rst the v e n til a t o rs sh o u ld re a ch to ne a r the st a bl e
.
,
2 68 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

fl o o r in o rd e r to re m o ve the a ir fro m th a t p o i n t This is .

d e si ra bl e b e c a u s e the re f u s e g a s e s f ro m the a n im a ls b e i n g
h e a vi e r th a n the o th e r a ir o f the st a bl e re m a i n n e a r the fl o o r .

The a n i m a ls n o t o n ly lie d o wn bu t th e y b re a th e the i m p u ri

,

t i e s fro m the flo o r wh e n st a n di n g The c o ld e r a ir is a t the fl o o r

.
,

a n d it is d e si ra bl e to re m o v e this p a rtic u l a rly in the wi n t e r in

, ,

o rd e r th a t the w a rm e r a ir a t the c e ili n g m a y m o v e d o w n w a rd .

In the s e c o n d pl a c e th e s e v e n til a t o rs sh o u ld be p ro vi d e d with

,

a n o p e n i n g n e a r the c e ili n g fo r the re m o v a l o f the w a rm a ir wh e n

the s ta bl e b e c o m e s to o w a rm p a rtic u l a rly if the a n im a ls a re to

,

be k e pt in the st a bl e m o st o f the t i m e This o p e n i n g mu st be

.

p ro vid e d with a d o o r o r slid e to be cl o s e d o r o p e n e d a t will In .

the thi r d pl a c e it is i m p o rt a n t th a t th e s e v e n til a t o rs be so co n

,

st ru ct e d a s to a ffo rd a s littl e i n c o n v e n i e n c e a s p o ssibl e pa rticu ,

la rly wh e n th e y e xt e n d th ro u gh the ha y l o ft wh e re th e y a re ,

s o m e tim e s in the w a y o f the ha y fo rk The v e n til a ti n g flu e .

sh o u ld be a s l a rge a s c o n ve n i e n t The e ss e n ti a ls o f a g o o d
.

v e n til a ti n g flu e a re simil a r to th o s e o f a g o o d chim n e y In .

a dditi o n to th e i r b e i n g o f a ir tight co n st ru cti o n a n d a s st ra ight

-

a s c o n diti o n s will p e rmit ,

it sh o u ld ris e a b o v e the high e st
p a rt o f the ro o f so a s to ge t the fu ll f o rc e o f the wi n d .

Wi n d o w v e n til a ti o n . If it is n o t p o ssibl e to i n st a ll the K i n g

syst e m in o n e o f its m a n y f o rm s the w i n d o ws ca n be so a r
,

ra n g e d a s to f o rm a f a i r syst e m o f v e n til a ti n g the co w st a bl e .

To do this hi n g e th e m a t the b o tt o m a ll o wi n g the to p to

, ,

o p e n i n w a rd . Pl a c e a b o a r d e dg e wis e a l o n g e a ch sid e o f the

wi n d o w so th a t the a ir will n o t e n t e r a t the b o tt o m a n d bl o w
,

di re ctly o n the a n im a ls w h e n the wi n d o w is o p e n By l e a vi n g

.

s e v e ra l o f the wi n d o ws o p e n a n i n ch o r tw o a t the to p th e y will

p ro v id e f a i r v e n til a ti o n with o u t p ro d u ci n g s e ri o u s d ra fts .

Whe n this pl a n is e mpl o ye d it is b e st to o p e n the wi n d o ws o n

'

the sid e o f the b a rn a w a y f ro m the wi n d a n d to re g u l a t e the

siz e o f the o p e n i n g a cc o rdi n g to the s e v e rity o f the we a th e r .

F loors a re be st m a de of ce m en t Whil e m a n y o bj e cti o n s h a v e

.
270 M AN U A L O F F AR M AN I M A L S

pl a ci n g l y
a a e r of so m
c d u cti n g m a t e ri a l s u ch a s b u ild ~
e n on - on ,

in g p a p e r a n i n ch o r so b e n e a th the s u rf a c e
,
This m a y be .

d o n e a s fo ll o ws : la y the c e m e n t a s u s u a l u n til withi n o n e a n d

o n e h a lf i n ch e s o f the d e si re d thick n e ss
-
No w la y d o wn o n e .

thick n e ss o f h e a vy b u ildi n g p a p e r l e a v e a st rip a t l e a st six ,

i n ch e s wid e a l o n g t he e dg e n e xt to the g u tt e r Pa i n t this b u ild

, .

in g p a p e r with a sph a lt u m p a i n t th e n la y d o wn a n o th e r thi ck

,

n e ss o f the p a p e r Spik e this p a p e r d o wn l e a vi n g the h e a ds o f

.
,

the spik e s sticki n g u p a b o u t o n e h a lf i n ch a b o v e the p a p e r

-
Pu t .

o n t he re m a i n d e r o f the c e m e n t a n d p ro c e e d a s th o u gh the

p a p e r w a s n o t th e re ‘

This p a p e r n e e d be pu t o n ly whe re the

.

c a ttl e lie . Figs 8 5 a n d 8 6 sh o w g o o d c e m e n t c o n st ru cti o n

. .

Wa te ri n g de vi ce — Th e re a re m a n y d e vic e s o n the m a rk e t
.

fo r k e e pi n g a c o n st a n t s u pply o f w a t e r b e fo re the a n i m a l .

The qu e sti o n o f th e i r u se d e p e n ds l a rg e ly o n the e a s e o f

k e e pi n g th e m cl e a n In m a n y c a s e s th e y a re p ro vid e d with
.

t o ps whi ch the co w s o o n l e a rn s to ra is e a n d whi ch f a ll d o w n

an d C o v e r the d e vi c e wh e n s he is n o t d ri n ki n g bu t th e s e do ,

n o t k e ep the w a t e r cl e a n The co w with he r m o u th p a rti a ll y

.

f u ll o f gra i n o r ha y o f te n o p e n s the lid a n d sl o bb e rs the g ra i n

i n t o the w a t e r This m a t e ri a l s o o n d e c a ys a n d the d e vic e
.

b e co m e s a t ra p fo r f o u l s m e lli n g w a t e r Pe rh a ps the s a f e st a n d
-
.

m o st co n v e n i e n t pl a n is to h a v e a l a rg e t a n k l o c a t e d n e a r by .

This ca n be e a sily cl e a n e d the w a t e r k e pt fre sh a n d c o o l in

,

s u m m e r a n d the chill e a sily driv e n o ff in wi n t e r

,
.

T HE S I LO

The sil o p a ss e d the e xp e ri m e n t a l st a g e a n d the e co n o my

ha s ,

a s w e ll a s the p ra cti c a bility o f p re s e rvi n g f o dd e r in it ha s b e e n

f u ll y d e m o n st ra t e d Sil a ge is a v a l u a bl e f o o d a n d is re lish e d
.
,

by a ll cl a ss e s o f f a rm a n i m a ls bu t is m o re p a rti cu l a rly a d a pt e d
,

to ru m i n a ti n g a n i m a ls lik e the d a i ry co w In f a ct in o rd e r .
,

to s e cu re m a xi m u m p ro d u cti o n s o m e ki n d o f s u ccu l e n t f o o d is
,

n e ce ssary , a n d o rdi n a rily sil a g e will be f o u n d the m o st e ffi ci e n t

 CAR E AN D M AN A G E M E N T OF DAI R Y CA T TL E 27 1

as we ll a s the m o st e c o n o m i c a l f o rm o f s u cc u l e n ce th a t ca n be
p ro vid e d.

The f u n d a m e n t a l p ri n cipl e in the p re s e rv a ti o n o f g re e n

fo ra g e wh e n pl a c e d in a sil o is the e x cl u si o n o f a ir To pre .

v e n t the a ir f ro m re a chi n g the sil a g e the sil o m u st be c o n st ru ct e d

,

with a ir-tight w a lls Th e s e w a lls m u st be rigid e n o u gh to pre

.

v e n t sp ri n gi n g o u t o f sh a p e by the p re ss u re o f the sil a g e fo r in ,

this c a s e a ir will e n t e r n e xt to the w a ll T he p re ss u re is g re a t e st

.

f ro m the s e c o n d to the sixth da y a ft e r filli n g The sil a g e a t .

this ti m e b e gi n s to h e a t a n d s e ttl e a n d if the w a lls a re n o t

,

s u ffici e n tly rigid to p re v e n t a n y b u lgi n g a co n sid e ra bl e l o ss o f

,

sil a ge is lik e ly to re s u lt The w a lls sh o u ld be p e rp e n dic u l a r

.
,

a n d the di a m e t e r the s a m e f ro m the b o tt o m to the to p .

The si ze of the si lo .
— O n b e i n g e xp o s e d to the a ir sil a g e ,

sp o ils ra pidly a n d to a v o id this m u st be fe d o ff a t the ra t e o f

,

o n e a n d o n e h a lf t o tw o i n ch e s
-

d a ily in the wi n t e r a n d th re e
i n ch e s in the s u m m e r A g o o d
.

pl a n is so to co n st ru ct the sil o
th a t the h o riz o n t a l f e e di n g a re a
fo r e a ch co w will be a ppro xi
m a t e ly six sq u a re fe e t d a ily If .

w e f e e d six sq u a re f e e t o ff the

to p a n d tw o i n ch e s d o wn this ,

m e a n s o n e c u bi c f o o t to the co w FIG 87 D U T CH B E L T E D C o w
fi st p i i
.
. .

"
E C HO 2 A
T he a ppro xim a te w e ight o f a cu r r ze w n n er

d by R F S a d s Bri sto l
.

O w n e . . n er , ,

bi c fo o t o f sil a g e is fo rty p o u n ds N _H , ,

th o u gh this v a ri e s m u ch b e tw e e n
the to p a n d the b o t to m .As this is a b o u t the p ro p e r q u a n tity
to f e e d d a ily it b e c o m e s e vid e n t th a t six sq u a re f e e t is the
,

p ro p e r a re a fo r e a ch co w .

The t a bl e th a t f o ll o ws giv e s the c a p a city o f a sil o o f v a ri o u s

wi d ths a n d d e pths ; a ls o the a re a re q u i re d to fill it a n d the ,

a pp ro xim a t e q u a n tity th a t sh o u ld be fe d d a ily t o l o w e r the

272 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

s u rf a c e tw o i n ch e s pe r da y b a s e d o n a n a v e ra g e w e ight o f
,

f o rty p o u n ds to the c u bi c f o o t By e x a m i n i n g the t a bl e o n e

.

ca n ge t a n id e a o f the siz e d e si re d a ls o the e c o n o my o f in cre a s

in g the d e pth

Appro xi m a te pa ci ty i n to n s of ro u n d
ca s i lo s f diffe r e n t di a m e te rs
o an d
de pths a n d the a re a re qu i re d to fi ll the m a s w e ll a s the a m o u n t tha t s hou ld

be f e d da i ly

Fi lli n g the silo . O cc si o n a lly the co n st ru cti o n

a of a sil o is
c riticiz e d wh e re a s the
,
f a u lt m a y be f o u n d in the m e th o d o f
27 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M A N I M AL S

In filli n g with c o rn th e re is a t e n d e n cy t o w a rd a n u n e v e n
dist rib u ti o n o f the e a rs ; th e s e b e i n g h e a vi e r th a n the o th e r
,

p a rts o f the pl a n t a re bl o wn to the o pp o sit e sid e o f the sil o

, .

To o bvi a t e this m a n y d e vi c e s a re e m pl o y e d p e rh a ps the m o s t

, ,

si m pl e o f which is a l o n g ba g o p e n a t b o th e n ds a n d f a s te n e d
to the e n d o f the c a rri e r . By m e a n s o f a s m a ll ro p e a t ta ch e d
to this ba g the c o rn m a y be d e p o si te d in a n y p a rt o f the sil o
d e si re d
.
 C HA PT ER X II

FEEDING BEEF CATTLE

FEEDING b e e f c a ttl e diff e rs c o n sid e ra bly fro m f e e di n g d a i ry

c a ttl e a s w e ll a s f ro m f e e di n g h o rs e s In the c a s e o f h o rs e f e e d
,
.

in g the p ro d u ct s o u ght is e n e rgy in the f o rm o f w o rk ; in the

,

c a s e o f d a i ry c a ttl e the p ro d u ct is milk ; Wh e re a s in the c a s e

o f b e e f c a ttl e the p ro d u ct is fl e sh This c a lls fo r sp e ci a l
.

m e t h o ds o f f e e di n g sp e ci a l f o o ds o r f o o d c o mbi n a ti o n s a n d
, .
,

sp e ci a l m a n a g e m e n t M u ch disc u ssi o n w a s d e v o t e d (in C h a p

.

te r IX p a g e 2 03) to the p ro d u cti o n o f m ilk in whi ch it w a s

,

t re a t e d l a rg e ly a s a n i n d e p e n d e n t i n d u s try b e ca u s e o f the
f a c t th a t the s u cc e ssfu l d a i rym e n h a v e tim e fo r littl e if a n ythi n g
e ls e ; wh e re a s b e e f p ro d u cti o n is n ot a sp e ci a l i n d u st ry a n d
d o e s n o t re q u i re a ll o f the f e e d e r s tim e a n d o n the a v e ra g e
’
,

is c o n d u c t e d s u cc e ssf u lly o n ly in c o n n e cti o n with g ra i n f a rm

in g. Am o n g s u cc e ssf l b e f p d c e s b e e f ra isi n g is re g a rd e d
u e ro u r ,
-

a s a c o n v e n i e n t w a y o f m a rk e ti n g gra i n a s w e ll a s a m e a n s
,

o f c o n s e rvi n g s o il f e rtility a n d h e n c e the a bility to g r o w m o re

,

gra i n to f e e d m o re st o ck a n d a ls o a p ro fit a bl e m e a n s o f u tiliz
in g m u ch c o a rs e f o ra g e which o t h e rwis e w o u ld be l a rg e ly w a st e d .

E S S ENTIALS OF F EEDI NG CATT LE

In f e e di n g b e e f c a ttl e o n e o f the m o s t im p o rta n t f a ct o rs is

the ki n d o f c a ttl e fo r on the ch o ic e o f th e m will t u rn in a
,

l a rg e m e a s u re the p o ssibility o f s u cc e ss In c o n sid e ri n g the

.

c a ttl e w ith a vi e w o f e sti m a ti n g th e i r p ro fit a s b e e f p ro d u c e rs ,

th e re a re a n u mb e r o f e ss e n ti a ls to be t a k e n i n t o a cc o u n t .

275
 276 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

C hi e f m o n g th e s e a re the a ge f o rm c o n diti o n q u a lity u n i

a , , , ,

f o rm ity a n d the p ric e

,
.

Age a t w hi ch to fee d ca ttle In re c e n t y e a rs n o q u e sti o n ha s

.

b e e n m o re disc u ss e d o r the o bj e ct o f m o re e xp e ri m e n t a ti o n
,

a m o n g c a ttl e f e e d e rs t h a n the m o st p ro fit a bl e a g e a t which to

,

f a tt e n c a ttl e This i n t e re st ha s b e e n du e in p a rt a t l e a st to
.

the f a ct th a t writ e rs o n a g ri c u lt u ra l t o pics st ro n gly a dvis e d

f e e di n g y o u n g c a ttl e wh e re a s the p ro f e ssi o n a l f e e d e r wh o s e
, ,

liv e lih o o d d e p e n ds u p o n his s u cc e ss ha s sh o wn a d e cid e d

,

p re fe re n c e fo r o ld e r c a ttl e T o s e c u re s o m e id e a o f the a ge a t
.

which g a i n s ca n be m a d e m o st ch e a ply le t u s e x a m i n e the co m

,

p o siti o n o f the b o dy o f a n o ld a n d y o u n g st e e r In J o rd a n s .
’

”
F e e di n g o f A n im a ls w e n o t e the c o m p o siti o n o f the b o dy
,

o f a n a g e d fa t st e e r a n d o f a fa t c a lf to be a s f o ll o ws :

Ag e d fa t st e e r
Fa t ca lf

F ro m this bs e rv e th a t the b o dy o f the fa t c a lf co n

w e o

t a in s p e r c e n t m o r e w a t e r a n d p e r c e n t l e ss fa t th an

th a t o f the a g e d fa t st e e r the a sh a n d p ro t e i n b e i n g p ra ctic a lly

,

the s a m e This w ou ld s e e m to i n dic a t e th a t the a g e d st e e r

.

in f a tt e n i n g re q u i re d c o n sid e ra bly m o re s o lid f o o d pa rticu ,

la rly th o s e f o o ds rich in fa t wh e re a s the ca lf re q u i re s l e ss

,

fa t a n d l e ss dry -m a tt e r to the p o u n d o f g a i n
,
As w a t e r is.

ch e a p e r th a n fa t w e w o u ld e xp e ct the c a lf to m a k e the ch e a p e r
g a i n s a n d s u ch is the c a s e
,
.

No t o n ly d o e s the a ge i n fl u e n c e the ch e a p n e ss o f the g a i n s ,

bu t it a ff e cts the ra t e o f g a i n a s w e ll He re to o the y o u n g e r

.
, ,

a n im a l ha s the a dv a n t a g e ; th a t is to s a y a ll thi n gs b e i n g e q u a l
, ,

the y o u n g e r a n i m a l will m a k e m o re ra p id g a i n s fo r 1 000 p o u n ds

27 8 M AN U AL O F FA R M AN I M AL S

tiv e ly high p e rc e n t a g e o f e dibl e m e a t p a rtic u l a rly o f the high ,

pri ce d c u ts s u ch a s p ri m e o f rib p o rt e rh o u s e si rl o i n ru mp
, , , , ,

a n d ro u n d which a re t a k e n f ro m the b a ck l o i n ru mp a n d
, , , ,

q u a rt e rs In g e n e ra l the f o rm th a t b e st fills th e s e co n diti o n s

.

w ill be lo w s e t d e e p b ro a d a n d c o m p a ct ra th e r th a n high u p
, , , , ,

g a u n t n a rro w l o o s e ly m a d e The c a ttl e sh o u ld be lo w se t

, ,
.
,

st a n di n g o n sh o rt l e gs a s a n im a ls o f this f o rm a re lik e ly to
,

p ro v e g o o d f e e d e rs c a p a bl e o f m a t u ri n g e a rly The to p a n d .

bo tt o m li n e s s h o u ld be st ra ight a n d n e a rly p a ra ll e l the fl a n ks

"
,

sh o u ld be lo w th u s givi n g m u ch d e pth a n d g re a t ca pa cit ,

,

C a ttl e p o ss e ssi n g s u ch a f o rm a re lik e ly to p ro v e ra p t a n d

e c o n o mic p ro d u c e r s whil e in the f e e d lo t th u s m a ki n g a p ro fi t ,

fo r the f e e d e r a n d wh e n sl a u ght e re d to d re ss a re l a tiv e ly high

,

p e r c e n t a g e o f e dibl e me a t p a rti cu l a rly o f the high -p ric e d cu ts

,
.

S u ch a n a n i m a l sh o u ld d re ss o u t 5 5 to 6 0 pe r c e n t o r b e tt e r with
a pp ro xi m a t e ly o n e h a lf o f the e dibl e m e a t in the re gi o n o f
-

the v a l u a bl e c u ts a n d this will s e ll fo r a b o u t 7 5 pe r c e n t o f

,

the v a l u e o f the e n ti re c a rc a ss le a v m g the o th e r h a lf f ro m the ,

re gi o n o f lo w -p ric e d m e a t to b ri n g the o th e r 2 5 pe r c e n t o f t he

v a l u a ti o n .

Con di ti on of fee di n g ca ttle — In c o n sid e ri n g st e e rs to f e e d ,

th e i r c o n diti o n sh o u ld be c a re fu lly sc ru ti n iz e d f ro m tw o p o i n ts
o f vi e w : th e i r th rift a n d the a m o u n t o f fl e sh th e y p o ss e ss
,
.

Fe e di n g c a ttl e sh o u ld be th rifty bu t n o t c o a rs e Th rift is i n di .

c a te d by a wid e d e e p ch e st by f u ll n e ss in the h e a rt gi rth by

, , ,

d e pth a n d b re a dth o f b o dy a n d by g o o d h a n dli n g q u a lity , .

Whil e the ca ttl e sh o u ld n o t be c o a rs e to o m u ch re fi n e m e n t is ,

lik e ly to p ro v e dis a pp o i n ti n g as it o ft e n m e a n s d e li ca cy o r ,

l a ck o f thrift a n d n o a n i m a l l a cki n g in th rift sh o u ld fi n d its w a y

,

i n to the f e e d lo t .

To m a k e ra pid a n d e c o n o mic f e e d e rs the c a ttl e sh o u ld n o t

p o ss e ss m u ch fl e sh a t the b e gi n n i n g o f the f e e di n g p e ri o d .

All thi n gs b e i n g e q u a l the thi n n e r the st e e r at the b e g i n n i n g

,

o f the f e e di n g p ro c e ss the m o re ra pid a n d e c o n o mic a l g a i n s it

 F E EDI N G B E E F CA T TL E 279

will m a k e p ro vidi n g th e re is n o l a ck o f th rift It is e a sily po s

,
.

si bl e h o we v e r fo r a st e e r to be s o lo w in fl e sh a s to l a ck th rift
, , .

S u ch a n i m a ls re q u i re ti m e to g e t b a ck i n t o n o rm a l c o n diti o n ,

a n d th e re is a p o ssibility o f th e i r b e i n g st u n t e d p e rm a n e n tly .

If w e e x a m i n e the b o di e s o f the thi n a n d fa t st e e r it m a y giv e

,

u s a n i n sight a s to why the a n i m a l g a i n s in fl e sh m o re ra pidly

a n d o n l e ss f e e d wh e n in a thi n c o n diti o n In J o rd a n s
’
. Fe e d
”
in g o f An i m a ls We n o t e the c o m p o siti o n o f the b o di e s o f
s u ch st e e rs to be a s f o ll o ws :

It s e e m s th a t the b o dy o f the thi n st e e r c o n t a i n s a re l a tiv e ly

high a m o u n t o f w a t e r a n d lo w fa t wh e re a s the fa t st e e r s b o dy
,
’

c o n t a i n s a re l a tiv e ly sm a ll a m o u n t o f w a t e r a n d high fa t co n
te n t. This m a y h a v e a b e a ri n g o n the f a ct th a t a thi n st e e r
g a i n s m o re ra pidly a n d o n l e ss f e e d th a n a fa t o n e a n d a ls o ,

o n the f a ct th a t a s the f u ll f e e di n g p ro c e e ds the g a i n s a re m a d e

l e ss ra pidly a n d re q u i re m o re f e e d .

Q u a li ty of fe e di n g ca ttle .
Q u a lit y sh o u ld be c o n sid e re d f ro m
tw o p o i n ts o f vi e w : g e n e ra l q u a lity a n d h a n dli n g q u a lity
,
.By
g e n e ra l q u a lity is m e a n t th a t g e n e ra l re fi n e m e n t o f e xt e rn a l f o rm
f o u n d in the n e a t h e a d fi n e h o rn d e n s e b o n e sm o o th o u tli n e
, , , ,

a n d c o m p a ct b o dy . This q u a lity i s a ff e ct e d by n o thi n g so m u ch

a s b re e di n g . G e n e ra l q u a lity a n d g o o d b re e di n g a re cl o s e ly
a ss o ci a t e d
, w e ll b re d a n im a ls b e i n g lik e ly to p o ss e ss q u a lity
-
,

wh e re a s it is o ft e n w a n ti n g in the c o mm o n -b re d st e e rs . T he
imp o rt a n c e o f g e n e ra l q u a lity in f e e di n g c a ttl e c a n n o t be o v e r
e stim a t e d a s st e e rs p o ss e ssi n
, g it will g iv e high e r p ro fit t o b o t h
28 0 M AN UAL O E F AR M A NI MAL S

the c a ttl e f e e d e r a n d the b u tch e r n o t b e c a u s e s u ch a n im a ls

,

w ill n e c e ss a rily m a k e m o re m e a t f ro m a giv e n a m o u n t o f f o o d ,

bu t b e c a u s e th e y will d re ss o u t b e tt e r a n d b ri n g a high e r p ric e

o n the m a rk e t .

G o o d h a n dli n g q u a lity i n dic a t e s th a t the st e e r is a g o o d

fe e d e r By g o o d h a n dli n g q u a lity is m e a n t a fi n e silky h a i r
.

a n d a l o o s e m e ll o w ski n Th e s e a re a ss o ci a t e d with th rift a n d

.

the a bilit y to t a k e o n fl e sh ra pidly a n d e c o n o mic a lly wh e re a s ,

a h e a vy sti ff hid e is c o n sid e re d to i n dic a t e sl o w e r f a tt e n i n g .

The p re vi o u s c a re th a t the st e e rs h a v e re c e i v e d ha s a m a rk e d
i n fl u e n c e o n the h a i r a n d ski n a n d h e n c e o n the h a n dli n g q u a lity
, .

The imp o rt a n c e o f g o o d h a n dli n g q u a lity is n o t to be o v e r

l o o k e d if o n e is to s u cc e e d in f e e di n g c a ttl e :
Un iform i ty i n fe e di n g ca ttle Fe e di n g c a ttl e sh o u ld be u n i
.

f o rm in a ge w e ight c o l o r typ e o r f o rm c o n diti o n b re e di n g

, , , , , ,

a n d q u a lity . As w e h a v e o bs e rv e d y o u n g st e e rs g a i n m o re
,

ra pidly th a n a g e d o n e s a n d a s w e sh a ll se e a g e d st e e rs f a tt e n
, , ,

m o re ra pidly th a n y o u n g o n e s ; h e n c e it is n o t lik e ly th a t a lo t
o f st e e rs o f mix e d a g e s w o u ld a ll be re a dy to m a rk e t a t the

s a m e tim e If s o m e o f the a n im al s a re fa t whil e o th e rs a re

.
,

o n ly h a lf fa t th e y will n o t c o mm a n d a s high a p ric e o n the

,

m a rk e t a s t h o u gh th e y w e re u n ifo rm in fl e sh No t o n ly m u st .

th e y be u n if o rm in fl e sh bu t th e y m u st be a pp ro xi m a te ly u n i
,

fo rm in w e ight if the high e st p ric e is to be o bt a i n e d Bu t ch e rs .

a n d p a ck e rs d e si re c a ttl e u n if o rm in w e ight so t h a t the c u t s

,

o f m e a t will ru n u n ifo rm a s th e i r t ra d e d e m a n ds
,
Whi le u n i .

fo rmi t y o f c o l o r d o e s n o t a dd to the a n im a l s c a p a ci ty to ta k e ’

o n fl e sh e c on o m ic a lly o r to his a bility t o d re ss o u t w e ll y e t ,

the b u tch e rs d e si re s u ch simil a rity a n d a re willi n g to pa y

fo r it. The c a ttl e sh o u ld be u n if o rm in typ e o r f o rm If th e y .

v a ry in typ e the w e ight o f the c u ts o f m e a t will lik e wis e v a ry

, ,

a n d to this the b u tch e r o bj e c t s The b u tch e r a ls o d e m a n ds

.

a n im a ls e q u a l in c o n diti o n a n d q u a lity to m e e t the d e m a n ds

,

o f hi s tra d e c a lls .
28 2 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

p o u n ds f ro m the a n im a ls th a t m a k e bu t o n e is by e xt e rn a l
a pp e a ra n ce The e xt e rn a l i n dic a ti o n o f a g o o d f e e d e r is a
.

lo w -s e t f o rm b e i n g d e e p b ro a d a n d c o m p a ct , with lo w -d o wn
, , ,

fl a n ks sh o wi n g th a t the a n im a l p o ss e ss e s g re a t c a p a city fo r
,

dig e sti o n a n d a ssi m il a ti o n (p 2 7 8 .

No d e fi n it e q u a n titie s ca n be giv e n th a t will a pply to a ll

a n i m a ls to a ll c o n diti o n s a n d to a ll f o o ds
, The Wo l ff -Le h m a n
, .

st a n d a rds fu rn ish u s a g u id e to be m o difi e d by the j u dgm e n t

a n d e xp e ri e n c e o f the f e e d e r

Wo lf -Le hm a n s ta n da rds , s ho w i n g the a m ou n t f f oo d r e qu i re d pe r 1 000

o

po u n ds li v e w e i ght fo r bo th the gro w i n g a n d f a tte n i n g be ef a n i m a l

C O N DI T IO N o r ANIM AL D IG E S T IV E NU TR TIE N S

G ro w m g C a t le t P ro te i n
Be e f Bre e d s

Age M o
,
. W e ig ht
2 —3 1 60
—
3 6 330
6—1 2 550
1 2 —18 7 50
1 8 —2 4 950
Fa tt e n in g C a tlet
F ir st p e ri o d
S e co n d p e r i o d
Thir d p e ri o d

WN I T E R I NG S TO C KER S AND F EE DE R S

La rg e f e e di n g c a ttl e a re p u rch a s e d in f a ll a n d
nu mb e rs of

e a rly w i n t e r fo r the sp e ci a l p u rp o s e o f e co n o m i c a lly disp o si n g

o f s u ch ro u gh a g e a s c o rn st a lks st ra w st a ck s e c o n d cl a ss cl o v e r
, ,
-

ha y cl o v e r ch a ff a ft e r the s e e d ha s b e e n re m o v e d a n d the lik e

, ,
.

Wi n t e ri n g c a ttl e with a Vi e w to f a tt e n i n g the fo ll o wi n g s u m m e r

o n p a st u re is a v e ry co n v e n i e n t w a y o f c o n v e rti n g s u ch f e e ds

i n t o c a sh The c a t tl e f e e d e r is n o w c o n fro n t e d with the q u e sti o n

.
 F EE DI N G B E E F CA TTL E 28 3

as to ho w w e ll he sh a ll wi n t e r th e s e a n i m a ls Th a t is to sa y .
,

he is o ft e n a t a l o ss to kn o w wh e th e r to f e e d a s m a ll a ll o w a n c e o f
g ra i n a l o n g with the ro u gh a g e o r to fe e d the ro u gh a g e a l o n e .

If he f e e ds the ro u gh a g e a l o n e it is d o u btf u l wh e th e r the st e e rs

,

ca n be wi n t e re d w ith o u t l o ss in w e ight u n l e ss the ro u gh a g e is

,

o f g o o d q u a lity a n d a l e g u m e s u ch a s cl o v e r a lf a lf a o r c o wp e a
, , ,

ha y . O n the o th e r h a n d if he f e e ds gra in the n c o m e s the q u e s

, ,

ti o n a s to ho w m u ch sh a ll be fe d fo r it is w e ll kn o wn th a t if
,

st e e rs a re g ra i n e d to o lib e ra lly th ro u gh the wi n t e r th e y will ,

n o t do s o w e ll the f o ll o wi n g s u m m e r o n p a st u re .

Whil e diff e re n t syst e m s o f f e e di n g sh o u ld u n d o u bt e dly be

re c o m m e n d e d fo r c a ttl e o f v a ri o u s a g e s a n d q u a lity th e re a re a t ,

l e a st th re e c o n diti o n s th a t sh o u ld be k e pt cl e a rly in m i n d : fi rst ,

c a ttl e wi n t e re d On ro u gh a g e a l o n e p ro vidi n g th e y re t a i n th e i r
,

th rift will m a k e m o re e c o n o mic a l b e e f p ro d u c e rs the f o ll o w in g

,

s u mm e r o n p a st u re th a n wh e n th e y re c e iv e g ra i n a l o n g with
the ro u gh a g e ; s e c o n d ca ttl e wi n t e re d o n a to o lib e ra l g ra i n
,

ra ti o n m a y f a il to m a k e a p ro fit the f o ll o wi n g s u m m e r o n pa s

t u re ; a n d thi rd o th e r thi n gs b e i n g e q u a l c a ttl e wi n t e re d o n a

, ,

ra ti o n c o n t a i n i n g a lib e ra l s u pply o f p ro t e i n p a rti c u l a rly if this

,

p ro t e i n is c o n t a i n e d in the ro u gh a g e a s cl o v e r a lf a lf a o r co w
, , ,

p e a h a y will
,
m a k e g re a t e r a n d m o re e c o n o m ic a l g a i n s d u ri n g
b o th wi n t e r a n d s u mm e r th a n if this n it ro ge n o u s ro u gh a g e is
w a n ti n g . It is tru e th a t a n i m a ls re c e ivi n g this n it ro g e n o u s
ro u gh a g e will n o t fi n ish o r f a tt e n s o q u i ckly bu t th e y will m a k e
,

g a i n s m o re e c o n o mi c a lly a n d the q u a lity o f the fl e sh will

,

be b e tt e r th a n o th e rwis e . Fro m p ra cti c a l e xp e ri e n c e th e re ,

fo re it wo u ld s e e m b e st to p ro vi d e c o n sid e ra bl e p ro t e i n
,

in the ra ti o n o f the wi n t e ri n g st o ck e r o r f e e d e r If this .

p ro t e i n is l a cki n g in the ro u gh a g e in which it sh o u ld be,

p ro vide d if p o ssibl e th e n s u pply the n e e d e d p ro t e i n by

,

fe e di n g s u ch g ra i n s a s c o tt o n -s e e d m e a l o r li n s e e d o il m e a l -

in ra th e r limit e d q u a n titi e s in the g ra i n ra ti o n In c a s e .

the g ra i n is fe d n o s u gg e sti o n s ca n be giv e n a s to the e x a ct

28 4 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANIM ALS

a m o u n t bu t wh e n o n e is simply wi n t e ri n g the s t e e rs with o u t

,

a n y a tt e mpt to f a tt e n th e m the m a xim u m a m o u n t sh o u ld n o t

,

e xc e e d six p o u n ds d a ily ,
a n d p e rh a ps b e t te r re s u l t s ca n be
o b ta i n e d by f e e di n g tw o to f o u r p o u n ds d a ily .

R ou gha ge i n cre a se s fee di n g ca pa ci ty It is c on c e d e d by e x

.

p e rie n ce d c a t tl e f e e d e rs th a t ro u ghi n g s te e rs p re p a ra t o ry to pu t
ti n g th e m o u f u ll f e e d re q u i re s m u ch skill The f e e di n g o f a n
.

a b u n d a n c e o f ro u gh a g e e n c o u ra g e s the e n l a rg e m e n t a n d d e v e l o p

m e n t o f the dig e stiv e o rg a n s th u s i n c re a sin g the c a pa city fo r

,

h a n dli n g m o re c o n c e n t ra t e d fe e ds l a te r o n This o f c o u rs e .
, ,

give s the thi n a n i m a l a l a rg e p a u n ch which mu s t c e rt a i n ly be,

re d u c e d b e fo re the a n im a l is re a dy fo r m a rk e t A l a rg e .

p a u n ch e d s t e e r is n o t w a n t e d o n a n y fa t c a ttl e m a rk e t Fro m
-
.

this it w o u ld s e e m th a t b e fo re b e gi n n i n g to f e e d o r in the e a rly ,

p a rt o f the fe e di n g p ro c e ss the e n l a rgi n g o f the p a u n ch sh o u ld

,

be e n c o u ra g e d in o rd e r to i n c re a s e the c a p a city whil e the l a t t e r ,

p a rt o f the f e e di n g p e ri o d sh o u ld be d e vo t e d to re d u ci ng t his
p a u n ch a n d sm o o thi n g u p the st e e r .

S U MM E R F E E DI NG ON PAS TU R E
Fa tt e n i n g c a t tl e in the s u mm e r o n p a s tu re is u s u a lly m o re
p ro fit a bl e th a n wi n te r f a tt e n i n g By su ch f e e di n g the l a b o r is
.

re d u c e d to a mi n i m u m ,
th e re is n o h a n dli n g o f b u lky fo o ds n o ,

b e ddi n g to p ro vid e n o l o ts to cl e a n o f m a n u re a n d n o o u tl a y fo r
, ,

a n e xt e n siv e pl a n t s u ch a s sh e ds l o ts a n d the lik e

, ,
Appro xi
,
.

m a t e ly the o n ly l a b o r in s u m m e r f a tt e n i n g is th a t o f fe e di n g the
gra i n wh e n s u ch is fe d
,
.

Th e re a re tw o m e th o ds o f f a tt e n i n g b e e f c a ttl e o n p a s tu re
“
p a st u ri n g a l o n e with n o gra i n which is c a ll e d gra ss f a tt e n
,

in g a n d f e e di n g g ra i n o ft e n a ll th e y will e a t in c o n n e cti o n
, ,

with the p a st u ra g e . Which o f th e s e m e th o ds sh o u ld be e m

pl o ye d will d e p e n d o n c o n diti o n s Wh e n l a n d is ch e a p a n d
.

th e re is a n a b u n d a n c e o f p a st u re o n e m a y s e c u re f a i rly g o o d
,

re tu rn s fro m p a st u ri n g with o u t g ra i n O n the o th e r h a n d if

.
,
 MAN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

in the f e e d lo t b e f o re g o i n g to g ra ss , an d th e n to fi n ish th e m o n
p a st u re di sp o si n g o f th e m by the m iddl e o f J u ly b e fo re the
,

h o tt e st o f the w e a th e r a n d j u st a b o u t the tim e the p a st u re b e gi n s

to f a il. U n d e r this syst e m it wo u ld be n e c e ss a ry to f e e d g ra i n
lib e ra lly fro m the b e gi n n i n g o f the p a st u re s e a s o n .Whil e this
m e th o d ha s m u ch to c o m m e n d it th e re is the s e ri o u s o bj e c
,

ti o n o f t u rn i n g ca ttl e to s u cc u l e n t p a st u re wh e n th e y a re re ce iv
in g a lib e ra l s u pply o f g ra i n O n a c c o u n t o f the v e ry s u cc u l e n t
.

” ”
g ra ss so e a rly in the sp ri n g s u ch c a ttl e d rift o r sh ri n k co n
side ra bly e v e n th o u gh the g ra i n is c o n ti n u e d
,
. This d rift is
s o s e ri o u s th a t if the ca ttl e a re i n t e n d e d fo r m a rk e t by sa y , ,

the m iddl e o f J u n e it will be m o re p ro fit a bl e o n the a v e ra g e to

,

fi ni sh th e m in a dry lo t -
In a dditi o n to the dis a dv a n t a g e o f
.

the h e a vy d rift it i s p o o r e c o n o m y to t u rn c a ttl e to p a st u re

b e fo re the g ra ss g e ts a g o o d st a rt ; t his is p a rti c u l a rly t ru e
.

if the g ra ss w a s cl o s e ly cro pp e d the p re ce di n g f a ll .

Th e re is di ff e re n ce o f o pi n i o n a s to the ki n d o f g ra i n th a t
sh o u ld be fe d c a ttl e o f the v a ri o u s a g e s o n p a st u re In s o m e
.

c a s e s p e rh a ps c o rn a l o n e c a n n o t be i m p ro v e d o n p a rti cu l a rly
,

if th e re is s o m e l e gu m i n o u s gra ss a s cl o v e r o r a lf a lf a in the
, ,

p a st u re S o m e c o n t e n d th a t with yo u n g st o ck e sp e ci a lly it is
.
,

a dvis a bl e to s u ppl e m e n t c o rn with a f o o d rich in p ro t e i n as ,

li n s e e d o r c o tt o n -s e e d m e a l wh e re a s in the e xp e ri e n c e o f o th e rs
,

the a dditi o n o f this e x tra p ro t e i n f o o d ha s c a u s e d the y o u n g

st o ck to gro w a n d n o t f a tt e n so re a dily a s if the e xt ra f o o d
w a s Withh e ld . A m o n g this cl a ss o f c a ttl e f e e d e rs wh e n th e y
,

s u ppl e m e n t c o rn it is m o re lik e ly to be fo r the o ld e r c a ttl e

,
.

The pa stu res . Th e re a re tw o g e n e ra l pl a n s fo r p ro vidi n g

p a st u re l a n d : p e rm a n e n t p a st u re s ; a n d p a st u re s in ro t a ti o n
with o th e r c ro ps Pe rm a n e n t p a st u re s a re ra pidly dis a pp e a r
.

in g f ro m th o s e s e cti o n s o f the c o u n t ry s u it a bl e fo r g ro wi n g g ra i n ,

b e ca u s e o f the in c re a s e d v a l u e o f the l a n d fo r g ra i n ra isi n g bu t ,

th e re a re v a s t a re a s u n s u it e d fo r g ra i n gro win g which ca n be

ve ry p ro fit a bly u tiliz e d fo r p e rm a n e n t p a st u re In fa ct mu ch
.
 F EE DI N G B E E F CA T TL E 28 7

of the l a n d e a st o f the S ci o t a s o u th o f the O hi o a n d we st o f

, ,

the M iss o u ri riv e rs is s u it a bl e fo r p e rm a n e n t p a st u re This .

ch e a p l a n d m u ch o f it c o u ld be l a id to p e rm a n e n t p a st u re s a n d
, ,

yi e ld a v e ry c re dit a ble re t u rn a s p a st u re fo r b e e f c a ttl e In .

f a ct if co n diti o n s co n ti n u e in the f u t u re a s in the p a s t m u ch

, ,

o f o u r b e e f m u st co m e f ro m th e s e ch e a p o u tlyi n g l a n ds The .

g ra i n s gro wn o n the gra i n f a rm s a re ra pidly b e c o m i n g to o v a l u

a bl e a s f o o d fo r h u m a n co n s u mpti o n to p e rm it o f th e i r b e i n g

fe d to a n i m a ls .

No d e fi n it e s u gg e sti o n s ca n be giv e n a s to the ch o i ce b e tw e e n

p e rm a n e n t p a st u re s a n d p a st u re s in ro t a ti o n fu r th e r th a n to s a y
th a t a ll d e p e n ds o n the l o ca ti o n If th o s e f a rm s o r p a rts o f f a rm s
.

th a t a re u n s u it e d fo r g ro wi n g gra i n s ca n be l a id to p e rm a n e n t
p a st u re it will o n the a v e ra g e be p ro fit a bl e to do so
, , ,
Ea ch o f .

th e s e syst e m s ha s c e rt a i n a dv a n t a g e s F o r e x a m pl e p e rm a n e n t
.
,

p a st u re si m plifi e s the f e n ci n g p ro vid e s the w a t e r s u pply the

, ,

sh a d e a n d the f e e d ra cks o r b u n ks Whil e p a st u re s in ro t a ti o n

, ,

giv e a m u ch b e tt e r o pp o rt u n ity to dist rib u t e the m a n u re to

a ll p a rts o f the f a rm Pe rm a n e n t p a st u re s e v e n if s e ri o u sly
.

a ff e ct e d by d ro u th a re n o t lik e ly to be a f a il u re whil e p a st u re s
,

in ro t a ti o n o cc a si o n a lly do f a il Pro p e rly m a n a g e d p e rm a n e n t

.

p a st u re s will i n c re a s e in v a l u e with a ge .

The p a st u re c ro p is p e rh a ps the m o st n e gl e ct e d o f f a rm c ro ps
a t the p re s e n t ti m e M a n y p a st u re s th a t a re n o w s u pp o rti n g
.

o n e a n i m a l to tw o o r th re e a c re s ca n with p ro p e r c a re be m a d e

to s u pp o rt twi ce the n u m b e r Fi rst s e c u re a g o o d st a n d

.
,
M an y .

p a st u re s do n o t n o w p o ss e ss m o re th a n o n e -h a lf a c ro p Bl u e .

gra ss sh o u ld fo rm the b a sis o f a ll p e rm a n e n t p a st u re s in the

Ea st bu t sh o u ld be re en f o rc e d by whit e cl o v e r o r ch a rd -gra ss
, , ,

an d r e d to p
-
The p a st u re sh o u ld be h a rro w e d a n d re s e e d e d
.

e a ch sp ri n g u n til a st a n d is s e c u re d Se c o n d k e e p d o wn the
.
,

we e ds An i m a ls e a t the g ra ss a n d l e a v e the w e e ds
. To o h .

v i a te this p a st u re s sh o u ld be m o wn twi ce e a ch y e a r
, This .

n o t o n ly k e e ps the w e e ds d o w n bu t k e e ps the p a st u re in s u ch
,
28 8 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

c o n di ti o n th a t the a n i m a ls wi ll fe e d m o re e v e n ly o v e r the e n ti re
fi e ld An i m a ls a re like ly to f e e d wh e re the g ra ss is ra th e r
.

sh o rt a n d t e n d e r a n d l e a v e the ra n k e r g ro wth Thi rd d ra i n

, .
,

p a st u re s we ll This is o ft e n e n ti re ly n e gl e ct e d a n d the p a rt s o f
.
,

the f a rm th a t a re too w e t to g ro w c ro ps a re l e ft to p a st u re .

Fo u rth to p d re ss p e rm a n e n t p a st u re s with m a n u re wh e n co n
-
,

v e ni e n t O ft e n c o rn s t a lks o r st ra w sc a tt e re d o v e r the n o rth

.

F IG 91 — FATT E NI NG S T EER S O N PA S T URE F EED IN G C LO V ER HAY To SUP

P L EME NT T HE PA S TURE
. . .

l p e s wh e n the l a n d is b ro k e n will m a t e ri a lly imp ro v e the

s o

p a s t u re An o th e r f a ct o r which o ft e n re d u c e s the t o t a l yi e ld o f
.

a p a st u re is the f a ct th a t the g ra ss i s p a st u re d to o e a rly in the

S p ri n g which hi n d e rs the g ro wt h o f the y o u n g pl a n ts b e f o re th e y

,

g e t a g o o d st a rt wh e re a s if th e y w e re l e ft a w e e k l o n g e r t h e y
, ,

w o u ld re t u rn a m u ch gre a t e r t o t a l yi e ld Pa stu re s th u s t re a t e d
.

will i n c re a s e in v a l u e with a ge a s ha s b e e n p ra ctic a lly d e m o n

,

stra te d, a s fa r e a s t a s C e n t ra l Ne w Yo rk a n d a s fa r w e s t a s
2 90 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

g ro wth th e y h a v e bu t to f a tt e n ; wh e re a s with y o u n g e r ca ttl e

,

th e re is co n ti n u e d g ro wth a n d to f a t te n th e m re q u i re s a n e xt ra
,

e ff o rt a s i n cre a si n g the g ra i n in the ra ti o n

,
With st e e rs ra th e r
.

ro u gh a n d co a rs e in q u a lity th a t c a n n o t be m a d e p ri m e in a n y

e v e n t th e re is n o t t he n e ce ssity fo r the h e a vy g ra i n ra ti o n re
,

q u i re d by s te e rs o f fi n e r q u a lity th a t ca n be m a d e p ri m e a n d th u s
co m m a n d a p re m i u m o n the m a rk e t This h e a vy g ra i n ra ti o n
.

fo r the st e e rs o f fi n e r q u a lity is lik e ly to i n c re a s e the c o st o f g a i n s ,

m a ki n g th e m e v e n m o re e xp e n siv e th a n the light e r g ra i n ra ti o n

fo r the c o a rs e st e e rs bu t the e xt ra p re mi u m c o m m a n d e d o n the
,

m a rk e t will m a k e the fi n e r b re d st e e rs the m o re p ro fit a bl e The .

a m o u n t o f g ra i n th a t c a n be fe d e c o n o m i ca lly to f a tt e n i n g c a ttl e

d e p e n ds m u ch o n the ki n d o f dry f o ra g e O n the a v e ra g e

.

a n im a ls re c e ivi n g a l e g u mi n o u s f o ra g e s u ch a s cl o v e r a lf a lf a
, , ,

o r c o wp e a ha y will m a k e e co n o m ic a l u se o f a l a rg e r g ra i n ra ti o n
,

th a n wh e n o t he f o a g e s u ch a s ti o thy e d to p c o rn st a lks
r r ,
m r -
, , ,

a n d the lik e ,
is fe d In f a ct f a tt e n i n g f a rm a n i m a ls will m a k e
.
,

m o re e c o n o m i ca l u se o f a l a rg e r g ra i n ra ti o n if the g ra i n a ls o
c o n t a i n s a high p e rc e n t a g e o f p ro t e i n The l e n gth o f the fa t
.

t e n i n g p e ri o d will a ls o h a v e m u ch to do with the a m o u n t o f

g ra i n th a t sh o u ld be fe d If it is i n t e n d e d to m a rk e t the
.

st e e rs in 1 00 d a ys o r l e ss th e y will h a v e to be fu ll -fe d g ra i n fro m

,

the b e gi n n i n g if th e y a re to be m a d e re a s o n a bly fa t wh e re a s if ,

the f e e di n g p e ri o d is to l a s t 1 50 da ys o r m o re the c a ttl e m a y be ,

fe d g ra i n ra th e r sp a ri n gly a t first .

As to the ki n d o f g ra i n to f e e d f a tt e n i n g c a ttl e this lik e wis e

‘

d e p e n ds l a rg e ly o n the c a ttl e a n d the ki n d o f dry ro u gh a g e .

Wh e n ra th e r y o u n g st e e rs a re b e i n g f a tt e n e d it is the co m ,

m o n o pi n i o n th a t a m o re n it ro g e n o u s ra ti o n sh o u ld be u s e d ;
h e n c e it is co n sid e re d the b e tt e r pl a n to p ro vid e m u ch p ro t e i n
fo r the y o u n g a n i m a ls wh e re a s in the c a s e o f o ld e r a n d m o re
“

m a t u re c a ttl e the g ra i n ra ti o n o ft e n c o n t a i n s l e ss p ro t e i n .

IV hile this pl a n is u s u a lly re c o m m e n d e d it is w e ll to re m e m b e r

,

th a t a ra ti o n rich in n it ro g e n o u s m a t e ri a l ha s a t e n d e n cy to
 F E ED I N G B E E F CA TTL E 291

k e e p the y o u n g c a ttl e g ro wi n g ra th e r th a n to f a tt e n th e m .

Whil e it is t ru e th a t y o u n g st o ck th u s fe d will m a k e g a i n s m o re
ra pidly a n d m o re ch e a ply the ca ttl e will o ft e n ti m e s l a ck in fi n ish
,

b e c a u s e th e y h a v e b e e n g ro wi n g ra th e r th a n f a tt e n i n g The .

ki n d o f ro u gh a g e d e t e rm i n e s in p a rt the ki n d o f g ra i n th a t
, ,

sh o u ld be fe d Wh e n the c a ttl e a re b e i n g fe d a dry ro u gh a g e

.

c o n t a i ni n g m u ch p rot e i n a s cl o v e r a lf a lf a o r c o wp e a ha y the
, , , ,

g ra i n m a y c o n t a i n a c o rre sp o n di n gly l e ss a m o u n t o f p ro t e i n .

O n the o th e r h a n d wh e n the dry f o ra g e l a cks the p ro t e i n the de

, ,

fi cie n cy sh o u ld be m a d e u p by f e e di n g a g ra i n ri ch in p ro te i n ,

a s c o tt o n -s e e d o r li n s e e d m e a l In a dditi o n the l e n gth o f the

.
,

f a tt e n i n g p e ri o d will h a v e a n i n fl u e n c e o n the ki n d o f g ra i n to
f e e d If the p e ri o d is sh o rt it will be n e c e ss a ry to f e e d v e ry
.
,

f a tt e n i n g fo o ds s u ch a s c o rn a n d c o tt o n s e e d m e a l fro m the
,
-
,

b e gi n n i n g ; wh e re a s if the ca ttl e a re to be fe d 1 5 0 d a ys o r m o re ,

th e y m a y be giv e n f o o ds c o n t a i n i n g l e ss fa t d u ri n g the e a rly

st a g e s o f the f e e di n g p e ri o d .

BAB Y-B E EF

By b a by b e e f is m e a n t fa t c a tl e b e tw e e n
-
t on e a n d
y e a rs tw o

o f a ge a n d w e ighi n g f ro m 8 00 to 1 1 00 p o u n ds O f re c e n t y e a rs
.

m u ch ha s b e e n writt e n c o n c e rn i n g the a dv a n t a g e s o f p ro d u ci n g
this cl a ss o f b e e f A g e n e ra l p e ru s a l o f the re c e n t lit e ra t u re o n
.

b e e f p ro d u c t i o n w o u ld l e a d o n e to thi n k th a t it is fa r m o re
p ro fit a bl e to p ro d u c e b e e f fro m y o u n g a n i m a ls th a n fro m a n i
m a ls p o ss e ssi n g s o m e a ge a n d y e t the p ra ctic a l c a ttl e f e e d e r ha s
,

c o n ti n u e d to e m pl o y tw o -y e a r-o ld c a ttl e in his f e e di n g o p e ra

ti o n s . The e xp e rim e n t lit e ra t u re ha s in a l a rg e m e a s u re
f o s t e re d the id e a t h a t b e e f c o u ld be m o re p ro fit a bly p ro du c e d
by f e e di n g y o u n g e r c a ttl e Th e s e re c o mm e n d a ti o n s a re b a s e d
.

l a rg e ly o n the f a ct th a t the y o u n g e r a n im a l will m a k e m u ch

m o re e c o n o m i ca l g a i n s th a n o ld e r a n i m a ls Th e re a re h o we ve r
.
, ,

m a n y f a ct o rs b e sid e s e c o n omic g a i n s e n t e ri n g i n t o p ro fi t a bl e b e e f
p ro d u c t i on.
292 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Ca ttle u se d i n ba by be e -
fp ro du cti on . Fi rs t o f a ll,
ttl e the ca

mu s t be y o u n g Th e y m u st be w e ll b re d a n d o f fi n e q u a lity
.
,

a s s u ch c a ttl e ca n be fi n ish e d fo r the m a rk e t a t a m u ch y o u n g e r

a ge t h a n the pl a i n e r ki n ds The c a ttl e to be u s e d in the pro

.

d u cti o n o f b a by b e e f sh o u ld n o t be p e rm itt e d to l o s e th e i r c a lf
-

fa t . Th e y m u st be k e p t fl e shy fro m st a rt to fi n ish fo r if o n c e ,

th e y g e t ru n d o wn in fl e sh it is v e ry diffic u l t to m a k e th e m
,

p rim e u n d e r e igh te e n m on ths o f a ge .

Fe e di n g f or b y beef produ cti on

a b -
If y o u n g a n im a ls a re to
.

be m a d e fa t, th e y m u st b e f e d lib e ra lly o n fa t p o d u ci n g fe e ds
- r
,

p a rtic u l a rly g ra i n He a vi e r g ra i n f e e di n g is re q u i re d in the

.

p ro d u cti on o f b a by b e e f th a n o f o ld e r b e e f C a lv e s a n d y e a rli n gs
- .

h a v e a t e n d e n cy to g ro w ra th e r th a n to f a tt e n a n d to o v e rc o m e ,

this th e y m u st be fe d a h e a vy ra ti on o f g ra i n a f a ct n o t to ,

be l o st sight o f in fig u ri n g the c o st In the b e gi n n i n g the c a lf

.

sh o u ld be fe d c on sid e ra bl e q u a n titi e s o f dry f o ra g e s u ch a s ,

cl o v e r a lf a lf a or c o wp e a ha y a s s u ch f o o ds h a v e a t e n d e n cy
, , ,

to i n c re a s e the dig e stiv e c a p a city o f the c a lf th e re by e n a bli ng ,

it to h a n dl e l a rge q u a n titi e s o f g ra i n l a t e r o n If h e if e r c a lv e s
.

i n s t e a d o f st e e rs a re fe d th e y wil l fi n ish m o re q u ickly a n d

,

h e n c e sh ou ld be m a rk e t e d e a rli e r The y o u n ge r the p ri m e

‘

h e ife rs a re a t the ti m e o f the m a rk e ti n g the l e ss disc rimi n a ti o n ,

in p ric e the b u tch e r will m a k e b e tw e e n th e m a n d st e e rs In .

f e e di n g o b a by b e e f the m o st c o mm o n mist a k e is to m a rk e t
f r -
,

the a n i m a ls b e f o re th e y a re fa t e n o u gh Th e re is lit tl e lik e li

.

h o o d o f ge tti n g th e m to o fa t to m e e t the d e m a n ds o f the

m a rk e t .

Adva n ta ge s of ba by be ef produ cti on

- — The p ro d u cti o n o f b a by
b e e f ha s tw o v e ry disti n ct a n d o u tst a n di n g a dv a n t a g e s o v e r th a t
o f o ld e r b e e f . Fi rst y o u n g a n im a ls re q u i re l e ss f o o d fo r a giv e n
,

g a i n th a n o ld e r a n i m a ls S e c o.n d t h e s a m e
,
c a pit a l i n v e st e d in

yo u n g an im a ls p ro d u c e s m o re m e a t th a n in o ld e r a n i m a ls .

Du ri n g re c e n t y e a rs th e s e tw o a dv a n t a g e s h a v e b e e n m u ch
h e ra ld e d b y e xp e rim e n t e rs , a n d w hil e a t fi rst sight th e y m a y
29 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

m e a t to w a rra n t his p a yi n g a high p ric e fo r the c a ttl e he kills ;

h e n ce he u s u a lly p u rch a s e s pl a i n b u tch e r c a ttl e As a ru l e
.
,

the l o c a l sl a u ght e r h o u se s a re
n o t e q u ipp e d to h a n dl e h e a vy

c a ttl e ; the c u ts o f m e a t a re
u s u a lly re t a il e d in sm a ll
a m o u n ts ; th e re f o re the l o c a l
,

b u tch e r d e m a n ds a ra th e r
sm a ll a n i m a l w e ighi n g fro m
,

600 to 1 000 p o u n ds The .

l o c a l b u tch e r c a n n o t pa y fo r
F I G 9 2 — A S T EER T HAT M A DE high fi n ish Thick fa t c a ttl e
C E E D I N G LY LA R G E G A I N S F O R A S I X
. .
.

M O NT H S F EED I N G P ER IO D
’
.
ca rry t 0 0 m u ch w a st 6 G ra ss ‘

fa t c a ttl e ca n be m a d e to
c a rry su fli cie n t fl e sh fo r the l o c a l b u tch e r Whil e n o co n .

s u m e r rich o r p o o r wish e s to pa y fo r w a st e fa t y e t high e s t

, , ,

q u a lity o f b e e f is imp o ssibl e with o u t c o n sid e ra bl e q u a n titi e s

o f s u ch w a st e Th e re is h o w e v e r n o d e m a n d in the lo ca l
.
, ,

m a rk e t fo r b e e f c a rryi n g w a st e fa t n o m a tt e r ho w e xc e ll e n t its
,

q u a lity .

Fro m the f o re g o i n g it is a pp a re n t th a t the c a ttl e f e e d e r w ho

p l a n s to f e e d c a ttl e fo r the l o c a l m a rk e t a n d m a k e a p ro fit sh o u ld
p ro c u re h e if e rs y o u n g c o ws o r lo w -g ra d e st e e rs a s his f e e di n g
, ,

st o ck si n c e s u ch c a ttl e ca n be p u r ch a s e d a t a lo w p ric e
,
Th e s e .

c a ttl e m u st be f a tt e n e d a s e c o n o m i c a lly a s p o ssibl e l a rg e ly o n ,

dry f o ra g e o r o n p a st u re a n d th e n s o ld b e f o re th e y b e c o m e to o
,

fa t to m e e t the d e m a n ds o f the l o c a l m a rk e t This cl a ss o f

.

b u tch e r c a ttl e ca n be v e ry p ro fit a bly p ro d u c e d o n f a rms lyi n g

e a st ,
s o u th a d we st o t e c o b e lt Pe rh a ps the g re a t e st
n ,
f h rn -
.

h a n dic a p to p ro fit a bl e b e e f p ro d u cti o n in th e s e re gi o n s is l a ck o f
s u it a bl e p a st u re l a n d Th a t m u ch o f the l a n d in th e s e re gi o n s
.

ca n be m a d e to g ro w p a st u re s s u it a bl e fo r the p ro fit a bl e
p ro d u cti o n o f t his g ra d e o f b e e f n o l o n g e r a d m its o f d o u b t
(p a ge
 F E E DI N G B E EF CA TTL E 295

HO G S F O LL O W NGI GR AI N F E D CATT LE
-

Am o n g g ra i n fe d c a ttl e h o gs a re c o n sid e re d i n disp e n s a bl e to

-
,

p ro fit a bl e b e e f p ro d u cti o n C a ttl e re c e ivi n g a ra th e r h e a vy

.

g ra i n ra ti o n f a il to dig e st the g ra i n c om pl e t e ly a n d h o gs if , ,

g iv e n a ch a n c e will
,
pi ck u p this g ra i n a n d c o n v e r t it i n t o p o rk .

S o g re a t is the s a vi n g th u s e ff e ct e d th a t b e e f p ro d u cti o n is se l
do m p ro fit a bl e with o u t the ho g The p ri n cip a l q u e sti o n s in
.

c o n n e cti o n with h o gs f o ll o wi n g g a i n e d c a ttl e a re : the ki n d

r -f

o f h o gs to u se the n u mb e r o f h o gs to a st e e r the a dvis a bilit y

, ,

o f f e e di n g the h o gs g ra i n in a dditi o n to wh a t th e y g e t f ro m the

d ro ppi n gs a n d the g a i n s th a t the h o gs m a y be e xp e ct e d to

,

ma ke .

The m o s t s a tisf a ct o ry ho g to f o ll o w g ra i n -fe d c a ttl e is o n e

we ighi n g a pp ro xi m a t e ly 1 00 p o u n ds a n d thi n in fl e sh If the .

h o gs a re to o h e a vy o r to o fa t th e y do n o t m a k e go o d ru stl e rs
, ,

a n d will f a il to fi n d a ll the d ro ppi n gs e sp e ci a lly in p a st u re

,
.

O n the o th e r h a n d it is n o t g o o d p ra ctic e to u se pigs to o y o u n g

,

b e c a u s e o f the d a n g e r o f In j u ry f ro m the c a ttl e Bro o d s o ws .

a re o ft e n tim e s u s e d to f o ll o w c a ttl e Th e y a re n o t lik e ly to

.

be g o o d ru stl e rs h o w e v e r a n d will f a il to fi n d m a n y o f the

, ,

d ro ppi n gs e sp e ci a lly if h e a vy w ith pig

,
.

The a dvis a bility o f f e e di n g g ra i n in a ddi t i o n to th a t o b

ta in e d fro m the d ro ppi n gs will d e p e n d m u ch o n the c o n diti o n s .

If the p ri c e o f c a ttl e is high a n d th a t o f h o gs lo w o n e w o u ld ,

p re f e r to a ll o w the h o gs o n ly wh a t th e y g a th e r fro m the d ro p

pi n gs ; wh e re a s if the p ric e o f h o gs is high a n d c a ttl e lo w ,

th e n it wo u ld n o d o u bt be m o re p ro fit a bl e to f e e d the h o gs
in a dditi o n e sp e ci a lly si n c e h o gs a re m o re e co n o mi ca l f e e d e rs
,

th a n c a ttl e The g re a t m a j o rity o f c a ttl e f e e d e rs u s e g ra i n in

.

a dditi o n t o t h a t s e c u re d f ro m the d ro ppi n gs .

The n u m b e r o f h o gs to f o ll o w e a c h st e e r will d e p e n d o n tw o
c o n di ti o n s the f o rm in whi ch the gra i n is fe d wh o l e o r g ro u n d ; 4
”
,

a n d wh e th e r e xt ra g ra i n is fe d in a d di ti o n to th a t o bt a i n e d
296 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M ALS

fro m the d ro ppi n gs Wh e n gra i n is fe d e xt ra the n u mb e r o f

.
,

h o gs to e a ch st e e r will d e p e n d o n the a m o u n t o f gra i n th u s fe d .

The c o m m o n p ra ctic e is to pu t a 1 00 p o u n d ho g b e hi n d e a ch
-

st e e r a n d f e e d gra i n in a d di ti o n If h o w e v e r g ra i n is n o t fe d
.
, ,

in a ddi ti o n o n e ho g to tw o st e e rs will be s u ffici e n t to pick u p

,

the g ra i n o f the d ro ppi n gs wh e n the g ra i n is fe d to the st e e r in

the wh o l e f o rm a n d o n e pig to f o u r st e e rs wh e n the g ra i n is fe d in
,

the f o rm o f m e a l Th e re is m u ch l e ss a v a il a bl e m a t e ri a l fo r the
.

h o gs wh e n the g ra i n is fe d in the fo rm o f m e a l th a n wh e n fe d
a s sh e ll e d o r e a r c o rn .

The g a i n s th a t m a y be e xp e c te d f ro m h o gs f o ll o wi n g st e e rs
will d e p e n d o n the m e th o d Wh e n m e a l is fe d the g a i n s will
.
,

be l e ss th a n wh e n the g ra i n is fe d wh o l e ; a n d wh e n g ra i n in
a dditi o n is fe d the g a i n s will d e p e n d e n ti re ly o n the a m o u n t
,

o f g ra i n th a t is fe d t o the h o gs Wh e n o n e 1 00-p o u n d ho g is
.

pl a c e d b e hi n d e a ch st e e r a n d g ra i n fe d i n a d diti o n a s is the ,

c o mm o n p ra ctic e the c a tt l e f e e d e r e xp e c ts to s e cu re a t l e a s t
,

o n e p o u n d g a i n o n e a ch ho g d a ily fo r a p e ri o d o f 1 00 d a ys By .

this tim e the h o gs a re w e ighi n g o v e r 2 00 p o u n ds a n d a re to o

h e a vy to m a k e g o o d ru stl e rs so th e y a re withd ra wn fro m the
,

f e d l o ts a n d a n o th e r dro v e o 1 00 p o u n d h o gs pl a c e d with
e f -

the c a ttl e . The 2 00-p o u n d h o gs m a y be m a rk e t e d a t o n c e o r

fe d e xt ra g ra i n fo r tw o w e e ks by whi ch ti m e th e y a v e ra g e
,

b e tt e r t h a n 225 p o u n ds e a ch wh e n th e y a re pu t o n the m a rk e t .

G ETTI NG CATTLE O N F EE D

Th e re is n o m o re imp o rt a n t q u e sti o n c o n n e ct e d with c a ttl e

f e e di n g th a n th a t o f g e tti n g the c a ttl e o n a f u ll f e e d o f gra i n ,

m e a n i n g by f u ll fe e d a ll the g ra i n th e y will c o n s u m e O pi n .

io n di ff e rs W id e ly a s to the ti m e th a t sh o u ld be re q u i re d s o m e ,

V e ry s u cc e ssfu l c a ttl e fe e d e rs e m pl o yi n g the so c a ll e d sh o rt -

m e th o d th a t is g e tti n g the c a ttl e o n fu ll fe e d in o n e to tw o

, ,

w e e ks wh e re a s o th e rs e q u a lly a s s u c c e ssfu l e m pl o y the l o n g

,

m e th o d ta ki n g o n e to tw o m on ths Whi ch o f th e s e m e th o ds
, .
298 M A N U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

l o c a l b u tch e r f a ils to a pp re ci a t e s u ch fi n ish a n d m a y e v e n

,

dis cri m i n a t e a g a i n st it s a yi n g th a t his p a t ro n s will o bj e ct to the

,

w a st e fa t M u ch d e p e n ds o n the m a rk e t a ls o ; if th e re is a light
.

d e m a n d a n d a h e a vy ru n o f ext ra fa t c a ttl e the b u tch e rs will ,

F IG . 93 —. AB ERDEE N AN GU S B U LL . Ow n ed by J S G . . o o dw in , Na p vill
er e ,
I ll
.

b g b
T he A e rd e e n An u s re e d o f b
e e f ca le e e o ett d v l p d i
n n o r he a s e rn S co la n d t t t
i g y i
.

L ke t he He re fo rd An u s m a u r e e a rl t bu t la c k th e s z e o f the S ho r ho rn , t
ig i g 4 p b fii
, ,

co w s w e h n a ro u n d 1 00 o u n ds u lls 2 000 a n d n sh e d s e e r s 1 000 to t

4 p ig
, ,

1 00 o u n ds t
T h e s e e rs a r e u n e x ce le d fo r fa e n n tt
in th e fe e d lo t a n d a r e
ig t by b t g g y i y
.

h e ld i n h h e s e e m t
the u ch e rs a l ho u h if m a d e to o la r e he a re l ke l to t
b y b
,

e co m e c o a rs e T he a re a ll la ck a n d ho rn le ss
. .

t a k e a dv a n t a g e a n d bid d o wn the p ri c e wh e re a s if th e re is a ligh t ,

ru n a n d a h e a vy d e m a n d fo r c a ttl e sh o wi n g m u ch fi n ish the ,

b u tch e rs will bid u p the p ri ce a c co rdi n gly Th e re f o re the q u e s .

,

ti o n a s to wh e n the c a ttl e a re re a dy fo r the m a rk e t c a n n o t be

a n sw e re d with o u t a k n o wl e dg e o f fi rs t the a ge o f the c a ttl e ; , ,
 F E E DI N G B EE F CA TTL E 2 99

s e c o n d the q u a lity o f the c a ttl e ; thi rd the re l a tive c o st o f pu t

, ,

ti n g c a ttl e in p ri m e c o n diti o n c o mp a re d with the c o st o f m e re ly

“
w a rm i n g th e m u p a n d f o u rth a k n o wl e dg e o f the c o n diti o n
,

o f the m a rk e t .

The m o re p ro m i n e n t i n dic a ti o n s o f a fi n ish e d st e e r a re f u ll n e ss

a t b a s e o f t o n gu e a ro ll o f fa t in
,
fro n t o f the p o i n t o f the
sh o u ld e r a fu ll thi ck fl a n k th a t st a n ds o u t a s the a n i m a l w a lks
, ,

a l a rg e m e ll o w co d a f u ll twist a n d f u ll n e ss a t t e t a il h e a d
h -
.
, ,

Whe n to m a rke t ca ttle — As to wh e re a n d wh e n to bu y f e e d e rs ,

.

n o d e fi n it e st a t e m e n t ca n be m a d e The d e m a n d fo r e xt ra p ri m e
‘

b e e f s u ch a s is u s e d by the high gra d e h o t e ls a n d re st a u ra n ts

,
-
,

is f a i rly go o d e v e ry m o n th Th e re is a n e xt ra d e m a n d fo r
.

s u ch b e e f d u ri n g the C h rist m a s s e a s o n b e gi n n i n g a b o u t No v e m
,

be r 2 0 wh e n the C h rist m a s o rd e r fo r e xp o rt b e e f b e gi n s to c o m e
a n d c o n ti n u i n g to a b o u t t he middl e o f D e c e m b e r Th e re is
.

g o o d d e m a n d fo p i e b a by b e e f the y e a r ro u n d with a n
r r m -
,

e xt ra c a ll d u ri n g the C h rist m a s s e a s o n Exp o rt ca ttl e a re in

.

g re a t e st d e m a n d in the w i n t e r a n d sp ri n g m o n ths ; C a n a d a
s u ppli e s the d e m a n d in the l a t e s u m m e r a n d f a ll Com m on
.

c a ttl e a re in g re a t e st d e m a n d in the sp ri n g m o n ths a s a ft e r the

,

fi rst o f J u ly th e y c o m e i n t o c o m p e titi o n with the ch e a p w e st e rn

ra n g e c a ttl e .

S HI PP ING C ATTLE

Th e re a re s o m e p re c a u ti o n s th a t sh o u ld be t a k e n in g e tti n g
c a ttl e re a dy fo r ship m e n t T he o bj e ct s o u ght is to ship the ca t
.

“
tle with a s littl e d rift o r l o ss in w e ight a s p o ssib le Whil e .

th e re a re th o s e w ho m a n a g e the c a ttl e in s u ch a w a y a s to i n d u c e
th e m to d ri n k a n u n u s u a l a m o u n t o f w a t e r wh e n th e y re a ch the
m a rk e t th u s s e c u ri n g a n a b n o rm a l fill s u ch p ra ctic e is fa r fro m
, ,

c o mm e n d a bl e C a ttl e b u ye rs a re a lw a ys o n the l o o ko u t fo r s u ch
.

c a ttl e a n d disc ri m i n a t e h e a vily a g a i n st th e m O n the o th e r

.

h a n d i t is p e rf e ctly l e gitim a t e fo r the c a ttl e f e e d e r to t a k e s u ch

,

p re c a u ti o n s a s will i n s u re his a n im a ls a g a i n s t the lik e lih o o d o f

sc ou ri n g a n d to p re ve n t a b n o rm a l sh ri n ki n g in we ight .
300 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

Pre pa ri n g ca ttle
f or shi pm en t Si n c e th e re a re c e rt a i n f o o ds
.

th a t h a v e a t e n d e n cy t o w a rds l oo s e n i n g the b o w e ls s u ch sh o u ld
be withh e ld fo r a t l e a st 2 4
,

h o u rs b e fo re shipm e n t C hi e f a m o n g
.

the f o o ds lik e ly to s c o u r c a ttl e a re sh e ll e d c o rn c o rn m e a l o il

, ,

m e a l cl o v e r a lf a lf a c o wp e a ha y a n d gre e n gra ss In f a ct a f u ll
, , , , .
,

g ra i n ra ti o n o f a n y ki n d is lik e ly to l o o s e n the b o w e ls Th e re
f o re fo r 24
.

,
h o u rs b e f o re S hipm e n t the c a ttl e sh o u ld be sh u t u p
in a dry lo t fe d g ra i n sp a ri n gly bu t m a y h a v e a ll the ti m o th y
, ,

ha y t h e y like . O a ts m a k e a v e ry go o d gra i n to f e e d a t this

t i m e Wa t e r sh o u ld be withh e ld f o u r h o u rs b e fo re shipm e n t
. .

The ca r in which the c a ttl e a re to be shipp e d S h o u ld be w e ll

b e dd e d with st ra w If in a dditi o n to th e s e p re c a u ti o n s it is
.

n o t o v e rl o a d e d the c a ttl e sh o u ld a rriv e a t the m a rk e t f re sh a n d

,

cl e a n C a ttl e th u s t re a t e d will m a k e a n o rm a l fill

. Se v e ra l ca r
.

l o a ds o f c a ttl e th u s t re a t e d h a v e b e e n shipp e d a 36 to 4 0 hou r

j o u rn e y w i th o u t u n lo a di n g o n o n ly a 3 pe r c e n t d rift or l o ss .

Drifti n g ca ttle for the lo ca l m a rke t Wh e n the fa t c a ttl e a re

.

s o ld o n the l o c a l m a rk e t i n st e a d o f shippi n g it is c u st o m a ry in
,

s o m e l o c a liti e s to s e ll th e m o n a 3 pe r c e n t d rift t a ki n g the ,

w e ight a t the f a rm Fro m the f a ct th a t c a ttl e ca n be shipp ed

.

4 0 h o u rs o n a 3 pe r c e n t d rift this wo u ld s e e m to be the m a xi

,

m u m th a t sh o u ld be a ll o w e d the l o c a l b u y e r a n d this sh o u ld be
,

o n w e ights t a k e n a t the f a rm wh e re the a n im a ls a re fe d .

S AM P LE R ATI O NS FOR F ATT E NI NG C ATTLE

The f o ll o win g ra ti o n s a re c o ll e ct e d fro m v a ri o u s s o u rc e s a n d

fu rn ish a gu id e in d e t e rm i n i n g the ki n d a n d q u a n tity o f fe e d
th a t sh o u ld be a ll o w e d f a tt e n i n g c a ttl e Th e y a pply to 1 000
.

p o un ds liv e w e ight
302 M AN UAL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

R AT IO N
FO O D
PO U ND
PE R
G A IN

G ra in D ry F o ra g e G ra in

TW O -y e a r-o ld s 1 8 lb . she lle d c o rn lb . clo v er ha y

9 66 lb . lb . co tto n -s
eed

m ea l

Tw o- y e a r o ld s
-
1 6 lb . sh e lle d co rn 4lb . clo v er ha y
1 01 0 lb . 3 lb . co tto n -s
eed 1 5 lb . c o rn s il g
a e

m ea l

Tw o -
y ea r-
O ld s 1 0 lb . sn a p p e d c o rn 1 8 lb . p ra irie ha y
9 7 5 lb .

Tw o- ye a r -
o ld s 1 0 lb . sn a ppe d c o rn 1 2 lb . p ra irie ha y
9 7 9 lb . 1 0 lb . a lfa lfa ha y

Tw o- y e a r—o ld s 1 0 lb . sn a pped co rn 22 lb . a lfa lfa ha y

9 7 7 lb .

Tw o -
ye a r -
o ld s
-

2 0 lb . e a r c o rn 1 0 lb . c lo v er ha y
8 93 lb .

Tw o- ye a r -
o ld s 2 1 lb . e a r co rn 5 lb . S hre dde d

8 9 6 lb . t
s a lks

2 lb lin se e d m
. eal 3 lb . oa t t
s ra w

1 8 lb . she lle d c o rn 7 lb . t i m o t hy h a y

1 6 lb . s he lle d c o rn lb . tim o thy ha y

lb . co tto n -s
eed

m ea l

1
C lo v er ha y .
2
C o rn s il g
a e .
 F EE D I NG B EEF CA TTL E 303

R AT IO N
FO O D
PO U N D G A N
PE R
I

G ra in D ry F o ra g e G ra in

1 4lb . she lle d c o rn Pa stu re

lb g lu t e n fe e d
.

1 4lb sh e lle d co rn Pa stu re

i
.

lb l . n se e d m eal

1 4lb . she lle d co rn Pa stu re

lb . co tto n -se e d
m ea l

1 6 lb . sh e lle d c o rn Pa st u re

1 1 lb . she lle d c o rn

lb . co tto n -s
eed Pa stu re
m ea l

lb . w he a t b ra n

1 6 lb . S he lle d co rn Pa stu r e
lb g lu t e n fe e d
.

1 6 lb . she lle d c o rn Pa stu re

lb lin se e d m
. eal

1 2 lb . she lle d co rn Pa stu re

2 lb . co tto n -se e d
m ea l

Thre e -y e a r 1 4lb . S he lle d c o rn Pa stu re

O ld s

1 2 5 1 lb .
 4
30 M AN UAL O F F AR M A NI M AL S

S a m ple ra ti o n s fo r w i n te ri n g ca ttle w i th no a tte m pt to fa tte n the m

R AT IO N F O R E A H TEE R
C S

G ra in Dry F o ra ge

n on e 1 6 lb . tim o thy ha y
[1 0 1] 6 2 0 lb . w ho le t
co rn s a lks

[ 1 0 11 6 1 5 lb . shr e dde d co rn

t
s a lks

11 0 11 8 4
4lb . co rn sila g e

n on e 1 0 lb . co rn s a lks t
1 0 lb . clo v er ha y

n on e 2 0 lb . co w pea ha y

4lb t i m o th y h a y
'

. s he lle d c o rn 1 6 lb .

4lb . sh e lle d c o rn 9 lb . c o rn s a lks t

9 lb . c lo v er ha y

4lb . she lle d co rn 1 9 lb . co w pea ha y

6 lb . sh e lle d c o rn 1 7 lb . t i m o thy h a y
6 lb . s he lle d c o rn 1 9 lb . c lo v er ha y

6 lb . sh e lle d co rn 1 7 lb . a lfa lfa ha y

6 lb . sh e lle d c o rn 1 7 lb . co w pea ha y

6 lb she ll e d co rn 9 lb . co rn s a lks t
v
.

9 lb . clo er ha y

6 lb she lle d co rn 8 1b . w he a t t
s ra w

v
.

8 1b . clo er ha y

1 W e ig ht a pp ro xim a te l y a s a bo v e .
306 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

to the i n disc ri m i n a t e a dmixt u re o f the bl o o d o f the s e v e ra l b re e ds

o f b o th b e e f a n d d a i ry typ e s Pro o f o f th i s i s n o t w a n ti n g. In .

t ra ve li n g a b o u t the co u n t ry o n e n o t e s a g re a t v a ri a ti o n in the
typ e f o rm a n d e sp e ci a lly the c o l o r o f the a n i m a ls in e a ch h e rd
, ,
.

In m a n y sm a ll h e r ds o n e o ft e n s e e s re d whit e bl a ck b ri n dl e , , , ,

a n d a ll c o n c e iv a bl e c o mbi n a ti o n s o f th e s e c o l o rs a s w e ll a s ,

FIG 9 . 4 . HERE F O RD Cow . F i tp i

rs r ze w i n n e r, In t e rn a ti o n al L iv e S to ck S ho w .

T he b f ttl igi t d i h
He re fo rd ee ty fca h i h th y t k th i
e or na e n t e co u n ro m w c e a e e r

n am e i E gl d I n i thi b d i l
n an d n h S h th
s ze s re e s a c o se se co n to t e or o rn

t d f th i ly t i g q liti th i r g d
. .

H f d e re o r s a re n o e d f
or e r ear m a ur n u a es an or e oo

g i g q liti
ra z n h g th y
ua esft p f d h S h th
; on t e ra n es e a re o en re e rr e to t e or o rn

T hi b h f ll q i th
.

d l k
s re e t f h S h th
ac s t Th e l
u i d u a r e rs o t e or o rn e co o r s re w

hi t ki g W hi t F
.
,

w H f d
e m ar ft n ll d
s . e re o r s a re o en ca e
“
e a ce s .
”

divid u a l a n im a ls th a t c o n f o rm in a m e a s u re to the st ri ctly b e e f ‘

fo rm o th e rs o f the d a i ry f o rm with a ll g ra d a ti o n s b e tw e e n the

, ,

tw o Th e re is l a ck o f u n ifo rm ity in a ll re sp e cts Be f o re a n y

. .

c o m m u n ity ca n i m p ro v e its c a ttl e it m u st d e cid e u p o n a pl a n , ,

a n d e a ch p e rs o n m u st p ro c e e d l a rg e ly a l o n g the li n e s o f this

we ll d e v e l o p e d id e a .
 B R E E DI N G B EE F CA TTL E 307

PLAN OF B R E E DI N G

Be f o re d e cidi n g u p o n a pl a n o f b re e di n g b e e f c a ttl e o n e sh o u ld
m a k e a ca re f u l s tu dy o f his co n diti o n s ; he S h o u ld Visit f a rms
wh e re b e e f ca ttl e a re s u c c e ssf u lly b re d n o tin g co n diti o n s a n d
,

c o m p a ri n g with his o w n S u ch i m p ro v e m e n t a s he m a y be a bl e
.

to b ri n g a b o u t m u st be u p o n the c o mm o n n a tiv e c a ttl e o f the

c o m m u n ity To disp o s e o f the n a tiv e c a ttl e a n d p u rch a s e w e ll
.

b re d u n if o rm c a t tl e wo u ld be v e ry e xp e n siv e a n d in m o st
c a s e s v e ry u n p ro fit a bl e . The t a sk is th e n to a d o pt s o m e pl a n
o f b re e di n g th a t will re s u lt in a n i m pr o v e m e n t o f the n a tiv e

st o ck . In m o st c a s e s this ca n be m o st p ro fit a bly a cc o m plish e d

by the g ra di n g u p p ro c e ss ; th a t is by the u se o f p u re b re d
-
,
-

b u lls o n the n a tiv e c o m m o n f e m a l e s .

Co ope ra tive gra di n g-u p A v e ry s u cc e ssf u l pl a n to imp ro v e

.

the b e e f p ro d u ci n g q u a liti e s o f the c a ttl e o f a l o c a lity is by the

-

c o op e a tiv e g a
r r di n - h
g u p m e th o d T e f o a ti o n o b e e f b ree d
. rm f -

in g a ss o ci a ti o n s th ro u gh o u t a giv e n l o c a lity w o u ld do m u ch to
a dv a n c e the p ro g re ss o f the i n d u st ry Ea ch a ss o ci a ti o n sh o u ld
.

h a v e fo r its o bj e ct the p ro d u cti o n a n d imp ro v e m e n t o f high

g ra d e a n d p u re b re d b e e f c a ttl e a n d sh o u ld be f o rm e d o f b re e d
-
,

e rs w ho p o ss e ss the s a m e cl a ss o r b re e d o f c a ttl e It w o u ld be
.

the d u ty o f s u ch a n a ss o ci a ti o n to p ro t e ct the i n t e re st o f its m e m

b e rs p ro vid e s u it a bl e b u lls e a ch y e a r fo r u se o n the c o ws o wn e d
,

by the m e m b e rs a dv e rtis e st o ck a tt ra ct b u y e rs h o ld s a l e s c a ll
, , , ,

m e e ti n gs fo r the di sc u ssi o n o f b e e f b re e di n g a n d f e e di n g m a tt e rs ,

a n d to e d u ca t e the f a rm e rs o f the l o c a lity to b e tt e r m e th o ds o f

f
c a ri n g o r liv e st o ck
-
.

R a i se heifer ca lves fro m be st cow s Be c a u s e o f the e xc e ll e n cy

.

o f the h e if e r c a lv e s f ro m the g o o d co ws the c a ttl e f e e d e r is

,

t e m pt e d to f a tt e n th e m fo r b e e f Thi s sh o u ld n o t be d o n e
. .

Th e y sh o u ld be re s e rv e d fo r b re e di n g p u rp o s e s M a n y ca t tl e
.

r e r a r a r h
b e e d s e ct u a lly e d u ci n g t e q u a lity o f th e i r b e e f p o d u c - r

in g h e rd by f a tt e n i n g the b e st c a lv e s a n d re s e rvi n g the p o o re r

o n e s fo r b re e di n g b e c a u s e th e y w ill n o t m a ke d f e d e rs
g o o e .
308 M AN UAL O F F A R M ANI M AL S

S E LE C TI O N O F B R EE DI N G S TO C K

The b e st c a ttl e sh o u ld be re t a i n e d a n d p ro p a g a t e d a n d the

p o o re r a n i m a ls di sc a rd e d In a v e ry fe w g e n e ra ti o n s by e m
.
,

pl o yi n g s u ch a m e th o d the c o m m o n c a ttl e o f the c o u n t ry

,

c o u ld be g re a tly i m p ro v e d It is the a pplic a ti o n o f h a ph a z a rd

.

m e th o ds th a t ha s re s u lt e d in the l a ck o f ch a ra ct e r th a t e xists
a m o n g o u r c o m m o n n a tiv e c a ttl e .

The bre e d C h o o s e the b re e d th a t b e st s u its the c o n di ti o n s

.
,

the m a rk e ts a n d the f a n cy o f the b re e d e rs

,
Th e re is n o b e s t
.

b re e d o f b e e f c a ttl e fo r a ll c o n diti o n s Th e re is m u ch v a ri a ti o n
.

in the t e m p e ra m e n t siz e an d , ,

q u a lity o f p ro d u ct a m o n g the
l e a di n g b e e f b re e ds Wh e th e r .

S h o rth o rn s He re f o rds A n g u s o r
, , ,

G a ll o w a ys sh o u ld be ch o s e n de
p e n ds o n the a tt e n d a n t c o n di
ti o n s a n d the p e rs o n a l p re f e re n c e
a m o n g the b re e d e rs a n d fe e d e rs .

The S h o rth o rn s h a v e e xc e ll e n t
F I G 9 5 — C H AM P I O N H E R E F O R D hi n d q u a rt e rs a n d 1 1 l w e ll With
-

B U LL D AL E
. .

Pho mg m p h f o m
the c o m m o n c a ttl e a s w e ll a s
' r

Na ti on l S t km a a d F a m
a oc n n r er

b re e ds The He re
.

o th e r b e e f .

f o rds m a t u re e a rly a n d a re e xc e ll e n t g ra z e rs The An gu s m a .

tu re f a i rly e a rly p ro d u c e a high q u a lity o f b e e f a n d a re m u ch

, ,

s o u ght o n the m a rk e ts Th e y a re h o rn l e ss th o u gh ra th e r
.

n e rv o u s The G a ll o w a ys p ro d u c e high q u a lity b e e f a re

.
,

h o rn l e ss a n d o ft e n p o ss e ss g o o d c o a ts o f h a i r ; the hid e s a re
,

m u ch s o u ght fo r t a n n i n g a n d a re u s e d in ,
m a n u f a ct u ri n g
c o a ts ro b e s a n d the lik e
, ,
The b re e d its e lf is n e v e r so
.

i m p o rt a n t a s is the i n divid u a lity a n d the u n ifo rmity .

Crossi n g — Fo r the p ro p a g a ti o n o f a n i m a ls i n t e n d e d s o l e ly fo r
.

b e e f m a n y e xp e ri e n c e d c a ttl e b re e d e rs a n d f e e d e rs p re fe r a S h o rt
h o rn He re f o rd c ro ss c o n t e n di n g th a t the c ro ss -b re d st e e r in
-
,
31 0 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M A L S

by the tim e it is 6 m o n ths o f a ge th e re sh o u ld be n o di ffi c u lty in ,

re a lizi n g a h a n ds o m e p ro fi t p ro vidi n g o f c o u rs e th a t the p ro d, , .

u cts a re m a rk e t e d to a dv a n t a g e ( Fig .

In st e a d o f p ro c u ri n g d u a l p u rp o s e st ra i n s o f c a ttl e s o m e
-
,

p e rs o n s s u gg e st b re e di n g the d a i ry c o w s to a b e e f b u ll th u s ,

p o d u ci g a h a lf bl o o d b e e f a n im a l
r n -
Th e y re c o m m e n d the .

fo ll o wi n g pl a n : Si n c e a g o o d
co w p ro p e rly c a re d fo r m a y be
, ,

p ro fita bly m ilk e d fo r a p e ri o d o f

six to e ight y e a rs d u ri n g which ,

ti m e she is lik e ly to p ro d u c e
th re e o r fo u r h e ife r c a lv e s o n ly ,

o n e -thi rd to o n e -f o u rth o f the

c o ws n e e d be b re d to a d a i ry
b u ll ; o r the b re e di n g o f the
e n ti re h e rd to a d a i ry b u ll o n ce
F IG 96 T HE S H O RT H O R N C O W
_

T h e d a i y in th re e 0 1 f o u r y e a rs is s u fh
. .

R O S E O F G L E N S I DE
“ ” '
r

typ e
.

F ro m M a ch 1 9 09 rto
ci e n t to m a i n t a i n the d a i ry h e rd
ga ve
' ’

M a ch r 1910 s he

i i i g A
, ,

d
uns o f m lk c t a n 6 2 5 ll o th
n e r c a lv e s a re a v a il a bl e fo r
p o on

p m ds O f f t O n e d by M a y " b e e f p ro d u cti o n a n d S h o u ld be
l
o
é w

O ti s G v flle C e n te r Pa
ra n Ex
m p le o f a du a ppu po se C O W Su ch a pl a n
, , .

a r
S i re d by a b e e f b u ll
.
.

i s lik e ly to e n c o u n t e r p ra ctic a l
diffic u l ti e s th a t w o u ld re n d e r its s e rvic e a bility d o u btfu l It .
‘

wo u ld n o d o u bt re s u lt in the p ro d u cti o n o f c a lv e s o f littl e v a l u e

to m a i n t a i n a d a i ry h e rd a n d with d o u btf u l v a l u e a s f e e di n g
c a ttl e It w o u ld a ls o be e xt re m e ly h a z a rd o u s to a tt e m pt to
.

m a i n t a i n a d a i ry h e rd with o n ly o n e -f o u rth to o n e -thi rd o f

the c a lve s to s e l e ct f ro m .

Un iform i ty — La ck o f u n ifo rm ity is o n e o f the g re a t e st f a u lts

.

c o n n e ct e d with b re e di n g c o m m o n c a ttl e As it is n o w e a ch .
,

l o c a lity is p ro d u ci n g c a ttl e o f a n u m b e r o f typ e s a n d b re e ds .

Su ch c a ttl e a re n o t d e si ra bl e f e e di n g a n i m a ls a s th e y will
'

n o t fi n ish o r f a tt e n e v e n ly a n d m u st be s e n t to m a rk e t
l a cki n g in u n if o rmity in type c o l o r we ight q u a lity a n d co n , , , ,
 B R EE D I N G B EE F CA TTL E 1

ditio n s . M ix e d d ro v e s of
c a ttl e o f this ki n d a re n o t d e si re d
on a n y m a rk e t and h e n c e a re dis cri m i n a t e d a g a i n st a n d
,

m u st s e ll fo r a n e xc e e di n gly lo w p ric e O n the o th e r h a n d if

.
,

e a ch f a rm e r in the l o c a lity w o u ld c o n f o rm with the m a j o rity

o f his n e ighb o rs a n d co op e ra t e in p ro p a g a ti n g t he s a m e b re e d ,

e v e n th o u gh t his b re e d m a y n o t be the o n e th a t s u its his f a n cy

b e s t o r e v e n the o n e th a t is b e st s u it e d to the dist rict u n til ,

the c o m m u n ity b e c a m e n o t e d fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f s u ch a

,

b re e d th e n a c a ttl e f e e d e r in s e a rch o f a n y p a rtic u l a r typ e

,

sh o u ld be a bl e to go to the dist rict n o t e d fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f

the b re e d re q u i re d a n d th e re fi n d c a ttl e in su fli cie n t n u mb e rs
to m e e t a ll n e e ds .

T HE R EE F BU LL

T o the b u ll w e m u st l o o k fo r the imp ro v e m e n t o f the

c o mm o n c a ttl e . To s e c u re the i m p ro v e m e n t in a h e rd o f
c a tt le th ro u gh the f e m a l e s w o u ld re q u i re the u se o f fo rty
or m o re s u p e ri o r c o ws to a cc o m plish the s a m e re s u lts a s
might be s e c u re d by the u se o f a si n gl e b u ll a n d e v e n th e n ,

th e re wo u ld be l e ss u n if o rm ity in the o ff sp ri n g This is be .

c s e t e b u ll c o n t o ls o n e h a lf the ch a ra ct e rs o f the e n ti re
a u h r -

c ro p o f c a lv e s This ha s le d to the a ss e rti o n th a t the b u ll

.

is h a lf the h e rd . This a ss e rt i o n i s m isl e a di n g in a w a y fo r ,

wh e n it c o m e s to h e rd i m p ro v e m e n t he is e v e n m o re th a n ,

o e h a lf the h e rd
n -
.

The co st of a bu ll Am o n g d a i rym e n w ho k e e p a re c o rd o f
.

the p ro d u cti o n o f th e i r c o ws th e re is a f a i r k n o wl e dg e o f the

,

va l u e o f a g o o d b u ll whil e th o s e w ho b re e d f e e di n g c a ttl e s e e m
,

to l a ck s u ch i n f o rm a ti o n o r a t l e a st ign o re it e n ti re ly
,
Fro m .

this it m u st n o t be i n f e rre d th a t o n e sh o u ld pa y a f a n cy p ri ce
fo r a b e e f b u ll M a n y g e n e ra l f a rm e rs a re d e p e n di n g o n
.

p ra ctic a lly w o rthl e ss g ra d e a n d sc ru b b u lls to h e a d the h e rds

o f g ra d e c o ws . Pro p e rly c a re d fo r a b u ll sh o u ld si re f o rty
,

c a lv e s in a s e a s o n S u pp o s e the b u ll is o f s u ffici e n t q u a lity

.
31 2 M AN U AL OF F A R M AN I M AL S

to i n c re a s e the v a l u e o f e a ch c a lf $ 5 a v e ry c o n s e rv a tiv e ,

e sti m a t e th e n he m a k e s $ 2 00 with his fi rst c ro p o f c a lv e s

, .

/
O n e h a lf o f this su m will b rin g a v e ry d e si ra bl e b u ll o f a n y o f
-

the l e a di n g b e e f b re e ds i n t o a n y l o c a lity Su ch a b u ll in .

tro du ce d i n t o a l o c a lity ca n be m a d e to pa y fo r hi m s e lf the

FI G 9 7
. . G AL LO WA Y B U LL F rs
. i tp
ri z e , i
I ll i n o s S ta t e Fa i r . Ow n ed by C . S .

He chtn e r C la ri to n Ia
, , .

yb
T he G a llo w a b tt igi t
re e d o f e e f ca le o r t
n a e d i n s o u hw e s e r n S co la n d a d j a c e n t t t
b v p i g it
,

t o th e s e a w he re the re e d d e e lo e d m u ch h a r d n e ss T ho u h n e he r s o
y t ig g g fl g q i ty i
.
,

e a rl m a ur n n o r so la r e a s t he An u s th e e sh i s o f ood u al Th s
b p ti y t i i
.
,

re e d i s ar cu la rl n o e d fo r i t s fi n e c o a t
o f h a r w h c h s e e m s t o b e co m

p p t v y g g y
,

o s e d o f tw o ar s a t er fi n e sh o r u n d e r ro w t h a n d a lo n , w a v ou e r t
g t i b i
, ,

ro w h t t
T h e h de s a re o f e n u se d to m a n u fa c u re co a s , ro e s , a n d the l ke t
i b
. .

All a n m a ls a re la ck a n d ho rnl e ss .

fi rs t y e a r Wh e n o n c e a d e si ra bl e b u ll is p ro c u re d he S h o u ld
.
,

be re t a i n e d a s l o n g a s he re m a i n s a t ru e b re e d e r Bu lls
'

p o ss e ssi n g s o m e a ge a re lik e ly to be di ffic u lt to c o n t ro l a n d ,

m a n y a n e xc e ll e n t si re ha s b e e n s o ld fo r b e e f si m ply b e c a u s e
the o wn e r w a s a fra id he w ou ld i n j u re s o m e o n e .
 1 4 M AN UAL OF F AR M ANI M AL S

i s in b e tt e r c o n diti o n ; th e y a ls o sa y th a t the i n c re a s e d flo w
o f milk c a u s e d by t u rn i n g the co w to p a st u re in the sp ri n g is

a g oo d t hi n g fo r t h e c a lf a n d th a t t,
he f a ll -d ro pp e d c a lf is
b e tt e r a bl e to e n d u re the h e a t a n d fli e s the f o ll o wi n g s u mm e r .

Aft e r a c a re fu l c o n sid e ra ti o n o f b o th p ra ctic e s the writ e r ,

thi n ks it d e si ra bl e to h a v e the b e e f c a lv e s d ro pp e d in sp ri n g .

A v e ry i m p o rt a n t f a ct o r in the b re e di n g o f c a lv e s fo r fe e di n g
is to b re e d the c o ws in s u ch a w a y th a t the ca lv e s will be a s
n e a rly u n if o rm in a ge a s p o ssibl e This a ppli e s to b o th f a ll
.

a n d sp ri n g b re d c a lv e s th a t a re i n t e n d e d fo r f e e di n g Fa rm e rs .

w ho p o ss e ss o n ly a fe w c o ws h a v e th e m f re sh e n a t i n t e rv a ls

th ro u gh o u t the y e a r in o rd e r th a t th e y m a y be w e ll s u ppli e d
.

with m ilk the y e a r ro u n d This o f c o u rs e m a k e s the c a lv e s o f

.
, ,

u n e q u a l a ge ,
a n d th e y a re n o t s o d e si ra bl e a s f e e di n g c a ttl e .

The pre gn a n t cow . The p re g n a n t co w sh o u ld re c e iv e s o m e

a tt e n ti o n ,
p a rtic u l a rly wh e n she is to d ro p he r c a lf in the
sp ri n g . C o ws a re o ft e n c a rri e d th ro u gh the wi n t e r o n a
ra ti o n of dry f o ra ge s u ch a s c o rn s t a lks with n o g ra i n
,

in a dditi o n ,
with the re s u l t t h a t th e y a re in v e ry p o o r
c o n diti o n a t c a lvi n g ti m e This o ft e n l e a ds to tro u bl e at
.

p a rt u riti o n ti m e the co w b e i n g so w e a k she c a n n o t b e a r the

,

c a lf which is lik e ly to be v e ry s m a ll thi n a n d w e a kly

, , , .

T he co w m a y n o t h a v e milk fo r it a t fi rst o r if she d o e s , ,

it will be thi n a n d sc a n t Su ch a c o n diti o n m u st be a vo id e d

.

if p ro fit a bl e f e e di n g c a lv e s a re to be p ro p a g a t e d If the .

p re gn a n t co w m a y h a v e s u cc u l e n c e in the sh a p e o f c o rn
‘

sil a ge with cl o v e r a lf a lf a o r c o wp e a ha y in a dditi o n n o

, , , ,

g ra i n n e e d be fe d Th e s e f e e ds sh o u ld be fre e fro m m o ld
.

.
.

O n the o th e r h a n d if n o n -n it ro g e n o u s dry f o ra g e is to be fe d
, ,

S he sh o u ld h a v e g ra i n in a dditi o n C o rn a n d wh e a t b ra n with
.

a sm a ll a m o u n t o f li n s e e d m e a l a s a c o n diti o n e r c a n n o t be

imp ro ve d u p o n . This m a y be fe d a t the ra t e o f six p o u n ds

d a ily pe r 1 000 p o u n ds live we ight S h e lt e r f ro m the st o rms .

a n d ra i n sh o u ld be p ro vi d e d ; fo r t his a c o mm o n sh e d o p e n to
 B R EE D I N G B E E F CA TTL E 31 5

the s o u th is s u ffici e n t e xc e pt in v e ry c o ld cli m a t e s Pre gn a n t .

co ws th u s c a re d fo r will c o m e th ro u gh the wi n t e r in g o o d co n

diti o n a n d giv e bi rth to a st ro n g th rifty c a lf th a t if b re d right , ,

will m a ke a p ro fit a bl e f e e d e r .

Co w w ith ca lf a t foot The co w th a t is to s u ckl e he r y o u n g

.

n e e d n o t re c e iv e the e xt ra c a re th a t m u st be a cco rd e d the

d a i ry co w Wh e n the c a lv e s a re d ro pp e d in the sp ri n g a n d
.

the p a st u re is o f g oo d q u a lity a n d a b u n d a n t the c o ws a n d ,

c a lv e s will re q u i re v e ry littl e a tt e n ti o n d u ri n g the p a st u re

se a son .If h o w e v e r the p a st u re b e c o m e s sh o rt in l a t e su m
, ,

m e r a n d f a ll e xt ra f e e d s u ch a s cl o v e r a lf a lf a g re e n f o ra g e
, , , , ,

o r g ra i n o f s o m e ki n d sh o u ld be give n
,
C o ws a n d c a lve s a t
.

p a st u re sh o u ld h a v e fre e a cc e ss to fre sh w a t e r S a lt sh o u ld .

be s u ppli e d a t re g u l a r i n t e rv a ls o r k e pt b e f o re th e m a t a ll
ti m e s S h a d e o f s o m e ki n d sh o u ld be p ro vid e d in the a bs e n c e
.

o f t re e s .

As s o o n a s c o n v e n i e n t the c a lve s sh o u ld be t a u ght to e a t

g ra i n . This m a y be d o n e by a rra n gi n g a s m a ll pe n wi th
s m a ll g a t e s o r p a ss a g e s th ro u gh whi ch the c a lv e s m a y e n t e r
bu t the c o ws ca n n o t The pe n m a y be pl a c e d n e a r the w a t e r
.

ta n k . By a ll m e a n s c a lv e s sh o u ld be t a u gh t to e a t g ra i n
b e fo re b e i n g w e a n e d a s this will p re v e n t sh ri n ki n g a t w e a n i n g
,

tim e . Fo r s u ckli n g a n d w e a n li n g c a lv e s the fo ll o wi n g gra i n

,

mixt u re p ro v e s s a tisf a ct o ry : 3 p a rts o f c o rn m e a l 3 p a rts ,

g ro u n d o a ts 3 p a rts o f wh e a t b ra n a n d 1 p a rt o f li n s e e d m e a l
, , .

Wh e n the ca lv e s a re d ro pp e d in the f a ll the co w a n d c a lf ,

will re q u i re m o re c a re f u l a tt e n ti o n ; this h o we v e r c o m e s d u ri n g
, ,

the wi n t e r wh e n th e re is littl e Urg e n t w o rk o n f a rms wh e re

c o ws a re th u s k e p t The o bj e ct s o u ght is so to f e e d a n d m a n a g e
.

b o th co w a n d ca lf th a t th e y m a y be b ro u ght th ro u gh the w in
te r in a h e a lthy a n d th rifty c o n diti o n ; the co w in o rd e r th a t
s he m a y p ro p e rly n o u rish the s u ckli n g a n d be in c o n diti o n to

b re e d a g a i n wh e n so d e si re d the c a lf in o rd e r th a t it m a y m a k e
,

a p ro fit a bl e f e e di n g a n im a l , a s its f u t u re d e v e l o pm e n t d e p e n ds
31 6 M AN UAL O F F AR M A NIM AL S

m u ch u p o n its g ro wt h d u ri n g the fi rst six m o n ths o f its

lif e
.

If p o ssibl e the co w sh o u ld h a v e s o m e s u cc u l e n t f o o d a s
, ,

c o rn sil a ge a s su ch f o o d imp ro ve s he r physic a l c o n diti o n a n d

,

e n c o u ra g e s the milk flo w th e re by givi n g the c a lf a m o re lib e ra l

,

s u pply C l o v e r a lf a lf a co wp e a o r mix e d ha y sh o u ld co n
.
, , ,

s titu te a t l e a st a p a rt o f the dry f o ra g e w ith s o m e g ra i n fe d in ,

a dditi o n Fo r the g ra i n a mixt u re o f c o rn a n d b ra n with a

.
,

littl e li n s e e d m e a l a dd e d c a n n o t be i m p ro ve d u p o n a n d if a ,

l e g u m i n o u s dry f o ra g e wi th sil a g e is fe d a s m a ll a m o u n t o f this

,

g ra i n sa y f o u r p o u n ds d a ily will p ro v e a m pl e to k e e p the co w

, ,

a n d c a lf in th rivi n g c o n diti o n If the dry f o ra g e c o n sis ts o f

.

n o n l e g u m i n o u s pl a n ts o n ly s u ch a s p ra i ri e o r ti m o thy ha y o r
-
,

c o rn st a lks th e n a s o m e wh a t l a rg e r g ra i n ra ti o n sh o u ld be fe d
,

a n d the p ro p o rti o n o f li n s e e d m e a l m a y be i n c re a s e d Pro .

te ctio n f ro m the st o rm s a n d ra i n m u st be p ro vi d e d Whil e a .

c o m m o n sh e d o p e n to the s o u th will s e rv e wh e re the m e rc u ry

s e ld o m g o e s b e l o w z e ro it is n o t s u ffici e n t in c o ld e r cli m a t e s
, ,

p a rtic u l a rly if v e ry m o ist O n the o th e r h a n d the q u a rt e rs

.
,

m u s t n o t be d a rk d a m p a n d p o o rly v e n til a t e d a s s u ch is the

, , ,

id e a l pl a ce fo r the p ro p a g a ti o n o f a ll ki n ds o f c a lf ills The .

q u a rt e rs sh o u ld be m e a s u ra bly p ro t e ct e d we ll light e d w e ll , ,

v e n til a t e d a n d dry ,
C o ws a n d c a lv e s th u s c a re d fo r will c o m e
.

th ro u gh the wi n t e r in a th rifty a n d h e a lthy c o n diti o n As o n .

p a st u re the c a lv e s sh o u ld be t a u ght to e a t g ra i n a s s o o n a s
,

c o n v e n i e n t a n d by a ll m e a n s a t l e a s t o n e m o n th b e fo re
we a n i n g .

The c a lf th a t is p e rmitt e d to s u ckl e its da m ca n be ra is e d

with littl e e xt ra c a re It S ho u ld ha v e a tt e n ti o n a t bi rth to
.

se e th a t the f u n cti o n o f re spi ra ti o n is st a rt e d a n d th a t it g e ts ,

s o m e o f the fi rst o r c o l o st ru m m ilk o f the da m If the c a lf .

sc o u rs b a dly s o m e o f the d a m s m ilk sh o u ld be d ra wn o ff

,
’
,

re m e mb e ri n g th a t the l a st m ilk is rich e r in fa t a n d is the p a rt ,

lik e ly to c a u s e the t ro u bl e Aft e r the c a lf g e ts a st a rt by p ro p e r

.
31 8 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

and will gi v e a g o o d a c c o u n t o f th e ms e lv e s wh e n f a t te n e d the

fo ll o wi n g s u m m e r .

C a lv e s c a re d fo r a s s u gg e st e d sh o u ld re a ch a w e ight o f
37 5 to 4 5 0 p o u n ds by the tim e th e y a re six m o n ths o f a ge .

Whil e s u ch c a lv e s m a k e v e ry e xc e ll e n t b e e f wh e n w e ll fe d th e y ,

a re n e v e rth e l e ss v e ry e xp e n siv e fo r the b re e d e r m u st k e e p the

,

co w o n e y e a r fo r th e p o d u cti o n o
r f 4 —
this 00 p o u n d c a lf No .

e x a ct fig u re s ca n be giv e n a s to the c o st fo r m u ch will d e p e n d

,

o n the c o n diti o n s It is t ru e th a t f o rm e rly m a n y c a lv e s w e re

th u s ra is e d in the gra i n b e lt wh e re a s a t the p re s e n t tim e pra c
,

tic a lly n o n e a re so ra is e d It w o u ld s e e m th e n to be n o l o n g e r
.

p ro fit a bl e o n l a n d s u it e d fo r g ra i n g ro wi n g In Vi e w o f re c e n t
.

d e v e l o p m e n ts it s e e m s u n lik e ly th a t the p ric e o f b e e f will go

high e n o u gh to m a k e it a p ro fit a bl e i n d u st ry Th a t p ro d u ci n g
.

s u ch c a lv e s ca n be m a d e a p ro fit a bl e i n d u st ry in the o u tlyi n g
t e rrit o ry o f ch e a p p a st u re l a n ds h o w e v e r a dmits o f n o d o u bt
, ,
.

F ee di n g the be ef ca lf If the c o w s milk is d e si re d the c a lf

’
.
,

S h o u ld be w e a n e d o n o r b e fo re t he n i n th milki n g wh e n the ,

milk b e c o m e s fit fo r h u m a n c o n s u m pti o n . As a ru l e the e a rli e r

the c a lf is w e a n e d t he m o re e a sily it ca n be t a u ght to d ri n k
f ro m the p a il O n the o th e r h a n d it is b e tt e r fo r b o th co w
.
,

a n d c a lf to h a v e the c a lf s u c kl e a s l o n g a s p o ssibl e The b e e f

.

c a lf ca n be t a u ght to d ri n k a n d ch a n g e d fro m wh o l e to skim

milk m u ch a s s u gg e st e d fo r the d a i ry c a lf (p a g e s 2 5 1 to
Th e re ha s b e e n m u ch disc u ssi o n fro m ti m e to tim e a m o n g ,

b e e f p ro d u c e rs a s to the p o ssibiliti e s o f the skim milk fe d c a lf

,
- -

a s a b e e f p ro d u ci n g a n im a l
-
. In f a ct the sk im -m ilk c a lf a s a
,

b e e f p ro d u c e r is n o t lik e ly to be c o n sid e re d s e ri o u sly by the

e xp e ri e n c e d b e e f p ro d u c e rs o f the middl e W e st To t he s e m e n
.

the ski m -milk c a lf m e a n s a st u n t e d po t b e lli e d a n i m a l with

,
-

p a p e ry ski n l a cki n g in q u a lity a n d th rift a fit s u bj e ct fo r ridi

, ,

c u l e bu t h a rdly w o rth whil e in the f e e d lo t Th a t th e s e e x

,
.

p e rie n ce d m e n a re j u stifi e d in th e i r o pi n i o n t h e re ca n b e n o

d o u bt fo r the a v e ra g e ski m milk ca lf ha s n o t m u ch to re co m

,
-
 B R E E D I N G B E EF CA TTL E 19

m e n d him as a b e e f p ro d u ci n g a n im a l O n the o th e r h a n d
-
.
,

c o n di ti o n s a re ra pidly b e co m i n g s u ch th a t w e a re o blig e d to
re ly ,
in p a rt a t l e a st o n th e s e ski m m ilk ca lv e s fo r the c o u n
,
-

t ry s b e e f s u pply Fu rth e rm o re it ha s b e e n p ro v e d th a t by
’
.
,

givi n g the ski m m ilk ca lf p ro p e r ca re a f a i r ki n d o f b e e f-p ro d u c

-

in g a n i m a l m a y re s u lt . Su ch a c a lf sh o u ld h a v e e xt ra ca re
a n d be e n c o u ra g e d f ro m the b e gi n n i n g fo r it m u st be re m e m
,

b e re d to a tt e m pt to m a k e b e e f fro m a st u n t e d ca lf will p ro v e
an u n p ro fit a bl e v e n t u re . Th e y m u st be k e pt st ro n g a n d
th rifty .
 C HA PT ER X IV

CAR E AND M ANAGEM ENT O F BEEF CATTLE

THE a bility f a tt e n c a ttl e ra pidly a n d q u ickly is to be

to
i n c re a s e d a n d st re n gth e n e d by c a re f u l st u dy a n d e xp e ri e n c e .

All th a t m a y be sp o k e n o r w ritt e n will n o t m a k e o n e su c

ce ssfu l n o r c o v e r his d e f e c ts
,
if he d o e s n o t t a k e ki n dly to
,

the w o rk . S t u dy o bs e rv a ti o n a n d e sp e ci a lly p ra ctic e a dd to

, ,

the a bility o f the c a ttl e f e e d e r T he a bility to c a rry a s te e r

.

th ro u gh a o n e h u n dre d a n d e ighty da y f a tt e n i n g p e ri o d with o u t

- - - -

“ ”
o n c e g e tti n g him o ff f e e d is the e n d to be a tt a i n e d .

The i m p o rt a n c e o f re g u l a rity in e v e ryt hi n g th a t p e rt a i n s to

the m a n a g e m e n t o f f e e di n g c a ttl e c a n n o t e a sily be o v e re sti
m a t e d This a ppli e s p a rti c u l a rly to a d m i n ist e ri n g f e e d a n d
.

w a t e r C a ttl e a n ticip a t e the h o u r o f f e e di n g a n d b e c o m e

.

n e rv o u s if it is l o n g d e l a y e d ; th e y b e ll o w c o a x a n d b e come
, ,

m u ch e xcit e d a ll o f whi ch o p e ra t e s a g a i n st the e c o n o m ic a l pro

,

d u cti o n o f b e e f .

Su dd e n ch a n g e s in the f o o d a re to be a v o id e d a s the dig e stiv e,

syst e m is u n a bl e to a cc o m m o d a t e its e lf a t o n c e to s u ch ch a n ge s ,

a n d dig e stiv e dis o rd e rs a re lik e ly to f o ll o w S u ch shifts

.

s o m e tim e s re s u lt in sc o u rs o th e r ti m e s in c o lic a n d in f a ct m a y
, ,

re s u lt in v a ri o u s ki n ds o f i n dig e sti o n Wh e n n e c e ss a ry to
.

ch a n g e fro m o n e fo o d to a n o th e r the t ra n sfe r sh ou ld be m a d e

,

sl o wly a n d g ra d u a lly re pl a ci n g the o ld with the n e w

,
.

S c o u rin g is v e ry dis a st ro u s a n d sh o u ld be c a re fu lly a v o id e d ,

si n gl e d a y s l a x n e ss m a y o ffs e t a w e e k s g a i n The
’ ’
as a .

i n e xp e ri e n c e d f e e d e r is lik e ly to o v e rf e e d b e c a u s e o f the
32 0
322 M AN U AL OF F AR M A N IM AL S

F AR M S FO R F ATTE NI NG C ATTLE

Whil e c a ttl e f e e di n g m a y be c o n d u ct e d o n a n y f a rm th e re ,

a re t w o g e n e ra l typ e s o f f a rm s o n which it is lik e ly to p ro v e

the m o re p ro fit a bl e Fi rst g ra i n f a rm s th a t g ro w l a rg e q u a n
.
,

titi e s o f dry f o ra g e i n cid e n t a l to the g ra i n a n d which w o u ld be

o th e rwis e l a rg e ly w a st e d ; s e c o n d p a st u re f a rm s wh e re fo r
, ,

s o m e re a s o n g ra i n ca n n o t be s u cce ssfu lly gro wn a n d wh e re

the l a n d is s u it a bl e fo r p a st u re .

P
E Q U I M E NT F O R S U MM ER F E E DI NG

In c o n sid e ri n g the p ro fits lik e ly to re s u lt fro m st e e r fe e di n g ,

a m o n g the fi rst it e m s to be t a k e n i n t o a cco u n t is the e q u ip

m e n t Wlflle the e q u i pm e n t fo r b e e f p ro d u cti o n is n o t n e a rly

.

a s e xt e n siv e a s fo r m ilk p ro d u cti o n th e re a re n e v e rth e l e ss a

, , ,

fe w n e ce ssiti e s to be p ro vid e d Si n ce the e q u ip m e n t fo r su m

.

m e r f e e di n g o n p a st u re diff e rs f ro m th a t o f wi n t e r f e e di n g in
the dry lo t e a ch will be c o n sid e re d s e p a ra t e ly
-
,
.

The n e c e ss a ry e q u ipm e n t fo r s u m m e r f e e di n g o n p a st u re
c o n sists o f the r h
p a st u e t e f e e di g b o x e s o r b u n ks w a t e r
,
n -
, ,

sh a d e a n d s a lt
,
.

Pa stu re — .The i m p o rt a n c e o f p ro p e rly m a n a g e d p a st u re s

c a n n o t be o v e re sti m a t e d The g e n e ra l m a n a ge m e n t s u ch a s
.
,

the imp o rt a n c e o f a g o o d st a n d o f g ra ss ; o f k e e pi n g d o wn the

w e e ds ; o f p ro vidi n g s u it a bl e d ra i n a g e ; o f to p dre ssi n g with
b a rn y a rd m a n u re wh e n c o n ve n i e n t ; a n d o f n o t t u rn i n g to
p a st u re to o e a rly in the sp ri n g w a s dis cu ss e d o n p a g e s 2 8 4
,
to
28 9 . It w a s th e re sh o wn th a t m a n y p a st u re s th a t a re n o w
s u pp o rti n g o n e a n i m a l to th re e o r fo u r a c re s c o u ld with v e ry ,

littl e e xt ra c a re be m a d e to s u pp o rt a n a n i m a l to the a cre with

,

o u t f e e d in a dditi o n o r tw o a n i m a ls t o o n e a c r
,
e by the u se

O f a dditi o n a l f e e d s u ch a s is c o m m o n ly p ra cti c e d in the b e e f

,

p ro d u ci n g l o c a liti e s o f the c e n t ra l We st .
 CAR E A ND M ANA GE M E NT OF B E EF CA TTL E 32 3

F e e d bu n k —
- Whil e a n y ki n d o f d u ra bl e bo x o r t ro u gh slightly ,
.

e l e va te d m y a ,
b e u s e d in f e e di n g g ra i n a f e e d -b
u n k S imil a r ,

to th o s e ill u st ra t e d in Fig 9 9 will p ro v e the m o st e ffici e n t

. .

Th e s e f e e d b u n ks a re th re e f e e t wid e fift e e n f e e t l o n g i n sid e di

-
, ,

m e n sio n a n d tw o a n d o n e h lf f e e t high
- a
Th e y a re co n st ru ct e d .

a s f o ll o ws : Fro m a 4 X 4 s ca n t li n g cu t six p o sts tw o a n d

,
" ”

o n e -h a lf f e e t l o n g b e v e l o ff the to p o f e a ch s o a s to sh e d w a t e r
,

a n d p re v e n t the sh a rp co rn e rs f ro m i n j u r i n g the c a ttl e Cu t .

th re e 2 X 1 2 pl a n k sixt e e n f e e t l o n g a n d six 2 X 4 S f o u r f e e t
” ” ’

l o n g Pl a ce tw o o f the 2 X 4 s e dg e s u p o n a l e v e l pl a c e in
.
” ”’
, , ,

s u ch a p o siti o n th a t wh e n the sixt e e n f o o t pl a n k a re pl a ce d u p on

th e m the pl a n k will p ro j e ct o v e r o n e i n ch o n e ith e r e n d thu s
, ,

l e a vi n g the 2 X 4s fift e e n a n d o n e h a lf f e e t a p a rt i n sid e

” ” ’
-
,
” ”
dim e n si o n s Spik e o r b e tt e r still b o lt the th re e 2 X 1 2 pl a n k
.
, ,

to th e s e 2 X 4 s l e a vi n g six i n ch e s cl e a r o n e ith e r e n d o f the

” ” ’
,

2 X 4s Pl a c e a thi rd 2 X 4 u n d e r the th re e pl a n ks tw o
” ” ’ ” ”
.

i n ch e s to o n e sid e o f the middl e a n d spik e o r b o lt f a st l e a vi n g

, ,

six i n ch e s o n e ith e r e n d o f the 2 X 4 p ro j e cti n g a s b e f o re

” ”
.

” ”
C u t tw o 2 X 8 pl a nk sixt e e n f e e t l on g a n d pl a c e o n e e dg e u p , ,

e ith e r sid e o f the pl a tf o rm th u s m a ki n g a bo x Spik e f a st to the

2 X 1 2 s a n d to the 2 X 4 s
” ” ”
El e v a t e the bo x th u s co n
’ ’
.

st ru ct e d a n d with six 8 b o lts b o lt f a st to the 4 X 4 p o sts

, ,
”
,

th u s m a ki n g a b u n k a s ill u st ra t e d in Fig 9 9 C u t tw o . .

” ”
2 X 6 s a pp ro xi m a t e ly th re e f e e t l o n g fo r the e n ds
’
This .

sh o u ld be a cc u ra t e ly m e a s u re d in o rd e r to fit tightly Pl a c e the .

re m a i n i n g th re e 2
”
X 4 s u n d e r the bo x o n the o pp o sit e sid e
” ’

o f the 4 X 4 p o sts b o lt a n d spik e a ll t o g e th e r

” ”
,
In v e rt the .

”
b u n k a n d b a tt e n the c ra cks with 1 X 3 s o th e rwis e the ti m b e r ’
,

in the b u n k will dry o u t l e a vi n g c ra cks th ro u gh whi ch the g ra i n

,

will l e a k This b u n k ca n be m a t e ri a lly st re n gth e n e d by pl a c

in g th re e 4ro ds a c ro ss o n e a t e ith e r e n d a n d o n e in the
.

'
,

c e n t e r O n e b u n k o f t he di m e n si o n s giv e n will be s u ffi ci e n t to
.

a cc o m m o d a t e fift e e n to tw e n ty ca ttl e d e p e n di n g o n th e i r S i z e ,
.

An y ki n d o f l u m b e r m a y be u s e d bu t o a k is the m o re d u ra bl e ,
32 6 M AN U A L OF F AR M AN I M AL S

EQ U I PM E NT FOR WNI T ER F E E DI NG

The e q u ip m e n t fo r f e e di n g c a ttl e in the wi n t e r d e s e rv e s

sp e ci a l a tt e n ti o n ; n o t th a t it is diffic u lt o r e xp e n siv e bu t
th a t the p ro p e r ki n d o f e q u ip m e n t is o ft e n n e gl e ct e d a n d
m u ch m o n e y e xp e n d e d fo r it e m s th a t a re n o t o n ly u n n e c e ss a ry
bu t p o sitiv e ly o bj e cti o n a bl e . T he m o st p a rtic u l a r it e m is
th a t o f e ffici e n t sh e lt e r . O th e r it e ms a re the f e e d-lo t a n d its
l o c a ti o n the ra cks f ro m whi ch to f e e d dry fo ra g e a n d the
, ,

lik e.

S he lte r for w i n ter fe e di n g . Whil e it is e ss e n ti a l to p ro vid e

w a rm wi n t e r q u a rt e rs fo r the d a i ry co w b e c a u s e she is thi n in
,

fl e sh a n d b e c a u s e o f the n a t u re o f he r p ro d u ct su ch w a rm ,

q u a rt e rs a re n o t n e c e ss a ry fo r the f a tt e n i n g st e e r The fa t .

te n i n g st e e r p o ss e ss e s a c o a t o f fa t o r fl e sh which s e rv e s to
p ro t e ct him fro m the c o ld a n d wh e n o n fu ll f e e d the h e a t ge n
,

cra t e d in the b o dy by m a stic a ti n g dig e sti n g a n d a ssimil a ti n g

, ,

the f o o d is s u ffici e n t to m a i n t a i n the b o dy t e m p e ra t u re No .

d o u bt the n e e ds O f the f a tt e n i n g a n i m a l a re s u ch a s to m a k e a
re a s o n a bl e a m o u n t o f c o ld a ir b e n e fici a l ra th e r th a n d e t rim e n t a l .

Bu t it is V e ry d e si ra bl e th a t the f a tt e n i n g st e e r be k e pt dry
a n d p ro vid e d with a c o mf o rt a bl e dry be d Dry q u a rt e r s a re
.

fa r m o re imp o rt a n t th a n w a rm q u a rt e rs A st ru ct u re which
.

p ro t e ct s the a n im a ls fro m the ra i n a n d s n o w a n d p ro vid e s

th e m with a dry c o m f o rt a bl e be d i s s u ffici e n t .

W a t e rs w ho ha s th o ro u ghly i n v e stig a t e d the sh e lt e r p ro b

,
“
le m c o n cl u d e s his w o rk a s f o ll o ws :
,
App a re n tly th e n the o n ly
sh e lt e r re q u i re d fo r c a ttl e o f this cl a ss is th a t which will p ro t e ct
th e m fro m ra i n a n d s n o w a n d b re a k the n o rthw e st wi n ds a n d
fu rn ish a dry pl a c e in which the a n i m a ls m a y lie d o wn It is .

m o re i m p o rt a n t th a t the f a tt e n i n g a n im a l lie d o wn re g u l a rly

a n d d u ri n g a l a rg e p o rti o n o f the tim e th a n th a t he be pro

te cte d f ro m the c o ld . An a b u n d a n ce o f s u n shi n e a n d f re sh a ir ,

a c o mf o rt a bl e pl a c e in which to lie a n d f re e d o m f ro m e x te rn a l
,
 CA R E A ND M AN AGE M E N T O F B EE F C ATTL E 32 7

dist u rb a n c e s fu rn ish id e a l c o n diti o n s fo r ra pid a n d e c o n o mic

”
ga in s .

The fe e d lot-
. R e l a tiv e ly to o littl e a tt e n ti o n is giv e n the f e e d
-

lo t. In ch o o si n g the l o c a ti o n o f the lo t co n sid e ra ti o n sh o u ld

,

be giv e n to d ra i n a g e a n d the n a t u ra l p ro t e cti o n A s o u th .

sl o p e is the m o s t d e si ra bl e a s the w a t e r will d ra i n o ff q u ickly

,

a ft e r a ra i n a n d the f u ll b e n e fit o f the s u n s ra ys w ill be re c e iv e d

’
.
,

A m u ddy lo t is o n e o f the g re a t e st o bj e cti o n s to wi n t e r f e e di n g .

O v e r m u ch o f the gra i n b e lt the s o il is ra th e r i m p e rvi o u s to

wa t e r which is h e ld a t the s u rf a c e The c a ttl e in w a lki n g
,
.

mix th e w a t e r with the s o il whi ch is o ft e n cl a y th u s m a ki n g

, ,

a m o s t dis a g re e a bl e m u d .

T he o n ly k n o w n c o rre ctiv e fo r s u ch l o ts is to p a v e th e m o r ,

a t l e a st in p a rt p a rti c u l a rly w h e re the a n i m a ls m u st lie a n d

,

wh e re the f e e d -b u n ks a n d ra cks a re pl a c e d F o r this p u rp o s e .

v a ri o u s m a t e ri a ls a re u s e d chi e f o f which a re c o bbl e st o n e s

, ,

b ricks c e m e n t a n d pl a n k Be f o re l a yi n g the p a v e m e n t a
, ,
.

g ra d e sh o u ld be e st a blish e d S lightly high e r th a n the su r

ro u n di n g s u rf a c e to e li m i n a t e the s u rf a c e w a t e r
,
The g ra d e .

s ho u ld h a v e a S l o p e o f a t l e a st o n e i n ch to six f e e t The su rf a c e .

sh o u ld th e n be c o v e re d with Six i n ch e s o f g ra v e l ro ll e d a n d
t a m p e d d o wn s o lid ; o v e r this pl a c e a o n e -i n ch co v e ri n g o f fi n e
s a n d o n which the b rick o r c o bbl e st o n e m a y be l a id R o ll .
,

o r b e tt e r still t a m p d o wn s o lid
,
O v e r this sh o u ld be pla ce d a
.
'

c e m e n t m o rt a r o f the c o n sist e n cy o f c re a m m a d e by th o ro u ghly

mixi n g o n e p a rt cl e a n sh a rp s a n d a n d o n e p a rt o f Po rtl a n d
Ce m e n t .This mixt u re sh o u ld be th o ro u ghly sw e pt i n t o the
j o i n t s a n d c ra cks A s e c o n d c o a t o f the c e m e n t m o rt a r m a y be
.

l a id in te n d a ys to i n s u re the c o m pl e t e filli n g o f the c ra cks a n d

j o i n ts A f e e d -lo t th u s p a v e d will be fre e f ro m m u d ca n be
.
,

cl e a n e d with t e a m a n d sc ra p e r a n d m a k e s a v e ry d e si ra bl e
,

pl a c e o n w hich to f e e d c a ttl e .

Pla tform for fe e d-bu n ks . O n s o ils th a t a re p o ro u s a n d f ro m

which the w a t e r d ra i n s o ff ra pidly the m u d giv e s littl e in co n
,
328 M AN UA L OF F A R M AN I M AL S

v e n ie n ce e xc e pt a b ou t the f e e d b u n ks dry fo ra g e -ra cks a n d

-
,
-
,

wa t e r ta n k
-
. Ab o u t th e s e a n d e xt e n di n g b a ck six f e e t m a y ,

be pl a c e d a fe w l o a ds o f c o a rs e g ra v e l o r b e tt e r still a p a v e , ,

m e n t simil a r to th a t d e sc rib e d a b o v e o r a pl a n k pl a tf o rm
, .

Wh a t e v e r the m a t e ri a l u s e d in c o n stru cti o n it sh ou ld be so ,

a rra n g e d th a t the f a rm e r m a y d riv e a l o n gsid e the b u n k o r ra ck

with a l o a d o f f e e d Su ch pl a tf o rm s will s a v e f e e d bills e n o u gh

.

e a ch y e a r to pa y fo r th e i r c o n st ru cti o n to sa y n o thi n g o f the

,

e xt ra a n n o y a n c e c a u s e d by the m u d in c a s e th e y a re n o t u s e d .

The s a m e f e e d b u n ks s u gg e st e d fo r f e e di n g o n p a st u re m a y be
-

m o v e d to the lo t a n d u s e d fo r w i n t e r f e e di n g a s w e ll As a .

ru l e,
it is o d e si a bl e o pl c e
n t r t a the f e e d b u n k u n d e r the sh e d
-

e xc e pt wh e n the wi n t e rs a re e xt ra s e v e re .

Dry -fora ge ra ck -
It is n o t a dvis a bl e to h a v e the f e e d -b u n ks
.

a n d the dry f o ra g e ra cks c o m bi n e d

- -
si n c e the litt e r f ro m the
,

dry f o ra g e f a lli n g u p o n the g ra i n re n d e rs it dist a st e fu l to c a ttl e ,

p a r ti c u l a rly wh e n o n a f u ll g ra i n ra ti o n Ne ith e r is it a dv is
.

a bl e to c o n st ru ct s u ch ra cks u n d e r the sh e d e xc e p t wh e re the

cli m a t e is v e ry dis a gre e a bl e th o u gh th e y sh o u ld be pl a c e d to

,

the s o u th o f the sh e d o r b a rn to p ro t e ct th e m m e a s u ra bly fro m

the wi n ds a n d d rivi n g st o rm s The f o rm a n d sh a p e o f the dry
.

f o ra g e a cks will d e p e n d o n the c o n diti o n in which dry fo ra g e

-r

i s fe d c o rn st a lks c a lli n g fo r o n e f o rm ha y fo r a n o th e r a n d
, , ,

ch o pp e d ha y o r sh re dd e d f o dd e r fo r still a n o th e r As th e s e ra cks .

a r e lik e ly to b e p e rm a n e n t th e y sh o u ld be c o n st ru ct e d to m e e t
,

the p a rtic u l a r c o n diti o n s u n d e r whi ch th e y a re to be u s e d .

Wa ter ta n ks
-
A lib e ra l su pply o f f re sh w a t e r i s a s e ss e n ti a l
.

fo r wi n t e r f e e di n g a s fo r s u m m e r f e e di n g Whil e w a t e r is .

lik e ly to be m o re pl e n tifu l in wi n te r th a n in s u mm e r it is o ft e n ,

a ll o w e d to f re e z e fo r d a ys a t a ti m e SO th a t the c a ttl e a re w h o lly

'

d e p riv e d o f a s u pply a n d o ft e n c o mp e ll e d to e a t s n o w o r lick

the ice to ge t the w a t e r n e e d e d fo r th e i r b o di e s In v e ry s e v e re .

w e a th e r c a ttl e a re n o t lik e ly to d ri n k m u ch ice w a t e r ; this o b

s e rv a ti o n ha s le d the ra th e r c a re l e ss c a ttl e f e e d e r to t hi n k the
330 M AN UA L O F F AR M A NI M AL S

d u ri n g a p a rt o f the da y wh e n the w e a th e r is s e v e re th e re ,

is n o t m u ch lik e lih o o d o f the w a t e r fre e zi n g . A littl e l a b o r

sp e n t in c o n st ru cti n g s u ch a fra m e will sa v e m a n y ti m e s its
c o st in f o o d a s it re q u i re s c o n sid e ra bl e h e a t to w a rm u p the
,

ice w a t e r th a t c a ttl e d ri n k
.
 C HA PT ER XV

DI SEASE S O F CATTLE

CA TT L E a re v e ry s u bj e ct to c e rt a in dis e a s e s which re n d e r
th e i r u s a g e fo r d o m e stic p u rp o s e s q u e sti o n a bl e M ilk fro m .

dis e a s e d c o ws o r m e a t fro m dis e a s e d c a rc a ss e s m a y e n d a n g e r

, ,

the liv e s o f th o s e w ho c o n s u m e it Whil e th e s e dis e a s e s a re

.

p ro p e rly cl a ss e d a s i n c u ra bl e it sh o u ld be re m e mb e re d th a t
,

th e y a re c o mm u n ic a bl e g e rm dis e a s e s a n d a re th e re fo re pre
v e n ta ble . The re f o re s o m e sp a c e will be d e v o t e d to th e i r pre
,

v e n tio n. In a dditi o n to th e s e dis e a s e s c a ttl e a re s u bj e ct to a

,

n u mb e r o f a ilm e n ts s o m e o f which a re si m pl e a n d e a sily c a re d

,

fo r bu t m o re o f which a re s o m e wh a t c o mplic a t e d re q u i ri n g
, ,

skill e d t re a t m e n t .

The sick co w sh ou ld re c e iv e m u ch c a re a s in m a n y c a s e s g o o d
,

c a re is to be p re fe rre d to the u se o f m e dici n e (se e p a ge

This ch a pt e r is i n t e n d e d m e re ly to s e rv e a s a gu id e a n d to
m a k e su gge sti o n s ; it is n o t d e sig n e d to t a k e the pl a c e o f a
g o o d v e t e ri n a ri a n w ho sh o u ld a lwa ys be c a lle d in c a se o f
,

s e ri ou s diffi cu lty o r d ou bt T he d o s a g e s h e re a dvis e d e xc e pt

.
,

wh e n o th e rwis e n o t e d a re fo r m a t u re a n im a ls
,
.

DI S E AS E S O F T HE G E NE R ATI VE O R G ANS , AND DIFFI CU LTIE S OF

PAR TU R IT IO N
Th e re a re fe w dis e a s e s to which c a ttl e a re s u bj e c t th a t a re
o f wid e r in t e re st th a n th o s e o f the g e n e ra tiv e o rg a n s This is .

p a rtic u l a rly t ru e o f th o s e h e rds th a t a re b e i n g k e pt fo r b re e d

in g p u rp o s e s a n d wh e n the p ri n cip a l p ro d u ct is the o ffsp ri n g .

331
 332 M A N U A L O F F A R M A N I M AL S

C a ttl e p a rtic u l a rly s u bj e ct to a c o n t a gi o u s fo rm o f a b o rti o n

a re

which d e s tro ys m a n y y o u n g b e fo re th e y ca n liv e o u t Of the wo mb .

The p ri n cip a l dis e a se s o r diffic u lti e s a re b a rre n n e ss a b o rti o n ,

b o th c o n t a gi o u s a n d n o n c o n t a gi o u s diffic u lt p a rt u riti o n ; re
-

te n ti o n o f the a ft e rbi rth ; m ilk f e v e r ; g a rg e t -

.

Ba rre n n e ss i n cow s It o ft e n h a pp e n s th a t c o ws a re s e rv e d
.

n o rm a lly y e t f a il to co n c e iv e
,
S o m e o f the c a u s e s o f this diffi
.

y
c u lty a r e re a dily u n d e rst o o d a n d e a sily p re v e n t e d whil e o th e rs ,

a re n o t w e ll u n d e rst o o d a n d a re b e y o n d c o n t ro l o f the b re e d e r .

An e xc e ss o f rich a n d stim u l a ti n g f o o ds is a c o mm o n c a u s e o f
n o n b re e di n g
- e sp e ci a lly if
,
the a n im a ls a re d e n i e d e x e rcis e .

The d a n g e rs a tt e n di n g p a rt u riti o n a re o ft e n m o re th a n tre

bl e d in the c a s e o f fa t a n im a ls This e x ce ssiv e fa t h o we v e r
.
, ,

m a y be o f m u ch a dv a n t a g e o n c e th e s e d a n g e rs a re p a st O n the .

o th e r h a n d b a rre n n e ss m a y be du e to p o o r f e e di n g the sy st e m
, ,

b e i n g w ea k e n e d by the l a ck o f s u ffici e n t n u t riti o n Un d u e .

s e x u a l e xcit e m e n t a t the m o st a ctive st a g e o f h e a t is o ft e n

re sp o n sibl e fo r the co w n o t c o n c e ivi n g C o ws th a t fo r s o m e
.

re a s o n h a v e m iss e d a s e a s o n a re o ft e n di ffi cu lt to imp re gn a t e .

An im a ls th a t a re to o cl o s e ly i n b re d a re a ls o lik e ly to be
b a rre n . In a dditi o n to th e s e th e re is a l o n g li n e o f c a u s e s o f
,

b a rre n n e ss in c o ws o v e r which the b re e d e r ha s littl e o r n o co n

t ro l s u ch a s d e ra n g e m e n t o f the s e x o rg a n s dis e a s e d o v a ri e s
, , ,

tu m o rs a n d the lik e
,
.

Aborti on i n cow s Ab o rti o n in c o ws is e ith e r c o n t a gi o u s o r

.

n o n c o n t a gi o u s
- Be c a u s e o f the g re a t di ff e re n c e s a s to c a u s e
.

a n d s u bs e q u e n t t re a tm e n t w e c o n sid e r th e m s e p a ra t e ly
4
.
,

No n c o n t a gi o u s a b o rti o n
- This is p ro d u c e d by a n y c a u s e
.

o p e ra ti n g to dis co n n e ct the u n i o n o f the f e t a l m e mb ra n e f ro m the

u t e ru s . A co w m a y a b o rt by re a s o n o f a lm o st a n y c a u s e th a t
v e ry ge n e ra lly dist u rbs he r syst e m a s f ro m the i n fl u e n c e o f a to o
,

sti m u l a ti n g di e t o r the re v e rs e a s wh e n the n o u rishm e n t is so

,

d e fi ci e n t th a t the f e t u s di e s in the wo mb ; d a m p u n h e a lthy ,

st a bl e s ; w o rm s in the b o w e ls l u n gs o r liv e r ; i n dig e sti o n o f a ll

, ,
33 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M A N I M AL S
.

1 to 1 000 s o l u ti c o rro siv e s u blim a t e All litt e r a n d the d e a d

on o f .

f e t u s sh o u ld be b u rn e d Aft e r the co w ha s a b o rt e d she m u st

.
,

be k e pt th o ro u ghly cl e a n by u se o f a disi n f e ct a n t D iss o lv e 1 .

d ra m o f c o rro siv e s u blim a t e 1 o u n c e e a ch o f a lc o h o l a n d g ly ce r

,

in e sh a k e this u p in a g a ll o n o f w a t e r a n d u se a s a n i n j e cti o n
, ,

i n t o the v a gi n a a n d w a sh the p a rts a b ou t the vu lv a a n d ro o t o f

the t a il . D isi n fe ct the a n i m a l e a ch da y a s l o n g a s the disch a rg e
c on ti n u e s D o n o t b re e d a b o rti n g c o ws fo r tw o o r th re e m o n ths
. .

Fo r tw o d a ys b e f o re bre e di n g the v a gi n a sh o u ld be w a sh e d o u t
,

with the s u bli m a t e a lc o h o l glyc e ri n e -s o l u ti o n bu t o n the da y

- -
,

o f b re e di n g w a rm w a t e r o n ly sh o u ld be u s e d a s the c o rro siv e

s u bli m a t e will d e st ro y the s e m e n The dis e a s e s e e ms to ru n
.

o u t a n d dis a pp e a r f ro m the h e rd a ft e r a ti m e .

The b e st m e th o ds o f c o m b a ti n g c o n t a gi o u s a b o rti o n a re
cl e a n li n e ss the f re e u se o f disi n f e ct a n ts is o l a ti o n o f i n f e ct e d
, ,

c o ws a n d p re c a u ti o n s a g a i n st u si n g i n f e ct e d b u lls M a n y pre
, .

v e n tiv e re m e di e s h a v e b e e n s u gg e st e d o f whi c h the f o ll o wi n g is

,

a s g o o d a s a n y : M ix o n e p o u n d o f p u lv e riz e d hy po su lfi te o f

s o d a o n e p o u n d o f s u lfu r a n d te n p o u n ds o f c o mm o n s a lt
, ,
.

G iv e a s m a ll h a n df u l to e a ch p re g n a n t co w tw o o r th re e ti m e s
a we e k .

Difi i cu lt pa rtu ri ti o n Th e re a re a n u mb e r o f c a u s e s o f diffi

.

c u lt p a rt u riti o n a m o n g c a ttl e C o ws h o w e v e r h a v e a n a d
.
, ,

v a n t a g e o v e r m a re s in th a t the f e t u s a n d f e t a l m e mb ra n e s a re
,

m o re st ro n gly a tt a ch e d a n d n o t so lik e ly to be disc o n n e ct e d a n d

m a y th e re f o re be l e ft a l o n e l o n g e r with p ra ctic a lly n o d a n g e r
, ,

to the y o u n g A m o n g c o ws the m a xim m a y be : D O n o t i n t e r

.

f e re to o s o o n Bru isi n g t e a ri n g o f the p a ss a g e s a n d bl e e di n g

.
, ,
-

fro m the u n c o n t ra ct e d w o m b m a y f o ll o w the to o ra pid e xt ra c

t i o n o f the c a lf If th e re is n o o bst ru cti o n le t the c a lf be e x
.
,

pe lle d sl o wly by the u n a id e d e ff o rts o f the co w .

If h o w e v e r a ft e r the co w ha s l a b o re d s o m e t im e th e re
, , ,

s e e m s to be s o m e m e ch a n ic a l o bst ru cti o n she sh o u ld be e x ,

a m in e d . As this is lik e ly to be m u ch o f a t a sk the o p e ra t o r ,

 D I S EAS E S OF CA TTL E 335

sh o u ld p re p a re hi m s e lf fo r it by d re ssi n g in a shi rt fro m whi ch the

sl e e v e s h a v e b e e n cu t o ff a t the sh o u ld e r This a v o ids d a n g e r
.

o f s o ili n g the cl o thi n g o r o f e xp o s u re a s is the c a s e wh e n the

,

shi rt is re m o v e d a n d y e t l e a v e s the wh o l e a rm f re e fo r the w o rk

, .

The h a n d a n d a rm sh o u ld be sm e a re d with o il l a rd o r v a s e li n e , , .

This g re a s e sh o u ld be f re sh n e ith e r s a lt e d n o r ra n cid a n d

, ,

sh o u ld be p u rifi e d by b o ili n g o r re n d e re d a n tis e pti c by the

a dditi o n o f a t a bl e sp o o n f u l o f c a rb o li c a cid to the p o u n d o f
g re a s e This sh o u ld a lw a ys be d o n e a s it p ro t e cts b o th the co w
.
,

a n d the o p e ra t o r f ro m i n f e cti o n .

Aft e r the l a b o r p a i n s h a v e l a st e d s o m e ti m e with o u t a n y sig n s

o f the f e t u s the h a n d sh o u ld be i n t ro d u ce d t o e x a m i n e ; if the
,

w a t e r b a gs h a v e b u rst a n d n e ith e r f e e t n o r h e a d a pp e a r fo r s o m e
-

ti m e if o n e f o re fo o t o n ly a n d the h e a d a pp e a rs o r b o th f o re
, ,

f e e t with o u t the h e a d o r the h e a d with o u t the f o re f e e t a n d

, ,

if o n e hi n d f o o t a pp e a rs with o u t the o th e r m a k e v e ry c a re f u l,

e x a m i n a ti o n . In n o rm a l p re s e n t a ti o n the f o re f e e t h o o fs d o w n , ,

sh o u ld fi rst a pp e a r th e n t he n o s e
,
In a n y o f th e s e a b n o rm a l
.

p re s e n t a ti o n s s e cu re the p re s e n t e d li m b o r h e a d by a ro p e with
,

a ru n n i n g n o o s e so th a t in c a s e
,
it sh o u ld slip b a ck i n t o the
w o mb it will n o t ge t l o st d u ri n g the e x a m i n a ti o n bu t m a y be ,

re t a i n e d in the v a gi n a o r e a sily b ro u ght u p a g a i n This .

e x a m i n a ti o n ca n be m a d e m u ch e a si e r if o n e t u rn s the co w
with h e a d d o wn hill a s the i n t e rn a l o rg a n s g ra vit a t e f o rw a rd
,

i n t o the b e lly o f the co w th u s m a ki n g m o re ro o m in which to

b ri n g u p the missi n g li m b o r h e a d a n d to m a n ip u l a t e the
fe tu s . In c a s e the co w is lyi n g d o wn t u rn he r o n the sid e ,

o pp o sit e to th a t o n which the li m b is m issi n g so th a t th e re ,

m a y be m o re ro o m to a rra n g e the f e t u s o r to b ri n g u p the

missi n g m e mb e r .

D o n o t a tt e mpt to a rra n g e the f e t u s limb o r h e a d d u ri n g

, , ,

the l a b o r p a i n s bu t w a it u n til the p a i n ha s c e a s e d a n d th e n

,

st ra ight e n o u t the p a rt b e fo re the n e xt p a i n co m e s o n On e .

m u st be p a ti e n t a n d p a i n st a ki n g re m e mb e ri n g th a t the f e t u s
,
336 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

will n o t c o m e u n til p ro p e rly a rra n g e d a n d wh e n so a rra n g e d , ,

it is lik e ly to c o m e f a i rly e a sy The t a sk is a ll the m o re diffi cu l t

.

b e c a u s e it is v e ry t ryi n g o n the a rm o f the o p e ra t o r a s the a rm ,

o f the s tro n g e st m a n is lik e ly to b e c o m e n u m b w o rki n g in s u ch

p o siti o n s If the p a ss a g e s h a v e l o st th e i r n a t u ra l l u b ri ca ti n g
.

liqu id a n d b e c o m e dry s m e a r the i n t e ri o r o f the p a ss a g e s the

, ,

wo m b a n d the s u rf a c e o f the c a lf a s fa r a s ca n be re a ch e d with

,

fre sh l a rd o r sw e e t o il In p u lli n g o n the f e t u s d ra w o n ly

.
,

whil e the co w is st ra i n i n g Wh e n p u lli n g d ra w d o wn w a rd

.
,

to w a rd the ho oks a s w e ll a s b a ckw a rd a s the n a t u ra l cu rv a t u re

,

o f b o th f e t u s a n d p a ss a g e s a re th u s f o ll o w e d a n d the e xt ra cti o n

o f the f e t u s re n d e re d e a sy If the p a i n s o f the co w a re Vi o l e n t

.

a n d l o n g c o n ti n u e d th e y m a y b e ch e ck e d by pi n chi n g the b a ck
,

o r by pl a ci n g a tight s u rci n gl e a ro u n d the b o dy in f ro n t o f the

u dd e r .
—
If the p a i n s c o n ti n u e o n e to o n e a n d o n e h a lf o u n c e s o f
,
- -

chl o ra l hyd ra t e in a q u a rt o f w a t e r m a y be giv e n to ch e ck th e m .

R e ta i n e d afte rbi rth .The co w o f a ll f a rm a n i m a ls is e sp e ci a lly

s u bj e ct to this difficu lty Wh e n the a ft e rbi rth is re t a i n e d it
.

d e c o m p o s e s a n d is disch a rg e d a s a y e ll o w o r re ddish fl u id ,

h a vi n g a n e xt re m e ly o ff e n siv e o d o r This disch a rg e is m o s t

.

a pp a re n t wh e n the c o w is lyi n g d o w n a n d whil e she ru mi n a t e s .

The re a r p a rts o f the co w ru m p t a il a n d v u lv a a re s o il e d by the

, , ,

disch a rg e which o ft e n c o n t a i n s l u m ps o f d e c o mp o si n g m a t e ri a l
,
.

To a v o id this the a ft e rbi rth S h o u ld be re m o v e d withi n tw e n ty

,

f o u r o r thi rty six h o u rs a ft e r c a lvi n g To do this a S i m pl e

-
.
,

m e th o d whi ch is O ft e n e ff e ctiv e is to h a n g a s m a ll w e ight n o t ,

to e xc e e d on e o r tw o p o u n ds to the h a n gi n g p o rti o n o f the a ft e r

,

bi rth a n d a ll o w this by its c o n st a n t d ra ggi n g a n d by its j e rki n g

e ff e ct a s the co w m o v e s a l o n g to p u ll the m e mb ra n e s f ro m th e i r

a tt a chm e n ts a n d to stim u l a t e the w o mb to e xp u lsiv e c o n t ra e

t i on s In n e gl e ct e d c a se s wh e n the h a n gi n g m a ss is a lre a dy
.

b a dly d e c o mp o s e d this c a n n o t be d o n e a s the m e m b ra n e is ,

li a bl e to t e a r u n d e r the a dd e d w e ight l e a vi n g a p a rt o f the ,

m a t e ri a l in the w o mb If the b o w e ls a re c on stip a t e d a physi c

.
,
338 M A N UA L O F F A R M ANI M AL S

Aft e r the wh o l e m e mb ra n e is re m o v e d it m a y be we ll to disin ,

f e e t the w o mb with a tw o pe r ce n t s o l u ti o n o f ca rb o lic a cid .

Eve rsi o n of the w om b This a il m e n t is c o mm o n ly ca ll e d

.
-

”
ca sti n g the w e th e rs a n d is ra th e r c o mm o n a m o n g c a ttl e
, .

It o ft e n f o ll o ws di ffic u lt p a rt u riti o n the co w c o n ti n u i n g to

,

st ra i n u n til the w o mb is f o rc e d o u t a n d h a n gs in a l a rg e m a ss
f ro m the v u lv a The w o mb c a n be i n st a n tly re c o gn iz e d f ro m
.

the o th e r m e mb ra n e s by the p re s e n c e o f the m u sh ro o m sh a p e d -

b o di e s e a ch tw o to th re e i n ch e s in di a m e t e r a n d a tt a ch e d by
,

a n a rro w n e ck Th e re a re a l a rg e n u m b e r o f th e s e b o di e s fifty
.
,

to o n e h u n d re d .

The displ a c e d w o mb sh o u ld be c a re fu lly w a sh e d with c o ld

w a t e r c o n t a i n i n g a o n e pe r ce n t s o l u ti o n o f c a rb o lic a cid The .

c o ld is u s e fu l to d riv e o u t the bl o o d a n d re d u c e the b u lk No w .

with the cl o s e d fist pl a n t e d in the ro u n d e d e n d o f the l a rg e s t ,

h o rn o f the w o mb p u sh b a ck so a s to re i nv e rt the w o m b i n t o
,

pl a ce This m u st be d o n e g ra d u a lly The co w will st ra i n

. .

whil e this is b e i n g do n e bu t the w o m b is to be fi rm ly h e ld u n til

,

the st ra i n i n g is o v e r This st ra i n i n g m a y be o v e rc o m e in p a rt
.

by pi n chi n g o n the b a ck .

The h o ldi n g o f the w o m b in pl a c e is the n e xt p o i n t This is .

p e rh a ps b e st a cc o m plish e d by the u se o f a ro p e t ru ss This .

tru ss ca n be m a d e fro m a l o n g o n e i n ch ro p e D o u bl e the l o n g

.

ro p e a t its m iddl e a n d pl a c e o v e r the n e ck o f the co w ; b ri n g the

e n ds o n e o n e ith e r sid e o f the n e ck d o wn b e tw e e n the f o re l e gs

, , ,

t wist th e m t o g e th e r to m a k e fi rm ca rry b a ck b e twe e n the hi n d

,

l e gs a n d u p to the v u lv a h e re c ro ss th e m a n d tie fi rm ly with

,

a st ri n g th e n j u st b e f o re the t a il is re a ch e d c ro ss b a ck a n d tie
, , ,

fi rmly th u s m a ki n g a ri n g which Wh e n d ra w n tight will p re ss

,

the v u lv a ; th e n c a rry the ro p e s f o rw a rd a l o n g the b a ck a n d tie

i n t o the m iddl e o f the ro p e a t the to p o f the n e ck The ro p e .

sh o u ld be d ra wn so tight th a t the ro p e ri n g is m a d e to p re ss
fi rm ly a ll a ro u n d the v u lv a .

M i lk-fe ve r . Thi s dis e a s e is a ls o k n o wn a s p a rtu ri ti o n

 D I S E AS E S OF CA TTL E 339

a p o pl e xy a n d p a rt u riti o n f e v e r Th e re is h o w e v e r v e ry littl e if
.
, ,

a n y f e v e r co n n e ct e d w ith the dis e a s e a s t e m p e ra t u re is u s u a lly

,

b e l o w n o rm a l High p ro d u ci n g fl e shy a g e d co ws th a t h a v e
.
-
, ,

b e e n cl o s e ly c o n fi n e d a re lik e ly to be a tt a ck e d In f a ct the b e st .
,

a n d h e a vi e st m ilk e rs a re m o st s u bj e ct to the dis e a s e It is .

m o re lik e ly to o cc u r wh e n the bi rth ha s b e e n c o m p a ra tiv e ly

e a sy a n d q u i ck a n d fro m o n e to te n d a ys a ft e r c a lvi n g
,
Th e re .

is a su dd e n d u ll n e ss h a n gi n g b a ck in the st a ll d ro o pi n g o f the
, ,

h e a d u n e a sy m o v e m e n t o f the hi n d li m bs u n st e a dy st e ps ; a n d
, ,

the co w st a gg e rs li e s o r f a lls d o w n a n d is u n a bl e to ris e

, ,
At .

this tim e th e re m a y be s o m e t e m p e ra t u re At fi rst the co w li e s .

w ith he r h e a d t u rn e d a ro u n d with n o s e re sti n g o n the right

fl a n k ; l a t e r she m a y st re tch fu ll o n he r sid e She s o o n b e c o m e s .

u n c o n sci o u s the e y e s a re gl a z e d th e i r p u pils wid e ly dil a t e d a n d

, ,

th e i r lids n o t m o v a bl e wh e n the b a ll o f the e y e is t o u ch e d with

the fi n g e r T re a tm e n t m u st f o ll o w q u ickly o r she will s o o n
.

e xpi re .

Whi l e this dis e a s e w a s f o rm e rly c o n sid e re d v e ry f a t a l with ,

the a ir-t re a t m e n t it is s e ld o m s o This a ir t re a t m e n t c o n sists

.
-

si m ply o f i n j e cti n g a ir i n t o the u dd e r a n d c a re f u lly k n e a di n g

the u dd e r a t the s a m e tim e C a re m u st be t a k e n th a t the a ir
.

be ste ril e Th e re a re S ch m idt K o ldi n g st e ril e a ir m ilk f e v e r

.
- - -

o u tfits o n the m a rk e t with which to f o r c e the a ir i n t o the u dd e r ,

y e t if o n e o f th e s e is n o t n e a r a t h a n d a v e ry c o n v e n i e n
, t ap
p a ra t u s ca n be m a d e fro m a c o mm o n bicycl e a ir p u m p a n d a -

mi lk -t u b e .In f a ct this si m pl e a pp a ra t u s will p ro v e a s e ffi ci e n t

,

as any Att a ch the milk t u b e to the p u mp i n s e rt the t u b e

.
-
,

i n t o the t e a t a n d a s the a ir is p u m p e d in k n e a d the u dd e r w e ll , .

In tw o h o u rs milk the a ir o u t re st a fe w m i n u t e s a n d p u mp u p
, ,

a ga i n . This m a y be re p e a t e d e v e ry tw o h o u rs u n til the a n i m a l

is re li e v e d If the a n im a l is b a dly bl o a t e d p u n ct u re the p a u n ch
.
,

in the l e ft l o i n with a c a n u l a a n d t ro c a r a s s u gg e st e d fo r bl o a ti n g
(p a g e This t re a t m e n t sh o u ld be p u rs u e d whil e th e re is
lif e i rre sp e ctiv e o f ho w lo w the co w m a y s e e m
,
D o n o t le t the .
 4
3 0 M AN UA L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

co w die . In c a se the
milk -t u b e is n o t a t h a n d u se a m e di ci n e ,

d ro pp e r to ge t the a ir i n t o the u dd e r If the c a n u l a a n d t ro c a r

.

a re n o t a t h a n d stick a k n if e i n t o the p a u n ch
,
This is re co m
.

m e n d e d o n ly in the a bs e n c e o f s o m e thi n g b e tt e r M a n y a co w .

ha s b e e n s a v e d by th e s e c ru d e m e th o ds .

Ga rge t is p e rh a ps o n e o f the p ri n cip a l f o rms o f m a m m itis o f ,

w hich c a k e d -u dd e r is a s e c o n d The u dd e r o ft e n b e c o m e s highly

.

i n fl a m e d s o o n a ft e r the y o u n g is b o rn a n d o cc a si o n a lly b e f o re
,

wh e n the gl a n ds a re a ctiv e co n g e st e d with bl o o d a n d the u dd e r

, ,

o v e r-dist e n d e d with milk In a dditi o n to this i n fl a mm a ti o n o f

.
,

the u dd e r is o ft e n du e to m e ch a n i c a l i n j u ri e s s u ch a s bl o ws ,

kicks sc ra tch e s a n d b e i n g h o rn e d by o th e r c o ws ; a n d e sp e ci a lly

, ,

by g e rm s e n t e ri n g the u dd e r .

The t re a tm e n t is to re li e v e the c o n g e sti o n by d ra wi n g the

milk fre q u e n tly This sh o u ld be d o n e b e f o re c a lvi n g if the u dd e r
.

is dist e n d e d Aft e r the milk is d ra wn g e n tly bu t th o ro u ghly

.
,

ru b the u dd e r .Ba th e the p a rts with ho t w a t e r fo r fift e e n m in

u t e s a t a tim e ru b dry a n d a pply a n o i n t m e n t m a d e a s f o ll o ws
, ,

Diss o lv e tw o t a bl e sp o o n fu ls o f gu m c a mph o r in a t e a c u pfu l

o f m e lt e d f re sh l a rd This ca n be g re a tly imp ro v e d by the
.

a dditi o n o f o n e o u n c e o f the fl u id e xt ra ct o f b e ll a d o n n a The .

u dd e r sh o u ld be b a th e d th re e tim e s d a ily a n d the o i n tm e n t w e ll

ru bb e d in . It is o ft e n a dv a n t a g e o u s to s u pp o rt the u dd e r by
the u se o f a wid e pi e c e o f cl o th with h o l e s cu t fo r the te a ts a n d
this h e ld in pl a c e by a rra n gi n g a b a n d o v e r the b a ck Wh e n .

the t ro u bl e is du e to g e rms e n t e ri n g the u dd e r a tw o pe r c e n t ,

s o l u ti on o f c a rb o lic a cid sh o u ld be i n j e ct e d i n t o the u dd e r ; l e a v e

this in te n to fift e e n mi n u t e s ; milk o u t a n d b a th e a s b e f o re .

This s o l u ti o n m a y be i n j e ct e d by f a ste n in g a milk tu b e o n a -

sy ri n ge with a sm a ll ru bb e r t ube .

ILL S O F T HE Y O U NG C ALF

The y o u n g c a lf e v e n th o u gh it e st a blish e s the fu n cti o n

,

o f re s p i ra t i o n a n d g e t s its fi rs t m e a l with o u t di ffi c u lty is still ,

 4
3 2 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

b ri n g on antt a ck Wh a t e v e r the c a u s e it sh o u ld be re m o v e d
a .
,

a n d the c a s e t re a t e d a t o n ce a s the c a lf is n o t lik e ly to liv e l o n g

,

if the di a rrh e a co n ti n u e s Pe rh a ps the fi rs t thi n g to do is to

.

re d u c e the f e e d f ro m o n e h a lf to tw o thi rds

-
In t re a tin g o n e
-
.
,

m u st k e e p in mi n d the n a t u re o f the dis e a s e th a t it is c a u s e d by ,

a n i rrit a n t in the st o m a ch o r b o w e ls which m u st be re m o v e d

b e fo re a c u re ca n be e ffe ct e d Fo r this re a s o n o n e sh o u ld be
.

c a u ti o u s a b o u t givi n g a n a st ri n g e n t with a Vi e w to cu tti n g o ff

the dis ch a rg e .T he b e st p o licy in a ll s u ch dis e a s e s is to e xp e l
the d ist u rb e r with a l a x a tiv e s u ch a s o n e to tw o o u n ce s o f c a st o r
,

o il
. La t e r wh e n the i rrit a n t ha s b e e n re m o v e d by the o il ch e ck ,

the disch a rg e by a w e a k s o l u ti o n o f gu m a ra bic o r by a ddi n g a ,

littl e lim e w a t e r n o t to e xc e e d o n e thi rd to the m ilk e a ch m e a l

,
-
,

o r by a ddi n g p a r ch e d fl o u r to b o il e d milk o r by the e ss e n c e o f,

J a m a ic a gin ge r we ll dil u t e d with ho t wa t e r a n d in p e rsist e n t ,

ca s e s by the u se o f s u ch a st ri n g e n t a s o a k b a rk te a whi ch is ,

m a d e by st rippi n g the i n n e r b a rk o f whit e o a k .

Whit e sc o u r is a vi o l e n t a n d d e a dly fo rm o f di a rrh e a f re q u e n tly ,

a tt a cki n g y o u n g c a lv e s This m a y a pp e a r i m m e di a t e ly a ft e r
.

bi rth a n d is lik e ly to sh o w its e lf withi n the fi rst o r s e c o n d da y .

It o ft e n o cc u rs a s a c o n t a gi o u s dis e a s e a tt a cki n g a ll the c a lv e s

,

th a t a re d ro pp e d in the st a bl e fo r s o m e tim e Fo r this re a s o n .

”
it is o ft e n c a ll e d c o n t a gi o u s sc o u rs The dis e a s e is c a u s e d
.

by a g e rm th a t e n t e rs in m o st c a s e s th ro u gh the n a v e l The .

c a lf a pp e a rs d u ll a n d w e a k the e y e s a re s u n k e n the b e lly

, ,

re t ra ct e d the b re a thi n g is sh o rt a n d ra pid the t e mp e ra t u re

, ,

v e ry lo w a n d the c a lf s o o n b e c o m e s u n c o n sci o u s The dis

,
.

ch a rge f ro m the b o w e ls is ra th e r p ro f u s e o f a y e ll o wish w hit e ,

c o l o r a n d v e ry o ffe n siv e o d o r As a ru l e the c a lf di e s withi n

.

twe n ty f o u r to thi rty six h o u rs

- -
.

As th e re s e e ms to be n o t re a tm e n t w e m u st re ly o n pre ,

v e n tio n . A w e e k b e f o re c a lvi n g the p regn a n t co w sh o u ld be

pl a c e d in c o mf o rt a bl e q u a rt e rs wh e re n o sick c a lv e s h a v e b e e n
c o n fi n e d This s e e ms to be the On ly s a f e c o u rs e fo r a ft e r the
.
,
 D I S E AS E S O F CA T TLE 4
3 3

dis e a s e b re a ks o u t in a sta ble o fte n the m o st th o ro u gh disi nf e ct

,

in g f a ils to st o p f u t u re ca lve s f ro m i n f e cti o n As s o o n a s the .

c a lf is d ro pp e d the c o rd sh o u ld be ti e d cl o s e to the n a v e l a n d
,

the p a rts th o ro u ghly w e t with a tw e n ty pe r c e n t s o l u ti o n o f

c a rb o lic a cid o r b e tt e r still with a s o l u ti o n o f the ti n ct u re o f
, ,

i o di n e Fre sh milk dil u t e d with lim e w a t e r n o t to e xc e e d o n e

.
, ,

thi rd in whi ch a te a sp o o n fu l o f d ri e d bl o o d ha s b e e n diss o lv e d

, ,

sh o u ld be giv e n the c a lf in sm a ll q u a n titi e s a n d a t f re q u e n t in

te rv a ls The st a bl e in whi ch the fi rst a tt a ck o cc u rre d sh o u ld be
.

th o ro u ghly disi n f e ct e d a n d to do this p e rh a ps n o thi n g is b e tt e r

,

th a n c o rro siv e s u blim a t e ; h o w e ve r if this s e e ms u n d e si ra bl e

,

a n d o rd in a rily dis in f e ct a n ts a re u s e d th e y sh o u ld be u s e d st ro n g
,

a n d fl u sh e d i n t o e v e ry n o o k a n d c o rn e r o f the st a bl e .

T U B ER C U L O S I S

Pe rh a ps dis e a s e to whi ch ca ttl e a re s u bj e ct is m o re dis

no

c u ss e d th a n t u b e rc u l o sis This is du e in a l a rg e m e a s u re to the

.

u se o f ca ttl e to p ro vid e f o o d fo r the h u m a n ra c e Th e re a re .

p e rh a ps fe w dis e a s e s so c o mm o n a m o n g c a ttl e a s t u b e rc u l o sis ,

p a rtic u l a rly a m o n g th o s e a n i m a ls th a t a re k e pt cl o s e ly c o n fin e d .

T u b e rc u l o sis is a c o mm u n ic a bl e g e rm dis e a s e a n d is th e re f o re , , ,

p re v e n t a bl e .The dis e a s e is c a u s e d by a sm a ll g e rm o r ba c
te riu m kn o wn a s Ba ci llu s tu be rcu lo si s This g e rm is o f c o u rs e
.
, ,

i n visibl e to the n a k e d e y e .

. Me thods of i nfecti on — As t u b e rc u l o sis is a c o mm u n ic a bl e

.

g e rm dis e a s e the m e th o ds o f i n f e cti o n sh o u ld re ce ive m u ch a t

,

t e n ti o n This ca n be m a d e cl e a r by c o n sid e ri n g f ro m tw o p o i n ts
.

o f Vi e w : fi rst ho w the sm a ll g e rms e sc a p e f ro m dis e a s e d a n i

,

m a ls ; a n d s e c o n d ho w s o u n d a n im a ls b e c o m e i n f e ct e d All
,
.

dis e a s e d a n im a ls p o ss e ss the g e rm This g e rm e sc a p e s wh e n

.

the tiss u e s it ha s d e st ro y e d a re b e i n g disch a rg e d f ro m the

b o dy . Th u s if the l u n gs a re a ffe ct e d the a n i m a l o n c o u ghi n g
, ,

disl o dge s the g e rms which m a y be f o rc e d dire ctly o u t o f the b o dy

,

o r l o dg e d in the m o u th wh e n th e y l e a v e the b o dy with the s a liv a

,
.
3 4
4 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

In the c a s e s in whi ch the g e rms a re fo u n d i n the s a liv a th e y a re

l e ft in the w a t e ri n g t ro u ghs o n the b o tt o m o f the m a n g e rs o n , ,

the g ra ss o n o th e r a n im a ls wh e n lick e d by dis e a s e d o n e s a n d

, ,

in f a ct sp re a d wh e re v e r the dis e a s e d a n i m a l g o e s If the dis .

e a s e h a pp e n s to be in the gl a n ds o f the i n t e sti n a l w a lls the g e rm ,

F IG 1 02 — DE V ON BU LL D AR K S M A E TY
J S Ow n ed by S to c kw e ll an d
i
. . .

G ffo rd , S u tto n , M a ss .

T he D e v on ca ttle igi t
i n t he c o u n e s o f D e o n a n d S o m e r s e
or na ed ti
E n la n d v t g
y v i y ifi ti b ti
.
,

T he a re a r o u sl c la ss e d so m e m es a s e e f ca le a t o h e r m e s a s d u a l tt t
p p yt b i i
, ,

u r o s e a n i m a ls T he e n d m o re o w a rd eef h a n m lk t
T h e a n m a ls a r e t
y ti i i b ig p
. .

s m m e r ca l a n d r m t
I n s z e t he u lls w e h fr o m 1 5 00 to 2 000 o u n d s the
p g
.
,

co w s fr o m 1 300 to 1 5 00 o u n ds T he co lo r i s re d , a l ho u h th e s h a d e i s t
t ig t
.

of e n l h .

esc a p e s with the d u n g If the gl a n ds o f the u dd e r a re dis e a s e d

.
,

the g e rm p a ss e s o u t with the milk If the dis e a s e is l o c a t e d .

in the gl a n ds o f the ski n the g e rms m a y e sc a p e th ro u gh the ,

o p e n i n gs o f the ski n .

Wh e n the ge rms h a v e e sc a p e d i n t o the w a t e ri n g t ro u ghs ,

m a n ge rs o n the g ra ss a n d the lik e th e y a re re a dily ta k e n u p by

, , ,
 4
3 6 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

n e ce ssa rv . This syri n g e sh o u ld be p ro vid e d with sh o rt st o u t ,

n e e dl e s ,
w e ll re en f o rce d a t the b a s e .

An y d ru ggist will p ro c u re the syri n g e a n d n e e dl e s a n d sh o w

ho w to u s e th e m .

3 Th e rm o m e te r
. .A g u a ra n t e e d cli n i ca l th e rm o m e t e r is
n e c e ss a ry . If a l a rg e n u m b e r o f a n i m a ls is to be t e st e d it will ,

f a cilit a t e m a tt e rs to p ro vid e tw o o r th re e th e rm o m e t e rs An y .

d ru ggist will p ro vid e a th e rm o m e t e r a n d sh o w ho w to a dj u s t

o r sh a k e d o w n a n d ho w to re a d it . A st ri n g sh o u ld be ti e d
a ro u n d the th e rm o m e t e r a t the o th e r e n d o f whi c h sh o u ld be
,

f a st e n e d a wi re h o o k o r a sm a ll b u ll -do g cl a m p Aft e r i n s e rti n g

,
.

the th e rm o m e t e r in the re ct u m the cl a m p o r wi re h o o k is f a s te n e d

,

to the l o n g h a i rs a t the b a s e o f the t a il o r the wi re wo u n d a ro u n d

,

the t a il s o th a t if the th e rm o m e t e r is th ro w n o u t it will n o t be ,

b ro k e n by d ro ppi n g to the g ro u n d C o ws a re lik e ly to v o id d u n g

.

s o o n a ft e r the i n s e rti o n o f the th e rm o m e t e r a n d u n l e ss this ,

p re c a u ti o n is t a k e n the th e rm o m e t e r is v e ry lik e l y to d ro p to the

,

fl o o r b e f o re m a n y t e m p e ra tu re s a re t a k e n .

4 D isi n f e ct a n t A sm a ll b o ttl e o f st ro n g c a rb o lic a cid

. .

( p
9 5 e r c e n t ) t
, o b e u s e d in disi n f e cti n g th e sy ri n g e b e f o re b e gi n

n i n g the t e st a n d to disi n f e c t the n e e dl e p o i n t b e f o re i n j e cti n g

-

e a ch a n i m a l is e ss e n ti a l
,
.This ca n be p ro c u re d a t a n y d ru g
st o re .

5 V a s e li n e
. . A sm a ll ca n o f v a s e li n e o r l a rd sh o u ld be pro
v ide d to g re a s e the th e rm o m e t e r b e f o re i n s e rti o n A v a s e li n e
.

j a r a ls o a ff o r ds a s a f e a n d c o n v e n i e n t pl a c e t o k e e p t h e th e r

m o m e te r b e tw e e n ti m e s o f t a ki n g t e m p e ra t u re .

Di re cti on s for m a kin g the tu be rcu li n te st . Whil e m a ki n g the

t e st is n o t diffic u lt (in f a ct e a si e r d o n e th a t t o ld ) o n e sh o u ld ,

be e xc e e di n gly c a re f u l g o i n g a bo u t the w o rk m e th o di c a lly

,

a n d k e e pi n g e v e rythi n g n e a t a n d cl e a n The t e st m a y be
.

divid e d fo r co n v e n i e n c e i n t o fi v e e ss e n ti a l p a rts : ( 1 ) k e e p
in g re c o rds ( 2 ) t a ki n g the n o rm a l t e mp e ra t u re o n e da y
, , ,

( )
3 i n j e cti n g t h e t u b e r c u li n s a m e d a y ( ) 4,
t a ki n g t e m p e r a t u r e
 D I S E AS E S OF CA TTL E 4
3 7

a ft e r i n j e cti o n s e co n d da y (5 ) i n t e rp re t a ti o n o f the t e m p e ra
, ,

t u re re c o rds .

It is v e ry e ss e n ti a l th a t the a n i m a ls be w e ll k n o wn o r n u m
b e re d fo r in n o ca s e sh o u ld th e y ge t m ix e d It is n o t a dvis a bl e
,
.

fo r the b e gi n n e r to a tt e m pt to t e st m o re th a n tw e n ty a n i m a ls
a t o n e ti m e .

C a ttl e s u ff e ri n g f ro m s u ch dis e a s e s a s g a rg e t re t a i n e d ,

a ft e rbi rth a n d the lik e o r th o s e th a t a re in h e a t o r fa r a l o n g in

, ,

p re g n a n cy sh o u ld n o t be t e st e d
, .

1 .Ke e pi n g re c o rds An a cc u ra t e re c o rd o f e a ch t e mp e ra
.

t u re m u st be k e pt To do this p ro cu re a l a rg e s h e e t o f p a p e r
.

writi n g the n a m e s o r n u m b e r o f e a ch a ni m a l d o wn the l e ft sid e ,

a n d the h o u r a t whi c h the t e m p e ra t u re is t a k e n a c ro ss the to p .

As e a ch t e m p e ra t u re is t a k e n re c o rd it u n d e r the h o u r a n d o p
,

po si te the n am e .

a c c o u n t o f the
2 . T a ki n g the n o rm a l t e m p e ra t u re .
—O n
v a ri a ti o n in te m p e ra t u re it is e ss e n ti a l to t a k e the t e m p e ra t u re
o f e a ch a n i m a l a t i n t e rv a ls o f tw o h o u rs u n til a t l e a st f o u r

t e m p e ra t u re s a re t a k e n b e f o re the t u b e rcu li n is i n j e ct e d Th e s e
, .

t e m p e ra t u re s m u st be ca re fu lly re c o rd e d to co m p a re with the

t e m p e ra t u re s o f the s a m e co w a ft e r i n j e cti o n Aft e r b e c o m i n g .

f a m ili a r w ith the m e th o d o f re a di n g the th e rm o m e t e r sh a k e it ,

d o wn s m e a r it with v a s e li n e a n d i n s e rt f u ll l e n gth i n t o the re c

,

tu m Att a ch the th e rm o m e t e r to the b a s e o f the t a il by m e a n s

.

o f the cl a m p o f W i re a n d a ll o w to re m a i n in the re ct u m fo r th re e
,

m in u t e s Withd ra w the th e rm o m e t e r re a d the t e m p e ra t u re

.
, ,

re c o rd o n the sh e e t a t o n c e S h a k e the th e rm o m e t e r d o w n a n d
, ,

p ro c e e d a s b e f o re .

Be c a u s e o f the e a s e w ith whi ch v a ri a ti o n s in t e mp e ra t u re

a re ca u s e d it is i m p o r ta n t to k e e p the a n i m a ls th a t a re b e i n g
,

t e st e d u n d e r n o rm a l c o n diti o n s Th e y sh o u ld be fe d w a t e re d
.
, ,

a n d milk e d a s u s u a l .

3 In j e cti n g the t u b e r c u li n
. This is pre f e ra bly d o n e in the
.

e v e n i n g sa y e ight h o u rs b e f o re the ti m e o f milki n g in the m

, o rn
 4
3 8 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

in g . Fo r e x a m pl e if
,
the
c o ws a re m ilk e d a t 6 A M i n j e c t the . .
,

tu b e rc u li n a t 1 0 P M The sy ri n g e S h o u ld be disi n f e ct e d by
.

d ra wi n g it f u ll o f c a rb o li c a cid e m ptyi n g it a n d th e n ri n si n g in
, ,

b o ili n g w a t e r b e fo re b e gi n n i n g the i n j e cti o n In a dditi o n to .

this j u st b e f o re i n j e cti n g e a ch a n i m a l dip the n e e dl e in st ro n g

, ,

c a rb o li c a cid to disi n fe ct it C a re fu lly fill the syri n ge th ro u gh

.

the n e e dl e fro m the b o ttl e o f t u b e rc u li n S e t the b u rr o n the pis

.

to n ro d o f the sy ri n g e so th a t n o t m o re th a n the d o s e i n t e n d e d
-

ca n be i n j e ct e d The d ru ggist will sh o w how this is d o n e wh e n

.

the syri n g e is p u rch a s e d The siz e o f the d o s e will be st a t e d o n

.

the t u b e rc u li n b o ttl e With the co w re st ra i n e d in a st a n chi o n

.
,

o r ti e d sh o rt in a st a ll t a k e h o ld o f the ski n with the l e f t h a n d

,

a l o n g the sid e o f the n e ck wh e re it is thi n a n d l o o s e a n d with the

syri n g e in the right h a n d q u i ckly i n s e rt the p o i n t in the

p o ck e t th u s fo rm e d a n d i n j e ct the d o s e O cc a si o n a lly s o m e
.

f o rc e is n e e d e d to i n s e rt the n e e dl e i n t o the ski n Be f o re in .

j e ct in g a n o th e r c o w s e e th a,
t t h e sy ri n g e i s w o rki n g p ro p e rly
a n d the n e e dl e is in g o o d sh a p e

4 T a ki n g t e mp e ra t u re a ft e r in j e cti o n Be gi n t a ki n g te m
.

. .

pe ra tu re s e ight h o u rs a ft e r the i n j e cti o n o f the t u b e rcu li n a n d

c o n ti n u e e v e ry tw o h o u rs u n til six t e m p e ra t u re s a re t a k e n a n d ,

c o n ti n u e th o s e c a s e s sh o wi n g a ris e in t e m p e ra t u re Fo r e x .

a mpl e if the tu b e rc u li n w a s i n j e ct e d a t 1 0 R M b e gi n t a ki n g
, ,

te mp e ra t u re s a t 6 A M th e n a t 8 A M 1 0 A M
. .
,
12 M ,
. .
,
.
,

4P M a n d m a k e a c a re fu l re c o rd o f e a ch
. .

2 R M and, . .
,

te mp e ra t u re a s t a k e n Wh e n a n a n im a l sh o ws a ris e a b o v e 1 03
.
,

it is we ll to t a k e the t e mp e ra t u re s a t m o re fre q u e n t i n t e rv a ls .

5 In te rp re t a ti o n o f the t e mp e ra t u re re c o rds
. The te m .

pe ra tu re s a ft e r i n j e c ti n g the t u b e rcu li n m u st be c a re fu lly st u di e d

a n d c o mp a re d with th o s e ta k e n the da y b e f o re In typic a l .

c a s e s o f tu b e rc u l o sis a n e l e v a ti o n o f t e m p e ra t u re u s u a lly c o m e s
,

o n g ra d u a lly a lth o u gh in th e m o re p ro n o u n c e d re a cti o n s wh e n

, ,

the t e mp e ra t u re g o e s a b o v e d e gre e s the ris e is o ft e n ra pid

,
.

This e l e v a ti o n u s u a lly o cc u rs b e t w e e n the e ighth a n d sixte e n th

35 0 M AN U A L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

’
the ch a n c e o f the h e rd s b e i n g i n fe ct e d is v e ry slight Si n c e the .

t ro u bl e a n d e xp e n s e o f m a ki n g the t e st a re so slight it is w e ll ,

w o rth whil e to m a k e it in o rd e r to h a v e the a ss u ra n c e th a t the

h e rd is e n ti re ly fre e a n d th e re is a bs o l u t e ly n o d a n g e r in the co n
s u mpti o n o f th e i r p ro d u cts e ith e r m ilk o r m e a t
,
.

Era di ca ti on of tu be rcu lo si s The e ra di c a ti o n o f t u b e r c u l o sis

.
,

o n c e it g e ts a f o o th o ld is n o t so e a sy o r a t l e a st n o t so in e xpe n
,

siv e . Th e re is o f c o u rs e n o c u re fo r the dis e a s e so o th e r m e th o ds ,

o f e ra dic a ti o n m u st be s o u ght It ha s b e e n s u gg e st e d th a t a ll
.

dis e a s e d a n im a ls be sl a u ght e re d bu t this w o u ld m e a n u n t o ld

,

w a st e a n d we re it e n f o rc e d m ight l e a d to a n a ti o n a l ca l a m ity
, ,

fo r it is d o u btfu l if the n a ti o n c o u ld sp a re a ll o f its t u b e rc u l a r

c a ttl e a t o n e ti m e Th e re is o n e pl a n h o w e v e r whi ch if it c o u ld
.
, , ,

be e m pl o y e d w o u l d s e e m to b ridg e the diffic u lty a n d in a fe w

,

g e n e ra ti o n s w o u ld re s u lt in b o vi n e t u b e rc u l o sis b e i n g p ra cti c a lly

sw e pt fro m the l a n d Thi s pl a n h o w e v e r re q u i re s e xt ra
.
, ,

l a b o r a s w e ll a s the e xp e n s e o f e xt ra e q u ip m e n t a n d its e m
, ,

pl o y m e n t is p u re l y e c o n o mi c a l ; bu t si n c e fro m the n a t u re o f ,

the dis e a s e a n d the i m p o rt a n c e o f the a n im a ls c o n c e rn e d it ,

s e e m s to be the o n ly a v e n u e o f h o p e the pl a n i s h e re giv e n ,

.

The Ba n g m e th o d o f e ra dic a ti n g b o vi n e t u b e r c u l o sis This .

m e th o d re c o m m e n d e d by Dr Ba n g o f the C o p e n h a g e n V e te ri
,
.

n a ry C o ll e g e is b e i n g s u cc e ssf u lly e m pl o y e d in D e n m a rk
,
The .

o bj e ct o f the m e th o d is to re pl e n ish a t u b e r c u l o u s h e r d with a s

littl e l o ss a s p o ssibl e .The o rigi n a l m e th o d ha s b e e n m o difi e d

fro m ti m e to ti m e a n d a t p re s e n t st a n ds th u s : Im m e di a t e ly
a ft e r t e sti n g the h e rd divid e it i n t o tw o p a rts pl a ci n g the s o u n d ,

a n i m a ls in o n e a n d the dis e a s e d a n im a ls in t he o th e r th u s m a k ,

in g tw o h e rds o n e dis e a s e d the o th e r s o u n d

, ,
At o n c e re m o ve .

the s o u n d h e rd to n e w a n d u n i n f e ct e d q u a rt e rs a n d k e e p it ,

a w a y f ro m the i n f e cti o n The di ffic u lty o f this is th a t it m e a n s

.

tw o s e ts o f e q u ip m e n t b a rn l o ts p a st u re s a n d the lik e ;fo r if the

, , , ,

pl a n is to s u c ce e d the s o u n d h e rd m u st be k e pt e n ti re ly a w a y
,

fro m the i n f e ct e d b a rn l o ts a n d p a st u re s Th e y m u st e v e n h a v e
, ,
.
 D I S EA S E S OF CA TTL E 35 1

di ff e re n t ca re t a k e rs Si n c e c a lve s a t bi rth a re fre e fro m tu be rcu

.

lo sis th o s e fro m the dis e a s e d h e rd m a y be pu t with th o s e f ro m

,

the s o u n d h e rd .N0 a n i m a ls sh o u ld be a d m itt e d to the s o u n d

h e rd with o u t fi rst b e i n g t e st e d a n d the s o u n d h e rd its e lf sh o u ld
be t e st e d o n c e e a ch y e a r a n d if a n y a n i m a ls re a ct th e y a re to be
, ,

t with t h dis s d h r d a n d t he st a bl e th o ro u ghly disin

p u e e a e e

fe cte d with c o rro siv e s u blim a t e .

If d a i ry c a ttl e the m ilk f ro m the t u b e rc u l o u s h e rd m u s t be

,
0

ha n dl e d in e n ti re ly s e p a ra t e u t e n sils a n d p a st e u riz e d a t 1 8 5 F .
,

a ft e r which it is c o n sid e re d h a rm l e ss b o th fo r st o ck a n d h u m a n

fo o d.

This m e th o d th o u gh it i n v o lv e s m u ch e xp e n s e s e e ms to be
, ,

the o nl y f e a sibl e o n e fo r the e ra di c a ti o n o f b o vi n e t u b e rc u l o sis .

It is b e i n g s u c c e ssf u lly c o n d u ct e d o n s e v e ra l f a rm s in this c o u n

try a t the p re s e n t ti m e The p a i n st a ki n g a n d c a re f u l c a ttl e
.

o w n e r ca n e ra di c a t e t u b e rc u l o sis f ro m his h e rd in a v e ry fe w
'

y e a rs b y the Ba n g m e th o d o r s o m e m o dific a ti o n if he so d e si re s
, ,
.

B L O ATIN G IN CATT LE

Bl o a ti n g , or ho ve n is the di ste n ti o n o f the p a u n ch o r

,

ru m e n with ga s It is li a bl e to o cc u r wh e n c a ttl e a re fi rst

.

t u rn e d to y o u n g cl o v e r o r a lf a lf a e sp e ci a lly if the g ro wt h i s
,

ra n k a s th e y e a t it s o g re e dily th a t g a s f o rm a ti o n
,
re s u lts .

T u rn i ps p o t a t o e s a n d c a bb a g e m a y lik e wis e se t u p f e rme n t a

, ,

ti o n which p ro c e e ds ra pidly ; the ga s d o e s n o t e sc a p e

, an d ,

s o o n the ru m e n b e c o m e s di st e n d e d to a l a rg e si z e Bl o a t i n g .

is e a sily re c o g ni z e d by the dist e n si o n o f the ru m e n pa rticu ,

la rly o n the l e ft sid e t h a t p a rt b u lgi n g o u tw a rd a n d u pw a rd

,

v e ry n o tic e a bly a n d wh e n st ru ck with the tips o f the fin g e rs

, ,

g ivi n g a d ru m -
lik e s o u n d B re a thi n g is v e.ry di ffic u lt t he a n im a l ,

re e ls a n d s o o n m a y lie d o w n o r f a ll
,
.

The tre a tm e n t v a ri e s a c c o rdi n g to the s e v e rity o f the c a s e In .

mild a tt a cks d rivi n g the a n i m a l a t a w a lk O ft e n giv e s re li e f o r

, ,

d a shin g c o ld w a t e r by the b u ck e tfu l a g a i n st the sid e s m a y s u ffi ce .

35 2 M AN U A L OF F AR M A NI M AL S

If the i m a l is ba d it m a y be n e c e ss a ry to pu t a ga g in the
an ,

m o u th a s f o ll o ws : T a k e a pi e c e o f i n ch ro p e s m e a r it with pi n e ,

ta r w a g o n g re a s e o r o th e r u n s a v o ry s u bst a n c e pl a c e it in the
, , ,

a n i m a l s m o u th a s a bit a n d f a st e n by tyi n g a ro u n d t he h o rn s
’
,

o r t a k e a sti ck the siz e o f a f o rk h a n dl e a n d e ight o r te n i n ch e s

,

l o n g pl a c e this in the m o u th a s a bit a n d s e c u re with a st ri n g by

,

tyi n g a ro u n d the h e a d It will try to di sl o dg e th e s e o bj e cts by

.

m o v e m e n ts o f the t o n g u e j a ws a n d th ro a t th u s stim u l a ti n g the

, , ,

s e c re ti o n o f s a liv a a n d sw a ll o wi n g which o p e n s the e S O pha gu s ,

a n d p e rm its the g a s to e sc a p e At this tim e a littl e s a lt th ro wn

.

F IG I O3 —D E V O N HER D ; S ALLY T HE C E T E R
IN N HER T w o YE A R O L D
- -

L L C AL F GHT HER Y E A R L G C A L F
. .
,

BU TO T HE R I AN D IN T o T HE LE FT Ow n ed
by L P S i
, .

. . sso n .

i n t o the m o u th o ft e n p ro v e s a dv a n t a g e o u s In s e v e re c a s e s ho w .
,

e v e r the g a s m u st be a ll o w e d to e sc a p e with o u t d e l a y a n d this is

, ,

b e st a c co m plish e d by the u se o f a t ro c a r a n d c a n u l a O n the l e ft .

sid e a b o u t h a lfw a y b e tw e e n the l a st rib a n d the hip m a k e a n in

, ,

cisio n th ro u gh the ski n a b o u t th re e -q u a rt e rs o f a n i n ch l o n g with

a sh a rp kn if e ; th ro u gh this i n cisi o n i n s e rt the t ro c a r a n d c a n u l a ,

di re cti n g d o wn w a rd i n w a rd a n d S ligh tly fo rw a rd a n d th ru st

, , ,

the p o i n t i n t o the p a u n ch If this h a pp e n s to be a fa t a n i m a l

.
,

it will be s o m e dist a n c e th ro u gh bu t th ru st it h o m e R e m o ve, .

the t ro c a r l e a vi n g the c a n u l a in pl a c e th ro u gh whi ch the g a s

, ,
35 4 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

m a tt e r p a rtic u l a rly if it be s a lty Su ch a n i m a l s are simply in

,
.

disp o s e d do n o t e a t a n d st a n d a ro u n d with a d e j e ct e d l o o k If
, ,
.

n o a tt e n ti o n is giv e n th e m th e y m a y re m a i n in this c o n diti o n

,

fo r s o m e ti m e This is to be a v o id e d if p o ssibl e a s a n i m a ls th a t
.
,

a re n o t d o i n g w e ll a re s u re t o p ro v e u n p ro fit a bl e T he t re a t .

m e n t is to giv e p o u n d d o s e s o f Eps o m s a lts di ss o lv e d in w a rm

w a t e r to whi ch a littl e gi n g e r ha s b e e n a dd e d If th e y will e a t .
,

give gru e ls o r m a sh e s a n d a ll o w a ll the fre sh w a t e r th e y will

,

d ri n k .

DE HO R NI NG

In c a s e the h o rn s w e re n o t re m o v e d wh e n the c a lf w a s sm a ll a s ,

s u gg e st e d o n p a g e 25 5 , a n d it is d e si re d to re m o v e th e m l a te r it ,

will be n e c e ss a ry to re m o v e th e m with e ith e r a sa w o r a p a i r o f

d e h o rn i n g clipp e rs The a n i m a l m u st be c o n fi n e d in a ch u t e o r
.

s to cks m a d e fo r s u ch p u rp o s e s a ro p e pl a c e d a ro u n d the h e a d
, ,

whi ch sh o u ld be p u ll e d to on e sid e a n d h e l d fi rm ly whil e the h o rn

is re m o v e d Wh e th e r s a w e d o r clipp e d re m o v e the h o rn so cl o s e
.
,

to the h e a d a s to t a k e a ri n g o f h a i r o ff a t the b a s e o f the h o rn ,

o th e rwis e the h o rn will g ro w o u t a s a st u b If in fly ti m e a pply

.
,

ta r to k e e p the fli e s a w a y The bl e e di n g will st o p o f its o w n

.

a cc o rd . T he p a i n o f the o p e ra ti o n is slight a n d wh e n e ve r ,

a n im a ls a re disp o s e d to be vici o u s the h o rn s sh o u ld be re m o v e d .

It is n o t a g o o d pl a n to d e h o rn wh e n the fli e s a re ba d n o r sh o u l d ,

d e h o rn e d a n i m a ls h a v e a c ce ss to st ra w o r ha y st a cks wh e re th e y
ca n ge t the ch a ff i n t o the w o u n ds .

V I CE S OF DAI R Y C ATTLE

Th e re a re a fe w ba d h a bits o r Vic e s to whi ch d a i ry c a ttl e a re

s u bj e c t Th e y a re o ft e n s e ri o u s a n d l e ss e n the u s e f u l n e ss o f the
.

a n im a l . M o st o f th e m h o w e v e r ca n be re m e di e d with a li t tl e
, ,

p a ti e n t e ffo rt o r by the a rra n g e m e n t o f i n e xp e n siv e a pp a ra tu s

, .

K i cki n g cow — T o p re v e n t a co w f ro m kicki n g p ro cu re a

.
,

h lf i n ch ro p e l o n g e n o u gh t o re a ch a ro u n d the c o w s b o dy a n d
a - ’
 D I S EA S E S OF CA TTL E 55

tie pl a c e the ro p e w i th slip n o o s e o n o n e e n d a ro u n d the b o dy

, ,

o f the co w ,
j u st in f ro n t Of the u dd e r a n d b a ck o f the hip b o n e s .

Dra w tight a n d tie R e p e a t e a ch milki n g a lw a ys t re a ti n g the

.
,

co w g e n tly . Aft e r a ti m e o n e n e e d o n ly la y the ro p e o v e r the

c o w s b a ck Fi n a lly the ro p e m a y be disc a rd e d
’
. .

A n o th e r m e th o d re co m m e n d e d by s o m e is to t a k e a h a m e st ra p
a n d b u ckl e the tw o hi n d l e gs t o g e th e r bu t this is n o t e ffi ci e n t a s
,

s he is lik e ly to g e t o n e le g l o o s e o r th ro w h e rs e lf e n d e a v o ri n g t o

do so .

Wh e n the co w is ti e d by the st a n chi o n the e xp e ri e n c e d milk e r

,

will be a bl e to m ilk a l m o st a n y co w by c ro wdi n g he r o v e r a s fa r

a s the st a n chi o n will le t he r g o th e n by pl a ci n g his k n e e in f ro n t
,

o f he r h o ck a n d hi s h e a d in he r fl a n k s he is n o t lik e ly to try to

kick ; in f a ct s he c a n n o t if the m ilk e r u n d e rst a n ds h o l di n g he r

,

in the p ro p e r p o siti o n .

S u ckin g cow .O cca si o n a lly a co w d e v e l o ps the h a bit o f

e ith e r s u cki n g h e rs e lf o r a n o th e r co w Whil e th e re a re m a n y
.

w a ys o f p re v e n ti n g this p e rh a ps a s e ffi ci e n t w a y a s a n y is to
,

p ro c u re a stiff pi e c e o f o ld l e a th e r s a y o n e a n d o n e h a lf i n ch e s
,
-

wid e a n d e ight i n ch e s l o n g driv e th ro u gh this s e v e ra l e ight

,

p e n n y wi re n a ils with the e n ds fil e d d o wn to a p o i n t a n d f a st e n

to the n o s e -b a n d o f a c o m m o n h a lt e r a n d pl a c e this h a lt e r o n the
s u cki n g co w With this she ca n n o t re a ch he r o w n t e a ts o r th o s e
.

o f a n y o th e r co w with o u t i n j u ri n g the fl a n ks a n d she n o t lik e ly ,

to try m o re th a n o n c e .
 C HA PT ER X VI

CHO O SING AND JUD GING S HEEP

FAM I LIAR ITY with wh a t is wa n t e d p o w e rs o f o bs e rv a ti o n a n d

, ,

g o o d j u dgm e n t a re e q u a lly a s imp o rt a n t in cho o sm g sh e e p a s in

ch o o si n g c o ws o r h o rs e s Th e s e ca n be g a i n e d o n ly by c a re f u l
.

st u dy a n d m o re e sp e ci a lly by p ra ctic e a s sh e e p a re o ft e n de
, ,

ce ptiv e . The imp o rt a n c e o f th e s e f a c u lti e s c a n n o t be o v e re sti

m a t e d in the ch o ic e o f a n y cl a ss o f f a rm a n i m a ls .

The w o o l -c o v e ri n g o f the b o dy o f the sh e e p m a k e s a n e x a mi n a

ti on o f the fo rm ra th e r diffic u lt The w o o l is o ft e n so t rimm e d
.

a s to d e c e iv e An e xp e rt t rimm e r p o ss e ssi n g m u ch skill w ith

.
,

the sh e a rs ca n giv e a ra th e r i n f e ri o r sh e e p the a pp e a ra n c e o f a

,

pl u mp fu ll fo rm ; th u s a n im a ls with swa y b a cks n a rro w fla t , ,

ribs n a rro w p e a k e d ru m ps a re o ft e n so t ri m m e d a s to c o n c e a l
, ,

s u ch d e f e cts To fa cilita te the i n sp e cti o n a n d h a st e n the w o rk

‘

.
,

to a v o id b e i n g d e c e iv e d a n d to e n a bl e the e x a m i n e r to disc o v e r
a ll d e f e cts the f o ll o w i n g m e th o d
, of e x a mi n i n g sh e e p is
s u gg e st e d .

Aft e r n o ti n g the g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e the a ge the t e e th, , ,

the e y e s a n d the lik e th e n w ith the o p e n h a n d a s sh o wn

, , , ,

in the ill u st ra ti o n s (p a g e p ro ce e d to a d e t a il e d e x a m i n a
ti o n. D o n o t d e p e n d o n the e y e a l o n e bu t f o rtify it with the
,

t o u ch c a re fu lly n o ti n g e a ch ch a ra ct e r a s d e sc rib e d u n d e r d e t a il
,

e x a mi n a ti o n (p a g e D u ri n g this e x a m i n a ti o n k e e p the
fi n g e rs a n d th u mb t o g e th e r a n d the h a n d fla t Ne v e r stick the .

fi n g e rs i n t o the wo o l Wh e n it is d e si re d to e x a mi n e the w o o l
.
,

O p e n u p the w o o l with the h a n d fl a t ( Fig .

35 9
36 0 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

C a tchi n g a n d ho ldi n g she e p . Th e re a re tw o pl a ce s to c a tch

sh e e p : Fi rst , the hi n d le g a b o v e the g a mb e l j o i n t ; s e c o n d by ,

F IG 10 4 —D E LA NE I M ERI N O R AM BE C O N A A pi r ze w i n n e r, ow n e d by
i
. . .

C M a rsha ll Ne w Lo n d o n
.
, , Oh o .

i M i h p
The D e la ne f A i M i
er n o s ee a re o m e r ca n er n o a n ce s r t y b d ai l y byre m n

ti g f v i ti f f f ld Thi b bl h A i
,

se le c n ro m ar e es re e ro m o s s re e d re s e m es t e m e r ca n

M i pt l ki g h h vy f ld d h fl h vy T h
.

e r n o e xce ac n t e ea o i s n o t so e a
an t e e e ce e r e a re

v l f ili f D l i D i ki
.
,

se e ra am hes o N i l S
e a n e s su c as a t on a ta n d a rd c n so n
‘

d Bl k an ac

0 p 5 p
, , , ,

T opR h f am s S ear d
ro m h 1 2 to 2 ou n s t e e w e s fro m to 1 8 d f ou n s o

t g fi ight h yf 00 p
.
,

s ro n l I n e w oo n w e t e ra m s v a r ro m 1 30 to 2 ou n d h s, t e ew es

4 0 p T hi b d i p p l
.
,

fro m 00 1 d to 1 ou n s s re e
. s o u a r i n t he U n i e d S t t a te s .

pl a ci n g the h a n d u n d e rn e a th the j a w a n d a ro u n d the n e ck Do .

n o t c a tch a sh e e p by its w o o l a s this n o t o n ly p u lls a n d i n j u re s

,

the w o o l bu t l e a v e s a bl a ck m a rk o r b ru is e o n the b o dy whi ch

,
36 2 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

Exa m i n a ti o n f the te e th
o .
—Whil e
the o rd e r o f the a pp e a r
a n c e o f the p e rm a n e n t t e e th a n d th e i r s u bs e q u e n t m e th o d o f

w e a ri n g a re c o n sid e re d the m o st a cc u ra te m e a n s o f e stim a ti n g

a ge a m o n g sh e e p th e y a re n o t a bs o l u t e ly a cc u ra t e n o r a re
,

th e y a s d e p e n d a bl e a s in the h o rs e T e e th in sh e e p v a ry m u ch
.

a cc o rdi n g to the c on di t i o n s a s in the c a s e o f the h o rs e (se e

,

p a ge

She e p , lik e c a ttl e , p ro vid e d with tw o s e ts o f t e e th ; fi rst

a re ,

the t e m p o ra ry o r milk te e th a n d l a t e r the p e rm a n e n t t e e th

, , , .

The pe rm ein e n t t e e th di ff e r f ro m the te mp o ra ry in th e i r g re a t e r

siz e The re pl a c e m e n t o f the
.

te mp o ra ry t e e th by the p e rm a
n e n t is m a d e n e c e ss a ry by the

i n cre a s e in siz e o f the j a wb o n e

a s the a n i m a l b e c o m e s o ld e r .

As in the c a s e o f c a ttl e S h e e p ,

h a v e i n cis o r t e e t h in the l o w e r
j a w o n ly the u p p e r b e i n g pro
,

v ide d wi th a c a rtil a gi n o u s pa d .

The n u mb e r lik e w is e is the

s a m e e ight in e ith e r c a s e
F IG 1 05 — S HEE P S T EE T H
,
.

I LL U S
The lam b is o ft e n bo rn With
’
. .
,

T R ATI N G AG E
o n e p a i r o f milk te e th a n d the
’

o th e rs s o o n m a k e th e i r a pp e a r

a n ce Th e s e milk te e th a re
.

na rrow a n d e
p g
-
lik e in a p p e a r

a n ce Wh e n the a n im a l is a pp ro xi m a t e ly fift e e n m o n ths o f a ge

.
,

the middl e p a i r o f m ilk t e e th i s re pl a c e d by p e rm a n e n t o n e s ,

which a re fu lly twi c e a s b ro a d a s the milk t e e th h e n c e e a sily ,

re c o g n iz e d ( Fig . T he i n t e rv a l b e tw e e n the a pp e a ra n c e
o f the s u cc e e di n g p a i rs v a ri e s a cc o rdi n g to c o n diti o n s bu t ca n
,

be st a t e d a s a pp ro xi m a t e ly e l e v e n m o n ths In g e n e ra l the a ge
.

o f the a n i m a l a t the tim e e a ch p a i r is u p a n d in f u ll w e a r

m a y be e stim a t e d a s f o ll o ws :
 CH O O S I N G AN D J U D GI N G S HE E P 36 3

Firs t or i
p a ir o f p e rm a n e n t t e e th
m ddle
S e c o n d o r fi rs t in te rm e d i a t e p a i r o f p e rm a n e n t t e e t h
Th i rd o r se c o n d i n t e rm e d i a t e p a i r o f p e rm a n e n t t e e th
F o u rth o r la t e ra l p a i r o f p e rm a n e n t t e e th

Aft e r the t e e th a re u p a n d in w e a r th e re is co m p a ra tiv e ly ,

littl e ch a n g e fo r a tim e bu t a s the a n i m a l g ro ws o ld e r the t e e th

,

b e c o m e n a rro w e r a n d by the e ighth o r n i n th y e a r th e re is

,

m u ch sp a c e b e twe e n th e m Th e y sh ri n k a w a y fro m e a ch.

o th e r b e c o m e m o re o r l e ss disc o l o re d a n d fi n a lly d ro p o u t o n e
, ,

by on e .

TY PES OF S HE E P

Th e re a re tw o disti n ct typ e s o f sh e e p : t he w o o l typ e ,

a d a pt e d fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f m u ch w o o l a n d the m u tt o n ,

typ e a d a pt e d fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f m e a t Th e s e typ e s a re

,
.

c o n t ro ll e d to a c o n sid e ra bl e e xt e n t by the d e m a n ds m a d e u p o n
the b o dy o f the a n im a l Th u s in the ca s e o f w o o l p ro d u cti o n
.

a s m u ch ski n s u rf a c e a s p o ssibl e is d e si re d a n d the ski n is ,

th ro wn i n t o fo lds La rg e w o o l yi e lds d e p e n d m u ch o n t he co n
.

stitu tio n the vig o r a n d the c o n diti o n o f t he ski n ; h e n c e m u ch

, ,

c o n sid e ra ti o n is giv e n th e s e ch a ra ct e rs in ch o o si n g wo o l sh e e p .

Lik e wis e m u ch a tt e n ti o n is p a id the ski n s e c re ti o n s whi ch sh o u ld ,

be o ily in a pp e a ra n c e This o il is c o m m o n ly c a ll e d y o lk .

The w o o l sh o u ld be fi n e wi th a n a t u ra l b right l u st e r a n d a
,

cl e a n whit e c o l o r O n the o th e r h a n d the m u tt o n typ e c a lls

.
,

fo r a f o rm si m il a r to th a t o f b e e f c a ttl e The c a rc a ss is the .

p ro d u ct a n d a pl u mp fu ll b o dy is d e si re d The e n e rgy o f the

,
.

fo o d sh o u ld go to the p ro d u cti o n o f m u tt o n a n d n o t o f w o o l .

Th e s e tw o typ e s th e re f o re a re o f n e c e ssity wid e ly di ff e re n t

, , ,

a n d o n e ca n n o m o re e xp e ct m a xim u m w o o l p ro d u cti o n a n d

m a xim u m m u tt o n p ro d u cti o n in the s a m e sh e e p th a n he ca n

h a v e g re a t e st milk flo w a n d gre a t e st yi e ld o f b e e f in the s a m e
co w .

The fi ne -w oo l type . Th e re a re th re e i m p o rt a n t b re e ds of
36 4 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

fin e -w o o l sh e e p the Am e ric a n M e ri n o the D e l a i n e M e ri n o

, , ,

a n d the R a m o u b ill e t T h e fi n e -
w o o l o r M e ri n o a n d R a m
.
,

b o u ill e t typ e m a y be c o m p a re d to th a t o f the d a i ry co w

,
T he .

b o dy is sp a re l a cki n g in fu ll n e ss in b re a dth o f b a ck a n d in
, , ,

g e n e ra l thi ck n e ss th ro u gh o u t The w o o l is ra th e r sh o rt v e ry.

,

thi ck o v e r the e n ti re b o dy a n d e xc e e di n gly fi n e ,

.

F IG . 1 06 .
-
C HAM P IO N M ER I N O R AM . A typ e . P h o t o g ra p h fr o m Na ti on a l
S to ckm a n an d F a rm e r .

g
O w i n to th e d ffe re n ce i n i e a s sho w n typ by i
the fo ld s o r w r n kle s o n the n e c k
v b y p ii it t
,

a n d o e r th e od fi n e -w o o le d S h e e a re d v de d n o hr e e cla sse s C la ss A,
i p t typ it v y vy i
.
,

M e r n o , re re se n s th e cla s s o r e w h e r he a fo ld s ; C la ss B M e r n o
b y i t b y it
, .

ha s a sm o o h e r o d t
C la ss C M e r n o h a s a sm o o h o d w h o n ly a fe w o r
b t b t
, ,

n o fo ld s a t a ll a ou the n e ck a n d re a s .

Th e re a re thre e cl a ss e s o f fi n e w o o l sh e e p gro u p e d a cc o rdi n g -

,

to the f o lds o r w ri n kl e s o n the n e ck a n d b o dy By c o m m o n .

c o n s e n t th e s e f o rm s a re disti n g u ish e d by l e tt e r a s f o ll o ws :
C la ss A M e ri n o re p re s e n ti n g th o s e with h e a vy f o lds a t t he
.
,

nec k v
an d o e r th e b o dy a nd hi n d -
q u a rt e rs a n d p o ss e ssi n g a n ,
36 6 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Ge n era l a ppea ra n ce

By c a re fu lly bs e rvi n g the g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e o f a sh e e p

o ,

o n e ca n g a i n a f a i r k n o wl e dg e o f its d e si ra bility V e ry o ft e n.

the g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e is n o t giv e n m u ch c o n sid e ra ti o n with ,

the re s u lt th a t m a n y i m p o rt a n t ch a ra c te rs go u n o bs e rv e d .

Be fo re p ro c e e di n g to a d e t a il e d e x a mi n a ti o n o n e sh o u ld ca re
f u lly n o t e the f o rm ; this a ppli e s with e q u a l fo rc e wh e n se le ctl n g
fo r m u tt o n o r w o o l ; if fo r m u t to n the w e ight a n d c o n diti o n
,

a re imp o rt a n t a n d the q u a lity a s w e ll a s the c o n stit u ti o n a re

o f vit a l i m p o rt a n c e to b o t h typ e s a n d sh o u ld re c e iv e m u ch

c a re fu l a tt e n ti o n .

The form will v a ry a cc o rdi n g to the o bj e c t s o u gh t In the .

fi n e -wo o l sh e e p the f o rm m a y di ff e r m a te ri a lly fro m th a t d e si re d

fo r m u tt o n . Cla ss A fi n e w o o l sh o u ld h a v e v e ry h e a vy f o lds
-
, ,

o v e r the e n ti re b o dy G re a t d e pth o f body is o ft e n m o re

.

s o u ght th a n width a n d the a n im a ls a re o ft e n q u i t e a n g u l a r in

,

a pp e a ra n c e . The f o rm s o u ght is th a t which i n di c a t e s g re a t

Vit a lity a n d giv e s m u ch s u rfa c e fo r the p ro d u c ti on o f w o o l .

Fi n e -w o o l sh e e p a re th e re f o re o ft e n high st a n di n g ; d e e p o f -

ch e st th o u gh n a rro w ; l o n g o f b o dy th o u gh w e ll s u pp o rte d ;
, ,

light in the hi n d q u a rt e rs wi th ski n f o ld v a ryi n g a cc o rdi n g to

-

the cl a ss .

O n the o th e r h a n d the f o rm o f the m u tto n sh e e p sh o u ld be

,

c o m p a ra bl e to th a t o f the b e e f a n i m a l Th e y sh o u ld be lo w .

a n d c o n d e n s e d in o rg a n iz a ti o n The to p a n d b o tto m li n e s
.

sh ou ld be p a ra ll e l the sh o u ld e rs a n d ch e s t a lm o s t a s wid e a s the

,

hips a n d ru m p The b o dy sho u ld be sh o rt a n d thick a s l o n g

. w

b o di e s l a cki n g in d e pth a n d fu ll n e ss a re o bj e cti o n a bl e to the

sh e e p f e e d e r a n d to the b u tch e r The re gi o n o f v a l u a bl e c u ts
.

o f m u tt o n a re the s a m e a s th o s e o f b e e f th a t is a l o n g the , ,

b a ck l o i n ru m p a n d thigh ; h e n c e th e s e re gi o n s sh o u ld be e x
, , ,

ce e din gly st ro n g a n d w e ll d e v e l o p e d .
 C HO O S I N G AND J U D GI N G S HEEP 867

Con di ti on a n d w e i ght .
— Si n c e
w e ight d e p e n ds m u ch o n the
the co n diti o n o f the sh e e p th e y will be c o n sid e re d t o g e th e r
,
.

As w e ight is a b re e d ch a ra ct e risti c n o d e fi n it e fig u re s ca n be ,

s u gg e st e d bu t the a n i m a ls ch o s e n sh o u ld be f a i rly l a rg e fo r the

,

p a rtic u l a r b re e d to which th e y b e l o n g Am o n g w o o l sh e e p the .

c o n diti o n sh o u ld be s u ch a s to i n dic a t e th rift a n d h e a lth ; e xce s

siv e fle shin e ss is n o t e ss e n ti a l In g e n e ra l the c o n diti o n m u st .
,

be d e t e rmi n e d by the t o u ch a s the w o o l o ft e n d e c e iv e s the e y e

,
.

A m o n g m u tt o n sh e e p a f a i r a m o u n t o f fl e sh is d e si ra bl e e v e n ,

in the b re e di n g st o ck a s the t e n d e n cy to f a tt e n q u ickly is a

,

v e ry i m p o rt a n t c o n sid e ra ti o n in this typ e .

li — S h p p ss ssi g u ch q u a lity a re d e si re d fo r
Q u a ty .e e o e n m
b o th m u tt o n a n d w o o l p ro d u cti o n With sh e e p a s with o th e r .
,

f a rm a n i m a ls q u a lity is d e t e rm i n e d by the b o n e ski n a n d h a i r

, , ,
.

The b o n e sh o u ld be d e n s e cl e a n a n d o f fi n e t e xt u re ,
The ski n ,
.

sh o u ld be s o ft pi n k in co l o r a n d c o m p a ra tiv e ly thi n
, ,
C a re .

m u st be e x e rcis e d in re sp e ct to the thi n n e ss o f the ski n a s a ,

thi n p a p e r ski n is o ft e n a ss o ci a t e d with w e a k n e ss o f co n stitu

ti o n. The h a i r o n the e a rs f a ce a n d l e gs sh o u ld be s o ft a n d
, ,

silky Th e s e a re imp o rt a n t f e a t u re s in sh e e p i n t e n d e d fo r
.

w o o l o r fo r m u tt o n fo r b re e di n g o r fo r f e e di n g S h e e p p o ss e ss
,
.

in g a tight h e a vy p a l e ski n c o a rs e h a rsh h a i r a b o u t the f a c e

, , , ,

a n d o n the l e gs a n d h e a vy ro u gh c o a rs e b o n e a re d e fici e n t in
, ,

q u a lity .

The con sti tu ti on a l vi gor d e s e rv e s m u ch a tt e n ti o n fo r in its ,

a bs e n c e the w o o l will be o f p o o r q u a lity a n d the m u tt o n sh e e p

a n u n p ro fit a bl e a n im a l Vig o r is e sti m a t e d by the g e n e ra l

.

e xp re ssi o n by the c o n diti o n o f the ski n a n d by the ch e st ca

, ,

p a c ity . T he e xp re ssi o n o f t h e e y e s e a r s a n d h e a d sh o u ld b e , ,

mild a n d live ly a n d the sh e e p sh o u ld be o n the a l e rt The ski n

,
.

sh o u ld be d e e p pi n k a n d n o t p a l e The ch e st c a p a city sh o u ld .

be l a rg e A g o o d w a y to e sti m a t e the ch e st c a p a city a m o n g

.

sh e e p is to n o t e the dist a n ce b e tw e e n the fro n t l e gs a l o n g the

fl o o r o f the ch e st If the dist a n c e b e tw e e n the l e gs is sm a ll it
.
,
8 68 M AN UAL O F F A R M A N I M AL S

de n ote s a w ch e st A n a rro w ch e st is a lwa ys o bj e cti o n

n a rro .

a bl e a s it
,
m a y i n dic a t e l a ck o f c o n stit u ti o n a l vig o r .

Un iform i ty — The i m p o rt a n c e o f u n if o rm ity in a fl o ck o f

.

sh e e p ch o s e n e ith e r fo r w o o l o r m u tt o n c a n n o t be o v e re sti m a t e d .

Th e y sh o u ld be u n if o rm in typ e siz e a n d b re e di n g W hil e , , .

s u ch u n if o rm ity m a y n o t a dd to the p ro d u cti o n o f w o o l o r to the

a bility to t a k e o n fl e sh it m a t e ri a lly i m p ro v e s th e i r g e n e ra l
,

a pp e a ra n c e an d i n c re a s e s th e i r m a rk e t v a l u e Eith e r the .

b u t ch e r o r the sh e e p b re e d e r will pa y m o re fo r a u n ifo rm fl o ck

th a n fo r o n e in which s u ch re g u l a rity is w a n ti n g .

De ta i l cha ra cte rs of she e p

A d e t a il e d e x a mi n a ti o n o f the ch a ra ct e rs o f sh e e p is o f
g re a t e r i m p o rt a n ce th a n th a t o f a n y o th e r cl a ss o f f a rm a n i
m a ls This is du e to the w o o l c o v e ri n g m a n y d e f e cts In
. .

o rd e r th a t n o n e o f the ch a ra ct e r s be o v e rl o o k e d th e y sh o u ld ,

be c o n sid e re d in o rd e r .

The he a d sh o u ld be sh o rt with st ro n g j a ws a n d l a rg e n o st rils

,
.

The m o u th sh o u ld be e x a m i n e d to n o t e the a ge a n d wh e t he r a n y
t e e th a re m issi n g S h e e p with missi n g t e e th a re u n d e si ra bl e a t
.

a n y p ric e e ith e r fo r m u tt o n o r w o o l
,
T he e y e s sh o u ld be mild
.
,

b right a n d p ro mi n e n t ; the f o re h e a d b ro a d a n d f u ll The e a rs

,
.

sh o u ld be re fi n e d sh o rt a n d a ctiv e ,
C o a rs e l e a th e ry e a rs a re
,
.
,

o bj e cti o n a bl e a s th e y i n dic a t e p o o r q u a lity

,
The h o rn s if p re s .
,

e n t sh o u ld be st ro n g r a th e r a n g u l a r a t the b a s e
, ,
a n d h a ve a ,

spi ra l sh a p e t u rn i n g b a ckw a rd a n d a ro u n d s o m e tim e s m a ki n g ,

tw o c o mpl e t e t u rn s (Fig .

Ne ck With the fl a t h a n d n o t e the l e n gth a n d fu ll n e ss o f

.

the n e ck A m o n g m u tt o n sh e e p the n e ck sh o u ld be fu ll sh o rt
.
, ,

a n d n e a tly a tt a ch e d to the h e a d a n d sh o u ld e r s In fi n e w o o l .
-

sh e e p it m a y p o ss e ss s o m e l e n gth d e e p fo lds a n d l a ck the fu ll

, ,

n e ss t ho u gh it sh o u ld be n e a tly a tt a ch e d a t b o th h e a d a n d
,

sh o u ld e rs (Fig .

S hou lde rs — Am o n g mu tt o n sh e e p the sh o u ld e r sh o u ld be

.
37 0 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

f u ll n e a t a n d cl o s e ly ro u n d e d a l o n g the sid e s a n d o v e r the to p

, ,
.

S h a rp a n g u l a r sh o u ld e rs a re v e ry o bj e cti o n a bl e
,
Th e y sh o u ld .

be sm o o thly c u rv e d with fl e sh (Fig .

Che st — With the fla t h a n d n o t e the ca p a city o f the ch e st

.

a s f o ll o ws : kn e e li n g o n the l e ft sid e o f the a n i m a l pl a c e the ,

l e ft h a n d o n the fl o o r o f the ch e st b e tw e e n a n d j u st b a ck o f
,

the f o re l e gs a t the s a m e ti m e pl a ci n g the right h a n d o n the

,

b a ck j u st to the re a r o f the sh o u ld e r-t o ps In this p o siti o n o n e .

ca n n o t e l a ck o f d e pth a s w e ll a s the n a rro wn e ss o f the ch e s t

a t b o th to p a n d b o tt o m Ne xt n o te t he h e a rt gi rth a n d w i dth
.

o f ch e st by pl a ci n g o n e h a n d o n e ith e r sid e a t the s a m e tim e .

Th imp o rt a n c e o f a wid e d e e p ch e st i n dic a ti n g g re a t vit a lity

e
, , ,

c a n n o t be o v e re stim a t e d In n o o th e r w a y e xc e pt by the
.

t o u ch ca n th e s e dim e n s1 0 n s be d e t e rmi n e d a s the w o o l c o v e rs ,

the p a rts so co mpl e t e ly (Fig .

Body With the h a n ds in the s a m e p o siti o n o n e e ith e r sid e

.
,

o f the a n i m a l n o t e the width o f the b o dy

,
Ne xt pl a c e the .

fl a t h a n d o n the b a ck a t the sh o u ld e r t o ps a n d n o t e the width -

a n d st ra ight n e ss o f the b a c k f ro m the sh o u ld e r t o ps to the t a il -

h e a d by p re ssi n g d o wn g e n tly a s the h a n d is d ra wn to the re a r

,
.

In so d o i n g o n e m u st O bs e rv e th a t the sh e e p d o e s n o t m o v e his
b a ck a s the h a n d is p a ssi n g o v e r a n d m a k e the b a ck a pp e a r
sw a y e d wh e n in re a lity it is n o t Si n ce the b a ck l o i n a n d.
, ,

ru m p c o n t a i n the v a l u a bl e c u ts a cl o s e e x a mi n a ti o n o f this
,

re gi o n is i m p o rt a n t a n d a s in the c h e st this ca n be n o t e d o n ly
, , ,

by the t o u ch (Figs 1 1 4a n d .

The ru m p sh o u ld be l o n g wid e a n d l e v e l , This ca n be a s ce r

,
.

ta in e d o n ly by the t o u ch The fl e shin e ss sh o u ld be c a rri e d

.

w e ll d o w n to the h o ck a n d the twist sh o u ld be pl u m p a n d f u ll

,

( Figs 1 1 8 a n d
.

The le g of m u tto n whi ch i n cl u d e s the ru m p a ls o is the m o s t

, ,

v a l u a bl e cu t o f m u tt o n ; th e re fo re the thigh sh o u ld be h e a vily

,

m e a te d This ca n be d e t e rm i n e d o n ly by the t o u ch a n d to do
.
,

this o n e pl a c e s the l e ft h a n d a ro u n d the le g a t the fl a n k a n d

the right a ro u n d the re a r a t the thigh ( Fig .
 C HO O S I N G AN D J U D G I N G S HE E P 37 1

FIG . ME
L
— DE PTH OF C HE S T .

F IG . 116 .
—FU LL N ES S AT S H U L DER
O

TO P S .

FI G 1 1 7 DE TE R M I NI N G r U LLNE S S F IG . 1 18 . W THID OF HI P S.

A CK
. .

OF B .
37 2 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

The le gs sh o u ld be c a re f u lly bs e rv e d S h e e ps l e gs a re a t ’
o .

b e st fa r fro m st ra ig ht As a. ru l e the f o re l e gs o f fi n e -w o o l
,

sh e e p a re to o cl o s e t o ge th e r the k n e e s o ft e n a lm o st t o u chi n g
, .

This is o bj e cti o n a bl e fo r a s w e h a v e a l re a dy o bs e rv e d f o re l e gs
, , ,

pl a ce d cl o s e t o g e th e r i n dic a t e a n a rro w ch e st which in t u rn ,

sig n ifi e s l a ck o f co n stit u ti o n a l Vigo r Fin e -w o o l sh e ep a ls o

.

h a v e v e ry c ro o k e d bo oks which is e q u a lly a s o bj e cti o n a bl e

,
.

O ft e n the l e gs b e l o w the ho oks a re ca rri e d to o m u ch u n d e r the

b o dy the sh a n ks b e i n g to o sl a n ti n g The t o e s a re o ft e n n e g
,
.

le cte d a n d le t g ro w o u t to o l o n g which th ro ws the l e gs still

,

f a rth e r o u t o f th e i r p ro p e r p o siti o n .

Exa m i n i n g the fl e e ce

In the ex a mi n a ti o n o f the w o o l the chi e f f a ct o rs to c o n sid e r

a re the q u a n tity the q u a lity a n d the c o n diti o n
, ,
In c o n sid e r .

in g the q u a n tity the e n ti re b o dy m u st be e x a mi n e d To n o t e .

the q u a n tity a l o n g the b e lly

an d a rm pits the sh e e p ,

S h o u ld be t u rn e d u p a n d
pl a c e d o n its ru m p To t u rn .

the sh e e p st a n d o n the l e f t ,

sid e o f the a n i m a l pl a c e the ,

l e ft a rm a ro u n d u n d e r the
n e ck a t the sh o u ld e r p o i n ts ,

with the right h a n d re a ch

u n d e r the sh e e p s e iz e the ,

righ t hi n d f o o t g e n tly lift the

1 2 1 — EX A M N I N G T HE F L EECE
,
FIG I

F O R T HE F I N E S T O F T HE W O O L
a n im a l o ff his f e e t a n d pl a c e
. .

.
,

him o n his ru m p b e lly u p , .

O n e sh o u ld h a v e a m a t o r g u n n y s a ck o n whi ch to pl a c e the
sh e e p to p re v e n t s o ili n g the w o o l o f the ru m p p a rti cu l a rly if ,

in the sh o w ri n g . With the sh e e p in this p o siti o n the w o o l ,

a l o n g the b e lly a n d a rm pits ca n be c a re f u lly n o t e d Th e s e .

p l a c e s sh ou ld be de n s e ly c o v e re d th o u gh s u ch is s e ld o m the
,
37 4 M AN U AL O F F AR M A NI M AL S

l o n g fo r the p a rti c u l a r b re e d c o n c e rn e d The l e n gth will v a ry .

fro m a pp ro xim a t e ly tw o i n ch e s in the c a s e o f the fi n e wo o l to -

tw e n ty a n d e v e n m o re i n ch e s fo r a si n gl e y e a r s g ro w th in the ’

c a s e o f s o m e o f the l o n g w o o l b re e ds -
.

Q u a li ty f f
o le e ce T h e chi e.f f a ct o r s t o b e c o n si d e re d in de

te rm in in g the q u a lity o f the fl e e c e a re the s o ft n e ss c ri m p a n d , ,

the s o u n d n e ss Q u a lity a n d q u a n tity a re n o t a ss o ci a t e d ; th a t

.

is to s a y a s a g e n e ra l u l e t e sh o t e w o o l b re e ds o f sh e e p
,
r h r r-

p o ss e ss the fi n e st q u a lity o f wo o l As st a t e d the fi n e st q u a lity

.
,

o f w o o l is l o c a t e d o v e r the h e a rt re gi o n a n d the p o o re st q u a lity

o n the thigh .

The softn e ss i s e sti m a t e d by p re ssi n g the fl e e c e with the cl o s e d

h a n d The a m o u n t o f o il o r y o lk i n fl u e n ce s the s o ft n e ss to a
.

c o n sid e ra bl e e xt e n t ; a ls o the m a n a g e m e n t the ki n d o f f o o d a n d

, ,

the n a t u re o f the s o il Pro vidi n g the sh e e p s u it a bl e q u a r te rs

.
,

fe e di n g fo o ds rich in fa t a n d p a st u ri n g th e m o n cl a y s o ils a ll
, ,

h a v e a t e n d e n cy to i n c re a s e the s o ft n e ss o f the fl e e ce C h a lky .

s o ils o n the o th e r h a n d a re n o t e d fo r e m ph a sizi n g h a rshn e ss o f

, ,

the fl e e c e Ha rshn e ss is du e in a l a rg e m e a s u re to the a bs e n c e

.

o f y o lk whi ch re s u lts fro m e xp o s u re l a ck o f p ro p e r fo o d ill

, , ,

h e a lth a n d the lik e

,
.

Cri m p re f e rs to the f o lds o r spi ra ls o f the fib e r The c ri m p .

sh o u ld be fi n e cl o s e a n d re g u l a r fro m o n e e n d o f the fib e r to
, ,

the o th e r a s this i n dic a t e s w o o l o f fi n e st q u a lity

,
If the c ri m p .

is i rre g u l a r sh o rt a n d cl o s e in pl a c e s l o n g a n d w a vy in o th e rs
, , ,

the fib e r is p ro b a bly u n s o u n d In a ll c o a rs e w o o l the c ri m p is

.
,

o p e n a n d w a vy .

S ou n dn e ss i n di c a t e s th a t the fib e r sh o u ld be st ro n g f ro m e n d
to e n d a s it u s u a lly will be if the c rimp is fi n e cl o s e a n d
, , ,

re g u l a r To f u rn ish a n a dditi o n a l g u id e in l o c a ti n g u n s o u n d
.

n e ss re m o v e a s m a ll lo ok o f the w o o l a n d st re tch e v e n ly a n d
,

g e n tly u n til the st re n gth b e co m e s a pp a re n t If the fib e rs e a ch .

b re a k in a pp ro xi m a t e ly the s a m e pl a c e it i n dic a t e s a n u n ,

s o u n d pl a c e in the wo o l Wh e n s u ch b re a k o ccu rs n e a r the

.
 CHO O S I N G AN D J U D GI N G S HE EP 75

b o tt o m it is sp o k e n o f a s we a k b o tt o m s
,
wh e n n e a r the
“ ” ”
middl e w e a k m iddl e s a n d wh e n n e a r the to p we a k t o ps
, , , .

If the fib e rs a re re sist a n t e a ch b re a ki n g in a diffe re n t pl a ce a n d

, ,

the c ri m p fi n e cl o s e a n d e v e n the fib e r is s o u n d
, , ,
.

Con di ti on of the fle e ce — The chi e f f a ct o rs to be co n sid e re d

.

in d e t e rm i n i n g the c o n diti o n o f the fl e e c e a re its p u rity l u st e r , ,

b right n e ss a n d the o il o r y o lk The co n diti o n o f the fl e e c e is

,
.

i n fl u e n c e d by b re e di n g f e e di n g a n d m a n a g e m e n t s o m e b re e ds
, , ,

p o ss e ssi n g m u ch b right e r w o o l th a n o th e rs s o m e f o o ds p ro d u c ,

F IG . 1 23 .
—AMER I C A N M ER I N O EW E S . Ow n ed by W . M Sta le. y ,
M ar y vill
s e,

O hi o .

T he Am v p
e r ca n i p i
d e e lo e d fro m the S a n i sh M e r n o
M er no i th o u g h t h e y h a v e
al

b i p v i i b p a ti la ly fo the
,

een m u ch m r o e d i n Am e r c a Th s re e d i s n o t e d r cu r r

t g vy fl p i
.

s ro n fi n e a n d he a e e ce E w e s s h e a r fr o m 1 0 t o 1 5 ds w h le ra m s ou n

ily tt i 0 p ight p
.
, , ,

ea s a d f fi l
a n I 2 ou n s o ne w oo n w e th e e w e s re a ch 1 00 o u n d s
h il igh 30 p d d iig p
.

an d u h p, w e t e ra m s w e 1 ou n s an u p Of en a t
a n n tt
2 00 o u n ds
T hi b d i v y p p l
.
,

s re e i h U i t d St ts er o u ar n t e n e a es .

in g m o re y o lk th a n o th e rs ; a n d p ro vidi n g s uit a bl e q u a rt e rs
a n d givi n g p ro p e r c a re k e e ps the w o o l m u ch m o re c l e a n th a n

o th e rwis e .

Pu ri ty re f e rs to the fre e d o m o f the fl e e c e f ro m f o re ign m a

te ria l In the a bs e n c e o f p ro p e r m a n a g e m e n t wh e re S h e e p a re
.
,

l o n g e xp o s e d to c o n diti o n s o pp o s e d to th rift the wo o l ha s a ,

t e n d e n cy to re v e rt to its o rigi n a l f o rm Ha i rs a n d d e a d fib e rs .
,
” “
o ft e n c a ll e d ke m p m a k e th e i r a pp e a ra n c e ,
The fl e e ce .

th a t is l o o s e a n d o p e n o ft e n a c c u m u l a t e s m u ch ch a ff pi e c e s o f ,
37 6 M AN U A L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

ha y , an d the
lik e This f o re ig n m a t e ri a l is v e ry i n j u ri o u s to
.

the fle e c e a s it is di ffi cu lt to re m o v e d o e s n o t a bs o rb dy e s
, , ,

a n d i n t e rf e r e s in the m a n u f a ct ure o f cl o th .

Lu ste r re f e rs to the glist e n i n g a pp e a ra n c e o f the fib e r On .

b e in g h e ld in the light the fib e r a pp e a rs a s if it w e re v a rn ish e d .

Lu st e r is i n d e p e n d e n t o f o il a s fib e rs p o ss e ssi n g a s m a ll a m o u n t
,

o f o il o r y o lk m a y be v e ry l u st ro u s whil e o th e r fib e rs p o ss e ssi n g
,

m u ch o il m a y be ra th e r d u ll The sig n ific a n c e o f this l u st e r is

.

th a t w o o l p o ss e ssi n g it m o re re a dily t a k e s d e li c a t e dy e s .

Bri ghtn ess re f e rs to the c o l o r o f the fib e rs Wo o l is sp o k e n o f

.

a s b right o r d a rk t he f o rm e r sig n ifyi n g a cl e a r whit e c o l o r the

, ,

l a tt e r sig n ifyi n g the d a rk e r co l o rs .

Yo lk re fe rs to the o il o r g re a s e th a t is f o u n d in the w o o l .

This o il is re a dily re c o g n iz e d by ru n n i n g the h a n d o v e r the

w o o l The v a ri o u s b re e ds di ffe r wi d e ly in the a m o u n t o f o il
.

s e c re t e d a n d the a m o u n t is i n fl u e n c e d by the fo o d Yo lk is .

d e si ra bl e a s the fl e e c e is m u ch s o ft e r m o re c o m p a ct a s w e ll a s
, ,

b right e r a n d cl e a n e r a n d in a dditi o n it i n dic a t e s th rift in the

,

sh e e p Ex ce ssive q u a n titi e s o f y o lk a re o f n o a dv a n t a g e a n d
.
,

m a y be a s o u rce o f di re ct l o ss e sp e ci a lly in the m a n u f a ct u ri n g

,

of w oole n s .

S u m m a ry — In the e x a m i n a ti o n o f w o o l th e re f o re o n e m u s t
, ,

c o n sid e r fi rst the q u a n tity s e c o n d the q u a lity a n d thi rd the

, ,

c o n diti o n U n d e r q u a n tity n o t e the c o v e ri n g o v e r the e n ti re

.

b o dy i n cl u di n g the b e lly a n d a rm pits a ls o the d e n sity a n d

, ,

l e n gth which sh o u ld be e v e n o v e r the e n ti re b o dy ; u n d e r

q u a lity n o t e the s o ft n e ss c ri m p a n d s o u n d n e ss ; a n d u n d e r
, ,

c o n diti o n n o t e the p u rity l u st e r b right n e ss a n d y o lk

, , , .
37 8 M AN UAL OF F AR M AN I M AL S

s u ch excit e m e n t a n d a ll u n n e c e ss a ry n o is e m u s t be a vo id e d
, .

To a v o id st a rtli n g the sh e e p h e rds m e n o ft e n m a k e it a pra c~

,

ti c e to whistl e o r t a lk to th e m a s th e y a pp ro a ch .

S h e e p a re the m o st s u sc e ptibl e o f f a rm a n i m a ls to the

ra v a g e s o f p a r a sit e s b o th i n t e rn a l a n d e xt e rn a l Th e s e p a ra
,
.

sit e s in s o m e o n e o r m o re o f th e i r m a n y fo rm s a re re sp o n sibl e
fo r the l a rg e r n u m b e r o f f a il u re s in this c o u n t ry No p a rt o f .

o u r la n d is fre e f ro m t h e m a ll In c e rt a i n l o c a liti e s o n e fo rm
.

will be the m o re d e st ru ctiv e in o th e r l o c a liti e s a n o th e r f o rm is

,

to be d re a d e d Fo r e x a m pl e in the c o rn b e lt the st o m a ch
.
,
-

w o rm (S tron gy lu s con to rtu s) is by fa r the m o st s e ri o u s whil e ,

in the fa r W e st sc a b is the m o re t ro u bl e s o m e
,
As a ru l e littl e .

a tt e n ti o n is giv e n th e s e p a ra sit e s ; the fl o ck b e c o m e s i n f e st e d ,

m a n y o f the sh e e p b e c o m e ill a n d die a n d the o th e rs fa il to ,

th riv e a n d s o m e tim e s the o wn e r d o e s n o t k n o w wh a t c a u s e s the

,

t ro u bl e .

S h e e p p o ss e ss a v e ry d a i n ty a pp e tit e The f o o d m u st be a t .

t ra ctiv e wh e n pl a c e d b e f o re th e m o r th e y a re lik e ly to re fu s e it .

An y f o o d l e ft in the f e e d b o x e s m u st b e re m o v e d a s s o o n a s the
sh e e p a re th ro u gh f e e di n g If s u ch f o o d is l e ft it u n d e rg o e s
.
,

slight ch a n g e b e c o mi n g s o u r a n d wh e n the fre sh f o o d is pl a c e d

, ,

in this the sh e e p re fu s e it e n ti re ly
, S o m e ti m e s the t ro u gh in
.

which e g ra i n is fe d is pl a c e d b e n e a th the a y a ck in s u ch a
t h h -r

w a y a s to c o ll e ct the d u st di rt a n d ch a ff th a t sifts f ro m the

, ,

ha y . This c o n s tru cti o n whil e e c o n o mic a l o f m a te ri a l a n d

,

sp a c e is o bj e cti o n a bl e b e c a u s e the gra i n t ro u gh c an n o t be

,

k e p t cl e a n a s it sh o u ld be w ith the re s u l t th a t o cc a si o n a lly

,

the sh e e p re f u s e the g ra i n .

Whil e sh e e p ca n withst a n d the c o ld with o u t s u ff e ri n g m u ch -

i n c on v e n i e n c e th e y c a n n ot e n d u re the ra i n o r sn o w th a t s a tu
,

ra t e s th e i r w o o l n o r d a rk
,
d a m p a n d p o o rly v e n til a t e d q u a r
, ,

te r s . S u ch c o n diti o n s l e a d to c o lds ru n n i n g a t the n o s e , ,

c a t a rrh i n fl a m m a ti o n di a rrh e a a n d a ll ki n ds o f sh e e p dis e a s e s

, , ,
.

Fro m this it f o ll o w s t h a t if sh e e p a re to p ro v e p ro fit a bl e th e y ,
 F E E DI N G S HE EP 37 9

m u st be k e pt q u i e t ; a ll u n n e c e ss a ry e x cit e m e n t a v o id e d p ro p ,

e rly n u t riti o u s f o o ds a n d s u it a bl e q u a r t e rs p ro vid e d .

F O O D R E Q UI R EM E NT S O F S HEE P
The q u a n tity o f f o o d re q u i re d by sh e e p d e p e n ds o n m a n y
f a ct o rs chi e f o f which a re the ki n d o f f o o d a n d the a ge w e ight
, , , ,

c o n diti o n a n d i n dividu a lity o f the a n i m a l a s w e ll a s the chi e f

p ro d u ct s o u ght wh e th e r w o o l o r m u tt o n
,
.

S i n c e f o o ds v a ry wid e ly in the e n e rgy th e y c o n t a i n a s w e ll a s

in th e i r i n fl u e n ce u p o n w o o l o r m u tt o n p ro d u cti o n a n d si n c e ,

y o u n g a n im a ls fo r a n e q u a l w e ight re q u i re m o re f o o d a n d o f a
, , ,

di ff e re n t ki n d th a n o ld e r a n im a ls it is n o t p o ssibl e to st a t e e x a ct
,

a m o u n ts . The W o lff Le h m a n st a n d a rds h o w e v e r will s e rv e a s

-
, ,

a g u id e to b e m o difi e d to s u it the f o o ds a n i m a l a n d c o n diti o n s

, ,
.

Th e s e st a n d a rds (p 38 0) w e re a rra n g e d to m e e t the n e e d o f

.

the a v e ra g e f a rm sh e e p u n d e r n o rm a l c o n diti o n s a n d a s g e n e ra l ,

gu id e s to be v a ri e d in p ra cti c e a s ci rc u m st a n c e s s u gg e st .

Su dd e n ch a n g e s in the f o o d o f sh e e p a re to be a v o id e d fo r the
re a s o n th a t the a lim e n t a ry syst e m in m a n y c a s e s i s u n a bl e to
, ,

a cc o mm o d a t e its e lf a t o n c e a n d dig e stiv e dis o rd e rs f o ll o w

,
.

S u ch ch a n g e s s o m e ti m e s re s u lt in bl o a ti n g a s wh e n sh e e p a re ,

t ra n sfe rre d from a dry to a w a t e ry di e t fro m the dry -lot f e e d

,

in g of wi n t e r to the e a rly sp ri n g p a st u re wh e re the g ra ss is

v e ry s u cc u l e n t S o m e p a st u re g ra ss e s a re v e ry lik e ly to pro
.

d u c e bl o a ti n g p a rtic u l a rly a lf a lf a a n d cl o v e r In re gi o n s o f
,
.

c on sid e ra bl e ra i n f a ll a n d m u ch de w a lf a lf a is s e ri o u s in this
,

re sp e ct .

Fre sh c o o l w a t e r sh o u ld be a v a il a bl e a t a ll ti m e s In wi n t e r .
,

wh e n it is e xc e e di n gly c o ld sh e e p a re n o t lik e ly to d ri n k v e ry
,

m u ch bu t if o n e is to s u c ce e d w ith th e m th e y m u st h a v e fre e
, ,

a cc e ss to w a t e r . S h e e p a re p e c u li a r in th e i r h a bit o f d ri n ki n g a s
w e ll a s e a ti n g a n d if w a t e re d a t i n t e rv a ls do n o t do so w e ll a s
, ,

wh e n the w a t e r is a v a il a bl e a t a ll ti m e s .

S a lt in lim it e d q u a n titi e s sh o u ld b e k e pt b e f o re the sh e e p .

38 0 M AN UAL O F F A R M AN I M A L S

It is e sp e ci a lly u s e fu l in the sp ri n g wh e n the g ra ss c om e s a n d n o ,

d o u bt O ft e n ch e cks b o w e l t ro u bl e s wh e n the sh e e p h a v e f re e
a cc e ss to it .

Wo lfi Le hm a n s ta n da rds sho w i n g the a m o u n t of f o o d re qu i r e d pe r 1 000

-
,

pou n ds li v e w e i ght f or bo th w o o l a n d m u tton a s w e ll a s gro w i n g, m a tu re ,

a n d f a tte n i n g s he e p

C O ND I T IO N O F AN IM AL
DIG E S T L
IB E NU TR E T
I N S
G ro w in g S he e p
W
o o l Bre e d s

Ag e M o
, . W e ig ht P t
ro e in

4
—6 60
—
6 8 75
—
8 11 80
—
1 1 15 90
1 5 —2 0 1 00
G ro w in g She e p
M u tto n Bree ds

46
— 60
—
6 8 80
—
8 11 1 00
1 1 —1 5 1 20
—
1 5 20 1 50
M a ture She e p
C o a rse w o ol

Fin e w ool

Bre e din g ew e s

w ith la m b s 1
F a tt e n in g sh e e p ,

fi r st p e rio d 1
S e c o n d p e ri o d

F E E DI N G T HE F LO C K
The f e e di n g o f the fl o ck d e s e rv e s sp e ci a l a tt e n ti o n The .

fl o ck is o ft e n s a dl y n e gl e ct e d ; i t is p a stu re d a l o n g l a n e s a n d
38 2 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Th e s e w o rm s h a v e d o n e m o re to disc o u ra g e the p ro p a g a ti o n o f
sh e e p th a n a ll o th e r ca u s e s c o mbi n e d e sp e ci a lly o n the f e rtil e
,

f a rm l a n ds in the ce n t ra l st a t e s Th e s e p e sts s e ld o m t ro u bl e
.

sh e e p in co o l re gi o n s o r in c o ld w e a th e r La mbs a re e sp e
,
.

cia lly s u sc e ptibl e to a tt a ck the o ld e r s u ff e ri n g m u ch l e ss a n d

,

b e i n g m o re e a sily m a n a g e d in s u mm e r Be c a u s e o f the c o o l
.

w e a th e r the Ne w En gl a n d st a t e s n o rth e rn Ne w Y o rk
, , ,

O n t a ri o u pp e r M i chig a n a n d n o rth e rn M i n n e s o t a a n d Wisc o n

, ,

sin a re c o m p a ra tiv e ly f re e f ro m th e s e p e sts O n ly o cc a si o n a lly

.

do st o m a ch w o rm s t ro u bl e S h e e p w e st o f the co rn -b e lt a n d ,

th e re th e y m a y be a v o id e d by cl e a ri n g u p the w a t e ri n g pl a c e s .

M u ch o f the ch e a p f a rm l a n d th ro u gh o u t this s e cti o n c o u ld be

p u t t o t h e p ro fit a bl e p ro d u cti o n o f sh e e p .

Pa stu re for she ep . Pa st u re s fo r sh e e p n e e d simil a r c a re to

th o s e s u gg e st e d fo r c a ttl e The st a n d o f g ra ss the d ra i n a g e o f
.
,

the s o il a n d k e e pi n g d o wn the w e e ds d e s e rv e m u ch a tt e n ti o n
,
.

It is e v e n m o re imp o rt a n t th a t th e y be k e pt fre e fro m w e e ds ,

p a rtic u l a rly b u rrs o f v a ri o u s ki n ds a s th e y a re e sp e ci a lly i n j u

,

rio u s to the w o o l (p a g e

S h e e p th riv e o n p a st u re a s n o wh e re e ls e Th e y a re p a rti e n
.

la rly a d a pt e d to g ra zi n g sh o rt f o ra g e a n d p re f e r it a s it is t e n d e r
, ,

a n d j u icy . In f a ct sh e e p o ft e n k e e p p a rts o f the p a st u re g ra z e d

,

so cl o s e ly a s to i n j u re the pl a n ts whil e the g ra ss in o th e r p a rts

,

o f the s a m e fi e ld is l e ft to g ro w u p a n d s e e d This ca n be pre .

v e n t e d in p a rt by m o wi n g the e n ti re p a st u re twic e e a ch y e a r .

The sh e e p will th e n p a st u re o n the t e n d e r s e c o n d gro wth .

Tu rn i n g to pa stu re . C a re sh o u ld be e x e rcis e d in t u rn i n g
sh e e p to p a st u re o th e rwi s e s o m e o f the fl o ck m a y be t ro u bl e d
,

with bl o a t The e xt e n t o f the t ro u bl e d e p e n ds m u ch o n the

.

c o n diti o n a s w e ll a s the ki n d o f g ra ss y o u n g s u cc u l e n t g ra ss
,

b e i n g m o re t ro u bl e s o m e th a n o ld e r a n d rip e r g ra ss a n d a lf a lf a ,

o r cl o v e m o e th a bl u e g a ss o o ch a d g a ss In re gi o n s o f
r r n -
r r r r - r
.

m u ch de w a lf a lf a is lik e ly to be the m o st t ro u bl e s o m e o f a ll
,
.

Aft e r a lf a lf a b e c o m e s w o o d y th e re is n o t so m u ch d a n g e r from
 F E E DI N G S HEEP 38 3

bl o a ti n g M ix e d g ra ss e s a re a ls o l e ss d a n g e ro u s Th e re a re
. .

m a n y m e th o ds s u gg e st e d fo r t u rn i n g sh e e p to p a st u re The .

f o ll o win g is a s g o o d a s a n y ; wh e n the g ra ss is v e ry s u cc u l e n t
-

m a k e the ch a n g e f ro m dry f o ra g e to p a st u re g ra d u a lly ; th a t is ,

a ft e r f e e di n g the sh e e p t u rn to p a st u re s a y tw o h o u rs d u ri n g the
,

middl e o f the fi rst da y t a ki n g the sh e e p o ff the p a st u re b e f o re the

,

de w f a lls . The s e c o n d da y l e a v e th e m o n a littl e l o n g e r a n d by ,

the f o u rth o r fifth da y th e y m a y re m a i n in the p a st u re o v e r n ight .

Wh e n the sh e e p a re f a m ili a riz e d with the p a st u re in this w a y ,

th e y m u st be c a re fu lly n o t e d the n e xt m o rn i n g to se e th a t n o n e
is s u ff e ri n g fro m bl o a t .

Ta ggin g the she e p Wh e n sh e e p a re fi rst t u rn e d to p a st u re

.
,

the s u cc u l e n t g ra ss o ft e n i n d u c e s a m o re o r l e ss la x c o n diti o n o f
the b o w e ls h
T e os . ft d u n g s o ils t he w o o l b e l o w the t a il -
he a d ,

c a u si n g the p a rts to b e co m e f o u l a n d m a y p ro d u c e t ro u bl e s o m e
,

a n d vici o u s s o re s u n l e ss giv e n a tt e n ti o n Su ch t ro u bl e s a re n o t
.

lik e ly to o cc u r wh e n the sh e e p h a v e b e e n sh o rn p re vi ou s to t u rn
in g to p a st u re If h o w e v e r it is d e si re d to t u rn to p a st u re
.
, ,

b e f o re sh e a ri n g the w o o l sh o u ld be c a re fu lly clipp e d a w a y be

,

n e a th the t a il -h e a d a n d a l o n g the i n si d e o f the thig hs b e hi n d .

Cha n ge i n pa stu re Wh e n c o n v e n i e n t a n o cc a si o n a l ch a n g e
.
,

o f sh e e p f ro m o n e p a st u re to a n o th e r will p ro v e a dv a n t a g e o u s .

O n f a rms h e a v ily st o ck e d with sh e e p th e re a re tw o re a s o n s fo r

this : fi rs t the ch a n g e giv e s a ch a n c e fo r the fre sh g ra ss to
,

g ro w th e re by p re v e n ti n g the sh e e p fro m c ro ppi n g p a rts o f the

,

p a stu re to o cl o s e ly ; a n d s e co n d it l e ss e n s the d a n g e r fro m pa r

, ,

a siti e g e rms by a ll o wi n g the l a rv ae to die b e f o re fi n di n g lo dg

m e n t in the sh e e p s b o dy M o re s a tisf a ct o ry re s u lts w o u ld be

’
.

o bt a i n e d by dividi n g l a rg e p a st u re s i n t o s e v e ra l sm a ll o n e s a n d ,

p a st u ri n g th e m in t u rn fro m the ti m e w a rm w e a th e r s e ts in u n til

the c o o l w e a th e r o f the f a ll Whil e this syst e m w o u ld n o d o u bt
.

l a rg e ly e n a bl e the sh e e p to e sc a p e p a ra sit e i nf e cti o n it i n v o lv e s ,

e xt ra e q u ip m e n t in the w a y o f f e n ci n g sh a d e w a t e r s u pply a n d
, , ,

the lik e a n d th e re m a y be o th e r m e a n s o f a c c o m plishi n g the

,
38 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

d e si re d e n d with o u t the e xt ra e xp e n s e s u ch ,
as by the u se of

s o wn p a st u re s .

Prov i di n g s ha de .
—Sh e e p p a st u re sh o u ld be gi ve n pro
on

te ctio n fro m the su n . Th e y a re f o n d o f sh a d e a n d will s e e k it

FIG 1 25 — SO U THD O WN i tp i
EW E I t
F rs ti l Liv St k Sh
r ze e w e n e rn a on a e oc ow

by t O hi o
. . .
, ,

1 9 09 . O w n ed J L t M
C ha s . as . ee , an ua , .

T he na tive ho m e o f t e h S thd ou b d f tt h p i i E gl d Thi

ow n re e o m u on s ee s n n an s

b di t pi d t i g q liti d li i
.

re e s n o e d fo r ts i ra m a d i
ur n tt
u a I e s, a n ts e c ou s m u on n

t d pp i l p f t I ight h v g
.

ou w ar a e a ra n c e h t e an m a s a re er e c n w e t e ra m s a e ra e

b t 7 p d 35 p l b d it pi
.

a ou 1 5 ou n s, a n d h t d
e ew es A 1 ou n s s a w oo re e o ccu es a

b di t p l h fl ighi g h v 4 8 p d
.

su or na e a ce , t e e e ce n ot w e n m uc o er to ou n s .

e v e n th ou gh a ll th e y ca n fi n d is th a t p ro vid e d by the sh a d e o f a
wi f e c e p o st Th e y will sp e n d m u ch o f the ti m e in the sh a d e
r e n -
.

d u ri n g the h e a t o f the da y U n lik e c a ttl e the sh a d e t re e is n o t .

,

s u ffici e n t fo r sh e e p a rtifici a l sh a d e b e i n g m u ch p re f e rre d The

,
.
38 6 M AN U AL OF F A R M ANI M AL S

th a t m a y be u s e d a s g re e n f e e ds fo r s u m m e r p a st u re chi e f o f ,

which a re ry e ,
o a ts a lf a lf a cl o v e r ra p e k a l e c a bb a g e t u rn ip s
, , , , , , ,

a n d p u mpki n s .

Whil e it is l e ss t ro u bl e to p ro vid e p e rm a n e n t p a st u re s a n d
g ro w the c o m m o n f a rm c ro ps fo r the sh e e p a n d whil e sh e e p m a y ,

be m a i n t a i n e d u p o n th e m a l o n e it is n e v e rth e l e ss e ss e n ti a l to
,

high e st a n d h e a lthi e st d e v e l o p m e n t Su ch f o o d a ids in e sc a p .

in g the ra vish e s o f the p a ra sit e s R a p e k a l e c a bb a g e a n d

.
, , ,

tu rn ips a dd to the h e a lthf u l n e ss a n d s o u n d n e ss a s w e ll as the

q u a lity o f the w o o l a n d p u mpki n s e e ds a re a m o n g the b e st
,

v e rmifu g e s k n o wn T he o w n e r w ho is to a tt a i n g re a t e st s u cc e ss
.

with sh e e p will fi n d it n e c e ss a ry to g ro w s u ch s u ppl e m e n t a ry

f o o ds Th e y n e e d n o t n e c e ss a rily o cc u py e xt ra l a n d a s b o th
.
,

ra p e a n d p u m pki n s m a y be g ro wn in the c o rn fi e ld a n d the

c o rn n o t be i n j u re d th e re by o r th e y m a y be g ro wn simil a rly
t o s o ili n g c ro p s fo r d a i ry c a ttl e (p a g e Th e re will be e xt ra
l a b o r c o n n e ct e d with h a rv e sti n g a n d f e e di n g bu t the a d ,

v a n t a g e will pa y m a n y ti m e s o v e r It is th e s e littl e thi n gs .

th a t m a k e sh e e p f a rmi n g p ro fit a bl e .

The fl o ck in w i n ter

In wi n t e r the fl o ck is e n ti re ly d e p e n d e n t o n the c a re o f the

o w n e r a n d it m u st re c e iv e m o re c a re f u l a tt e n ti o n th a n d u ri n g
,

the s u mm e r . This is the s e a s o n o f c a t a rrhs ru n n i n g a t the n o s e , ,

i n fl a m m a ti o n di a rrh e a a n d the like

, ,
Wh e n c o n v e n i e n t the .
,

ch a n g e fro m the fi e lds to the ya rds sh o u ld be m a d e g ra d u a lly .

The fl o ck sh o u ld be y a rd e d a t n ight a s s o o n a s the p a st u re s be

c o m e c risp f ro m n ight fro sts a s fro sty f o ra ge is lik e ly to l e a d to
,

dig e stiv e dis o rd e rs Ha y sh o u ld be p ro vi de d in the lo t so th a t

.
—
,

the sh e e p will n o t go to p a st u re h u n g ry in the f o re n o o n If o n .

p e rm a n e n t p a st u re o r wh e re th e re is m u ch o ld g ra ss s u ch y a rd ,

in g is n o t so n e c e ss a ry a s the sh e e p will f e e d o n the d e a d g ra ss in

,

p re fe re n c e to the fro sty s u cc u l e n t g ra ss .

The w i n ter ra ti o n — The f e e ds th a t sh o u ld e n t e r i n t o the

.
 F E E DI N G S HEE P 38 7

wi n t e r ra ti o n will d e p e n d o n the ki n d a v a il a bl e If co n v e n i e n t .
,

s u cc u l e n c e o f s o m e ki n d sh o u ld be p ro vid e d O n f a rms wh e re .

th e re a re sil o s n o thi n g is b e tt e r th a n c o rn sil a ge In the a bs e n c e

,
.

o f sil a g e ro o ts will s e rv e
,
s o m e sh e e p o wn e rs e v e n p re f e rri n g
,

ro o ts to sil a g e The ro o ts s u gg e st e d fo r l a t e f a ll u se s u ch a s
.
,

m a n g e ls a n d ru t a -b a g a s will s e rv e a d m i ra bly Wh e n s u ch su c
,
.

cu le n ce is a v a il a bl e a t the ti m e o f ch a n gi n g f ro m p a st u re to dry

lo t the sh e e p will s u ff e r n o l o ss wh a t e v e r
,
In the a bs e n c e o f .

sil a ge o r ro o ts a littl e wh e a t b ra n o a ts li n s e e d m e a l o r si m il a r
, , , ,

gra i n sh o u ld be fe d p a rti cu l a rly to the e w e s th a t a re to l a mb in

,

the sp ri n g The a dvis a bility o f f e e di n g gra i n wh e n s u c c u l e n c e

.

is a v a il a bl e will d e p e n d o n the ki n d o f dry f o ra g e b e i n g fe d a n d

F IG . 1 26 .
-
SO U T HD O W N L AM BS . A pi r ze pe n , ow n e d by C h as . Ja s . Le e t ,

M a n tu a O hi o , .

on the whi ch the l a mbs a re to be pu t If wi n t e r l a mbs

u se to .

a re d e si re d g ra i n sh o u ld be fe d
, O n the o th e r h a n d if e w e s a re
.
,

n o t to l a m b u n til ti m e o f g o i n g to g ra ss a n d the dry f o ra g e co n ,

sists o f cl o v e r a lf a lf a o r m ix e d ha y th e n the gra i n m a y be di s

, , ,

p e n s e d w i th a t l e a st u n til the sh e e p sh o w sig n s o f f a lli n g o ff in

fl e sh It m a y be o f a dv a n t a g e to b e gi n gra i n f e e di n g fo u r to
.

six w e e ks b e f o re l a m bi n g ti m e .

Exe rci se In o rd e r to k e e p the sh e e p h e a lthy a n d th rifty

.

th e y sh o u ld t a k e e x e rcis e d a ily This O ft e n b e c o m e s a s e ri o u s

.

p ro bl e m in the c o ld cli m a t e s wh e n the g ro u n d is c o v e re d with

d e e p s n o w m u ch o f the wi n t e r s e a s o n It m a y be a dvis a bl e to .
38 8 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

re m o ve the s n o w fro m p a rts o f the lo t a n d f e e d th e m s o m e dry

fo ra g e in s o m e sp o t n o t to o n e a r the w i n t e r q u a rt e rs .

Ca re of the fee t D u ri n g the wi n t e r s e a s o n wh e n the sh e e p

.

a re ra th e r cl o s e ly c o n fi n e d it is i m p o rt a n t to w a tch the f e e t a n d
,

se e th a t the t o e s do n o t g ro w o u t to o l o n g a s th e y v e ry o ft e n do
,

a t this s e a s o n o f the y e a r Lo n g t o e s sh o u ld be t ri m m e d
. The .

a im in t ri m m i ng sh o u ld be to k e e p the f e e t n a t u ra l so th a t the ,

sh e e p s ta n ds sq u a re ly u p o n th e m La ck o f t ri m mi n g is s o m e
.

ti m e s re sp o n sibl e fo r dis e a s e s o f the fe e t The t o e s m a y be .

t ri m m e d with a sh a rp kn ife a chis e l a n d bl o ck o r b e tt e r still a

, ,

sh a rp h a n d p ru n i n g k n if e ; t a k e c a re n o t to cu t th e m to o sh o rt ,

fo r if the q u ick is cu t the f e e t will ge t v e ry s o re a n d p ro v e v e ry

,

a n n o yi n g If the hi n d p a rts b e c o m e f o u l ta g a s s u g ge st e d o n
.

p a g e 38 3 .

Be ddi n g sh o u ld be u s e d lib e ra lly o th e rwis e the fl o o rs will be

,

c o m e d a mp a n d fo u l sm e lli n g S h e e p lyi n g o n d a mp filthy b e ds

.
,

a re s u bj e ct to the s a m e ills a s th o s e e xp o s e d to d ra u ghts Fre sh .

b e d di n g is o f g re a t e st imp o rt a n c e d u ri n g the l a mbi n g s e a s o n ,

a s d a m p filthy q u a rt e rs a re p a rti c u l a rly h u rtfu l to l a m bs a n d will

,

s o o n p ro v e f a t a l to th e m At thi s tim e fre sh b e ddi n g sh o u ld

.
,

be pu t d o wn d a ily This n o t o n ly i n c re a s e s the h e a lthf u l n e ss

.

o f the sh e e p -f o ld bu t i n c re a s e s the q u a n tit y o f v a l u a bl e m a

,

n u re a s w e ll .

FATTE NI NG S HEE P
Fe e di n g
sh e e p to f a tt e n th e m di ff e rs c o n sid e ra bly fro m fe e di n g
the fl o ck in g e n e ra l o r f e e di n g f o r the p ro d u cti o n o f w o o l ; it
is s o m e wh a t simil a r to fe e di n g c a ttl e fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f b e e f .

Grow i n g w i n te r la m bs

In rec e n t ye a rs a c o n sid e ra bl e d e m a n d ha s d e v e l o p e d fo r
wi n t e r l a mbs p a rtic u l a rly in the e a st e rn citi e s Be c a u s e o f the
, .

f o rc e d m e th o ds o f f e e di n g a d o pt e d in p u shi n g the l a mbs f o rw a rd '

so a s q u i ckly to p re p a re th e m fo r m a rk e t th e y a re sp o k e n o f a s ,
39 0 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

g ra d e fl o ck sh o u ld be sh o rn ra th e r e a rly in M a rch o r b e f o re if the ,

q u a rt e rs ca n be we ll p ro t e c te d fo r a fe w da ys In M a y t u rn the .

sh e e p to p a st u re a n d In a dditi o n f e e d c o n sid e ra bl e sti m u l a ti n g

g ra i n s u ch a s gro u n d o a ts o r b ra n a n d a t the s a m e ti m e m a t e
, , , , ,

to a th rifty Vig o ro u s p u re b re d Ho rn e d D o rs e t ra m by t u rn i n g - -

the ra m to the fl o ck e a ch m o rn i n g a s s u gg e st e d o n p a g e 4
,

07 , ,

F IG 1 2 7 — S HR O PS H I RE R AM D AV ISO
’
N S AM B I T IO N C ha m pi on In te rn a

iv by vi ib
. . .
,

t io n a l L e S to ck S ho w , 1 9 09 . Ow n ed Dr G . . H Da . so n , M ll r o o k,

N Y . .

p i
T he S hro sh r e D o w n re e d o f m u o n S h e e o r b n a e d i n t he c o u n p igi t
tto f S hr o p ty
i
sh re E n la n d g i b i i t
T h s re e d i s s m la r to the S o u hd o w n bu t s o m e w ha la r e r t g
ig big p it
, .
, ,

t
t he s a n d a r d w e h fo r m a u r e r a m s e n t
225 t
o u n ds w h 1 5 0 fo r t h e e w e s
y t i g q i ti ii
.
,

It a ls o , i s n o e d f o r its e a rl t
m a ur n u al es a n d de l c o u s m u on tt
p i b b ig
.
,

t
As w o o l- ro du ce rs h s re e d e x ce ls t he S o u hd o w n s e a r n fro m 5 to 1 0 t
p i gt i b yp p it
,

o u n d s o f m e d u m -le n h w o ol T h s re e d i s e x re m e l t
o u la r i n th e U n
. ed

t t
S a es .

ra th e r th a n l e tti n g him ru n with th e m a ll the ti m e a n d a t the ,

s a m e tim e m a rki n g the e we s s e rv e d fo r id e n tifi ca ti o n This .

syst e m o f m a ti n g sh o u ld re s u lt in the l a mbs b e i n g d ro pp e d in

O c to b e r No ve m b e r a n d De c e m b e r It is n o t co n sid e re d a
, , .
 F EED I N G S HE EP 39 1

g o o d pl a n to h a v e the l a m bs d ro pp e d b e fo re the e w e s go i n t o
wi n t e r q u a rt e rs a s the l a m bs th e n e n ti re ly e s ca p e d a n g e r f ro m
,

st o m a ch wo rm s a n d a s a ru l e ca n be t a u ght to e a t g ra i n m u ch
yo u n ge r .

Aft e r p u rch a si n g the g ra d e M e ri n o fl o ck s o m e p e rs o n s p re f e r ,

to giv e the e w e s a y e a r s re st sh e a ri n g th e m in M a rch a n d b e gi n

’
,

n i n g the b re e di n g in M a y This ha s the a dv a n t a ge th a t the

.

e w e s a re n o t n u rs e d d o w n in fl e sh a s a re s u lt o f ra isi n g a c ro p o f

l a mbs Wh a t e v e r syst e m is u s e d the e we s m u st h a v e w e a n e d

.
,

th e i r l a mbs s o m e tim e p re vi o u s to g o i n g to p a st u re th e y m u st ,

h a v e b e e n sh o rn fo r s o m e ti m e a n d th e y m u st be g a i n i n g in ,

fl e sh whil e m a ti n g With s u ch a fl o ck th u s t re a t e d th e re
.
,

sh o u ld be n o diffic u lty in h a vi n g the l a m bs d ro pp e d in the

l a t e f a ll a n d e a rly wi n t e r m o n ths .

The w i n te r qu a rters for w i n te r la m b pro du cti on In the disc u s

-
.

si o n o n c a re a n d m a n a g e m e n t will be fo u n d a st a t e m e n t o f the
m e th o d a n d e q u ipm e n t fo r h o u si n g S h e e p (p a g e The te rm
“ ”
ho t h o u s e
-
l a m bs ha s le d m a n y to thi n k th a t e xt ra w a rm
q u a rt e rs mu st be p ro vid e d s o m e thi n ki n g th a t a rtifici a l h e a t
,

m u st be u s e d o th e rs th a t the ro o f o r sid e o f the sh e e p b a rn

,

sh o u ld be o f gl a ss c o n st ru cti o n re s e mbli n g a g re e n -h o u s e No t .

o n ly is s u ch e xt ra e q u ipm e n t u n n e c e ss a ry bu t if the q u a rt e rs ,

a re to o w a rm n e ith e r the e w e s o r l a mbs will th riv e

, O n the .

o th e r h a n d wi n t e r l a mbs c a n n o t be g ro wn if the e w e s a re e x
,

p o s e d to the ra i n s n o w o r st o rm ,
The wi n t e r q u a rt e rs m u s t
,
.

be w e ll light e d we ll v e n til a t e d a n d f re e f ro m d ra u ghts

, ,
Th e re .

sh o u ld be s u ffici e n t wi n d o w sp a c e to m a k e the q u a rt e rs light

a n d c o mf o rt a bl e A rtifici a l h e a t is e n ti re ly u n n e c e ss a ry
. .

F ee di n g the la m bs The e w e s sh o u ld be fe d milk p ro d u ci n g

.
-

f o o ds s u ch a s wh e a t b ra n sil a ge a n d cl o ve r ha y in o rd e r th a t
, , , ,

the m ilk flo w be l a rg e bu t in a dditi o n to the d a m s m ilk the l a m bs

’
,

sh o u ld be ta u ght to e a t gra i n a s s o o n a s th e y will t a k e to it .

S o m e l a mbs will b e gi n to n ibbl e g ra i n wh e n o n ly te n da y s _o r tw o

w e e ks o ld a n d th e y S h o u ld be e n c o u ra g e d to do so A l a m b
, .
39 2 M AN UAL OF F AR M AN I M AL S

c re e p sh o u ld be p ro vid e d This c re e p c o n sists o f a littl e pe n

.

with o p e n i n gs s o s m a ll th a t the l a m bs ma y p a ss in a n d o u t a t ,

will bu t th ro u gh which the sh e e p c a n n o t p a ss Th e s e o p e n i n gs

,
.

m a y be m a d e o f v e rtic a l sl a ts pl a c e d s e v e n i n ch e s a p a rt a n d the ,

e d g e s o f the sl a ts ro u n d e d Th e s e m u st be c o n ve n i e n tly pl a c e d
.

fo r the l a m bs o r th e y will f a il to fi n d th e m a s the y o u n g l a mb is ,

l a rg e ly a victi m o f ci rc u m st a n c e s The gra i n b o x e s withi n the .

c e e p sh o u ld be
r fl a t-
b o tt o m e d a n d pl a c e d ra th e r lo w T he fi rst .

f e e d pu t i n t o the t ro u gh m a y be wh e a t b ra n to which ha s b e e n ,

a dd e d a littl e b ro wn s u g a r At fi rst it m a y be n e c e ss a ry to a id the

.

l a mbs by pl a ci n g s o m e o f this m ixt u re o n th e i r lips The t ro u ghs .

F IG 1 28 — C HA M PI O N S HR O P S H I RE EW ES An a lm o s t p e rfe c t fl o ck Ow n ed

by D vi b
. . . .

r . G . H Da . so n , M ill r o o k, N Y
. .

m u st be cl e a n e d d a ily a n d the f o o d k e pt fre sh After the l a m bs .

h a v e l e a rn e d to e a t gra i n the fo ll o wi n g m ixt u re s sh o u ld be u s e d

,

5 0 p a rts o f c ra ck e d c o rn 5 0 p a rts o f wh e a t b ra n a n d 1 0 p a rts o f

, ,

o il m e a l c o a rs e gro u n d This m a y be v a ri e d by a ddi n g o a ts

,
.
,

b a rl e y o r gl u t e n fe e d a s ci rc u mst a n c e s d e m a n d A fre sh su p
,
“
.

ply sh o u ld be p ro vid e d e a ch da y La m bs th u s c a re d fo r sh o u ld
.

g ro w ra pidly a n d f a tt e n a t the s a m e ti m e so th a t by the ti m e ,

th e y a re te n to tw e lv e w e e ks o f a ge th e y will w e igh fro m 5 0 to 60

p o u n ds wh e n th e y sh o u ld be sl a u ght e re d The m o st d e si ra bl e
,
.

we ights v a ry s o m e wh a t o n the di ffe re n t m a rk e ts a n d the o wn e r ,

39 4 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

fl o o r o f the a bd o m e n a n d fo r
a b o u t f o u r i n ch e s u p the i n sid e

o f the hi n d -q u a rt e rs (Fig .

S u sp e n d the c a rca ss by the

hi n d l e gs . O p e n the l a m b
a n d c a re f u lly re m o v e the c a u l

fa t — a sh e e t o f fa t s u rro u n d
,

in g the i n t e sti n e s S a v e the

.

c a u l fa t to c o v e r the O p e n in gs ,

a n d if the w e a th e r is c o ld pu t ,

in w a rm w a t e r . R e m o v e the
i n t e sti n e s sto m a ch a n d e SO ph
, ,

a gu s ,
an d in w a rm we a th e r
the liv e r h e a rt
, ,
an d l u n gs ,

th o u gh t h e s e m a y be l e ft in
wh e n the w e a th e r is c o ld Pro .

c u re tw o S p re a d e rs o r b a ck -s e ts
tw e lv e o r f o u rt e e n i n ch e s l o n g ,

d e p e n din g o n the siz e o f the

l a mb Th e s e b a ck-s e ts sh o u ld
.

h a v e sh o u ld e rs a b ou t o n e i n ch
u p f ro m the p o in t e d e n d to
p re v e n t th e m fro m e n t e ri n g
the fl e sh to o fa r . In s e rt o n e
in the o u t e r a n d u pp e r p a rt
o f the hi n d fl a n k th e n c ro ss
,

the b a ck di a go n a lly e n t e ri n g ,

the o pp o sit e sid e n e a rly o r

q u it e a s fa r f o rw a rd a s the
ch e st The s e c o n d c ro ss e s the
.

F I G l 3o — HO T H O U S E LA M B DRE S S ED
- fi rS t a t r ight a n gl e s a cr o s s the

AN D RE A DY F O R W R APP I N G
. .

b a ck . C a re fu lly sp re a d the
c a u l fa t o v e r a ll e xp o s e d fl e sh h o ldin g in pl a c e by m e a n s o f
,

to o th p ic ks (Fig . M a k e sm a ll slits in it o v e r the kidn e ys

 F E ED I N G S HE E P 39 5

an d p u ll th e m th ro u gh .

Ha n g the c a rc a ss in a c o o l
pl a c e fo r tw e lve to twe n ty
f o u r h o u rs As s o o n a s the
’

a n im a l h e a t is giv e n o ff w ra p

in tw o s e p a ra t e wra pp e rs .

The fi rst m a y be o f ch e e s e
cl o th o r m u sli n which sh o u ld ,

be d ra wn tight to p re v e n t
s o ili n g wh e n h a n dli n g The .

o u t e r c o v e ri n g m a y be o f bu r

la p o r s a cki n g a n d m u st be
w e ll s e c u re d The l a mb is .

n o w re a dy fo r c o n sig n m e n t to

a p ro visi o n c o mmissi on m e r
ch a n t ( Fig . Wh e n the
l a m bs a re to be shipp e d a l o n g
dist a n ce th e y a re o ft e n c ra t e d
, ,

pl a ci n g th re e c a rc a ss e s in a
c ra t e . In w a rm w e a th e r ice
m a y be pu t b e tw e e n the
l a mbs bu t n e ve r in th e m .

The l a mbs sh o u ld be d re ss e d ,

a s th e y a re re a dy fo r m a rk e t ,

p re fe ra bly s e n di n g a fe w e a ch
w e e k d u ri n g the s e a s o n which
ru n s f ro m C h r i s t m a s to
Ea st e r .

Aft e r the l a mb i s re m o ve d ,

the u dd e r o f t he e w e m u s t be
wa tc he d cl o s e ly a n d n o t pe r 1 31 —HO T —H O U S E LA M B W RAPP ED
RE A DY F O R S H I P ME NT
.

m itte d to sp o il If n e c e ss a ry
.
,
AN D .

re m o v e the m ilk by h a n d fo r a
396 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Grow i n g spri n g la m bs

Be ca u s e of the difli cu lty in g e tti n g e w e s to c on c e iv e su ffi

cie n tly e a rly fo r the g ro wi n g o f wi n t e r l a mbs a n d the disa d

v a n t a ge s o f d re ssi n g a n d m a rk e ti n g m a n y sh e e p o wn e rs p re f e r
,

to g ro w sp ri n g l a mbs . Th e re is m u ch p ro fi t in s e llin g l a m bs
a f o o t in M a y a n d Ju n e . U s u a lly the high e st p ric e s a re o bt a i n e d
in J u n e a s a t this tim e the s u pply o f wi n t e r-fe d w e st e rn l a mbs
,

is e xh u st e d a n d
a t he s mm e
u r-fe d l a mbs a re n o t y e t o n the
m a rk e t in a n y c o n sid e ra bl e n u mb e r .

T he f o u n d a ti on st o ck a n d the m a n a ge m e n t sh o u ld be m u ch
the s a m e a s th a t s u gg e st e d in g ro wi n g wi n t e r l a mbs The .

e w e s sh o u ld be m a t e d in A u g u st S e pt e mb e r a n d O ct o b e r a s the
, , ,

l a mbs S h o u ld be d ro pp e d in l a t e Ja n u a ry Fe b ru a ry a n d M a rch
, , ,

n o t l a t e r th a n M a rch . The l a mbs sh o u ld be p ro vid e d with

cre e ps a n d fe d g ra i n in the s a m e m a n n e r a s a dvis e d fo r w m te r

l a mbs ; fo r if th e y a re to be m a rk e t e d in a thick fa t c o n diti o n a t

the a ge o f f o u r o r fi v e m o n ths th e y m u st be f o rc e d f ro m the
,

b e gi n n i n g It is ra th e r difli cu lt to f a tt e n l a mbs fo r the sp ri n g

.

m a rk e t if th e y o n c e l o s e th e i r b a by fa t La mbs th u s c a re d fo r
.

sh o u ld be a bl e to m a k e a vig o ro u s st a rt b e f o re g ra ss c o m e s a n d
be in c o n diti o n to m a k e the m o st o f it wh e n t u rn e d to p a st u re .

La mbs d ro pp e d in Fe b ru a ry a n d th u s c a re d fo r sh o u ld m a k e
a w e ight o f a pp ro xim a t e ly e ighty p o u n ds by the m iddl e o f J u n e .

As this is the w e ight d e m a n d e d o f this cl a ss o f m u tt o n it sh o u ld ,

be the a im o f the sh e e p o wn e r to su pply it Wh e n th e re a re

.

s e v e ra l l a mbs o r wh e n o n e is l o c a t e d c o n v e n i e n t to m a rk e t it ,

m a y b e a dvis a bl e to m a k e tw o d ra fts s e lli n g the l a rg e r a n d f a tt e r

,

o n e s sa y the fi rst o f Ju n e a n d the re m a i n d e r o f the l a mb fl o ck

the l a tt e r p a rt o f the m o n th .

F e e di n g la m bs i n the f
a ll

La mbs m a y be f a tt e n e d a t a lm o st a n y s e a s o n bu t o rdin a rily

,

the f a tt e n i n g p e ri o d e xt e n ds fro m Se p te mb e r u n til the f o ll o w

39 8 M AN UAL O F F A R M AN IM AL S

fa tte n ,
anv o ids s e lli n g
d a a fe w thi n In fl e sh aft e r the m a j o rity
h a v e f a tt e n e d .

F a tte n i n g la m bs i n w i n te r

By fa r the b e r o f l a m bs a re f a tt e n e d d u ri n g the
g re a t e r num

wi n t e r s e a s o n The m e th o ds e m pl o y e d di ff e r f u n d a m e n t a lly
.

in diffe re n t l o ca liti e s In the W e st littl e o r n o a tt e n ti o n is p a id

.

to sh e lt e r a n d e x e rcis e is c o n sid e re d e ss e n ti a l ; in the co rn b e lt

,
-

m u ch a tt e n ti o n is giv e n to the sh e lt e r a t l e a s t to p ro t e ct the ,

l a mbs f ro m the ra i n s n o w , a n d st o rm a n d to p ro vid e th e m dry

, ,

f o o ti n g a n d e x e rcis e ; in the Ea st wh e re l a m b -f e e di n g i s ,

ra pidly d e v e l o pi n g sh e lt e r is c o n sid e re d e ss e n ti a l th o u gh
, ,

e x e rcis e u n d e r the m e th o ds e m pl o y e d is lik e ly t o p ro v e f a t a l ,

a n d the sh e e p m u st be k e pt a bs o l u t e ly q u i e t o r t ro u bl e will re s u lt .

F e e di n g i n the se m i a ri d We s t — La rg e fl o cks o f l a mbs a re

shipp e d f ro m the ra n ge s to p o i n ts wh e re a lfa lf a ha y is a v a il a bl e .

He re the sh e e p a re c o n fi n e d in c o rra ls which a re divid e d i n t o

l o ts c o n t a i n i n g a pp ro xi m a t e ly 5 00 h e a d No S h e lt e r is p ro vid e d .

o th e r t h a n th a t f u rn ish e d by the f e n c e o r the a lf a lf a ha y which

is o ft e n st a ck e d n e a r by R a i n a n d s n o w st o rms a re ra th e r in
.

f re q u e n t a n d it is f e lt th a t the l o ss o c c a si o n e d by the l a ck o f
,

p ro t e cti o n is l e ss e xp e n siv e th a n sh e lt e r Th e s e c o rra ls p ro vid e .

a cc o mm o d a ti o n s fo r m a n y th o u s a n ds o f sh e e p To s a v e l a b o r .

in f e e di n g the l o ts a re a rra n g e d in ro w s w i th f e e di n g l a n e s be
,

twe e n . In th e s e l a n e s the ha y is st a ck e d a n d fe d o u t e a ch
m o rn i n g a n d e v e n i n g So m e ti m e s the f e n c e ha s a sp a c e be
.

tw e e n the fi rst a n d s e c o n d b o a rd s l a rg e e n o u gh fo r the sh e e p

to i n t ro d u c e its h e a d a n d the ra ck is a rra n g e d o n the st a ck sid e
,

o f the f e n c e In e a ch lo t a re pl a c e d ro ws o f g ra i n t ro u ghs
.

s u ffi ci e n t to a cc o mm o d a t e the e n ti re fl o ck Th e s e l o ts a re pro .

v ide d with w a t e r o ft e n p u mp e d by w i n d m ills th o u gh s o m e tim e s

, ,

by h a n d o r with a n e n gi n e S a lt is k e pt b e f o re the a n i m a ls a t
.

a ll ti m e s .In this w a y fi v e m e n ca n c a re fo r or

h e a d o f sh e e p .
 F E E D IN G S HE E P 9

F ee di n g i n the corn be lt
-
.
— In the c o rn -b e lt
p ra ctic e is the
e n ti re ly di ff e re n t ; in the W e st sh e e p a re fe d in l a rg e r n u m b e rs

a n d by fe w m e n whil e in the c o rn b e lt fe w sh e e p a re fe d by
,
-

g re a t n u mb e rs o f f a rm e rs He re f e e d b o th g ra i n a n d ha y i s
.
, ,

v e ry a b u n d a n t bu t the cli m a t e is the o bj e cti o n a bl e e l e m e n t

, .

S h e e p n e e d dry co a ts a n d dry f o o ti n g The d rippi n g ski e s o f

.

the c o rn b e lt m a k e s this i m p o ssibl e with o u t p ro vidi n g sh e lt e r

-

fro m the ra i n a n d s n o w He n c e b e f o re a tt e m pti n g to f e e d

.
,

l a m bs a m pl e p ro visi o n m u st be m a d e to sh e lt e r th e m .

M u ch ca re sh o u ld be e x e rcis e d in g e t ti n g the l a m bs o n f u ll
f e e d The l a m bs m a y be fe d ha y lib e ra lly bu t the g ra i n m u st
.
,

be fe d sp a ri n gly b e gi n n i n g with o n e f o u rth p o u n d to the h e a d

,
-

d a ily a n d g ra d u a lly i n cre a si n g the ra ti o n to o n e p o u n d by

the ti m e the sh e e p h a v e b e e n o n f e e d th re e w e e ks and ,

c o n ti n u i n g u n til th e y a re g e tti n g a ll t he y will c o n su m e The .

l a mbs sh o u ld n o t be fe d m o re g ra i n th a n th e y will cl e a n u p a t
e a ch f e e di n g . As the g ra i n is i n c re a s e d l e ss ha y will be re q u i re d
, .

La m bs th u s c a re d fo r sh o u ld m a k e a g a i n o f 2 5 to 30 p o u n ds
in 1 00 d a ys wh e n th e y s h o u ld be fa t a n d re a dy fo r the
,

m a rk e t . If d e si re d tw o d ro v e s o f l a m b s m a y be fe d e a ch
,

wi n t e r p u rch a si n g the fi rst d ro v e in No v e mb e r a n d f a tt e n i n g

,

by the l a st o f Ja n u a ry i m m e di a t e ly p u rch a si n g a s e c o n d a n d
,

f a tt e n i n g by the fi rst o f M a y This syst e m is e xt e n siv e ly

.

p ra ctic e d wh e n f e e ds a re c o mp a ra tiv e ly lo w a n d m u tt o n high .

F e e di n g i n the Ea st D u ri n g the re c e n t high p ric e o f m u tt o n

.

m a n y l a mbs h a v e b e e n fe d in the e a st e rn p a rt o f the U n it e d

St a t e s a n d the m e th o ds a re p e c u li a r to the Ea st
,
.

The f e e di n g p e n s a re u s u a lly re ct a n g u l a r in sh a p e wi th ha y ,

ra cks a n d g ra i n t ro u ghs the e n ti re l e n gth o f e ith e r sid e

-
Th e s e .

g a i n tro u ghs a re p ro t e ct e d with v e rtic a l sl a ts so a rra n g e d th a t

r -

th e re is j u st ro o m fo r o n e l a m b to f e e d in e a ch o p e n i n g a n d th e re ,

a re j u st a s m a n y o f th e s e o p e n i n gs a s l a m bs a n d n o t o n e m o re .

Wh e n the l a mbs a re f e e di n g th e y a re p a ck e d s o lid a l o n g e ith e r

,

sid e o f the pe n The sp a c e a ll o w e d e a ch pe n is a pp ro xi m a t e ly

.
4
00 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

twic e the ro o m o n which th e y st a n d whil e f e e d i n g W a t e r a n d .

s a lt a re s u ppli e d in this pe n a n d the l a m bs do n o t l e a v e it ,

fro m the ti m e th e y a re pu t in u n til th e y a re fi n ish e d a n d re a dy

fo r the m a rk e t T he l a m bs a re pu t o n f u ll f e e d in a b o u t th re e
.

w e e ks a n d f o rc e d u n til fa t .

F I G 1 32 P H RE R Ch pi ;I t ti l Liv St k Sh 1 9 08
—HAM S I AM am on n e rn a on a e oc ow

Ph t g ph f
. . .
.
,

N i l S k d Fo o ra ro m a t on a to c m a n an a rm e r .

Th e nativ h f h H ep hi D b d f tt h p i i H p hi
om e o t e am s re ow n re e o m u on s ee s n am s re

C t y E gl d T h i b d i
ou n t df i l g i
n an d i tt q li s re e s no e or ts ar e s ze a n ts m u on u a

ti igh b t 40 p d d h
.
,

es M t h ld a u re ra m s S 80 00ou w e a ou 2 ou n s an t e ew es 1 to 2
p d I g l pp thi b d i ith
.

ou n s n h t
e n e ra th a e a ra n c e s re e s so m e w a co a r s e r an e er

h S h p hi i q li ty f h if i
.

th S ethd ou b ow n or tt it e ro s re u t n ua o t e mu on s n ot n e r or

ith A lp d h b k hig h h v g yi ld
,

to e er dds a w oo ro u ce r t e re e o e s n o t ra n t e a e ra e e

b i g b t v p d hi h i i f i i q lity l f i th
.
,

e n a ou se en h
ou n s, w c s n e r or n ua to w oo o e er t e

S thd
ou h S h p hi
ow n or t e ro s re .

Tw f a ct o rs d e s e rv e sp e ci a l a tt e n ti o n a n d th e y a re a t v a ri
o ,

a n c e with a c ce pt e d id e a s F i rst th e re m u st be n o m o re f e e di n g .
,

sp a c e th a n l a m bs ; a n d s e c o n d the l a m bs m u st be p re v e n t e d fro m ,

b e i n g e xcit e d A vi o l a ti o n o f e ith e r o f th e s e will p ro v e f a t a l in

.
4
02 M AN U A L O F F AR M A NI M A L S

R AT ION FO O D PE R PO U ND G A IN

G ra in D ry F o ra g e G ra in Dry F o ra g e

93 lb c o rn

4
.

1 09 lb 5 lb glu te n
b v
. .

1 0 lb . ra n 1 8 0 lb . clo er ha y

1 09 lb . 1 35 lb . c o rn 1 8 0 lb . c lo v er ha y
1 0 lb . b ra n

4
1 9 lb . she lle d c o rn 1 0 lb4 . c lo v er ha y

8 1 lb . sh e lle d c o rn 1 07 lb . clo v er ha y
8 1 lb . b ra n

8 5 lb 6 4lb h ll d s e e co rn

4lb
. .

64 lb h t . w ea 12 . clo v er ha y

8 3 lb . 1 64 lb t . oa s 14
0 lb . l v
c o er ha y
1 00 lb . ro o ts
8 3 lb . 1 32 lb . c o rn 1 1 0 lb . c lo v er ha y
33 lb . o il m ea l

7 6 lb . 8 7 lb . she lle d co rn 1 8 3 lb . c o rn fo dde r

8 7 lb . pea s
4lb
15 . s he lle d co r n 1 8 8 lb . c o rn fo d d e r

94lb sh e lle d c o rn 9 5 lb ha y
94
. .

lb . oa ts
7 4lb . 21 1 lb . w he a t 7 2 lb . tim o thy ha y
s cre e n n i gs

7 6 lb . 1 8 9 1b b a rle y 7 2 lb tim o thy ha y

4lb
. .

1 . o il m ea l

6 2 lb . 9 7 lb . co tt o n -
se e d 9 7 lb . co tto n -se e d
m eal hu HS

2 9 0 lb . a lfa lfa ha y

Pa stu re

Pa stu re

Pa stu re

Pa stu re

1
 C HA PT ER X V III

THE BR EEDI NG O F S HEEP

T HER E a re f e we r sh e e p b re d in A m e ric a th a n o f a n y o th e r o f
o u r f a rm a n i m a ls This is du e in a l a rg e me a s u re to the a v e ra g e
.

Am e ric a n f a rm e r s l a ck o f kn o wl e dg e in p ro p a g a ti n g sh e e p
’
.

He is w o n t to t re a t th e m a s swi n e a n d u n d e r su ch c a re sh e e p f a il
,

to th riv e S h e e p b re e di n g is a v e ry p ro fit a bl e b ra n ch o f f a rm
.

in g in En gl a n d a n d Fra n c e wh e re e n ti re f a rm s a re d e v o t e d to
,

the i n d u st ry The s e f a rms a re p ro fit a bl e b e c a u s e in ch a rg e o f

.

a c o mp e t e n t fl o c k-
m a st e r w ho d o e s n o o th e r w o rk bu t m a ke s
, ,

a v e ry c a re fu l st u dy o f the n e e ds o f his fl o ck a n d s u ppli e s

e v e ry w a n t O n m a n y o f th e s e f a rms the s o il w a s f o rm e rly v e ry

.

p o o r bu t th ro u gh sh e e p f a rm i n g th e y h a v e b e e n re st o re d to
,

f e rtility a n d a t p re s e n t m a n y o f th e m g ro w v e ry l u x u ri a n t cro ps
,

o f f o ra g e .

In A m e ric a c o n diti o n s a re s o m e wh a t di fl e re n t th o u gh th e re
,

is n o re a s o n why o u r ch e a p p a st u re l a n ds c a n n o t be m a d e to
yi e ld a h a n ds o m e p ro fit if sl o wly c o n v e rt e d i n t o sh e e p p a st u re s.

La ck o f s u it a bl e l a b o r is the g re a t e st dra wb a ck to sh e e p f a rm
in g in Am e ri c a We h a v e n o flo ck m a st e rs a s do the En glish
.
-
, ,

a n d the a v e ra g e A m e ric a n s e e m s t o be to o n e rv o u s a n d u n st e a dy

to t e n d sh e e p with p e rf e ct a ss u ra n ce o f s u cc e ss . Pro p e rly

c a re d fo r sh e e p a re a m o n g the m o st p ro fit a bl e o f f a rm a n i m a ls
, ,

a n d re st o re f e rtility to the l a n d a s do n o o th e r a n im a ls Ev e ry
.

f a rm d e vo t e d to g e n e ra l a g ric u lt u re sh o u ld p o ss e ss a s m a ll flo ck.

Whil e th e y will n e e d c o n sid e ra bl e c a re o n s u ch a f a rm the f o o d

, ,

th e y c o n s u m e will be l a rg e ly th a t which o th e rwis e w o u ld be

wa st e d .
04
4 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

At p re s e n t the f a rm e r sh o u ld st a rt with a s m a ll fl o ck in cre a s

, ,

in g it g ra d u a lly a s he l e a rn s its h a bits a n d n e e ds T he u n e x .

p e r ie n ce d sh o u ld b e gi n with a g r a d e fl o ck o f e w e s whi c h sh o u ld ,

be m a t e d to a p e b e d ra m
u r - r
The si re is a s imp o rta n t in the
.

fl o ck a s in the h e rd o f d a i ry c a ttl e The s e c o n d y e a r a fe w p u re

.

b re d e we s o f the s a m e b re e di n g a s the ra m m a y be p u rch a s e d ;

, ,

a n d w ith th e s e a s a b a sis st a rt a p u re -b re d fl o ck
, S o m e o f the.

b e s t fl o cks in Am e ric a h a ve b e e n st a rte d in this w a y .

P LAN OF B R EE DI NG

A cl e a rly d e fin e d pl a n sh o u ld be o u tli n e d b e fo re the f a rm e r

m a k e s a n a t te m pt a t b re e di n g sh e e p The i n t e n di n g sh e e p
.

b re e d e r sh o u ld m a k e a c a re fu l st u dy o f s u cc e ssf u l sh e e p f a rm s ,

n o ti n g the c o n di ti o n s wh e re i n his di ff e rs a n d the m o dific a ti o n s

,

th a t m u st be a d o p t e d The f a rm e r w ho ru sh e s i n t o sh e e p
.

b re e di n g bli n dly b e c a u s e the p ri c e o f w o o l o r m u tto n s e e ms

to w a rra n t it is lik e ly to pa y d e a rl y fo r his e xp e ri e n c e .

Coopera ti ve bre e di n g The v a l u e o f u n it e d e ffo rt c a n n o t be

.

o v e re sti m a t e d in b re e di n g sh e e p This d o e s n o t m e a n th a t
.

the f a rm e rs sh o u ld be p a rt n e rs fro m a fi n a n ci a l p o i n t o f vi e w ,

bu t a ll sh o u ld he lp to a dv a n c e the i n t e re sts o f e a ch o t he r s fl o ck
’
.

Fre e c o n v e rs a ti o n o n a ll m a tt e rs re l a ti n g to the fl o ck will p ro v e

o f co mm o n a dv a n t a g e ; the o w n e r will i m p ro v e in sh e e p k n o wl

e dg e ,
a n d the fl o ck imp ro v e in e x ce ll e n cy Th e re a re m a n y
.

thi n gs th a t a fe w sh e e p b re e d e rs wo u ld be a bl e to do th a t o n e
a l o n e w o u ld h a rdly u n d e rt a k e a n d n o t l e a st a m o n g th e s e Is
,

the p u rch a si n g o f a p u re -b re d ra m o f m u ch e xc e ll e n cy The .

i n fl u e n c e o f s u ch a ra m i s l e ft in the fl o cks o f s e v e ra l b re e d e rs ,

The o ld s a yi n g
“
a n d u n if o rmity is p ro m o t e d . in u n ity th e re
,
”
is st re n gth a pplie s to the sh e e p i n d u st ry a s to o th e rs
, , .

CHO O S I NG B R E E D I N G S TO C K
In ch o o si n g the f o u n d a ti o n fl o ck the f a rm e r m u st h a ve in
,

mi n d the d e m a n d th a t he m e a n s to s u pply , w o o l o r mu tt on , a n d
4
06 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN I M ALS

wish e s to s e ll his s u rpl u s e w e s fo r b re e di n g p u rp o s e s th e y will

,

co m m a n d a m u ch high e r p ri ce if u n if o rm in a ll f e a t u re s b o th ,

b e c a u s e o f th e i r i n t ri n si c wo rth a n d b e c a u s e o f th e i r i m p ro v e d
,

g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e .

The ra m

The ra m is by fa r the m o st i m p o rt a n t m e mb e r o f the fl o ck .

Su c ce ssfu l sh e e p b re e d e rs re ly o n him fo r m u ch o f the i m p ro v e

m e n t o f the fl o ck Wh a t ha s b e e n s a id a b o u t the st a lli o n ( p a g e
1 02 ) a n d the b u ll ( p a g e 24 4
.

) a ls o a ppli e s h e re .

The ew e flock
If the f a rm e r is j u st b e gi n n i n g the b e st tim e to p u rch a s e the
,

f o u n d a ti o n e w e s is in the e a rly f a ll ; the b e st pl a c e to p u rch a s e

is in the l o ca lity in which the fl o ck is to be k e pt Bre e di n g e w e s .

o n the l a rg e m a rk e ts a re o ft e n disc a rd e d f ro m o th e r fl o cks o r

f ro m the w e st e rn ra n g e s Su ch e we s a re u s u a lly s e n t to m a rk e t
.

b e c a u s e o f th e i r a ge o r f a il u re to b re e d a n d a re to be a v o id e d
,

wh e n p o ssibl e . Lo c a l e w e s will giv e m u ch b e tt e r s a tisf a cti o n

wh e n th e y ca n be p ro c u re d ; th e y a re a d a pt e d to cli m a ti c
c o n diti o n s a n d p a ra sit e d a n g e rs W e st e rn e w e s do n o t re sist
.

p a ra sit e s a s do n a tiv e e w e s By p u rch a si n g the fl o ck in the

.

e a rly f a ll t he n e w o wn e r ha s ti m e to b e c o m e f a m ili a r with i t

,

b e fo re wi n t e r ; he ca n se e to the m a ti n g a n d th u s k n o w e x a ctly
,

wh a t ti m e to e xp e ct the l a m bs .

In ch o o si n g f o u n d a ti o n e w e s to o m u ch a tt e n ti o n c a n n ot be
,

giv e n the i n divi d u a l a n i m a ls Th e y sh o u ld e a ch be c a re f u lly

.

c o n sid e re d If p u rch a s e d o n a l a rge m a rke t the c o n diti o n o f

.
,

th e i r t e e th sh o u ld be e sp e ci a lly n o t e d a s a e w e with o u t t e e th
*
, ,

e v e n th o u gh she b re e ds is lik e ly to giv e m u c h t ro u bl e a t l a m b

,

in g ti m e . M o d e ra t e ly h e a vy fl e e c e s a re to be p re f e rre d a s th e y
,

i n di ca t e st ro n g e r sh e e p a n d g re a t e r f e e di n g ca p a city Wh e n .

p o ssibl e the co n diti o n o f the u dd e r sh o u ld be n o t e d a s m a n y ,

e w e s h a v e sp o il e d u dd e rs a n d i m p e rf e ct t e a ts .
 THE B R E E DI N G O F S HE E P 4
07

T HE B R E E DING OF T HE E W ES

P rodu cti ve pe ri od Th e re is a st ro n g t e n d e n cy o n the p a rt

.

o f b e gi n n e rs to b re e d y e a rli n g l a m bs p a rti cu l a rly if th e y a re w e ll

,

g row n . T he y e a rli n g e w e sh o u ld n o t be b re d a s t he d ra i n o n ,

he r syst e m w e a k e n s he r co n d iti o n a n d l e a v e s he r a n e a sy p re y
to p a ra sit e i n f e cti o n Fu rth e rm o re if b re e di n g the y e a rli n g
.
,

i s p e rsist e d in it wi ll l e ss e n the siz e o f the e w e

, The e w e .

m a y re m a i n in the b re e di n g fl o ck a s l o n g a s she c o n ti n u e s to
b re e d t ru e . She will be u n re li a bl e a f te r he r t e e th d ro p o u t a s ,

it is diffic u lt fo r he r to n o u rish the fe t u s in wi n t e r wh e n dry

fo ra g e is the m a i n f e e d U n l e ss a v a l u a bl e e w e a b e tt e r pl a n
.
,

is to f a tt e n he r a s s o o n a s she b e gi n s to l o s e he r t e e th Ew e s .

v a ry wid e ly in the a ge a t which th e y st o p b re e di n g s o m e b e i n g ,

u n re li a bl e a t f o u r o r fi v e y e a rs whil e o th e rs w ill c o n ti n u e to
,

b re e d u n til e ight y e a rs a n d e v e n l o n g e r ,
.

S e a son to bree d The s e a s o n to m a t e the e w e s will d e p e n d

.

o n the ti m e the l a m bs a re w a n t e d In this co u n t ry o n the .

,

a v e ra g e f a rm the b re e di n g s e a s o n b e gi n s in Se pt e m b e r o r
,

O ct ob e r To e n c o u ra g e b re e di n g e a rly the e we s a re o ft e n fe d
.
,

a v e ry stim u l a ti n g ra ti o n a p r a ctic e s o m e ti m e s sp o k e n o f a s
,
“ ”
fl u shi n g ; a n d s o m e o w n e rs h o ld the e we s whil e the ra m
s e rv e s th e m th e n in a fe w d a ys the e we s c o m e a ro u n d n a t u
,

ra lly ,
wh e n the ra m s e rv e s th e m a g a i n in the n a t u ra l w a y .

Wh e n sp ri n g l a m bs a re to be p ro d u c e d the m a ti n g m u st be ,

d o n e in A u g u st Se pt e m b e r a n d O ct o b e r as the l a m bs sh o u ld
, , ,

be d ro pp e d in J a n u a ry Fe b ru a ry a n d M a r ch
,
To ge t the l a mbs
,
.

to m a t e in Au g u st re q u i re s si m il a r t re a t m e n t to th a t s u gg e st e d
fo r wi n te r l a m bs (p a g e O n the a v e ra g e f a rm the m a ti n g
sh o u ld a ll be d o n e b e fo re C h rist m a s a s l a m bs d ro pp e d a ft e r the
,

m iddl e o f M a y a re n o t lik e ly t o th riv e with o u t m u ch e xtra c a re .

Ill e thod of m a ti n g The c o m m o n p ra ctic e is to le t the ra m

.

ru n w ith the fl o ck d u ri n g the b re e di n g s e a s o n This is n o t a wis e .

p ra ctic e . A b e tt e r pl a n is t o k e e p him a w a y fro m the e we s ,

4
08 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

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4
10 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

s e rv e d in the s a m e we e k sh o u ld re c e iv e a simil a r m a rk Th o s e .

s e rv e d o n e w e e k m a y be m a rk e d o n the b a ck o r to p o f h e a d , ,

with re d p a i n t the s e c o n d with bl a ck th o s e s e rv e d d u ri n g the

, ,

thi rd we e k with g re e n a n d so o n u si n g a di ff e re n t c o l o r e a ch
, ,

w e e k By this m e th o d o n e ca n t e ll the we e k the e w e w a s

.

s e rv e d wh e n the l a mb m a y be e xp e ct e d a n d wh e n the e n ti re
, ,

fl o ck o f e we s ha s b e e n m a t e d .

M a n a gi n g the ra m D u ri n g the da y the ra m sh o u ld be k e pt

.

in a q u i e t c o o l pl a c e a n d o u t o f sight o f the e w e fl o ck
, He sh o u ld .

be fe d lib e ra lly o n stim u l a ti n g f o o d s u ch a s o a ts b ra n a n d , , ,

cl o v e r o r a lf a lf a ha y In the cl o s e d s e a s o n wh e n n o t in u se
.
, ,

he sh o u ld h a v e the ru n o f a p a dd o ck In s u m m e r this sh o u ld .

c o n t a i n s u ffici e n t g ra ss fo r m u ch o f his f e e d a lth o u gh he sh o u ld ,

be fe d g ra i n in a dditi o n In wi n t e r he sh o u ld be t re a t e d m u ch
.

a s the fl o ck bu t k e pt in a q u i e t pl a c e a n d a w a y f ro m a ll u n
,

n e c e ss a ry n o is e a n d e xcit e m e n t .

The pre gn a n t e w e The p ro p e r c a re o f the e w e fl o ck d u ri n g

.

p re gn a n cy will do m uch to l e ss e n the di ffi cu lti e s a t p a rt u riti o n

tim e a n d s u bs e q u e n tly The e w e s m u st be k e pt in f a i r fl e sh
.
,

n e ith e r to o fa t n o r to o thi n The w o o l d e c e iv e s a n d o n e is lik e ly

.
,

to thi n k the e w e s in g o o d c o n diti o n wh e n in re a lity th e y m a y

be thi n Be i n g thi n the e w e ha s n o m ilk a n d will n o t o w n
.
, ,

the l a m b whi ch m u st be ra is e d by h a n d
,
— a v e ry di ffi c u lt ,

t a sk a n d e n ti re ly imp ra ctic a bl e wh e n th e re a re m a n y l a m bs
,
.

O n the o th e r h a n d if the e w e s a re fe d a b u n d a n tly o n o a ts

, ,

wh e a t b ra n a n d cl o v e r o r a lfa lf a ha y the l a mbs ge t so l a rg e

, ,

th a t th e re is m u ch t ro u bl e in givi n g bi rth In s u ch c a s e s e w e s .
,

a re lik e ly to p e rish a t l a mbi n g tim e a lth o u gh s u ch a s d o ,

s u rviv e will ra is e th rifty vig o ro u s l a mbs Be tt e r re s u lts will

,
.

f o ll o w t a ki n g a middl e c o u rs e .

T he p re gn a n t e w e fl o ck sh o u ld be lib e ra lly fe d s u ch f o o ds a s
will d e v e l o p b o n e a n d m u scl e bu t n ot to e x ce ss If the dry,
.

f o ra g e is c o rn st a lks th e n f e e d wh e a t b ra n a n d o a ts fo r the gra i n

,

p a rt o f the ra ti o n ; a n d if the dry f o dd e r is cl o v e r o r a lf a lf a ha y ,

 THE B R EE D IN G OF S HE E P 4
11

th e n cra ck e d c o rn m a y c o n stit u t e the gra m If a t a ll p o s sibl e .

,

s u cc u l e n t fo o d e ith e r ro o ts o r sil a g e sh o u ld be p ro vid e d a s

, , ,

s u ch f o o d s e rv e s to k e e p th e m in g o o d physic a l c o n diti o n a n d to ,

e n co u ra g e the flo w o f milk .

FIG . 1 35 — S
. U FF O L K EW E . A pi r ze w i n n er . P hoto g ra p h fro m Na ti o n a l S to ck
ma n an d F a rm er .

T h e S u ff o lk D o w n m u tto n sh e e p igi t d i S ff lk C ty E gl d Th y
or n a e n u o ou n n an e

i i y p p hi th gh p h p littl d
.
,

a r e s m la r i n m a n re s ec s t to t h H e am s re s , ou er a s a e un er

th em i n w e ight Th y e a re i f i
n h
e r or H p hi
to t l p de am s re a s w oo ro u ce rs ,

ig ly 5 7 p ff i q lity
.

sh e a r n on to ou n ds o a r- ual w oo .

La m bi n g ti m e . The
p e ri o d o f g e st a ti o n in the e w e is po pu
lhrly pl a c e d a t fi v e m o n ths m o re a ccu ra t e ly 1 5 0 d a ys (p a g e ,

Pre vi o u s to the l a mbi n g ti m e the sh e e p o wn e r sh o u ld

m a k e re a dy fo r this e ve n tfu l s e a s o n The e we s sh o u ld be n e a tly .

t a gg e d a ll w o o l b e i n g re m o v e d fro m the u dd e r a s o th e rwis e a

, .
4
12 M AN UA L O F F AR M ANI M AL S

l a m b might n u rs e a ta g i n st e a d o f a t e a t A n u mb e r o f sm a ll .

p a n e ls th re e f e e t high a n d f o u r fe e t l o n g m a d e fro m light wo o d , ,

sh o u ld be p ro vid e d Tw o o f th e s e p a n e ls sh o u ld be hi n g e d
.

t o ge th e r lik e the l e tt e r L so th a t wh e n pl a c e d in the c o rn e r o f

,

the b a rn th e y m a k e a pe n f o u r f e e t sq u a re En o u gh o f th e s e .

sho u ld be p ro vid e d so th a t a ro w o f f o u r f o o t p e n s m a y be pl a c e d -

a l o n g the sid e o f the b a rn o r sh e d Wh e n n o t in u se th e s e p a n e ls

.
,

m a y be f o ld e d u p a n d l a id a w a y As s o o n a s a e w e ha s l a mb e d
.
,

she a n d he r l a m b sh o u ld be pl a ce d in o n e o f th e s e sm a ll p e n s ,

th u s p re v e n ti n g the l a m b f ro m st ra yi n g a w a y a s it is v e ry ,

lik e ly to do if n o t re st ra i n e d .

Ew e s th a t h a v e b e e n w e ll c a re d fo r d u ri n g p re gn a n cy a re
lik e ly to h a v e a goo d s u pply o f m ilk Th e y sh o u ld be s e p a ra t e d
.

fro m the fl o ck a t o n c e a n d giv e n e xtra c a re

,
Fo r a tim e th e y .

sh ou ld be sp a ri n gly fe d o n g ra i n a s it is n ot c o n sid e re d b e st to
'

fo rc e the milk flo w u n til the l a mb s a re a bl e to t a ke c a re o f it

with o u t d a n g e r o f dige stiv e dis o rd e rs s u ch a s sc o u ri n g The ,
.

gra i n ra ti o n m a y c o n sist o f 5 0 p a rts ch o pp e d c o rn 5 0 p a rts ,

wh e a t b ra n a n d 1 0 p a rts li n s e e d m e a l F o r dry f o ra g e cl o v e r o r
,
.
,

a lf a lf a ha y is p re f e rre d a n d if p o ssibl e a s m a ll a m o u n t o f sil a g e

,

o r ro o ts sh o u ld be fe d a s in the c a s e o f the pre g n a n t e w e

,
.

Difi icu lt pa rtu ri ti on Ew e s th a t a re n o t p ro p e rly fe d d u ri n g

.

p re gn a n cy a n d a re thi n a n d w e a k o ft e n h a v e diffic u lty in de liv

, ,

e ri n g the l a m b .Y o u n g e we s e v e n th o u gh w e ll k e pt o ft e n h a v e
, ,

t ro u bl e in d ro ppin g th e i r fi rst l a m b Wh e n e v e r th e re is diffic u lt

.

p a rt u riti o n a n a t t e n d a n t o f e xp e ri e n c e sh o u ld be n e a r by to
,

re n d e r a ssist a n c e Wh e n the e w e sh o ws sign s o f l a mbi n g s u ch

.
,

a s t e a ts filli n g o u t to e n d the v u lv a sw e lli n g a n d b e c o mi n g d e e ply

,

c o l o re d a n d in s o m e c a s e s the e w e l o o ki n g fo r he r l a mb b e fo re
,

it is b o rn she sh o u ld be pl a c e d in a pe n a w a y fro m the fl o ck a n d

, ,

cl o s e ly w a tch e d In n a t u ra l p a rt u riti o n the l a mb c o m e s with

.

fro n t fe e t fi rst a n d n o s e j u st b e twe e n No n i n t e rf e re n c e is .

-

re c o m m e n d e d u n til it is e vid e n t the e w e n e e ds a id The h e a d .

a n d sh o u ld e rs a re the h a rd e st p a rt to d e liv e r a n d a ft e r th e s e a re ,
4
14 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

milk o f the e w e Wh e n the l a mb is to o w e a k to m o v e it m u st be

.
,

a ssist e d . T o do this g e n tly se t the e w e o n he r ru m p a s th o u gh

, ,

y o u w e re g o i n g to sh e a r he r Pl a c e the l a mb o n its sid e u n d e r

.

he r hi n d limbs with o n e h a n d o p e n the l a m b s m o u th a n d with

’
, ,

the o th e r m ilk a s m a ll
q u a n ti ty o f the d a m s ’

the
’
m ilk on l a mb s
t o n gu e a t the s a m e ,

ti m e pl a ci n g the t e a t
i n t o the l a m b s m o u th ’
,

wh e n it w ill u s u a lly
b e gi n to s u ck a t o n c e .

The ew e an d l a mb
sh o u ld b e w a t c h e d
cl o s e ly to se e th a t the
l a m b g e ts its s e c on d
m e a l fo r it m a y be n e c
,

e ss a ry to a id it a s e c o n d

ti m e a n d e v e n a thi rd

(Fig .

If the e w e p e rish e s
F IG 1 36 — M E T H O D O F T E A CH I N G HE LP L E S S

Y O U N G LA M B T o S UCK
d u ri n g the p a rt u riti o n
. .

.
,

a n d th e re is n o o th e r

e w e the l a mb ca n be pu t w ith it will be n e c e ss a ry to giv e the

,

l a mb its f o o d fro m a b o ttl e with ru bb e r n ippl e M o difi e d c o w s

.
’

milk sh o u ld be giv e n F e e d the m ilk a t a b o u t b o dy t e mp e ra

.

o
t u re 1 03 F givi n g a v e ry sm a ll a m o u n t bu t o ft e n e v e ry tw o
,
.
, , ,

h o u rs a t fi rst .

A chille d la m b O cc a si o n a lly l a mbs ge t s e p a ra t e d fro m th e i r

.

d a ms a n d b e c o m e chill e d This is v e ry lik e ly to h a pp e n u n l e ss

. ,

e w e a n d l a mb a re c o n fi n e d to a sm a ll sp a c e A ho t b a th is the
.

b e st t hi n g fo r a chill e d l a m b Imm e rs e the l a mb in w a t e r a s

.

ho t a s o n e ca n b e a r the h a n d K e e p the w a t e r ho t by a ddi n g

.

m o re o f it t a ki n g c a re n o t to sc a ld the l a mb Wh e n w a rm e d ,
,
.
 THE B R E E DI N G OF S HE E P 4
15

wip e dry with fl a n n e l cl o th a n d re st o re to the d a m Aid the .

l a m b to ge t its fi rst m e a l a n d w a tch cl o s e ly S o m e ti m e s

,
.

a fe w d ro ps o f whi s ky in w a rm w a t e r is giv e n chill e d

l a mbs It is s u rp risi n g ho w m u ch a ho t b a th will re viv e
.

c o ld w e t l a m bs a n d the m e th o d is w o rth t ria l n o m a tt e r ho w

, ,

li m p the l a m b .

It is a g o o d pl a n to m a k e s o m e p ro visi o n in a dv a n c e to c a re ,

fo r twi n l a m bs ; fo r o ft e n o n e will chill whil e the da m is n u rsi n g

the o th e r . T o do this p ro vid e a b o x sa y tw o f e e t sq u a re a n d ,

e ight e e n i n ch e s d e e p pl a ci n g fi v e in ch e s o f b ra n in it Whil e
,
.

the e w e is n u rsi n g o n e l a mb the o th e r m a y be pla c e d in the wa rm

,

b ra n a n d a ll c o v e re d bu t the n o s e ; this will k e e p the l a mb w a rm

,

a n d h e lp to dry it Aft e r a ti m e re t u rn to the e w e

. In licki n g .

o ff the b ra n she will o w n it In the a bs e n c e o f the b ra n a j u g

.
,

o f ho t w a t e r m a y be pl a c e d in the bo x with the l a mb and a ,

bl a n k e t th ro wn o v e r the to p o f the bo x .

A disow n e d la m b O cc a si o n a lly a yo u n g e w e o r a n o ld o n e
.
,

v e ry thi n in fl e sh will n e gl e ct o r dis o wn he r l a mb a n d re f u s e

, ,

to c a re fo r it . U s u a lly the e w e will t a k e to the l a mb if she is

h e ld whil e the l a m b n u rs e s To h o ld the e w e a sm a ll st a n chi o n
.
,

sh o u ld be c o n st ru ct e d The st a n chi o n m a y c o n sist simply o f

.

tw o g re e n st a k e s o n e a n d o n e h a lf i n ch e s in di a m e t e r d riv e n
,
-
,

i n t o the gro u n d a n d h e ld a t the to p with a pi e c e o f m m o r st ra p .

S o m e tim e s a littl e m e a l pl a c e d o n the l a mb will i n d u c e the

e w e to n u rs e it a n d to cl a i m it .

O cc a si o n a lly a e w e will l o s e he r l a m b a n d h a v e he r u dd e r ,

fill e d with m ilk At the s a m e ti m e th e re m a y be o th e r e w e s in

.
,

the fl o ck with twi n s a n d it is a g o o d pl a n to giv e o n e o f the twi n s

,

to a e w e th a t ha s l o st he r l a mb S o m e ti m e s di ffic u lty is e xpe ri

.

e n ce d in g e tti n g he r to o w n it The e w e m a y be pl a c e d in.

a st a n chi o n ; if she still re f u s e s the l a m b m a y be w a sh e d to re ,

m o v e its o d o r th e n s o m e o f the e we s milk pl a c e d o n its h e a d

,
’

a n d b a ck a t the s a m e ti m e pl a ci n g s o m e o f the e w e s milk o n

’
,

he r o w n n o s e wh e n she will o ft e n o w n the l a m b

,
.
 16 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

La m b i lls
Ha vi n g m a d e its a pp e a ra n c e i n t o w o rld with o r with o ut the ,

diffic u lty the l a mb is still s u bj e ct to m a n y t ro u bl e s chi e f o f

, ,

which a re di a rrh e a c o n stip a ti o n s o re m o u th a n d c o n t a gi o u s

, , ,

s o re e y e s The e xt e n t o f th e s e t ro u bl e s will d e p e n d l a rge ly o n

.

the c a re giv e n the e w e whil e she is n u rsin g the l a mb By p ro p e r .

m a n a ge m e n t th e s e t ro u bl e s m a y be m a t e ri a lly re d u c e d a n d in ,

m a n y c a s e s e n ti re ly a v o id e d The e w e s sh o u ld be k e pt in dry
.
,

w e ll v e n tila t e d w e ll light e d q u a rt e rs p e rm itt e d to t a k e e x e rcis e

, ,

in a dry o r w e ll b e dd e d lo t a n d fe d h e a lthy n u t riti o u s f o o ds

, ,
.

Con stipa ti on m a y be c a u s e d by the l a mb g e ttin g to o mu ch

milk o r to diffi c u lt t e e thi n g in which l a tt e r c a s e the gu ms
, ,

sh o u ld be ru bb e d u n til the t e e th a re th ro u gh Wh e n c o n stip a .

t i o n p re va ils re d u c e the e we s gra in ra ti o n It m a y be n e ce ss a ry

,
’
.

p a rtly to mi lk the e w e If this d o e s n o t a ff o rd reli e f i n j e ct in

.
,

the re ct u m a sm a ll a m o u n t n o t to e x ce e d tw o o u n c e s o f w a rm
, ,

w a t e r to which a littl e glyc e ri n e ha s b e e n a dd e d D o n o t in j e c t

,
.

to o m u ch a n d do n o t u se s o a p s u ds
,
.

Di a rrhea is o ft e n c a u s e d by o v e rf e e din g Wh e n the l a m b is .

t ro u bl e d with di a rrh e a o r sc o u rin g the t re a tm e n t is to milk the ,

e w e in p a rt re m e mb e ri n g th a t the l a st m ilk is the ri ch e r in fa t

, , ,

the e l e m e n t c a u si n g the dist u rb a n c e The e w e s gra i n ra ti o n

’
.

sh o u ld be re d u c e d If the e we s a re ru n n i n g o n p a st u re f e e d s o m e
.
,

ti m o thy ha y sc a tt e re d o n the gra ss o r pl a c e d in ra cks co n v e n

ie n tly l o c a t e d If the sc o u rs p e rsist o r if the disch a rg e is whit e
.
, ,

th e n a mild h e a li n g l a x a tiv e a n d t o n ic sh o u ld be giv e n

,
M ix .

o n e -f o u rth o u n c e o f c o m m o n c o o ki n g s o d a o n e o u n c e o f s u lf a t e ,

o f m a gn e si a a n d a s m u ch g ro u n d gi n g e r a s ca n be t a k e n u p o n a
,

p e n y with o n e h a lf pi n t o f g ru e l a n d giv e a s a d re n ch In f o u r
n ,
-
,
.

h o u rs f o ll o w with a d o s e o f o n e o u n c e o f li n s e e d o il .

”
Pi n n i n g is du e to a n a cc u m u l a ti o n o f e xc re m e n t a t the
“

v e n t a n d t a il in s u ch a m a n n e r th a t the p ro p e r f u n cti on o f
the b o w e ls c a n n o t be p e rfo rm e d The t re a tm e n t is to re m o v e
.

the filth fro m the p a rts a n d d u st with p o wd e re d ch a lk

,
.
4
18 M AN UAL O F F AR M A N I M AL S

sh ri n k a g e Wh e n p ra ctic a bl e the e w e s sh o u ld be re m o v e d , l e a v
.
,

in g the l a m bs in th e i r a cc u st o m e d pl a ce All thi n gs c o n sid e re d .

,

it is b e tt e r th a t the s e p a ra ti o n be c o m pl e t e The e w e s sh o u ld .

be c a re f u lly w a t ch e d to s e e th a t n o n e s u ff e r f ro m c a k e d u dd e r .

The a ge a t which l a mbs sh o u ld be w e a n e d will d e p e n d o n the

F IG 1 37 HO R N E D D O R S E TR AM F i tp i
rs r ze a n d ch a m pi o n ra m a t fo u r S ta te
i ig t Ch y N Y
. . .

Fa rs , 1 9 09 . Ow n ed a t He a rt ’
s Del h F a rm , az , . .

Th He d D t
o rn e tiv f D t C ty E g l d h i l
o rs e tdf
a n a e o o r se ou n n an w e no e or t he
p d ti f b th tt p i lly t d f
, , ,

ro uc on d l i
o o mlifi u on an w oo s m o re es ec a no e or pro c a cy

d h p d ti b f h y N b
,

an t f l e ro u c on d o l a m s at an y s e a so n o t e ear o re e e x ce s t he
t i h p d ti b A b d h i l
.

D o rse s f ni t t l e ro uc on o w n er am s s a re e t e an m a s a re

h dy g dg v g 00 p d d h
.

ar an Th d oo ra z e rs e ra m s a e ra e 2 ou n s an t e ew es 1 60
p d T h y h f 5 0 p d f l T hi b d i p p l
.

ou n s e s ear ro m to 1 ou n s o w oo s re e s o u ar in
h U it d S t t
. .

t e n e a es .

o bj e ct s o u ght Wh e n sp rin g l a mbs a re s o u ght the l a mbs m a y

.
,

ru n with the e w e s u n til s o ld bu t fo r o th e r l a mbs it is b e tt e r to ,

we a n a t th re e o r f o u r m o n ths o f a ge In s u ch c a s e s the l a m bs .

S h o u ld be w e a n e d a n d re m o v e d f ro m the o ld p a st u re s b e f o re
 THE B R EE D I N G O F S HE E P 19

th e re is d a n g e r o f p a ra sit e i n f e cti o n As s o o n a s w e a n e d the

.
,

l a m bs sh o u ld be pl a c e d o n s o wn p a st u re s a s s u gg e st e d in the
disc u ssi o n o n f e e din g the fl o ck in s u m m e r (p a g e Whil e
this is o ft e n n e gl e ct e d it is v e ry i m p o rt a n t fo r a ft e r the y o u n g
, ,

l a mbs o n c e b e c o m e i n f e ct e d with g e rms th e y a re n o t lik e ly to

,

th riv e a n d will p ro v e a f a il u re
,
S o m e f o re th o u ght is re q u i re d
.

in a rra n gi n g a n d s o wi n g the p a st u re s bu t if sh e e p f a rm i n g i s
,

to p ro v e p ro fit abl e it is v e ry e ss e n ti a l e sp e ci a lly th ro u gh o u t
, ,

the c o rn b e lt a n d th o s e re gi o n s s u bj e ct to p a ra sit e s
-
.

Ca stra ti n g m a le la m bs The m a l e l a mbs sh o u ld be c a st ra t e d

.

a t te n d a ys to tw o w e e ks o ld a s th e y will s u ff e r l e ss if o p e ra t e d
,

a t this tim e La mbs i n t e n d e d fo r ho t h o u s e t ra d e sh o u ld n o t be

.
-

c a st ra t e d a s the e xp o s e d t e sticl e s a dd to the a pp e a ra n c e o f the

,

c a rc a ss wh e n o n the m a rk e t The o p e ra ti o n is n o t d iffic u lt

.
,

a n d th e re is p ra ctic a lly n o d a n g e r o f i n j u ri n g the l a m b An .

a ssist a n t sh o u ld h o ld the l a mb in s u c h a p o siti o n a s to e xp o s e the

sc ro t u m S e v e r the e n d o f the sc ro t u m pi n ch the t e sticl e o u t

.
, ,

a n d re m o v e with the a dh e ri n g c o rds The sc ro t u m m a y be

.

ru bb e d with a mixt u re o f t a ll o w a n d t u rp e n ti n e h a lf a n d h a lf , ,

a n d the l a mb re t u rn e d to the da m .

Docki n g the la m bs U n l e ss the l a mbs a re to be s e n t to m a rk e t

.

u n d e r th re e m o n ths o f a ge th e y sh o u ld h a v e the t a il re m o v e d
,
.

The t a il is o f n o u se to the sh e e p a n d is lik e ly to b e co m e fo u l .

Do ck e d l a mbs th rive b e tt e r th a n u n d o ck e d a n d th e y p re s e n t a
,

f u ll e r a n d sq u a re r a pp e a ra n c e The l a mbs sh o u ld be d o ck e d
.

a t te n d a ys to tw o w e e ks o f a ge o r e v e n y o u n g e r if st ro n g
,
.

This m a y be d on e by s e v e rin g the t a il with a sh a rp k n if e cu t ,

ti n g f ro m the u n d e r sid e by the u se o f a m a ll e t a n d sh a rp chis e l ;

,

or , b e tt e r still by the u se o f d o cki n g pi n c e rs Th e s e pi n c e rs

,
.

re s e mbl e the o rdi n a ry sh o e i n g p in c e rs a n d m a y be m a d e by a n y

bl a cksmith The e dg e s sh o u ld be ra th e r thi n with the b a ck

.
,

h e a vy in o rd e r to h o ld h e a t fo r by h e a tin g th e m to re d n e ss a n d
,

th e n s e v e ri n g the t a il the st u mp will bl e e d bu t littl e wh e re a s if ,

the t a ils o f l a mbs in v e ry g o o d c on diti on a re s e v e re d with a

4
20 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

sh a rp in s t ru m e n t s u c h a s a kn if e o r chis e l a fe w o f the l a mbs

, ,

m a y bl e e d to d e a th Bo re a h o l e o f s u ffici e n t siz e to a dmit the

.

l a mb s t a il in a b o a rd a n d wh e n re a dy fo r u se h e a t the pin c e rs
’
, ,

to re d n e ss p u ll the t a il th ro u gh the h o l e to p ro t e ct the l a mb s

’
,

ru mp a n d s e v e r the t a il q u ickly
,
.

Win g su gg e sts to m a k e the pi n c e rs l a rg e e n o u gh to a dmi t a

gro w n ra m s sc ro t u m a n d wh e n it is d e si re d to c a st ra t e su ch a
’
,

ra m p ro t e ct the b o dy with a b o a rd a s b e f o re a n d h o ld u p the

,

sc ro tu m a n d sl o wly s e v e r with the pi n c e rs h e a te d to re dn e ss .

FIG 1 38 — M E T H O D O F M A RK I N G LA M B S FO R F U TURE IDE NT I F I C ATIO N OR

U NT I L P ERM A N E N T T AG S C A N B E I NS ER T E D I N T O T HE EA R
. . ,

M a rki n g la m bs v o id e rro rs a n d mist a k e n id e n t ity

. To a

the y o u n g l a mbs sh o u ld be m a rk e d a s s o o n a s p o ssibl e a ft e r

bi rth Id e n tifyi n g u n m a rk e d l a mbs is a diffic u l t ta sk a n d o n e
.

which e xp e ri e n c e d flo ck m a st e rs a re o ft e n u n a bl e to do h e n c e
-
,
’
the i m po rt a n c e o f m a rki n g the y o u n g l a mb The y o u n g l a mb s
.

e a r is v e ry t e n d e r a n d will n o t c a rry a l a b e l u n til w e ll g ro wn ,

so a te mp o ra ry m a rki n g m u s t be u s e d Th e re a re tw o .
 C HA PT ER X IX

CAR E AND M ANAG EM ENT O F S HEEP

THE a bility to c a re fo r sh e e p s u cc e ssf u lly is a f a c u lty to be

i n c re a s e d a nd st re n gth e n e d by c a re f u l st u dy a n d e xp e ri e n c e .

All th a t m a y be w ritt e n is o f n o c o n s e q u e n c e with o u t p ra cti ce .

The timidity o f sh e e p d a i n ty a pp e tit e s i n a bility to e n d u re

, ,

d a m p n e ss d ra u ghts m u d l o ts a s w e ll a s th e i r li a bility to p a ra
, , ,

sit e i n f e cti o n m u st be w e ll u n d e rst o o d by th o s e w ho e xp e ct to

,

m a k e sh e e p gro wi n g p ro fit a bl e The kn o wl e dg e is v e ry e a sy
.

to o bt a i n a n d m e th o ds o f c o m b a ti n g a re n o t difli cu lt bu t th e y
, ,

d e m a n d p e rsist e n t e ff o rt o n the p a rt o f the sh e e p o wn e r .

S h e e p m a y be s u cc e ssfu lly g ro wn o n a n y g e n e ra l f a rm o r wh e re
th e re is a n o pp o rt u n ity fo r ch a n g e s in gra zi n g Wh e n the .

f a rm ha s the e q u ipm e n t a n d is c o n v e n i e n tly l o c a t e d to a ra il

ro a d l e a di n g to o n e o f o u r l a rg e r citi e s wi n t e r l a m b p ro d u cti o n
,
-

m a y be m o st p ro fit a bl e wh e re a s if the f a rm l a cks e q u ipm e n t

,

a n d ha s m u ch ch e a p g ra zi n g l a n d s o m e o th e r f o rm o f sh e e p
,

p ro d u cti on w o u ld d o u btl e ss yi e ld the gre a t e r p ro fit Ea ch .

f a rm e r m u st m a k e a c a re f u l st u dy o f his co n diti o n s s u ch a s ,

l o c a ti o n f a ciliti e s fo r shippin g d e m a n ds o f his m a rk e t c o n di

, , ,

ti o n o f the s o il a n d the lik e th e n la y his pl a n s a cc o rdi n gly

, ,
.

Wh e re v e r the f a rm wh a t e v e r the co n diti o n s wh e n e v e r sh e e p

, ,

gro wi n g is to be p ra ctic e d a m pl e p ro visi o n m u st be m a d e fo r

,

ch a n g e in p a st u re S h e e p m a y liv e o r a t l e a st the o ld e r o n e s
.
,

m a y with o u t ch a n g e bu t if pu t i n t o a p a st u re in the sp ri n g
, , ,

a n d c o m p e ll e d to re m a i n th e re u n til f a ll th e y will n e v e r a tt a i n
,

the siz e th e y w o u ld h a ve a tt a i n e d ha d th e re b e e n a f re q u e n t
ch a n g e o f p a st u re Wh e re sh e e p a re th u s p a st u re d the l a m bs
.
,

4
22
 CA R E AND M AN A GEM E N T OF S H EE P 4
23

o ft e n p e rish a s a re s u lt o f p a ra sit e s S h e e p p ro fit by a ch a n ge
.

o f p a st u re e v e n if so fa r a s the p a st u re is c o n ce rn e d
,
the ,

ch a n g e is fro m a g o o d to a p o o r o n e .

DI PP IN G S HEE P

D ippi n g the sh e e p is an ss e n ti a l p a rt o f sh e e p g ro wi n g
e .

No f a rm e r sh o u ld a tt e mpt to ra is e sh e e p with o u t pl a n n i n g to
dip the sh e e p n o t o n ly u p o n th e i r a rriv a l a t the f a rm bu t
, ,

twi c e a n n u a lly th e re a ft e r Fo rt u n a t e ly the p ro c e ss is v e ry

.

si m pl e a s w e ll a s i n e xp e n siv e .

I m porta n ce of di ppi n g . Th e re a re tw o e ss e n ti a l re a s o n s why

a ll sh e e p sh o u l d be dipp e d : fi rst to f re e th e m o f ti cks ; a n d
,

s e co n d to fre e th e m o f sc a b
,

g e rm s It is a bs o l u t e ly im po ssi
.

ble fo r l a m bs i n f e ct e d w ith ti cks

o r o th e r p a ra sit e s to th riv e A.

g o o d dip cl e a n s e s the ski n in ,

c re a s e s the q u a n tity a n d im
p ro v e s the q u a lity o f the wo o l .

Fro m this it is a pp a re n t th a t a ll
sh e e p wh e th e r f o u n d a ti o n st o ck
,

o r l a m bs i n t e n d e d fo r f a tt e n i n g ,

sh o u ld be dipp e d i m m e di a t e ly
u p o n the n a rrl v a l 0 11 the f a rm
: — HO R N ED D O R S E T EW E
.

F IG 1 39
O w e d by He a t s D e lig ht F a m
. . .

S h e e p t kS ca n be e n tl re ly n r
’
r .

o v e rc o m e by dippi n g . Sh e e p
ticks i n h a bit n o o th e r f a rm a n i m a ls a n d o n c e e ra di c a t e d th e re
, ,

is n o p o ssibl e ch a n c e o f th e i r re a pp e a ri n g u n l e ss b ro u ght to the

fl o ck o n i n f e st e d sh e e p o r ca rri e d in s o m e m a n n e r a s in the
, ,

cl o thi n g o f sh e a re rs fro m a n i n f e st e d fl o ck
,
.

Sh e e p sc a b ca n lik e wis e be p re v e n t e d by dippi n g This sc a b .

is c a u s e d by a m i n u t e p a ra sit e to o s m a ll to be s e e n by the n a k e d
,

eye ,
which i rrit a t e s the ski n c a u si n g a w a t e ry e x u d a t e
,
This .

e x u d a te f o rms a c ru st b e n e a th which the sc a b mit e b u rro ws ,

 4
24 M AN U AL O F F AR M A N I M AL S

g re a tly i rrit a ti n g the a n i m a l c a u si n g l o ss o f fl e sh i n t e n s e itch

, ,

in g l o ss o f wo o l a n d fre q u e n tly re s u lts in d e a th to the sh e e p

, , .

Sh e e p a ff e ct e d w ith sc a b a re u n e a sy p a wi n g with the f o o t a n d

,

biti n g a t t he a ff e ct e d p a rts whi ch a re u s u a lly a l o n g the n e ck a n d

,

sh o u ld e rs If s u ch a n a n i m a l be c a re f u l ly e x a mi n e d the wo o l a n d
.
,

S ki n will a pp e a r a b n o rm a l a t the a ff e ct e d p a rts A slight e xu .

d a t e is n o ti c e d which l a t e r fo rms a sc a b whi ch ra pidly sp re a ds , .

The mit e is t ra n sf e rre d f ro m o n e sh e e p to a n o th e r a n d s o o n the

e n ti re fl o ck is a ff e ct e d .

C o m m o n pl a c e s fo r sh e e p to b e c o m e i n f e c te d with the sc a b
mit e a re in the st o ck y a rds ra il ro a d st o ck p e n s a n d in s to ck
-
,
-
,

c a rs u n l e ss We ll disi n fe ct e d As th e y m u ltiply v e ry ra pidly

,
.
,

a fe w p a ra sit e s g a th e re d u p in this w a y will s o o n ru n th ro u gh

a n e n ti re fl o ck Wh e n o n c e the sh e e p b e c o m e a ff e c t e d a n d
.

sc a bs f o rm e d the dis e a s e is h a rd to e ra dic a t e

,
If ta k e n in .

tim e p re ve n ti o n is ve ry e a sy
,
He n c e the i m p o rt a n c e o f dip
.

pi n g a ll n e wly p u rch a s e d sh e e p b e fo re th e y i n f e ct the f a rm o r

the fl o ck .

The di ppi n g v a t The n a t u re o f the dippi n g v a t o r ta n k will

.

be d e t e rmi n e d l a rg e ly by the siz e o f the fl o ck Fo r a s m a ll .

fl o ck s u ch a s is k e pt o n the a v e ra g e f a rm a si m pl e tro u gh o f wo o d
, ,

m e t a l o r c o n c re t e 1 6 i n ch e s w id e a t the to p a n d 6 i n ch e s a t the
b o tt o m 4fe e t d e e p a n d 8 to 1 2 f e e t l o n g will p ro v e a m pl e
, ,

.
, , ,

The v a t m u st be n a rro w so the sh e e p c a n n o t t u rn a ro u n d ; m u st

be d e e p so th e y ca n be pl u n g e d cl e a r u n d e r a n d n o sp o t e sc a p e the
dip ; a n d the l o n g e r the v a t the q u ick e r the dippi n g ca n be pe r
,

f o rm e d a s e a ch a n im a l sh o u ld re m a i n in the dip a t l e a st o n e
,

mi n u t e The e n d o f the v a t a t which the S h e e p e n t e r sh o u ld be

.

p e rp e n di c u l a r so th a t th e y m a y be m a d e to j u m p in the dip a n d
,

th u s be c o m pl e t e ly s u bm e rg e d At the o th e r e n d th e re sh o u ld
.
,

be a g ra d u a l i n cli n e u p whi ch the sh e e p ca n w a lk He re a n in .

cli n e pl a tfo rm sh o u ld be c o n st ru ct e d so th a t the d rippi n gs o f the

,

dipp e d sh e e p m a y be re t u rn e d to the v a t o th e rwis e m u ch o f the ,

dip will be w a st e d p a rtic u l a rly if the wo o l is l o n g O n f a rms

,
.
4
26 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

If the dip is to o ho t it will sc a ld ; if to o c o ld it will be l e ss

, ,

e ff e ctiv e
. T he w a t e r m a y be h e a t e d in a l a rg e k e ttl e a n d k e p t
ho t by th ro wi n g re d ho t i ro n s o r h e a t e d s to n e s i n t o the t a n k
-
.

This is a v e ry co n ve n i e n t w a y to h e a t the dip if a n y re m a i n s In

the t a n k . The w a t e r sh o u ld be s o ft e n e d by the a dditi o n o f
e n o u gh c o n c e n t ra t e d ly e to giv e it a n o ily f e e li n g lik e s o a p

s u ds o r by the a dditi o n o f w o o d a she s

,
.

The b e st dip to u se i s s o m e o n e o f the c o a l -ta r p re p a ra ti o n s a s ,

Ze n o le u m Na ptho le u m D a y tho le u m M ilk O il a n d the lik e

, , , , .

Th e s e a re f a i rly ch e a p v e ry e ffe ctiv e cl e a n si n g to the ski n h e a l

, , ,

in g to dis e a s e d e y e s a n d m o u th pl e a s a n t to u se a n d s u re d e a th
, ,

to a ll f o rm s o f p a ra sit e lif e The di re cti on giv e n o n the c a n s in

.

which the c o a l — ta r c o m e s is to u se a t a st re n gt h o f o n e p a rt
o f dip to 1 00 p a rts w a t e r Whil e this is st ro n g e n o u gh to kill
.

ticks it is n o t s u ffici e n t to re m o v e sc a b g e rms

,
Wh e n the sh e e p .

h a v e fi rst a rriv e d o r whe n dippi n g fo r sc a b u se o n e p a rt dip to ,

4 0 p a rts w a t e r .

Wh e n dippi n g fo r ticks o n e m i n u t e is su fli cie n t l e n gth o f ti m e

,

fo r the sh e e p to re m a i n in the s o l u ti o n Wh e n dippi n g n e w a r .

riv a ls o r fo r sc a b t he S h e e p sh o u ld re m a i n in the dip tw o m i n u t e s

,

a n d the h e a d sh o u ld be i m m e rs e d twi ce With the dip ho t the .

,

w a te r s o ft e n e d the dip u s e d a t a st re n gth o f 1 to 4

,
0 a n d the ,

sh e e p l e ft in fo r tw o m i n u t e s a ll e xt e rn a l p a ra sitic lif e will be

,

d e st ro y e d If sc a b is s u sp e ct e d the dippi n g sh o u ld be re p e a t e d
.
,

in e ight to te n d a ys a s the dip will n o t kill the e ggs a n d a s e c o n d

, ,

dippi n g is e ss e n ti a l co mpl e t e ly to e ra dic a t e the sc a b mit e s .

F re qu e n cy of di ppi n g All sh e e p a rrivi n g a t the f a rm sh o u ld

.

be dipp e d b e f o re th e y i n fe ct the l o ts In a dditi o n to this the

.

e n ti re fl o ck sh o u ld be dipp e d a t l e a st o n c e a y e a r a n d it will be ,

the b e tt e r fo r it if dipp e d twic e a n n u a lly O n e dippi n g sh o u ld .

ta k e pl a c e s o o n a ft e r sh e a ri n g a s l e ss dip will be re q u i re d
,
It .

sh ou ld n o t h o we v e r fo ll o w to o cl o s e ly a ft e r sh e a ri n g
, ,
A .

pl e a s a n t da y sh o u ld be s e l e ct e d a n d the sh e e p sh o u ld be w e ll
,

p ro t e ct e d u n til dry It will ta ke th e m s e v e ra l h o u rs to dry

.
 CAR E AND M A NA GE M E N T O F S HE E P 4
27

out . At this ti m e it sh o u l d n o t t a k e m o re th a n o n e q u a rt o f
t he m ixt u re to a sh e e p wh e re a s if the sh e e p is n o t sh o rn it
, ,

will t a k e a pp ro xi m a t e ly o n e g a ll o n The s e c o n d dippi n g sh o u l d

.

be in the f a ll s o m e f a i r da y j u st b e f o re the sh e e p a re pl a ce d
,

in th e i r w i n t e r q u a rt e rs This s e c o n d dippi n g will pa y be

.

ca u se o f its i n vig o ra ti n g i n fl u e n c e e v e n th o u gh the sh e e p a re

,
‘

fre e fro m ticks By a ll me a n s the sh e e p sh o u ld be dipp e d a t

.
,

o n ce o n the o u tb re a k o f sc a b u n l e ss in the v e ry s e v e re st o f wi n t e r

w e a th e r .

S HEAR I NG S HE E P

Fo rm e rly it w a s the c u st o m to w a sh the sh e e p b e f o re sh e a ri n g

a n d sh e a r l a t e r in the s e a s o n th a n a t p re s e n t This w a s in the .

d a ys o f the spi n n i n g wh e e l a n d h a n d l o o m The p ra ctic e o f .

w a shi n g the w o o l w a s c o n ti n u e d s o m e wh a t l a t e r fo r it w a s ,

th o u ght th a t it p re p a re d the wo o l fo r the m a n u f a ct u re This .

it did n o t do bu t it did re n d e r the w o o l light e r by re m o vi n g the

,

n a t u ra l o il a n d h e n c e w a s a disti n ct dis a dv a n t a g e to the f a rm e r .

Wa shi n g she e p At the p re s e n t ti m e co m p a ra tiv e ly fe w

.

sh e e p a re w a sh e d b e f o re sh e a ri n g th o u gh in s o m e l o c a liti e s it is
,

still p ro fit a bl e a s b u y e rs di sc ri m i n a t e a g a i n st u n w a sh e d wo o l
,
.

The w a shi n g is u s u a lly d o n e in a b ro o k The w a t e r sh o u ld be

.

a b o u t w a ist d e e p the b o tt o m o f the b ro o k s a n dy g ra v e lly o r

, , ,

ro cky a n d f re e f ro m m u d a n d the sh o re fi rm cl e a n a n d g ra ssy

, , , , .

Th e re sh o u l d be s u ffi ci e n t c u rre n t to c a rry the di rt a w a y wh e n

p re ss e d o u t o f the w o o l A s m a ll i n cl o s u re n e a r the sh o re re
.

st ra i n s the S h e e p ; o n e m a n c a tch e s the sh e e p a s e co n d t a gs ,

th e m a n d re m o v e s the filth f ro m the hi n d -q u a rt e rs whil e the ,

t hi rd m a n w a sh e s The w a sh e r l e a ds the S h e e p i n t o the w a t e r

.

b e y o n d its d e pth The sh e e p is e a sily h a n dl e d

. Att e n ti o n .

sh ou ld be giv e n a ll p a rts o f the fl e e c e The wo o l is p re ss e d

.

b e tw e e n the o p e n h a n ds whi ch re m o v e s the di rt a n d disc o l o rs

,

the w a t e r . Wh e n n o fu rth e r disc o l o ra ti o n ca n be p ro d u c e d ,

the sh e e p is re m o v e d to the sh o re The a n im a l sh o u ld be h e ld

.
4
28 MAN U AL O F F AR M AN I M A L S

un til slightly d ra i n e d to p re v e n t it fro m f a lli n g a s a re s u lt o f

the w e ight o f the w a t e r in the fl e e c e The fl o ck sh o u ld th e n
.

be k e pt in a cl e a n pl a c e fo r a t l e a st o n e w e e k to p e rmit the
y o lk o r o il to be re pl a c e d .

Whe n to she a r The tim e fo r sh e a ri n g w ill d e p e n d s o m e wh a t

.

o n the c o n diti o n s If wi n t e r l a m bs a re s o u ght the sh e a ri n g

.
,

sho u ld be d o n e in M a rch o r b e fo re wh e re a s if th e re is n o h u rry

,

a bo u t the l a mbs a n d the sh e e p a re n o t w e ll p ro t e ct e d the w o o l ,

m a y be l e ft o n u n til w a rm w e a th e r With the c o m i n g o f w a rm

.

we a th e r the wo o l mu st be re m o v e d o r the sh e e p will n o t th rive .

Wh e n a t a ll p ra ctic a bl e e a rly sh e a ri n g is to be re c o m m e n d e d a s
, ,

the sh e e p w ill do m u ch b e tt e r If tro u bl e d with ti cks th e y will

.
,

l e a v e a s s o o n a s the sh e e p a re sho w th o u gh in this c a s e it is we ll

,

to se e t h a t the ticks do n o t go to the l a m bs The a m o u n t o f

.

wo o l t a k e n o ff will be g re a t e r if the sh e e p a re sh o rn re g u l a rly in

M a rch o r Ap ril th a n if sh o rn in Ju n e Wh e re w a shi n g the wo o l
.

is p ra ctic e d the she e p c a n n o t be sh o rn u n til w a rm we a th e r a s

,

it is u n s a f e to w a sh the a n im a ls in the l a t e wi n t e r o r e a rly

sp ri n g.

Ha n d she a ri n g Ha n d sh e a ri n g r e q u i re s m u ch skill a n d co n
.

side ra ble p ra ctic e A g o o d m a n will sh e a r fro m 4

. 0 to 1 00 sh e e p
in a da y u si n g c o mm o n h a n d sh e a rs
,
M a n y e xp e rts sh e a r u p o n
.

the fl o o r th o u gh s o m e p re f e r a pl a tf o rm
,
The w o rk sh o u ld
.

be d o n e in a light a i ry pl a c e ,
Whil e e a ch sh e a re r ha s his o w n
.

m e th o d it is s o m e m o dific a ti o n o f the fo ll o wi n g : The sh e e p is

,

p l a c e d o n its ru m p with its b a ck to the sh e a re r s u pp o rt e d by

the l e ft a rm with the sh e a rs in the right h a n d
,
The w o o l i s .

t h e n re mo v e d fro m the b riske t a n d n e ck do wn to the sh o u ld e rs .

The fl e e c e is th e n O p e n e d d o w n the a bd o m e n a n d fi rst clipp e d

o n the l e ft sid e a s fa r a ro u n d a s the b a ck b o n e a n d th e n o n the

righ t sid e in a simil a r m a n n e r a ll the ti m e e x e r cisi n g m u ch c a re

,

in k e e pi n g the fl e e ce to g e th e r C a re m u s t be e x e rcis e d n o t to
.

cu t to o d e e p a t o n e st ro k e o r the sh e e p will n o t be sm o o th The .

p o i n ts o f the sh e a rs m u st be k e pt cl o s e to the hid e o th e rwis e a ,

4
28 MAN U A L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

unt il sligh t ly d ra i n e d to p re v e n t it fro m f a lli n g a s a re s u lt o f

the w e ight o f the w a t e r in the fl e e c e The fl o ck S h o u ld th e n
.

be k e p t in a cl e a n pl a c e fo r a t l e a st o n e w e e k to p e rmi t the
y o lk o r o il to be re pl a c e d .

When to shea r The tim e fo r sh e a ri n g will d e p e n d s o m e wh a t

.

o n the c o n diti o n s If wi n t e r l a m bs a re s o u ght the sh e a ri n g

.
,

sh o u ld be d o n e in M a rch o r b e fo re Wh e re a s if th e re Is n o h u rry
,

a bo u t the l a m bs a n d the sh e e p a re n o t w e ll p ro t e ct e d the w o o l ,

m a y be l e ft o n u n til w a rm w e a th e r With the c o m i n g o f wa rm

.

we a th e r the w o o l m u st be re m o v e d o r the sh e e p will n o t th riv e .

Wh e n a t a ll p ra ctic a bl e e a rly S h e a ri n g is to be re c o mm e n d e d a s
, ,

the sh e e p will do m u ch b e tt e r If tro u bl e d with ti cks th e y will

.
,

l e a v e a s s o o n a s the sh e e p a re sh o rn th o u gh in this c a s e it is we ll
,

to se e th a t the ticks do n o t go to the l a mbs The a m o u n t o f

.

wo o l t a k e n o ff will be g re a t e r if the S h e e p a re sh o rn re gu l a rly in

M a rch o r Ap ril th a n if sh o rn in Ju n e Wh e re w a shi n g the w o o l
.

is p ra cti c e d the she e p c a n n o t be sh o rn u n til w a rm we a th e r a s

,

it is u n s a f e to w a sh the a n im a ls in the l a t e wi n t e r o r e a rly

S p ri n g
.

Ha n d she a ri n g Ha n d sh e a ri n g re q u i re s m u ch skill a n d co n
.

side ra ble p ra ctic e A g o o d m a n will sh e a r f ro m 4

. 0 to 1 00 sh e e p
in a da y u si n g c o mm o n h a n d sh e a rs
,
M a n y e xp e rts sh e a r u p o n
.

the fl o o r th o u gh s o m e p re f e r a pl a tf o rm
,
The w o rk sh o u ld
.

be d o n e in a light a i ry pl a c e ,
Whil e e a ch sh e a re r ha s his o w n
.

m e t h o d it is s o m e m o dific a ti o n o f the fo ll o wi n g : The sh e e p is

,

p l a c e d o n its ru m p with its b a ck to the sh e a re r s u pp o rte d by

the l e ft a rm with the sh e a rs in the right h a n d
,
The w o o l is.

t h e n re mo v e d fro m the b risk e t a n d n e ck do wn to the sh o u ld e rs .

The fl e e c e is th e n o p e n e d d o wn the a bd o m e n a n d fi rst clipp e d

o n the l e ft sid e a s fa r a ro u n d a s the b a ck b o n e a n d th e n o n the

righ t sid e in a simil a r m a n n e r a ll the t i m e e x e r cisi n g m u ch c a re

,

in k e e pi n g the fl e e ce to g e th e r C a re mu st be e xe rcis e d n o t to
.

cu t to o d e e p a t o n e st ro k e o r the sh e e p will n o t be s m o o th T he .

p o i n ts o f the sh e a rs m u st be k e p t cl o s e to the hid e o th e rwi s e a ,

 CA R E AN D M AN A GE M E N T OF S HE E P 29

s e c o n d st ro ke will be n e ce ss a ry which i n j u re s the w o o l a n d t a ke s

,

m u ch t i m e .

In s o m e re gi o n s it is c u st o m a ry to tie the fo re a n d hi n d l e gs -

o f the S h e e p to a b o a r d in s u ch a m a n n e r th a t the a n i m a l c a n n o t

ki ck pl a ci n g it o n a lo w pl a tfo rm a n d in this p o siti o n re lie v

, ,

in g it o f its w o o l Su ch p ra ctic e is c o n d e m n e d by a ll e xpe ri

.

e n ce d sh e e p o wn e rs .

Fo r the b e gi n n e r to sh e a r a sh e e p by h a n d is re a lly a v e ry
diffic u lt t a sk a n d if the sh e e p be a fi n e -wo o l the t a sk is still
, ,

g re a te r.

M a chi n e ry shea ri n g — S h e a ri n g sh e e p with a m a chi n e is a ve ry

.

m u ch m o re e a sy t a sk th a n sh e a ri n g by h a n d a n d the b e gi n n e r ,

ca n do v e ry m u ch b e tt e r w o rk w i th it O n the m a rk e t th e re
.

a re b o th h a n d a n d p o w e r m a chi n e s bu t o n the a v e ra g e f a rm
,

the h a n d m a chi n e i s o f c o u rs e the o n e to u s e

, ,
To o p e ra t e the .

m a c hi n e re q u i re s tw o m e n o r a m a n a n d bo y o n e to t u rn the ,

m a chi n e the o th e r to sh e a r the sh e e p If a v a il a bl e the be

,
.
,

gi n n e r sh o u ld t a k e a c o a rs e w o o l e d S h e e p a s the fi n e -w o o ls a re
-
,

m o re di ffic u lt to sh e a r r h
With a a t e c o a s e wo o l e d sh e e p o n e
- . r r -

ca n f o ll o w the di re cti o n s a n d sh e a r the sh e e p e v e n th o u gh he ,

has n e v e r s e e n the o p e ra ti o n M o s t sh e e p a re n o w sh o rn by
.

a m a chi n e .

With the sh e e p b e fo re y o u a n d f a ci n g to the l e ft gra sp it by ,

the right hi n d le g with the l e ft h a n d a n d g e n tly bu t fi rm ly pl a c e

it o n its ru m p in a n u p right p o siti o n the sh o u ld e rs re sti n g a g a i n s t
, ,

the sh e a re rs kn e e s with the m a chi n e to the right

,
It is imp o r .

ta n t to re m e mb e r th a t the sh e e p sh o u ld a lw a ys be t u rn e d to the
right . Wi th a littl e e xp e ri e n c e t his ca n be d o n e with the f e e t ,

l e a vi n g the h a n ds fre e fo r the re a l wo rk An o th e r e ss e n ti a l .

a lw a ys to be b o rn e in mi n d is to h o ld the sh e e p in s u ch a w a y

th a t the S ki n is st re tch e d tight o n the p a rt o f the b o dy t h a t is

b e i n g sh e a re d Ne v e r pl a c e the l e ft h a n d in fro n t o f the sh e a rs
.
,

a s y o u w ill s u e ly cu t t e sh e e p (if y o u a re right h a n d e d )

r h -
.

With the sh e e p h e ld fi rmly b e tw e e n the kn e e s p a rt the wo o l a t ,

 4
30 M AN U AL O F FAR M A N IM ALS

F IG 1 1 — S HE A R N G S HEE P
4 I BY M ACH INE R Y S H O W NG PO S ITI O N
I

H EE P HE A RE R THE M A CH I N E
. .
,

S , S , A ND .

FI G 14
2 PO s I T I o N WH I L E FIG 1 3 —P
4 O SI T IO N WHI L E S HE AR I N G E FT
L
HE A RIN G
. . . .

S AB D O ME N . HIND LE G .
 FI G 1 4
7 — P OSI TI O N W H I L E S HE A R I N
UM P
. .

IG . l 4
o .
—PO S I T IO N W H I L E S HE A R I N G R .

SI DE .

F IG 1 4
9 PO S I T I O N W H I L E S HE AR I

4 R I G H T S I DE
. .

F IG 1 8 P O S I T I O N WHI LE
S HE A R I N G R I G H T S H O U L DER
. . .

.
 CAR E AN D M AN A GE M E N T O F S HE E P 4
33

G a th e r up the
wo o l a s in ill u st ra ti o n (Fig
,
With a .

littl e p ra ctic e the t a sk o f sh e a ri n g with a g o o d m a chi n e will

be m o re e a sily a cc o m p lish e d th a n it is to e xpl a i n .

Tyi n g the w ool The fl e e c e is ro ll e d with the b e lly a n d l o o s e

.

e n ds i n sid e the cu t e n ds o u t
,
All ve ry di rty pi e c e s sh o u ld be
.

re m o v e d a n d n e v e r ti e d u p in the w o o l Sp e ci a l w o o l twi n e
.

sh o u ld be u s e d to tie the fl e e c e a s bi n d e r twi n e gre a tly i n j u re s

,

the w o o l fo r s m a ll bits o f the fib e r o ft e n ge t i n t o the fl e e c e a n d

, ,

n o t t a ki n g the dy e s m u st be pick e d o u t by h a n d
,
Th e re is n o .

n e e d o f a w o o l -bo x fo r tyi n g a c o m p a c t b u n dl e a s b u y e rs p re f e r ,

the fl e e c e l o o s e ly ti e d .

Fo r th o s e w ho p re f e r the wo o l bo x a v e ry c o n v e n i e n t o n e is
-
,

m a d e a s f o ll o ws : S e c u re fi v e pi e c e s o f b o a rds ; th re e e a ch o n e ,

fo o t sq u a re the o th e r tw o e a ch th re e fe e t l o n g a n d o n e f o o t wid e
,
.

O f the thre e pi e c e s o n e is to s e rv e a s the b o tt o m o f the bo x the ,

o th e r tw o a s the e n ds a n d th e y sh o u ld be hi n g e d t o g e th e r a o
,

co rdin gly The o th e r tw o b o a rds a re lik e wis e hi n g e d to the

.

b o t to m pi e c e so th a t wh e n a ll a re ra is e d th e y fo rm a n e a t wo o l
, ,

bo x .

La t e r the wo o l is p a ck e d in l a rg e s a cks fo r shipm e n t In filli n g .

the l a rge b a gs c a re sh o u ld be e x e rcis e d to se e th a t the w o o l is

w e ll p a ck e d a n d the c o rn e rs a ll we ll fill e d Aft e r b e i n g p a ck e d .

f u ll the b a gs a re s e we d a t the to p If sto re d the wo o l sh o u ld be

.
,

pu t in a dry pl a c e wh e re th e re is n o d a n g e r o f mic e c u tti n g the

b a gs a n d b u ildi n g n e sts o f the w o o l .

P R ACTI CAL S HEE P BAR NS

Pro p e r sh e lt e r fo r the fl o ck a dds gre a tly to its c o mfo rt a n d

th rift It n e e d n o t h o w e ve r be e ith e r e l a b o ra t e o r c o stly In
.
, ,
.

the S h e e p b a rn th e re a re s e v e ra l f a ct o rs th a t m u st be p ro vid e d
fo r bu t e xtra w a rm th n o t b e i n g o n e o f the f a ct o rs the re s t
, ,

i s c o m p a ra tiv e ly si m pl e a n d i n e xp e n siv e C hi e f a m o n g the.

f a ct o rs fo r which p ro visi o n m u st be m a d e a re v e n til a ti o n with

o u t d ra u gh t s s u n shi n e
,
dra i n a g e c o n v e n i e n c e fo r f e e di n g a r
, , ,

2 F
34
4 M AN U A L O F F AR M AN I M A L S

ra n g e m e n ts fo r s e p a ra ti n g the e w e s a t l a m bi n g ti m e st o ra g e ,

fo r g ra i n a n d ha y a n d if p o ssibl e a ro o t c e ll a r
, , , .

The v e n til a ti o n o f the sh e e p b a rn sh o u ld re c e iv e c a re f u l

c o n sid e ra ti o n This m u st be so a rra n g e d th a t th e re a re n o
.

d ra u ghts a s s u ch will re s u lt in c o lds ru n n i n g a t the n o s e ca

, , ,

t a rrh a n d lik e t ro u bl e s
,
M a n y e xp e ri e n c e d sh e e p o wn e rs pre
.

fe r to v e n til a t e the sh e e p q u a rt e r s by pl a ci n g d o o rs a c ro ss o n e
sid e o f the b a rn Th e s e d o o rs a re divi de d in h a lv e s h o riz o n t a lly
.
,

the l o w e r p a rt o f the d o o r swi n gi n g a s a n o rdi n a ry g a te swi n gs ,

whil e the u pp e r h a lf i s hi n g e d a t the u pp e r e dg e The to p h a lf .

is o p e n e d by lifti n g to a h o riz o n t a l p o siti o n a n d h e ld by p ro ps

o r p e n d a n t ch a i n s By ra isi n g the u pp e r h a lve s a n d cl o si n g the
.

l o w e r the v e n til a ti o n ca n be m a d e so th o ro u gh th a t the i n sid e a ir

,

is a s p u re a s th a t o n the o u tsid e a n d si n c e the d o o rs a re a ll o n o n e

,

sid e o f the b a rn th e re is fre e d o m fro m dra u ghts x If the sh e e p

,

h a v e the ru n o f th e s e q u a rt e rs in s u m m e r it is w e ll to o p e n b o th
,

to p a n d b o tt o m d o o rs a rra n gi n g a sl a t d o o r o n the i n sid e to re

,

st ra i n the sh e e p D u ri n g the h e a t o f s u m m e r a bli n d is f a st e n e d

.
,

o v e r the wi n d o ws a n d d o o rs to k e e p o u t the s u n s ra y s a n d
’

slightly to d a rk e n the q u a rt e rs a s sh e e p p re fe r this to the

,

d a ylight .

An a b u n d a n c e o f s u n shi n e is e ss e n ti a l to the w e ll b e i n g o f the

b re e di n g fl o ck in wi n t e r Su n shi n e is n a t u re s gre a t e s t disin fe c
.
’

ta nt a n d k e e ps the q u a rt e rs light a n d ch e e ry
,
If the ro w o f .

d o o rs a rra n g e d fo r v e n til a ti o n is o n the s o u th side o f the q u a r

t e rs a s it sh o u ld be it will a d m it s u ffici e n t s u n shi n e o n d a ys wh e n
, ,

t he d o o r s ca n be k e pt o p e n It is o ft e n n e c e ss a ry to cl o s e th e m o n
.

a cc o u n t o f the s e v e rity o f the w e a th e r j u st a ft e r sh e a ri n g o r j u s t

, ,

a ft e r dippi n g a n d in s u ch c a s e s e xt ra wi n d o ws a re v e ry co n v e n
,

ie n t . Th e s e m a y p re fe ra bly be pl a c e d a l o n g the s o u th sid e be

twe e n the d o o rs a s th e n th e y will s e rv e t h e i r m a xim u m e ffici e n c y
,
.

In s el e cti n g a sit e fo r the sh e e p b a rn du e c o n sid e ra ti o n S h o u ld

,

be giv e n to d ra i n a g e Sh e e p ca n n o t s u rviv e d a m p a n d m u dd y
.

f o o ti n g We t fl o o rs a n d mu ddy l o ts a re to be a v o i d e d If
. .
4
36 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

to the a m ou n t of
sp a c e re q u i re d s o m e st a ti n g th a t te n sq u a re
,

f e e t i s s u ffici e n t o th e rs th a t th e y d e si re e ight e e n sq u a re fe e t fo r
,

e a ch a n i m a l In p ra ctic e twe lv e sq u a re f e e t o f fl o o r sp a c e will

.
,

be a m pl e fo r e a ch b re e di n g e w e .

The fee d ra cks - M o v a bl e f e e d ra cks a re to be p re fe rre d

.
- -
.

Th e y sh o u ld be c o mp a ra tiv e ly l o n g a n d n a rro w a n d a s s u gge st e d , ,

m a y be u s e d a s p a rtiti o n s b e tw e e n the p e n s th u s e c o n o mizi n g ,

o n m a t e ri a l a n d the r a cks m a y be u s e d in di ff e re n t pl a c e s if
,

d e si re d A v e y go o d c o bi a ti o n
. r m n h a y
-
r a ck a n d g ra i n -t ro u gh
" "
is m a d e a s fo ll o ws : With 1 X 8 b o a rds fo r the b o tto m s a n d
1 X 4 b o a r ds fo r the sid e s a n d e n ds c o n s tru c t tw o g ra i n
" "
,

t ro u ghs Pl a c e th e s e sid e by sid e a n d f a st e n t o g e th e r Or

. .

m a k e o n e sh a ll o w t ro u gh 1 6 i n ch e s wi d e a n d pu t a p a rtiti o n in it
"
l o n gw a ys th u s m a ki n g tw o sh a ll o w g ra i n -b o x e s With 2 X
,
.

4 sc a n tlin g a n d 1 X 1 0 b o a rds c o n stru ct a fra m e 2 f e e t

" " "

h n s h
wid e a t t e to p a n d a s l o g a t e g a i n t ro u ghs to s e rve a s the
r -
,

to p o f t e h h ay -r
a ck No w o n the c e n t e r p a rtiti o n o f the gra i n
.

" "
b o xe s n a il 1 X 2 sl ts
a 3 0 i ch s l o g pl ci g th e m V S h a p e d
n e n a n ,
-

a n d n a il t o th e f ra m e a b o v e th u s m a ki n
, g a h a y
-
ra ck Th e s e .

sl a ts m a y be pl a c e d 7 i n ch e s a p a rt in o rd e r th a t the sh e e p m a y
th ru st th e i r h e a ds cl e a r i n t o the ra ck to f e e d If the sl a ts a re .

pl a c e d cl o s e r t o g e th e r s a y 3 i n ch e s a p a rt a s IS o fte n the c a s e
, , ,

the sh e e p p u ll the ha y th ro u gh the c ra cks a n d d ro p m u ch o f it

u n d e r th e i r f e e t We n o w h a v e a co mbi n a ti o n gra i n a n d ha y
.

ra ck whi ch wh e n p ro p e rly b ra c e d m a k e s a v e ry e ffici e n t f e e d

, ,

ra ck fo r the b re e di n g fl o ck Wh e n it c o m e s to f o rc e d f e e di n g a s
.
,

in f a tt e n i n g l a m bs s u ch a ra ck ha s the o bj e cti o n th a t m o re o r
,

l e ss di rt filt e rs d o wn In t o the gra i n t ro u ghs a n d the sh e e p with

-
,

t h e i r d a i n ty a pp e tit e s do n o t f e e d a s w e ll a s wh e n the g ra i n
tro u ghs a n d the ha y -ra ck a re s e p a ra t e d .

Q u a n ti ty of be ddi n g Be ddi n g sh o u ld be u s e d v e ry lib e ra lly

.

in b o th the S h e e p b a rn a n d a t l e a st a p a rt o f the lo t A fre sh .

s u pply sh o u ld be pu t d o wn e v e ry fe w d a ys Th e re is mu ch dis .

a g re e m e n t a m o n g e xp e ri e n c e d sh e e p o wn e rs a s to the fre q u e n cy
 CAR E AN D M AN A G E M E N T O F S HE E P 4
37

of cl e a n i n g the sh e e p b a rn So m e st a t e th a t th e y w o u ld ra th e r
.

k e e p a ddi n g fre sh b e ddi n g a n d n o t re m o v e the litt e r fro m the

ti m e the sh e e p go i n t o the wi n t e r q u a rt e rs in the f a ll u n til
t u rn e d to p a st u re in the sp ri n g Th e i r chi e f o bj e cti o n to re m o v.

F IG . 1 53 .
— L E I CE S T ER YE A RL G E
IN WE .

i t b d f h pdvlpdi
T he Le ce s e r re e o s ee e e o e n L i t
e ce s e r co u n ty g
E n la n d T he
b d i t d f h p d ti f tt ig t
, .

re e s no e or t e ro uc on o m u on d w ool
an In w e h t he ra m s
v g 5p d d h p i b p
.
,

a e ra e 22 7 ou n s an t e ew es 1 5 o u n ds Th s re e d ro d u ce s a fi n e

g d fl g l h l v gi g 6 t i gt fl
.

ra e o on w oo t e w oo a e ra n o 1 0 n ch e s i n le n h a n d the e e ce
0 p ight
,

5 to 1d i ou n s n w e .

in g the litt e r is the fo u l O d o r a n d the a n n o y a n c e o cc a si o n e d the

sh e e p a t the ti m e the litt e r is re m o ve d Th e re a re o th e rs ho w .
,

e v e r w ho i n sist th a t the sh e e p b a rn S h o u ld be cl e a n e d o u t j u s t
,
4
38 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

p re vi o u s l a m bi n g t i m e
to The w o rk sh o u ld be d o n e ra pidly so
.

a s t o a n n o y the sh e e p a s littl e a s p o ssibl e Aft e r the m a n u re

.

ha s b e e n r e m o v e d it i s a g o o d pl a n to s c a tt e r s o m e a ir-sl a k e d
lim e o v e r the fl o o r This s e rve s a s disi n fe ct a n t a n d d e o d o riz e r
. .

Fre sh b e ddi n g m a y th e n be pu t d o wn a n d the b a rn will be

,

cl e a n a n d p u re fo r the a dv e n t o f the l a m b cro p .

The she e p lot — If p o ssibl e the sh e e p sh o u ld a t a ll ti m e s

.
, ,

e xc e pt in the v e ry s e v e re st o f wi n t e r w e a th e r h a v e f re e a cc e ss
,

to a s m a ll lo t If this is dry a n d a p a rt w e ll b e dd e d the sh e e p

.
,

will sp e n d m u ch o f th e i r ti m e o u tsid e a n d will be m u ch b e n e fit e d

th e re by . Ab o ve a ll thi n gs the lo t sh o u ld n o t be m u ddy .

Wh e re sh e e p a re a ll o w e d to w a ll o w in the m u d t ro u bl e fro m
f o o t sc a ld is lik e ly to re s u lt ; p a rti c u l a rly is this tru e if th e re is
-

mu ch sh e e p m a n u re mix e d in the m u d Fo o t sc a ld is u s u a lly

.
-

k n o wn a s f o o t ro t This dis e a s e is h a rd to e ra di c a t e
-
. The .

S h e e p lo t is v e ry m u ch e a si e r k e pt fre e f ro m m u d th a n the fa t

st e e r lo t a n d it will pa y the sh e e p o wn e r w e ll to t a k e a mpl e

,

p re c a u ti o n s .

A st ra w st a ck in the sh e e p lo t ha s m a n y a dv a n t a g e s s u ch a s ,

k e e pi n g the sh e e p o u t o f the wi n d p ro vi di n g th e m a cl e a n pl a c e
,

to lie ; a n d th e y will e a t o f the st ra w to s o m e e xt e n t It ha s the .

dis a dv a n t a g e h o w e v e r th a t the ch a ff g e ts in the wo o l a n d fo r

, , ,

this re a s o n is o bj e ct e d to by m a n y g o o d sh e e p o wn e rs Ye t e w e s .

a n d l a m bs d e light in lyi n g a l o n gsi d e s u ch a st a ck a n d th e y will ,

be f o u n d th e re m o re o ft e n th a n in the b a rn e xc e pt in v e ry s e v e re
,

w e a th e r
.
‘

4
40 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

as s u gg e st e d on p a ge 1 6 1 , m o difi e d to me e t the a tte n da n t co n

di tio n s .

Fo r c o n v e n i e n c e in dis cu ssi n g the c o m m o n dis e a s e s o f sh e e p ,

w e m a y divi d e th e m i n t o f o u r cl a ss e s : th o s e du e to e xt e rn a l

p a ra sit s
e a s sc b f o o t o t s o re e y e s s o re t e a ts tick lic e a n d
,
a -r
, , , , , ,

the lik e ; s e c o n d th o s e du e to i n t e rn a l p a ra sit e s a s st o m a ch

, ,

wo rms t a p e -w o rm s a n d the lik e ; t hi rd d e ra n ge m e n t o f di

, , ,

g e sti o n du e to Im p ro p e r f e e di n g ; a n d f o u rth o th e r dis e a s e s

, ,

a s c a k e d u dd e r, g a rg e t c a t a rrh a n d the lik e, , .

E X T E R NAL PAR AS ITE S

The c u re fo r e xt e rn a l p a ra sit e s is dippi n g Wh e n d o n e a s su g
g e st e d in p a g e s 4 2 3 to 4
.

2 7 it will c o m pl e t e ly e ra di c a t e s u ch
,

p a ra sit e s a s ti cks a n d li c e a s w e ll a s the p e sts th a t c a u s e sc a b ,

f o o t o t s o re e y e s a n d s o re t e a ts The p re v e n ti o n o f a n y o f
-r
, ,
.

th e s e p a ra sit e s is a ve ry si m pl e m a tt e r .

I NTE R NAL PAR AS ITE S

Tre a ti n g i n t e rn a l p a ra sit e s is m u ch m o re diffic u lt In m a n y .

c a s e s the p a ra si te s a re l o c a t e d wh e re m e di ci n e c a n n o t re a ch
th e m a s in the b ra i n o r live r ; a n d e v e n wh e n l o c a t e d wh e re
,

m e di ci n e ca n re a ch th e m a s in the st o m a ch the m e dici n e i s o f

, ,

v e ry littl e v a l u e a s it is so di l u t e d with dig e stiv e j u ic e s by the

ti m e it re a ch e s the w o rm s The o n ly p ra ctic a l t re a tm e n t is .

p re ve n ti o n This i n v o lv e s s o m e t ro u bl e a n d in o rd e r to m a k e
.
,

the n e c e ssity fo r s u ch cl e a r w e will c o n sid e r a c a s e in d e t a il

,
.

O f c ou rs e dippi n g is o f n o a va il fo r the i n t e rn a l p a ra sit e s

,
.

The stom a ch w orm- — This wo rm (S tro n gy lu s con tortu s) is a

.

sm a ll th re a d -lik e w o rm a b o u t th re e -fo u rths o f a n i n ch in l e n gth

,
.

It liv e s in the f o u rt h st o m a ch a n d e sp e ci a lly a fflicts l a m bs a t , ,

t a cki n g th e m a t a n y a ge a ft e r th e y b e gi n to n ibbl e gra ss u n til

c o ld w e a th e r in the f a ll This st o m a ch w o rm is by fa r the m o s t
.
-

d e st ru ctiv e o f p a ra sit e s d o i n g m o re d a m a g e th a n a ll o th e rs
,

c o mbi n e d Wh e n the fo u rth st o m a ch o f the l a m b b e c o m e s fill e d

.
 D I S E AS ES OF S HE E P 4
41

w ith th e s e sm a ll w o rms dige sti o n is gre a tly i n t e rf e re d with the

, ,

l a mb l o o ks d e j e ct e d the ski n l o s e s its pi n k c o l o r the wo o l a pp e a rs

, ,

F IG . 15 4T W LD R CO O d by F W H di g W
S O k h Wi AM . w ne . . ar n , au es a, s .

The C t
o ld
sw o tiv f E gl d i
a na t d f h p d ti
e o f b th n tt an s no e or t e ro u c on o o m u
th l g v gi g 0 p d d h
, , on
an d w oo l Th i l e an m a s a r e ra er ar e ra ms a e ra n 25 ou n s an t
v 0 p d T h b d i t d f h p d ti f v y l g
.
, e

ew e s o er 20 ou n s e re e s no e or t e ro uc on o er
q lity T h l v g 0 4i h i l gth d 6 0
.
on
w oo l f fi
o ne ua e w oo a e ra es 1 to 1 nc es n en an to 1
d i W ig ht T hi b t m ly p p l i h U i t d St t
.

pou n s n e d i . s re e s e x re e o u ar n t e n e a es .
4
42 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

d e a d a n d the a n i m a l t a ke s o n a st a rve d a pp e a ra n c e
, Sc ou r .

in g i s m o re o r l e ss f re q u e n t The b e st e vid e n c e h o w e v e r th a t
.
, ,

t eh l a m b is a fflict e d with st o m a ch -
w o rms is the p re s e n c e o f the
s m a ll w o rms in the d ro ppi n gs O ld e r sh e e p a ls o b e c o m e a ffe ct e d
.
,

bu t s e e m to withst a n d the ra v a g e s o f the w o rms b e t t e r th a n

l a m bs du e n o d o u bt in the l a mbs to the m o re te n d e r c o n di ti o n
, , ,

o f the st o m a ch w a ll a n d to the milk di e t .

The lif e hist o ry o f th e s e s m a ll w o rms s e e ms to be simpl e a n d to

f u rn ish a cl e w to the m e a n s o f p re v e n ti o n in l a mbs The wo rm s .

b e c o m e m a t u re in the b o dy o f the o ld e r sh e e p a n d l a d e n wi th ,

e ggs a b o u t to h a t ch p a ss o u t wi th the e xc re t a
, Ju s t wh a t the .

w o rms do o u tsid e the she e p s b o dy is n o t kn o w n

’
Wh e n i t is .

m o ist a n d w a rm in s o m e w a y the w o rms fi n d th e i r w a y i n t o the

,

l a mb s st o m a ch Pe rh a ps the sm a ll w o rm is ta k e n in whil e
’
.

e a ti n g ,
p e rh a ps by d ri n ki n g s u rf a c e w a t e r We k n o w t h a t .

w a rm th a n d m o ist u re a re n e c e ss a ry fo r the tra n sfe r h e n c e ,

th e re is littl e d a n g e r in the No rth o n m o u n t a i n u pl a n ds a n d bu t

, ,

littl e d a n g e r in the dry re gi o n s o f the We s t The m e th o d o f .

p re v e n ti on is to re m o v e the l a mbs a n d pl a c e th e m o n fre sh o r

p re fe ra bly s o wn p a st u re s b e fo re th e re is d a n ge r o f i n f e cti o n .

’
La mbs re c e ivi n g n o o th e r f o o d th a n g ra ss a n d the da m s milk a re
m u ch m o re lik e ly to be a tt a ck e d th a n th o s e fe d g ra i n in a dditi o n ,

p a rti c u l a rly if the g ra i n c o n ta i n s li n s e e d-o il m e a l The o n ly .

s a f e w a y h o we v e r is to re m o ve the l a m bs to n e w pa stu re s be fo re
, ,

i n fe c t i o n .

In c a s e l a mbs b e c o m e i n f e ct e d t re a t m e n t sh o u ld be re so rt e d
,

to th o u gh m a n y p ra c t ic a l sh e e p o wn e rs st a t e th a t the t re a t m e n t
,

a t b e st is n o t s a tisf a c to ry C ircu la r No 35 the U n it e d St a t e s

. .
,

D e p a rtm e n t o f Ag ri c u lt u re Bu re a u o f An im a l In d u st ry re p o rt s
, ,

th a t s a tisf a ct o ry re s u lts w e re o bt a i n e d frOm the u se o f c o a l ta r

-
,

c re o s o t e thym o l a n d g a s o l e n e The fo ll o wi n g is t a k e n fro m

, ,
.

the ci r c u l a r a s it giv e s a g e n e ra l i d e a o f the tre a tm e n t fo r o th e r

,

wo rms a s we ll
C o a l t a r C re o s o t e
"
Exc e ll e n t su cc e ss in tre a t i n g sh e e p
.
,
4
44 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

giv e n up fo r d e a d p ra cti c a lly it ,

m ay en ti re ly re co ve r in an ho u r
o r so .

Co a l ta r C re o s o t e a n d Thy m o l
- If in a dditi o n to the .
,

st o m a ch -wo rms the a n im a ls a re s u ff e ri n g f ro m a s e v e re i n fe cti o n

,

o f b o w e l wo rm s s u ch a s t he h o o k w o rm s b e tt e r re s u lts a re o b
, ,

ta in e d in the t re a tm e n t wh e n p o wd e re d thy m o l is a dd e d to the

'

c re o s o t e .In c a s e s o f this ki n d the c re o s o t e s o l u ti o n is p re p a re d

, ,
’

a s a lre a dy dire cte d a n d 30 to 8 0 o r e v e n 1 00 g ra i n s o f thym o l

,

a dd e d to e a ch d o s e a ft e r it ha s b e e n m e a s u re d givi n g 30 g ra i n s ,

to l a m bs 50 to y e a rli n gs a n d 7 0 to 1 00 g ra i n s to o ld e r sh e e p
, , ,

a cc o rdi n g to siz e .

The ta pe -w o rm s The di g e stiv e t ra ct o f sh e e p is o cc a si o n a lly

.

i n f e st e d wi th t a p e w o rms Th e re a re s e v e ra l ki n ds o f t a p e
-
.

w o rms bu t o n ly tw o i n f e sti n g sh e e p in thi s c o u n t ry

,
The .

c o mm on o n e ( Tw n i a e xpa n sa ) v a ri e s in l e n gth fro m te n to

tw e n ty f e e t a n d in b re a dth f ro m o n e tw e n ty-fi fth o f a n i n ch
a t the h e a d to o n e h a lf a n i n ch a t the t a il
-
T he lif e hist o ry .

is s o m e wh a t si m il a r to th a t o f the st o m a ch -wo rm Sh e e p .

b e c o m e i n fe st e d in the s a m e w a y the m o s t c o mm o n s o u rce ,

b e i n g o ld i n f e st e d sh e e p p a st u re s a n d the m o s t s u sc e ptibl e
a n im a ls b e i n g th o s e ra th e r ru n d o w n in fl e sh .

The b e st m e th o d o f c o m b a ti n g t a p e w o rm s is p re v e n ti o n by -

ch a n gi n g fro m o n e p a st u re to a n o th e r a n d by the u se o f s o wn
p a s tu re s a s s u gg e st e d in the disc u ssi o n o n s u m m e r c a re o f the
,

fl o ck (p a g e 38 2) Wi n g re c o m m e n ds lib e ra l f e e di n g o f p u mpki n s
in the f a ll Pu mpki n s e e ds a re w e ll k n o w n v e rm if u g e s
.
-
By .

the f re q u e n t u se o f s o w n p a st u re s a n d the f e e di n g o f p u mp
ki n s a lm o s t e v e ry f a ll he re p o rts e n ti re f re e d o m fro m this
dis e a s e . T a p e -w o rms a re e a sily p re v e n t e d bu t v e ry diffic u l t
o f e ra di c a ti o n .

In c a se the sh e e p a re a ff e ct e d w ith t a p e w o rm tre a t m e n t -

,
'

sh o u ld be giv e n th o u gh the re s u lts will d e p e n d in a l a rg e m e a s

,

u re u p o n the d e g re e o f i n f e c ti o n Fro m Bu ll e ti n NO 1 9 a n d
. .

C i r c u l a r No 35 Bu re a u o f A n i m a l In d u st ry w e ta k e the fo l
.
, ,
 D I S EAS E S O F S HE E P 4
5

l o wi n g : Diss o lv e o n e o u n c e o f c o pp e r s u lf a t e in tw o q u a rts o f
b o ili n g w a t e r U se o n ly c o pp e r s u lf a t e o f a u n ifo rm bl u e c o l o r
. .

Av o id th a t which is in co n gl o m e ra t e l u m ps with whit e p a t ch e s

a n d c o v e re d with a whit e c ru st The o w n e r is c a u ti o n e d a g a i n st
.

g u e ssi n g a t the w e ights a n d m e a s u re s fo r this is lik e ly to re s u lt

,

in to o st ro n g a s o l u ti o n whi ch will kill the a n i m a l o r in to o

, ,

w e a k a s o l u ti o n which will f a il to be e ff e ctiv e

,
Pre p a re the .

a ni m a ls fo r t re a tm e n t by f a sti n g f ro m tw e n ty to tw e n ty -f o u r

h o u rs The d o s e is a s f o ll o ws
.

AG E OF ANI M AL S
T A L LP
B ES
FU
OON
S C EN T TR
C UB IC
IME E

La mb s 3m ths o ldon

La mb s 6 m o n t hs o ld

S he e p 1 2 m o n th s o ld
She e p 1 8 m o n ths o ld
S he e p 2 4 m o n ths o ld

The m e dici n e is giv e n in the f o rm o f a d re n ch a s s u gge st e d fo r

st o m a ch wo rm s If a ft e r d o si n g a n y o f the sh e e p s e e m to be
-
.
, ,

s u ff e ri n g f ro m a n o v e rd o s e i n di ,

ca t e d by lyi n g a p a rt f ro m the

fl o ck n o t fe e di n g m a ni f e sti n g a
, ,

p a i n fu l e xcit e d l o o k a n d a
, ,

sp a s m o dic m o v e m e n t in ru n
n in g ,
w a lki n g with a stiff g a it ,

o r p u rgi n g with a di rty b ro w n

disch a rg e t a k e the a ff e ct e d a n i
,

m a l fro m the fl o ck to a sh a dy
pl a c e a n d d o s e with l a u d a n u m a n d
m i lk Fo r a l a m b f o u r to S ix F I G 1 5 5 — C H A M P O N C O T S W A D I L

o to g a p h
.

m o n ths o ld giv e a t a bl e sp o o f l
,
n u R AM
;
P h f o m t h e r r

N t on l S to ckm nd Fa i m a an a ar er
l a u d a n u m In a t u m bl e r o f
.

of

milk R e p e a t h a lf the d o s e in tw o o r th re e h o u rs if n e c e ss a ry
. .
4
46 M AN UA L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Aft e r t re a ti n g the sh e e p sh o u ld n o t be a ll o w e d w a te r fo r
,

s e v e ra l h o u rs .

Ea ch a n i m a l in the fl o ck sh o u ld be t re a t e d a t the s a m e ti m e .

Whil e s o m e sh e e p m a y be a bl e to withst a n d the p re s e n c e o f the

p a ra sit e th e y s e rv e a s a s o u rce o f i n fe cti o n
,
Whil e the ta p e .

wo rm s a re b e i n g vo id e d the fl o ck sh o u ld be co n fi n e d to o n e pl a c e
, ,

a n d the d ro ppi n gs with the s e g m e n ts o f w o rms d e st ro y e d .

DIG E S TI VE D I S O R DE R S

Am o n g sh e e p dig e stiv e dis o rd e rs a risi n g fro m o v e rfe e di n g

, ,

fro m i rre g u l a r f e e di n g a n d the f e e di n g o f fo o d to o dry a n d wo o dy

, ,

a re o f ra th e r c o m m o n o cc u rre n c e Fi rst o f a ll h o w e v e r w e will

.
, ,

c o n sid e r bl o a ti n g a s it m a y be o f f re q u e n t o c cu rre n c e u n l e ss
, ,

e xt ra C a re is t a k e n wh e n t u rn i n g to cl o v e r a lf a lf a a n d ra p e
, , ,

p a st u re .

Bloa ti n g .Wh e n bl o a t o cc u rs a m o n g sh e e p t re a t m e n t to be ,

o f a n y a v a il m u st be p ro m pt a s the g a s g e n e ra t e d o ft e n c a u s e s
,

d e a th f ro m s u ffo ca ti o n in a v e ry fe w m i n u t e s If the a n im a l is .

in m u ch dist re ss wh e n f o u n d t he p a u n ch S h o u ld be p u n c tu re d
,

wh e re the dist e n si o n is gre a t e st in o rd e r th a t the ga s m a y e sc a p e

,
.

Fo r this a t ro ca r a n d ca n u l a is b e st bu t in the a bs e n c e a l o n g
,

bl a d e d pe n k n if e will s e rve Aft e r re li e f ha s b e e n ha d disin

.
,

f e e t the w o u n d If th e re w a s n o t s u ffici e n t ti m e to re m o v e the

.

wo o l f ro m the sp o t b e fo re the p u n ct u re it sh o u ld be re m o v e d ,

n o w a n d a littl e pi n e ta r a ppli e d to re p e l the fli e s (S e e p a g e .

If the bl o a ti n g is n o t so s e v e re re li e f m a y be o bt a i n e d by tyi n g
,

a stick o r c o rn co b in the m o u th simil a r to a bit t h u s h o ldi n g the ,

m o u th o p e n a n d the sh e e p in ru bbi n g the co b o r sti ck with the

, ,

t o n g u e o ft e n st ru ggl e s in s u ch a w a y a s to p re v e n t fu rth e r bl o a t
,

in g. If the sh e e p a re n o ti c e d wh e n fi rst dist re ss e d giv e th e m ,

th re e t a bl e sp o o n f u ls o f ra w li n s e e d o il to which ha s b e e n a dd e d a
te a sp o o n f u l o f t u rp e n ti n e S l o wly p o u ri n g c o ld w a t e r o v e r the
.
4
48 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

cl e a n u p fro m m e a l to m e a l a s this is 'lik e ly to re s u lt in o n e o r

,

m o re o f th e m o v e re a ti n g .

Whil e w a t e r s a lt a n d s u c c u l e n t fo o d o f s o m e ki n d a re n o c e s
, ,

s a ry to the w e ll b e i n g o f sh e e p c a re m u st be e x e rcis e d in f e e di n g
,

th e m a s o th e rwis e th e y a re lik e ly to p ro d u ce kid n e y a n d bl a dd e r

,

t ro u bl e s D ri n ki n g to o m u ch h a rd w a t e r the re s u lt o f e a ti n g
.
,

l a rg e q u a n titi e s o f s a lt c a u s e s the d e po sit o f li m y s u bst a n c e in

,

the bl a dd e r whi ch b e c o m e s w a sh e d i n t o the u re th ra wh e re

, ,

i t l o dge s c a u si n g st o pp a g e o f the u ri n e i n fl a m m a ti o n f o ll o w e d
, , ,

by dist e n ti o n o f the bl a dd e r whi ch a ft e r a tim e re s u lts in d e a th

, .

The l o n g c o n ti n u e d f e e di n g o f to o m a n y m a n g e ls ri ch in li m e
-
, ,

is like ly to giv e si m il a r re s u lts .

O T HE R D I S E AS E S

C a ke d This t ro u bl e O ft e n o ccu rs a m o n g h e a vy m ilk

u dde r .

e rs. In m o st c a s e s it is du e to n e gl e ct a t l a m bi n g ti m e The .

u dd e r b e c o m e s g re a tly dist e n d e d i n fl a m e d a n d sw o ll e n ,
The ,
.

t re a tm e n t is to re li e v e the c o n g e sti o n by d ra wi n g the m ilk fro ,

q u e n tly Ba th e the p a rts w ith ho t w a t e r a n d a pply c a m ph o r

.

o i n tm e n t a s in ,
c a k e d u dd e r a m o n g d a i ry ca ttl e So m e .

p re f e r a n o i n t m e n t m a d e o f l a rd a n d t u rp e n ti n e e q u a l p a rts ,
.

The o i n tm e n t S h o u l d be w e ll ru bb e d in a n d a ppli e d th re e
ti m e s d a ily .

Ga rge t o ft e n p ro v e s s e ri o u s in c e rt a i n l o c a liti e s It is s a id
'

to be du e to m e ch a n i c a l i n j u ri e s s u ch a s a bl o w a sc ra tch o r the
, , ,

u dd e r b e i n g h o rn e d to the u dd e r b e c o m i n g dist e n d e d wi th m ilk ;

a n d to g e rms e n t e ri n g the u dd e r The u dd e r b e c o m e s h a rd
.
,

dist e n d e d a n d the milk is o ft e n w a t e ry a n d m a y c o n ta i n

,

bl o o d The t re a t m e n t u s u a lly re co m m e n d e d is the ho t w a t e r

.

b a thi n g a n d the c a m ph o r-b e ll a d o n n a o i n t m e n t t re a tm e n t a s ,

s u gg e st e d fo r c o ws (p a g e
A m o n g sh e e p h o w e v e r g a rge t s e e m s to be du e to o th e r c a u s e s
, ,

a s w e ll a n d wh e n s u ch is the ca s e t he a b o v e t re a t m e n t o ft e n f a ils
, ,

o f re li e f A typic a l c a s e is s o m e wh a t a s fo ll o ws : A st ro n g e w e
.
 DI S EAS E S O F S HE E P 4
49

l a mbs with o u t difli cu lty the fi rst m ilk co m e s a n d the l a mb a s , ,

w e ll a s the e w e is d o i n g n ic e ly The o wn e r in o rd e r th a t the .

,

e w e m a y giv e a n a b u n d a n c e o f m ilk pl a c e s the e w e o n a f u ll ,

F IG 1 56 LI N CO LN R AM C P IO N IN H AM N IO N LIV S AT T E R AT AL E T O CK S H O W
g p
. .
,

1 9 06 . t
P h o o ra h fro m Na ti on a l S to ckm a n a n d F a rm e r .

Th e nativ h f h Li e l b d f h p i i
om e h ty f Li l i
o t e n co n re e o s ee s n t e cou n o n co n n

E gl d Thi b d i p ti l ly tdf i l g i d g t l gth

,

n an s re e s ar cu a r no e or ts ar e s ze an re a en

f fl ight h v g b t 0p d d h
.

o I e e ce n w e t e ra m s a e ra e a ou 30 ou n s an t e ew es

75 p tt i l gth i h
.

2 d Th ou n l ft s f 8 ed w oo o en a a ns a en o 1 to 2 0 n c e s, an at

i g ti giv fl ighi g 0 1 p d f h
.

sh ea r n m e des a e e ce w e n 1 to 2 ou n s, or t e e w e s, a n 1 2 to
20p d f h
ou n s, or t e ra m s .

g ra i n fe e d a t o n ce p e rh a ps f e e di n g c o rn a l o n e a s the gra i n ; in a
, ,

fe w d a ys m ilk s e c re ti o n st o ps the sh e e p ha s f e v e r the fl e sh o f the , ,

u dd e r is re d a n d o n p re ss u re is d e n t e d with the h a n d
,
The sh e e p .

s e e m s in gre a t dist re ss a n d m a y s o o n die If she liv e s the u dd e r .

,

2 G
 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

ne v e r re g a i n s its c o n sist e n cy a n d a ft e r a ti m e S l o u ghs o ff l e a vi n g

,

a sl o w h e a li n g s o re . In s u ch c a s e s physi cki n g the a n i m a l a n d

,

t re a ti n g the u dd e r a re o f n o a v a il Th e re s e e m s to be a re l a ti o n
.

b e tw e e n the dis e a s e a n d the f o o d s u pply The gra i n p a rt o f the

.

ra ti o n s e e m s to h a v e b e e n i n c re a s e d t o o ra pidly i m m e di a t e ly

a ft e r l a m bi n g . Wh e n the gra i n ra ti o n w a s i n c re a s e d m o re
s l o wly a n d wh e n i t c o n t a i n e d o a ts a n d li n s e e d m e a l n o s u ch diffi
,

c u lty w a s e xp e ri e n c e d Fro m this it wo u ld s e e m th a t the t re a t

.

m e n t sh o u ld be p re v e n ti o n by i n c re a si n g the g ra i n ra ti o n sl o wly
a ft e r l a mbi n g .
 C HA PT ER XX I

CHO O S ING AND JU DG ING S W INE

S WN
I g ro wn fo r a si n gl e p u rp o s e th a t o f p o rk pro
E a re ,

d u cti o n ; y e t the s u cc e ssf u l swi n e b re e d e r will giv e the s e l e cti o n

o f his a n i m a ls m u ch s e ri o u s c o n sid e ra ti o n In ch o o si n g swi n e
.
,

a s in a ll cl a ss e s o f m e a t a n i m a ls the b u t ch e r s p re f e re n c e m u st
’
,
’
be the l e a di n g g u id e The b u tch e r s p re f e re n c e is d e t e rm i n e d
.

by the d e m a n ds o f the m a rk e t U n ifo rmity in S iz e a n d q u a lity

.

is the m o st u rg e n t d e m a n d .

P
TY E S OF S W NEI

Th e re a re tw odisti n ct typ e s o f swi n e : the l a rd type n o t e d ,

fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f thick fa t ; a n d the b a c o n typ e k n o wn ,

fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f b a c o n .

The la rd ty pe fa r o u t n u m b e rs the b a c o n typ e in Am e ric a As .

-h
h
a typ e t e l a d
,
r o g ha s re a ch e d its high e st d e v e l o p m e n t in the

c o rn -b e lt o f the U n it e d St a t e s This is o ft e n c a ll e d the A m e ric a n

.

typ e o f ho g a n d is n o t l o o k e d u p o n with f a vo r by p e o pl e o f o th e r
,

c o u n t ri e s b e c a u s e o f its e xt re m e fa t d e v e l o p m e n t .

The l a rd -ho g sh o u ld be c o m p a ct with the b o dy v e ry wid e

,

a n d de e p . The sh o u ld e rs sh o u ld be f u ll a lth o u gh n o t c o a rs e ,

with the hi n d q u a rt e rs o r h a ms c a rri e d o u t st ra ight to the t a il

-

h e a d a n d w e ll fl e sh e d d o wn to the h o ck Si n c e the v a l u a bl e c u ts
.

lie a l o n g the b a ck ru mp a n d q u a rt e rs the ge n e ra l c o n f o rm a ti o n

, ,

o f the l a rd ho g sh o u l d be si m il a r to th a t o f the fa t st e e r
-
The .

fl e sh c o v e ri n g sh o u ld be thi ck a n d e v e n ly dist rib u t e d th ro u gh o u t

the b o dy p a rtic u l a rly o v e r the sh o u ld e rs a n d q u a rt e rs
,
The siz e .

4
53
54
4 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

an d w e ight a re d e t e rmi n e d l a rg e ly by the m a rk e t c o n diti o n s .

Fo rm e rly v e ry h e a vy h o gs w e re in d e m a n d bu t a t the p re s e n t ,

tim e pigs w e ighi n g f ro m 22 5 to 2 5 0 p o u n ds will c o m m a n d the

high e st p ric e a ll o th e r c o n diti o n s b e i n g e q u a l
,
.

T he tru e ba con type o f ho g is littl e g ro wn in the U n it e d St a te s .

De n m a rk G re a t Brit a i n a n d C a n a d a f u rn ish m o st o f this cl a ss

, ,

o f p o rk . In re c e n t y e a rs the A m e ric a n b re e d e rs p a rtic u l a rly ,

th o s e e a st o f the c o n b e lt h a v e giv e n this cl a ss o f swi n e s o m e

r -
,

a ctiv e c o n sid e ra ti o n bu t its p ro d u cti o n is n o t lik e ly to m a k e

,

m u ch h e a dw a y in A m e ric a We p re f e r the ra pid-f a tte n i n g

.
,

h e a vily fl e sh e d a n d e a rly m a t u ri n g l a rd typ e

,
-
In c o n t ra sti n g .

the g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e o f the b a c o n typ e wi th the l a r d typ e w e ,

n o t e th a t the b o dy o f the f o rm e r l a cks the width o f the l a tt e r ,

the sh o u ld e rs a n d h a ms a re light e r a n d l o n g e r the b o dy is s o m e ,

wh a t l o n ge r a n d the a n im a l st a n ds o n s o m e wh a t l o n ge r l e gs
,
.

The w e ight o f the b a c o n ho g is n o t so g re a t a s o f the l a rd type ,

Am e ri c a n m a rk e ts p re f e rri n g 1 55 to 1 9 5 p o u n ds a n d the Da n ish

m a rk e ts 1 6 0 to 22 0 p o u n ds .

Be c a u s e o f the e xt re m e di ff e re n c e in t ype w e will c o n sid e r

the d e si ra bl e f e a t u re s o f the l a r d o r fa t ho g fi rst a n d th e n co n -

t ra st with it the b a c o n typ e fi rst p a u si ng to dis cu ss the a ge

,
.

AG E O F S WN
I E

In ch o o si n g o th e r c la ss e s o f f a rm a n i m a ls a ge e n t e rs l a rg e ly
i n t o the ch o ic e b u t in m a rk e t h o gs it is s e ld o m c o n sid e re d e xc e pt
,

in the c a s e o f o ld s o ws a n d st a gs The We ight a n d c o n diti o n o f

.

the a n i m a l d e t e rm i n e the v a l u e As in o th e r fa rm a n im a ls the

'

.
,

a ge is i n dic a t e d to a ce rt a in e xt e n t by the t e e th bu t the diffic u lty ,

o f c a t chi n g h o ldi n g a n d e x a m i n i n g is so g re a t th a t the t e e th a re

, ,

s e ld o m if e v e r u s e d to d e t e rm i n e the a ge o f s w i n e
, ,
Am o n g .

b re e di n g st o ck the ma tt e r o f a ge is o f c o n sid e ra bl e imp o rt a n c e ,

bu t e v e n h e re it is e sti m a t e d m o re by a g e n e ra l e x a m i n a ti o n th a n
by a n y sp e cific ch a ra ct e r The O ld e r the b o a r the c o a rs e r a n d
.

o u t sid e o f sh o u ld e r
“ ”
h e a vi e r the shi e lds a n d the l o n g e r
4
56 M AN U AL O F F A R M ANI M AL S

is to no e t the
g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n ce fi rst th e n p a ss
, to a m o re
d eta il e d e x a mi n a ti o n .

Gen e ra l a ppea ra n ce f la rd ho gs
o -

By c a re f u lly ti n g the g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e o f a ho g o n e ca n
no

g a i n a f a i r k n o wl e dg e o f its v a l u e C a re f u lly vi e w the ho g o r .

the d ro ve o f h o gs f ro m a dist a n c e b e f o re m o vi n g u p cl o s e ly to
the a n i m a ls This giv e s o n e a g o o d k n o wl e dg e o f th e i r u n ifo rm
.

ity t e m p era m e n t a n d th e i r g e n e ra l fo rm
, , The b u t ch e r will .

b a s e his e sti m a t e o f th e i r v a l u e l a rge ly o n the u n if o rmity a n d

f o rm a n d the f e e d e r will b a s e hi s e stim a t e m o stly o n th e i r te m
,

p e r a m e n t a s a m ild
,
t e mp e re d pig is lik
-
e ly t o b e a g o o d f e e d e r .

S u ch a n e x a m i n a ti o n will giv e o n e a g o o d i d e a o f the w e ight ,

q u a lity a n d c o n stit u ti o n a ll v e ry imp o rt a n t f a ct o rs in sw 1 n e

, ,

g ro wi n g .

The gen e ra l form o f the fa t ho g is o f p rim a ry i m p o rt a n c e -

.

It sh o u ld be c o mp a ct with the b o dy d e e p b ro a d sm o o th a n d
, , , ,

symm e t ri c a l The l e n gth sh o u ld be m e di u m a s a to o l o n g

.
,

b a ck is lik e ly to re s u lt in w e a k n e ss j u st b a ck o f the sh o u ld e rs .

AS with the st e e r the ho g sh o u ld h a v e the l a rg e r p a rt o f its

,

we igh t in the re gi o n o f the m o st v a l u a bl e cu ts ; th a t is a l o n g ,

the b a ck l o i n a n d h a m s
, ,
Whil e the f o re q u a rt e rs n e ck a n d
.
-
, ,

h e a d a re p a rts o f l e ss e r v a l u e th e y m u st sh o w m u ch d e v e l o p
,

m e n t in o rd e r to i n s u re c o n stit u ti o n a l vig o r a n d vit a lity which ,

is l a rg e ly c o n t ro ll e d by ch e st c a p a city The ch e st th e re fo re .
, ,

sh o u ld be b ro a d d e e p a n d c a rri e d we ll f o rw a rd This d e v e l o p
, ,
.

m e n t giv e s the ho g a p a ra ll e l o g ra m d e v e l o p m e n t si m il a r to th a t
d e si re d fo r b e e f c a ttl e .

The w ei ght a n d co n di ti o n The w e ight will d e p e n d l a rg e ly

.

o n the c o n diti o n a n d a s th e s e d e t e rmi n e the m a rk e t v a l u e

,

t h e y will be c o n sid e re d t o ge th e r Fo rm e rly h e a vy h o gs th o s e .

,

w e ighi n g fro m 4 00 to 5 00 p o u n ds co m m a n d e d the high e st p ric e , ,

bu t a t the p re s e n t ti me the m a rk e t d e m a n ds a m u ch light e r

ho g . Whil e m a rk e t d e m a n ds a re e xc e e di n gly v a ri a bl e in ,
 C HO O S I N G AND J U D GI N G S WI N E 4
57

g e n e ra l the m o st d e si ra bl e w e ight is fro m 1 8 0 to 2 7 5 p o u n ds ,

th o u gh h e a vi e r h o gs s o m e ti m e s c o m m a n d a p re mi u m o n the
”
m a rk e t Ve ry h e a vy h o gs a re o ft e n sp o k e n o f a s fa t b a cks
.
“

b e c a u s e o f th e i r b ro a d h e a vily fl e sh e d b a cks A l a rd pig in

, .

go o d c o n diti o n sh o u ld w e igh fro m 1 7 5 to 2 00 p o u n ds wh e n six

m o n ths o ld a n d 350 t o 4
,
00 p o u n ds wh e n o n e y e a r o ld So m e .

h o gs u n d e r the b e st o f c o n diti o n s m a y w e igh m u ch m o re m a n y ,

o th e rs will w e igh m u ch l e ss bu t th o s e a re the w e ights o n e ca n

,

re a s o n a bly h o p e to a tt a i n .

Q u a li ty . The i n di ca ti o n s o f q u a lity a re fi n e h a i r f re e d o m ,

fro m b ristl e s a n d a c o mp a ra tiv e ly light d e n s e a n d cl e a n b o n e

, , , .

Fi n e n e ss o f the p a rts in g e n e ra l is a n e vid e n c e o f q u a lity This .

is o ft e n o v e rd ra wn as to o,

m u ch fi n e n e ss l e a ds to d e lic a cy ,

which is s o m e ti m e s o bs e rv e d in
the h o gs b e i n g to o s m a ll f a ci a l ,

f e a t u re s to o fi n e o r s m a ll a n d ,

the b o n e fi n e to the p o i n t o f
we a kn e ss O n the o th e r h a n d
.
,

h o gs with co a rs e b o n e co a rs e F I G
,
1 5 8 — P O LA N D C H I N A BO A R
. .

S O ’d fo $ 5 000 r
h a i r a n d c o a rs e hid e a re lik e ly
,
'

to be p o o r f e e d e rs a n d the b u tch e r o bj e cts to th e m b e c a u s e

,

o f the l a rg e p e rc e n t a g e o f o ff a l which th e y dr e ss The q u a l .

ity o f b o n e hid e a n d h a i r sh o u ld lie b e tw e e n th e s e tw o

, , .

e xt re m e s . In a dditi o n to b e i n g ra th e r fi n e a n d fre e fro m

b ristl e s the h a i r sh o u ld lie cl o s e to the b o dy a n d the ski n be
,

fre e fro m wri n kl e s a n d u n d u e ro u gh n e ss c a u s e d by sc u rf .

Con sti tu ti on — The in dica tio n s o f a g o o d c o n stit u ti o n a n d

. ,

m u ch vig o r a re a d e e p b ro a d a n d w e ll a dv a n c e d ch e st th u s
, ,
-
,

givi n g c a p a ci o u s ch e st c a p a city a n d g o o d h e a rt gi rth The .

ch e st sh o u ld be d e e p fro m the to p o f the sh o u ld e r to the b risk e t ,

whi ch sh o u ld be p la c e d lo w d o wn ; it S h o u ld be wid e a s i n di ,

ca te d by m u ch width b e tw e e n the f ro n t l e gs a n d the b risk e t ,

sh o u ld be w e ll a dv a n c e d b e twe e n the f ro n t l e gs The re a l .

4
58 M A N UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

width o f the ch e st is o ft e n diffic u l t to e s tim a te a s the e xte rn a l ,

width d e p e n ds m u ch o n the thickn e ss a n d the w a y the sh o u ld e rs

a re a tt a ch e d ; th u s a n a n i m a l wid e f ro m sh o u ld e r to S h o u ld e r

might h a v e a sm a ll ch e st c a p a city whi ch wo u ld n o t l e a v e su ffi

,

ci e n t ro o m fo r the o rg a n s to do th e i r w o rk a s th e y sh o u ld .

The fl a n k b o th f ro n t a n d re a r sh o u ld be f u ll a n d w e ll le t d o wn
, , ,

a s this a ls o i n dic a t e s g o o d c o n stit u ti o n .

Un iform i ty O n e o f the m o st i m p o rt a n t g e n e ra l c o n sid e ra

.

ti o n s in ch o o si n g a h e rd o f swi n e e i th e r fo r b re e di n g o r f e e di n g
, ,

is the u n ifo rm ity Whil e this a dds n o thi n g to th e i r a bility to

.

m a k e e c o n o mi c g a i n s it d o e s a dd m a t e ri a lly to th e i r s e lli n g va lu e
, .

This is o n e o f the m o st n e gl e ct e d f a ct o rs in Am e ric a n p o rk pro

d u cti o n The fi rst thi n g the c o mmissi o n m e r ch a n t d o e s o n re
.

ce iv in g a mix e d d ro v e o f h o gs is to s e p a ra t e t h e m i n t o b u n ch e s

u n if o rm in a ll i m p o rt a n t ch a ra ct e rs a s a ge w e ight a n d co n
, , ,

diti o n . The b u tch e r will v e ry o ft e n p a ss by a mix e d d ro v e o f

h o gs e v e n th o u gh th e y a re o f g o o d q u a li ty a n d in g o o d fl e sh
, ,

re f u si n g to pl a c e a bid o n th e m m e re ly b e c a u s e he l a cks the

f a ciliti e s fo r h a n dli n g s u ch m i x e d l o ts Se p a ra t e th e m i n t o u n i
.

f o rm d ro v e s a n d he is a tt ra ct e d to th e m a t o n c e a n d will pa y a n
,

e xt ra p re mi u m fo r the s a m e st u ff he re f u s e d to bi d o n
b e fo re .

U n ifo rmi ty in c o l o r is p e rh a ps n o t so e ss e n t i a l a s a ge w e ight , ,

a n d q u a lity a lth o u gh a d ro ve a lik e in c o l o r will c o m m a n d a

,

b e tt e r p ri ce th a n m ix e d d ro v e s Whit e is n o t c o n sid e re d w e ll
.

a d a pt e d t o s o u th e n c o n diti o n s a s it is lik e ly
r ,
to s u n -
sc a ld o r
blist e r a n d this i n t ro d u c e s ski n dis e a s e s o f v a ri o u s fo rm s Fo r
,
.

m e rly by fa r the l a rg e r p a rt o f the h o gs s e n t to the m a rk e t

,

w e re bl a ck bu t re c e n tly bl a cks h a v e b e e n d e c re a si n g a n d re ds
,

i n cre a si n g with the whit e s re m a i n i n g p ra c t i c a lly st a ti o n a ry

,
.

Fro m i n fo rm a ti on g a t h e re d f ro m the te n l a rg e st p a cki n g h o u s e s

in the U n it e d St a t e s the c o l o r ra n a s f o ll o ws : bl a ck 5 5 pe r
, ,

c e n t ; re d 35 pe r c e n t whi t e 1 0 pe r c e n t ; a ll o th e rs 5
, , ,

pe r c e n t .
4
60 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

an d Be rkshi re , th e r s m a ll in the T a m wo rths a n d Ha m p

an d ra

shi re s The st a t e m e n t is o fte n m a de th a t l a rg e j o wls i n dic a t e

.
'

g re a t fe e di n g c a p a city This is n o t t ru e a s T a m w o rths a n d .

,

Ha mpshi re s f e e d a s we ll a s Po l a n d C hi n a s o r Be rkshi re s The .

m e di u m -siz e d j o wls fo r the b re e d a re to be p re f e rre d Th e y .

sh o u l d be fré e fro m h e a vy f o lds a n d n o t p e n d u l o u s a n d lo o s e .

F IG . 1 59 RK H RE S
. P R IZE O d H dF
BE L Sll M I ow . w ne a t oo a rm ow e , a ss .

Th e tiv h
na f h B k hi
e om eb d f i i i E gl d Li k P l d
o t e er s re re e o sw ne s n n an e o an

C hi th i b d i ly t ity d f i b ility q i kly

.

na tdf i
s re e s no e or ts ear m a ur an or ts a u c to
tt i k t bl d i ti T hi b d v l p
,

a a n m ar e a d l ke h co n t f on t s re e ac s t e e x re m e at e e o m en

d C hi th i h q lity f h
.

of h P l t e d f
o an na an t l h
or s r e a so n t e ua o t e m ea e x ce s t e

P l d C hi dit y h b k f i ight
,

o an I lifi na d f n d
p ro I ca cy an e cu n t e re e ra n s a r n w e
i l d i th h i ddl ight b d Th l i bl k
.

th e an l m a s a re c a sse w t e m e -w e re e s e co o r s ac

ith hit ki g t d h f di h d Th b d i v y
.
,

w w e m ar n s , e a rs e re c an t e a ce s e e re e s er p o pu
i
.
,

l i A
ar n m e r ca .

The sh o u ld be o f m e diu m l e n gth a n d p o ss e ss s u ffici e n t

n e ck
'

width a n d d e pth to sw e ll s m o o thly i n t o the sh o u ld e r v e i n a n d -

'

p a ss b a ck with o u t a n y n o tic e a bl e d e p re s si o n It sh o u ld n a rro w .

to w a rd the n a p e a n d j o i n sm o o thly with the ch e e ks It sh o u ld .

j o i n the he a d a n d sh o u ld e rs sm o o thly wi th o u t u n d u e thi ck n e ss ,

a s a n e ck to o thi c k a n d to o h e a vy is o bj e cti o n a bl e b e c a u s e it
 CHO O S I N G AN D J U D GI N G S WI N E 4
61

i n dic a t e s g e n e ra l c o a rs e n e ss a n d i n c re a s e s the re l a tiv e p e rc e n t

a g e o f ch e a p m e a t .

T he shou lders sh o u ld be l o n g f u ll a n d l e v e l o n to p ,
Th e y
, .

sh o u ld be l o n g e xt e n di n g d o w n e v e n with the u n d e rli n e o f the

,

b o dy Whil e l o n g sh o u ld e rs a re n o t n e c e ss a rily c o rrel a t e d with

.

a d e e p ch e st o r c o n stit u ti o n a l vig o r th e y giv e the ho g a m o re ,

sym m e t ric a l a pp e a ra n c e Th e y sh o u ld be f u ll e sp e ci a lly a t

.
,

the l o w e r e n d which is o ft e n a w e a k p o i n t a n d j u st f o rw a r d o f
, ,

h
t e sh o u ld e r s in t h e re gi o n k n o w n a s t h e sh ou ld e r-v i
e n The .

sh o u ld e rs sh o u ld n o t be to o h e a vy a s it is a c o m p a ra tiv e ly ,

ch e a p cu t n o r sh o u ld the ski n be to o thick a n d h e a vy a s s u ch

, ,

i n dic a t e s re v e rsi o n to a n c e st ra l typ e s b e c a u s e th e s e p a rts w e re ,

a b n o rm a lly d e v e l o p e d in the Wild ho g a s a p ro t e cti o n in fighti n g .

The ba ck a n d loi n sh o u ld be o f m o d e ra t e l e n gt h st ra ight , ,

b ro a d a n d e v e n ly fl e sh e d th ro u gh ou t Th e y sh o u ld be v e ry
,
.

c a re fu lly c o n sid e re d a s the b a ck a n d l o i n fu rn ish s om e o f the

,

m o st v a l u a bl e c u ts He re p o rk ch o p a n d p o rk ro a sts a re se
.

f
c u re d The b a ck sh o u ld be stro r g a n d this ca n b e st be o b
.
,

ta in e d by mo d e ra t e l e n gth a s a to o l o n g b a ck is lik e ly to be
,

w e a k p a rtic u l a rly j u st b a ck o f the sh o u ld e rs It sh o u ld be

,
.

st ra ight o r b e tt e r still s lightly a rch e d g ra d u a l ly risi n g fro m

, , ,

the n e ck to the c e n t e r o f the b a ck a n d fro m th e re sl o pi n g v e ry ,

gra du a lly to the t a il Th e re c e rt a i n ly sh o u ld be n o d e p re ssi o n

.

o r sw a y in the b a ck f ro m the sh o u ld e r to the t a il The b a ck .

S h o u ld be b ro a d a n d this b re a dth sh o u ld be e v e n ly m a i n t a i n e d
,

fro m the sh o u ld e r to the t a il It sh o u ld be a s b ro a d on the .

re a r a s it is in f ro n t T a p e ri n g t o w a rds the re a r
.
— th a t is ,

n a rro w e r a c ro ss the l o i n a n d ru mp th a n a c ro ss the sh o u ld e rs

is o bj e cti o n a bl e The fl esh c o v e ri n g sh o u ld be e v e n a n d fi rm

.
,

givi n g a sm o o th c a rca ss wh e n sl a u ght e re d .

The si de s sh o u ld be a s lo n g a s p o ssibl e a n d y e t m a i n t a i n su f
fi cie n t st re n gth o f b a ck whi ch is b e st a cc o mplish e d by me di u m
,

l e n gth Th e y sh o u ld be d e e p a n d thick The ribs sh o u ld be

. .

we ll a rch e d a n d c o n ti n u e low d o wn givi n g gre a t f e e di n g ,

4
62 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

c a p a ci ty . The d e rli n e sh o u ld ru n st ra ight fro m fro n t fl a n k

un

to re a r fl a n k givi n g the sid e a n e v e n width th ro u gh o u t its

,

e n ti re l e n gth S id e s sh o u ld be fi rm a n d s m o o th a n d fre e f ro m
.
,

w ri n kl e s a n d fl a bbin e ss Wri n kl e s a n d cre a s e s p a rti c u l a rly

.
,

j u st b a ck Of the sh o u ld e rs a re o f c o m m o n o cc u rre n c e a n d a re
,

u s u a lly o bj e cti o n a bl e a s th e y i n di ca t e u n e v e n f a tt e n i n g a n d
,

p o o r q u a lity o f fl e sh Whil e the d e v e l o p m e n t o f the sh o u ld e rs

.

a n d h a ms is u s u a lly m u ch g re a t e r th a n the sid e s th u s l e a vi n g ,

a m a rk e d d e p re ssi o n j u st b a ck o f the sh o u ld e r a n d in f ro n t o f

the h a ms this sh o u ld n o t be ; the sid e s s h o u l d be e v e n wi t h the

,

h a m s a n d sh o u ld e rs a n d c a rry the f u ll n e ss w e ll d o wn givi n g

,
,

the a n im a l a sy m m e t ri c a l a n d w e ll — b a l a n ce d a pp e a ra n c e .

The be lly sh o u ld be lo w givi n g the sid e g o o d d e pth a n d in

,

dica tin g g re a t f e e di n g c a p a city ; it sh o u ld be st ra ight f ro m f o re

to re a r givi n g a n e v e n cu t to the sid e s a n d it sh o u ld be fi rm
, ,

a n d sm o o th a s w ri n kl e s i n di c a t e l a c k o f l e a n a n d g e n e ra l fl a b
,

bin e ss . The width o f the b e lly sh o u ld be in p ro p o rti o n to the

ho g in g e n e ra l A v e ry n a rro w b e lly is o bj e cti o n a bl e
. .

The hi ps sh o u ld be a s wid e a s the b o dy in g e n e ra l a n d sm o o thly

c o ve re d with fl e sh Na rro w hips a re v e ry o bj e cti o n a bl e a s t his
.
,

is the re gi o n o f v a l u a bl e m e a t The hips sh o u ld be so s m o o thly

.

c o v e re d th a t th e i r l o c a ti o n is n o t a pp a re n t to the e y e It is .

c o mm o n ly h e ld th a t the hips sh o u ld be ra th e r lo w a s a v e ry ,

high hip is n o t lik e ly to be we ll c o ve re d .

The ru m p sh o u ld be l o n g wid e a n d f a i rly l e v e l ,

It sh o u ld
,
.

be l o n g so a s to i n cre a s e the l e n gth o f the ha m The Wi dth .

sh o u ld be c a rri e d b a ck p ro p o rti o n a te ly with the b a ck a s a ,

p e a k e d ru m p is v e ry o bj e cti o n a bl e Na rro w p e a k e d ru m ps
.
,

m e a n thi n h a ms which do n o t se ll w e ll o n the m a rk e t AS

,
.

a ru l e h o gs d ro o p c o n sid e ra bly f ro m the hips to the t a il ; n e v e r

the le ss the n e a re r the ru m p a pp ro a ch e s the l e v e l the b e tt e r ,

the c u ts o f m e a t will be ; fo r this re a s o n e xt re m e ly d ro o pi n g

ru m ps a re t o be a v o id e d The ru m p sh o u ld be e v e n ly a n d
.

s m o o thly fl e sh e d f ro m hips to t a il .
 6 4 M AN UA L O F F AR M AN I M ALS

C HO O S ING B ACO N HO G S
-

The b a c o n -ho g di ffe rs m a t e ri a lly fro m the fa t o r l a rd -ho g ,

p a rtic u l a rly in typ e a n d fl e sh c o v e ri n g The b a c o n typ e .

o ri g i n a t e d to m e e t the d e m a n d fo r l e a n m e a t Exc e ss iv e fa t .

n e ss is o bj e cti o n a bl e in this typ e a n d d o e s n o t b ri n g a s high

p ric e a s wh e n the l e a n a n d fa t a re w e ll i n t e rsp e rs e d gi vi n g the ,

m e a t a m a rbl e d a pp e a ra n c e The b a c o n ho g is e xt e n siv e ly

.
-

g ro wn in the O ld Wo rld a n d C a n a d a bu t ha s n e v e r b e c o m e ,

p o p u l a r in the U ni t e d S t a t e s a lth o u gh c o n sid e ra bl e b a c o n i s

,

p ro d u c e d in the Ea st e rn S t a t e s .

In g e n e ra l a pp e a ra n c e the b a c o n typ e di ff e rs f ro m the l a rd

,

typ e in the a n i m a ls b e i n g m o re u pst a n di n g m u ch l o n g e r o f ,

limb the b o di e s c o n sid e ra bly l o n ge r a n d n o t so wid e a n d the

, ,

h a ms a n d sh o u ld e rs m u ch light e r The a n im a ls l a ck the h e a vy

.

fl e sh c o v e ri n g o f the l a rd typ e .

Con di ti on . The fl e sh is n o t so t hick a s o n the l a rd typ e o f

-

ho g ra re ly e xc e e di n g o n e a n d o n e h a lf i n ch e s bu t it m u st be
,
-
,

fi rm sm o o th a n d e v e n o v e r a ll p a rts
, ,
It sh o u ld be fi rm a s .
,

this i n di c a t e s the p re s e n c e o f l e a n m e a t ; it sh o u ld be s m o o th
a n d f re e f ro m w ri n kl e s a n d s e a m s a s sm o o th n e ss i n dic a t e s e v e n
,

fle shin g a n d g o o d q u a lity ; a n d the fl e sh c o v e ri n g sh o u ld be

e v e n o v e r a ll p a rts o f the b o dy in o rd e r th a t the c u ts o f b a c o n

m a y be u n if o rm .

T he form sh o u ld be l o n g l e v e l a n d d e e p
,
It sh o u ld be l o n g
,
.

in o rd e r to giv e l e n gth to the sid e c u ts ; it sh o u ld be l e v e l a n d

fre e fro m sw a y b a ck ; a n d it sh o u ld be d e e p in o rd e r to i n c re a s e
the p e rc e n t a g e o f sid e m e a t The sh o u ld e rs a n d h a m s S h o u ld
.

be light a n d the a n i m a l o f u n if o rm wi dth fro m the sh o u ld e rs

to the h a ms . Width is n o t s o u ght bu t b o th l e n gth a n d ,

d e pth a re o f p rim e i m p o rt a n c e The f o rm sh o u ld a pp e a r

.

t rim a n d n e a t a n d the a n im a l be fre e f ro m a ll c o a rs e n e ss in

,

h a i r hid e a n d b o n e
, ,
.

T he shou lde rs sh o u ld be sm o o thly l a id -in b e fo re b e hi n d a n d , ,

 CHO O S I N G AN D J U D GI N G S WINE 4
65

on to p ; p a ct i n di ca ti n g q u a lity a n d fi rm n e ss ; a n d th e y
co m ,

sh o u ld be light l a c ki n g the b u lg e o f the l a rd ho g The sh o u l

,
-
.

de r sh o u ld fit cl o s e ly to the b o dy a n d n o t sh o w m o re width o n the

b a ck ; it sh o u ld be fre e fro m c o a rs e n e ss ;a n d the fl e shin g sh o u ld

F IG . 1 61 .
— L ARG E Y O RK S H I RE , OR L AR G E W H T E I , Sow . P ho to gra p h fro m
F a rm e rs Adv o ca te
’
.

g
T he La r e Y o rkshi r e o r La r e g W it bh e v p g
r e e d o f sw i n e d e e lo e d i n E n la n d

i b t p ti y b q i ti q ity
.

T h s re e d i s n o e d ar cu la rl fo r i t s a co n u al es T he u al o f t he

big b t t i
.

t
m e a i s u n e x c e lle d e n w e ll m a r le d ha i s th e f a t a n d le a n a r e w e ll m x e d
t g i t i g i b
, , ,

t t
a l ho u h th e a n m a ls a re ra h e r la e m a u r n I n s z e the re e d i s cla sse d a s
g b i g q it i
.

la r e Th e r e e d n u al t
e s a r e e x c e lle n t T he co lo r i s w hi e the e a rs i n
p i
. .
,

cli n e d to d ro o fo rw a rd a n d t h e fa ce d she d
, .

e xt e n d w e ll d o wn the l e gs i n dic a ti n g mu sc u l a r d e v e l o pm e n t
,

a n d givi n g a l o n g S h o u ld e r cu t .

S i de s — Am o n g b a c o n h o gs the sid e s a re o f p rim e imp o r

.
-

t a n c e a s the ch o ic e st b a c o n c o m e s f ro m this re gi o n
,
It is .
,

th e re fo re e ss e n ti a l to h a v e a s m u ch a s p o ssibl e o f the d e si re d
,

w e ight in this re gi o n The sid e s sh o u l d be l o n g s m o o th a n d

.
, ,

l e v e l Fro m sh o u ld e r to ha m sh o u ld be a s l o n g a s p o ssibl e
.

with o u t in cre a sm g we a k n e ss th u s givi n g l o n g si de c u ts ; th e y

,

2 H
4
66 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN IM AL S

sh o u ld be sm o o th a n d fre e fro m wri n kl e s a n d s e a ms ; a n d th e y

sh o u ld be l e v e l fro m sh o u ld e rs to hips A sw a yi n g b a ck o r a
.

to o p e n d u l o u s b e lly a re v e ry o bj e cti o n a bl e
.

Ha m s . The ru m p S h o u ld be l o n g a n d the fle shin g S h o u ld

,

be c a rri e d w e ll d o w n w a rd t o w a rd the h o ck . Fu ll n e ss a n d
pl u mp n e ss a re n o t e ss e n ti a l whil e go o d l e n gth with sm o o th
, ,

mu sc u l a r d e ve l o pm e n t is o f p ri m e i m p o rt a n c e
,
.The fl e shin g
sh o u ld be fi rm a n d t a p e ri n g to w a rds the ho ok thu s gi vi n g a
,
“ ”
n e a t a n d t rim ga mm o n,
whi ch is a ou t v e ry simil a r to the
ha m .
4
68 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

F O O D R E Q U IR EM ENTS FO R S W NE I

The f o o d re q u i re d fo r a give n g a i n a m o n g s w i n e v a ri e s with

the ki n d O f f o o d a n d the a ge a n d w e ight o f a n im a ls Fo o ds .
.

v a ry l a rg e ly in the e n e rgy th e y c o n t a i n The o ld e r a n d the .

l a rg e r the a n im a l the m o re fo o d re q u i re d fo r a giv e n g a i n .

Wo l ff a n d Le hm a n a ft e r m u ch e xp e rim e n t a ti o n a l o n g this li n e
, ,

h a ve gi v e n u s the f o ll o wi n g s ta n d a rds :

Wo lfi -Le hm a n s ta n da rd , s ho w i n g the a f f o o d r e qu i re d pe r 1 000

m ou n t o

po u n ds li v e w e i ght for bo th gro w i n g a n d f a tte n i n g s w i n e

C O N DI T IO N O F AN I M AL
G ro w in g S w in e
D IG E S T LE N TR E T
IB U I N S

Bre e d in g

Ag e M O
, . W e ig ht P ro te in

As with the st a n d a rds fo r h o rs e s c a ttl e a n d sh e e p t h e s e , , ,

a re a rra n g e d to m e e t the n eed o f the a v e ra g e f a rm h o gs

u n d e r n o rm a l c o n di ti o n s Th e y a re n o t i n t e n d e d to b e a bso
.

lu te .
 THE F EE DI N G OF S WI N E 4
69

PR EPAR ING FO O D

Fo o ds fo r swi n e a re o ft e n p re p a re d by g ri n di n g s o a ki n g , ,

o r c o o ki n g . Th e re h a ve b e e n m a n y e xp e ri m e n ts to d e t e r
mi n e the e ffi cie n cy o f e a ch o f th e s e m e th o ds Th e s e t e sts
.

giv e m o re o r l e ss c o n t ra dict o ry re s u lts a n d it is di ffi cu lt to ,

d e t e rm i n e fro m a p e ru s a l o f the lit e ra t u re to wh a t e xt e n t the

fo o d is re n d e re d m o re e ffici e n t by s u ch p re p a ra ti o n Th e re .

ca n be littl e d o u bt h o we v e r bu t th a t e a ch o f th e s e m e th o ds
, ,

i n c re a s e s the e ffici e n cy o f c e rt a i n f o o ds u n d e r give n c o n di ti o n s .

Gri n di n g fe e d .The a dvis a bi lity o f g ri n di n g f e e d fo r swi n e

d e p e n ds m u ch o n the ki n d O f fo o d a n d to s o m e e xt e n t o n the
a ge o f the a ni m a ls M o st o f the e xp e ri m e n ts h a v e b e e n with
.

the g ri n di n g o f c o rn a n d the re s u lts h a v e b e e n v a ryi n g

,
With .

sm a ll e r a n d h a rd e r s e e ds a n d g ra i n s s u ch a s p e a s b e a n s m ill e t
, , , ,

a n d the lik e th e re is a m u ch b e tt e r sh o wi n g in f a v o r o f g ri n d
,

in g . The C a n a di a n C e n t ra l Exp e ri m e n t a l Fa rm c o n d u ct e d e x
p e ri m e n ts which S h o w a s a vi n g o f 1 7 pe r c e n t in f a v o r o f g ri n di n g

th e s e sm a ll e r a n d h a rd e r s e e ds The s a m e m a y be t ru e o f c o rn
.

wh e n the g ra i n is v e ry h a rd a n d dry .

G ri n di n g s o m e f o o ds i n c re a s e s the p a l a t a bili ty a n d th u s f a v o rs
’

l a rge r c o n s u m pti o n S wi n e fe d g ro u n d f o o d in the f o rm o f m a sh

.

a re n o t lik e ly to m a stic a t e it bu t si m ply sw a l lo w it a n d in

, ,

c a s e the g ra i n is n o t g ro u n d fi n e the c o a rs e p a rticl e s a re n o t

,

so re a dily o r th o ro u ghly dig e st e d In m a sti ca ti n g th e i r o w n

.

g ra i n swi n e will u s u a lly re d u c e it to ra th e r fi n e p a rticl e s pa r ,

ticu la rly if fe d in the n a t u ra l st a t e

,
Th u s it wo u ld s e e m th a t
.

if the g ra i n is to be g ro u n d it sh o u ld be g ro u n d fi n e
,
.

S oa ki n g the fee d — It is a ra th e r c o m m o n p ra ctic e to s o a k

wh o l e gra i n s a n d to w e t m e a ls b e fo re f e e di n g So a ki n g is a l e ss .

e xp e n siv e p ro c e ss a n d in m a n y i n st a n c e s m a y be a s g o o d a s

g ri n di n g O n e ra th e r st ro n g o bj e cti on to f e e di n g s o a k e d gra i n s
.
,

e sp e ci a lly wh e n the a n i m a ls a re u s e d to e a ti n g the g ra i n s wh o l e ,

'

is th a t the y a re lik e ly to swa ll o w the gra i n s e n ti re with o u t m a s

4
70 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

tica tio n . S o a ki n g we tt i n g is h o we ve r a ve ry ch e a p m e th o d
or , ,
-

o f p re p a ri n g h a rd g ra i n s fo r swi n e by re n d e ri n g th e m m o re
,

p a l a t a bl e a n d a d di n g s u cc u l e n c e .

Gra i n s sh o u ld be s o a k e d l o n g e n o u gh to m a k e th e m s o ft .

Th e y sh o u ld n o t be p e rm itt e d to s o u r Whil e s o u r f o o d a s .
,

s u ch is n o t i n j u ri o u s to swi n e th e re is risk o f f e e di n g it o n e
, ,

tim e s o u r a n d the n e xt ti m e swe e t a s dig e stiv e dis o rd e rs will

,

s u re l y fo ll o w a ch a n gi n g fro m o n e to the o th e r .

Cooki n g the fe e d — . As a ge n e ra l p ra ctic e c o o ki n g fo o d fo r ,

swi n e is n o l o n g e r re g a rd e d a s p ro fit a bl e In f a ct c o o ki n g
.
,

c e rt a i n f o o ds re n d e rs s o m e o f the n u t ri e n ts l e ss dig e stibl e .

C o o ki n g f e e ds fo r s w i n e h o we ve r ha s m a n y a dv a n t a g e s chi e f
, , ,

o f which a re th a t it s o ft e n s s m a ll a n d h a r d s e e ds ; i n c re a s e s the

s u cc u l e n c e a n d to s o m e e xt e n t the p a l a t a bility o f c e rt a i n dry

g ra i n s s u ch a s p e a s a n d b e a n s ; re d u c e s the w a t e r c o n t e n t o f
,

c e rt a i n o th e r fe e ds s u ch a s ro o ts a n d tu b e rs whi ch c o n t a i n
, ,

m o re w a t e r th a n swi n e ca n e c o n o m ic a lly u se ; a n d re n d e rs f o o ds
m o re u ni fo rm ly m ix e d Fu rth e rm o re c o o k e d fo o ds do n o t s o u r
.
,

s o re a dily ,
a n d t he h a rd g ra i n s o r p a rticl e s o f f e e d b e c o m e

t h o ro u ghly s o ft e n e d It i s c o n sid e re d b e st to pu t a v a ri e ty
.

o f f o o ds i n t o the c o o k e r This s e rv e s a d o u bl e p u rp o s e : si n c e
.

the s m a ll g ra i n s u s u a lly c o n t a i n m o re p ro t e i n th e y f o rm a m o re ,

n e a rly b a l a n ce d ra ti o n ; a n d th e y a dd v a ri e ty to the ra ti o n a n d ,

th u s i n c re a s e the p a l a t a bility .

M AK ING U P A R ATI O N

The rati o n is o rdi n a rily n o t giv e n m u ch c o n sid e ra ti o n in

swi n e f e e di n g bu t a t the s a m e ti m e it is o f gre a t imp o rt a n c e
,
.

The s e v e ra l f a ct o rs c o n sid e re d in d e t e rmi n i n g the d e si ra bility

o f a ra t i o n fo r o th e r f a rm a n i m a ls a re o f e q u a l i m p o rt a n c e in

swi n e f e e di n g The dry m a t t e r dig e stibl e n u t ri e n ts p ro t e i n

.
, , ,

p a l a t a bility v a ri e ty s u it a bility an d co st o f f o o ds sh o u ld be
, , ,

c a re f u lly c o n sid e re d .

F ee di n g ca pa ci ty a m on g sw i n e AS with st e e rs it is d e si ra bl e
.
,
4
72 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

S a lt in limi t e d q u a n titi e s sh o u l d be k e pt b e f o re the swi n e a t a ll

tim e s . A v e ry g o o d pl a n is to p ro vid e a sh a ll o w st ro n g bo x ,

with sl a ts n a il e d a c ro ss the to p so the pigs c a n n o t lie in the bo x

, ,

th e n pl a c e ch a rc o a l a n d s a lt in the bo x The bo x sh o u ld be .

pl a c e d u n d e r a sh e d a n d in a cl e a n pl a c e It is b e s t n o t to .

pl a c e to o mu ch b e f o re th e m a t a tim e bu t to k e e p re n e wi n g
,

the s u pply O ft e n a s this k e e ps the f o o d cl e a n a n d sw e e t

, .

Fresh coo l w a te r S h o u ld be a v a il a bl e a t a ll ti m e s e v e n th o u gh
, ,

the a ni m a ls a re b e i n g fe d m a sh o r sl o ps The t ro u gh sh o u ld
.

be so a rra n g e d th a t the h o gs c a n n o t lie in the w a t e r a n d th u s

li tt e r u p the t ro u gh D u ri n g the wi n t e r h o gs o ft e n f a il to dr i n k
.
,

a s u ffici e n t a m o u n t o f w a t e r a n d f a il to do w e ll simply fo r this

re a s o n .To o bvi a t e this di ffic u lty the chill sh o u ld be d riv e n o ff

,

the w a t e r a n d the s u pply sh o u ld be fre sh .

F E E DI N G T HE BR EE DING HER D

Fe e di n g the b re e din g h e rd di ff e rs so e ss e n ti a lly fro m the fa t

t e n i n g o f swi n e th a t it is d e si ra bl e to t re a t e a ch s e p a ra te ly In .

f e e di n g the h e rd the o bj e ct is to k e e p the a n im a ls in a h e a lthy

a n d th rifty c o n di ti o n Fl e sh f o rm a ti o n is to be e n c o u ra g e d a n d
.

f a tt e n i n g disc o u ra g e d If the b re e di n g h e rd is p e rmitt e d to be

.

c o m e to o fa t the a n i m a ls f a il to b re e d re g u l a rly the lit te rs a re

, ,

sm a ll a n d the d a n g e rs fro m di ffic u lt p a rt u riti o n a re i n c re a s e d

,
.

Fe e di n g the b re e di n g h e rd n a t u ra lly di v id e s its e lf i n t o tw o p a rts ,

s u mm e r a n d wi n t e r f e e di n g Ea ch o f th e s e divisi o n s c a lls fo r
.

wid e ly di ff e re n t p ra ctic e s Fu rth e rm o re the c o m m o n p ra ctic e

.
,

o f b re e di n g swi n e so y o u n g m a k e s it n e c e ss a ry to c o n sid e r f e e d

in g the y o u n g e r a n im a ls s e p a ra t e ly f ro m the o ld e r o n e s a s the ,

yo u n g a n d g ro wi n g b re e di n g a n i m a l c a lls fo r v e ry di ff e re n t
fo o ds fro m the o ld e r a n d m a t u re o n e s
’ ’

F ee di n g the he rd i n su m m er

It is c o mm o n p ra ctic e to c o n fi n e the b re e di n g h e rd in
the
to o c ro wd e d q u a rt e rs This cl o s e c o n fin e m e n t a n d a to o e xcl u
.
 THE F E EDI N G OF S WI N E 4
73

siv e g ra i n fe e di n g a cc o u n t fo r m u ch o f the shy b re e di n g a m o n g

m a n y o f the m o re p ro m i n e n t b re e ds Ho gs will liv e a n d b re e d .

u n d e r s u ch c o n fi n e m e n t bu t g re a t e st s u cc e ss c a n n o t be a tt a i n e d
,

u n d e r th e s e syst e m s o f m a n a g e m e n t An o th e r s e ri o u s m ist a k e .

is the to o lib e ra l u se o f c o rn Whil e n o f o o d e q u a ls c o rn fo r .

f a tt e n i n g swi n e it is n o t a g o o d g ra i n fo r the b re e di n g a n i
,

m a ls a n d its to o e xcl u siv e u se is a c o m m o n c a u s e o f b a rre n

,

n e ss o r o f s m a ll litt e rs .

F IG . 1 63 R C JE R EY B AR Fi t p i Wi i St t F i 9 08
.
—D U O S O . rs r ze , s co n s n a e a r, 1 .

Th D
e J yb d f i i
u ro c tiv f h U i t d St t
e rs e T hi b
re e d o sw ne s a n a e o t e n e a es s re e

li k t d f i f t p d ti ly t i g
.
,

h P l d C hi
e t ie o an d na s n o e or ts a ro uc on an ear m a ur n

q liti Th b di g q liti f h b d id d g d h
,

ua es e re e n ua es o t e re e a re c o n s e re oo as t e so w s

f i ly p lifi i h b di l d di
.
,

a re I
a r ro c Th l i
n d s ze t e re e s c a sse as m e um e co o r s re

pi g d f t ight Th b d i i i g i p p l i ty
. .
,

h
t ed e a rs ro o n an a ce s ra e re e s n cr e a s n n o u ar

i Am i
.
,

n e r ca .

Ampl e ro o m sh o u ld be p ro v id e d No thi n g is b e tt e r th a n .

p a st u ri n g o r s o ili n g So ili n g is lik e ly to i n vo lve to o m u ch l a b o r

.

o n the a v e ra g e Am e ri c a n f a rm bu t in s u ch c a s e s th e re is u s u a lly ,

a n a b u n d a n c e o f p a st u re S o m e tim e s h o gs a re d e n i e d the ru n
.

o f a p a s t u re b e c a u s e th e y re q u i re a ra th e r tight f e n c e a n d if ,
 M AN U AL O F F AR M A N I M AL S

n ot p ro p e rly ri n g e d a re lik e ly to ro o t u p the so d Whil e ho g .

tight f e n ci n g is e xp e n siv e it m u s t be re m e mb e re d th a t g re a t e s t
,

s u cc e ss c a n n o t be a tt a i n e d with o u t p a st u re In m o st l o c a l .

iti e s wo v e n wi re will p ro v e the m o st e ffe ctive in re st ra i n i n g the

,

h e rd It n e e d n o t be high a lth o u gh a ll thi n gs c o n sid e re d the

.
, ,

f o u r-fo o t f e n c e with a b a rb -wi re o n to p will be f o u n d the m o s t

p ra cti c a bl e .

Wi th a n a b u n d a n c e o f p a st u ra ge the b re e di n g h e rd n e e d
,

re c e iv e n o g ra i n u n til a sh o rt ti m e b e f o re f a rro wi n g wh e n g ra i n ,

sh ou ld be fe d S p a ri n gly in a ddi t i o n to the p a st u re The w e ll .

fe d so w will be m o re q u i e t a t f a rro wi n g tim e a n d be l e ss lik e ly

to i n j u re he r pigs th a n will the l e a n g a u n t o n e l a cki n g in milk .

Wh e n gra i n is fe d the ki n d wi ll d e p e n d s o m e wh a t o n the ki n d

,

o f p a st u re ; bu t a s a g e n e ra l ru l e n o thi n g is b e tt e r th a n wh e a t

b ra n o r mi ddli n gs a s it is rich in p ro t e i n a n d m i n e ra l m a tt e r
, ,

tw o e l e m e n ts m u ch n e e d e d by the d e v e l o pi n g pigs Fu rth e r .

m o re b ra n stimu l a t e s the flo w o f milk whi ch is v e ry e ss e n ti a l

, ,

fo r the so w with a l a rg e litt e r .

R i n gin g to pre ve n t rooti n g — No thi n g is m o re n a t u ra l th a n

.

fo r swi n e to ro o t a n d if the p a st u re s a n d m e a d o ws a re to re m a i n
,

u n i n j u re d the a n im a ls m u st be,

re st ra i n e d by pl a ci n g ri n gs in
th e i r n o s e s This a ppli e s pa r .

ticu la rly o n p e rm a n e n t p a st u re s .

O n cl o v e r o r a lf a lf a p a st u re s ,

th e re is n o t so m u ch d a n ge r o f
the so d b e i n g i n j u re d a s swi n e ,

F IG 1 6 4 —F I R S T PR I ZE D UR O C J R s m t t a m ly b l
E e e o g e o re n e a r a
. .

B0 A R W sco n sm S ta te F a i
O .

egg8
i r,
a n ce d ra ti o n a n d do n o t h a v e
.

the d e si re to ro o t u p the so d a s
o n bl u e -g ra ss re d to p tim o thy o r a n y n o n -l e g u mi n o u s p a st u re
,
-
, ,

pl a n t The o bj e ct sh o u ld be to ri n g wh e n e v e r the swi n e b e gi n

.

to i n j u re the p a st u re s The o p e ra ti o n o f pl a ci n g the ri n gs in

.

the n o s e is n o t di ffi c u l t a ho g ri n g e r s o m e ri n gs a n d a sh o rt
, , ,
 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I MAL S

in m u ch the s a m e p ota t o a n d g ro ws fro m the e y e

w ay as the
o f the tu b e r whi ch m a y be pl a n te d wh o l e o r cu t u s u a lly wh o l e
, , ,

if pl a n t e d in the f a ll a n d cu t if pl a n te d in the sp ri n g By re .

m o vi n g the h o gs b e fo re a ll the t u b e rs a re s e c u re d this c ro p ,

m a y be g ro w n s u cc e ssiv e ly fo r m a n y y e a rs with o u t re pl a n ti n g .

FIG . T ER W H T E B A R Ph t g ph by C S Pl b
1 65 -
C HE S I O . o o ra . . u m .

Th C h t
e W hit b d f i fi t b
es er p i t i C h t C ty
e re e o sw ne rs e ca m e ro m n en n es er ou n

ylv i T hi b d i t d f i f p d ti Th b di g
,

P en n s an a s re e s no e or ts at ro uc on e re e n

q liti k hi gh g dd t p lifi f h f
. .

ua I
e s ra n b f h t m ay e re ar e as on e o t e m os ro c o t e at

p d i g h g I i h b d i l d h l g t f h i d dl
.

'

ro uc n o s n s ze t e re e s c a s se as t e ar es o t e m e

ight Th l i hit th pi g d h f t ight

.

w e s . e dco o r s w e , e e a rs ro o n , an t e a ce s ra .

M a n y swi n e b re e d e rs a n d f e e d e rs do n o t g ro w a rt ich o k e s
b e c a u s e o f the o pi n i o n th a t wh e n o n c e e sta blish e d th e y a re
di ffic u l t to d e stro y This is n o t t ru e To d e st ro y the c ro p
. .
,

le t the h o gs ro o t o u t e v e ry t u b e r th e n pl o w a n d pl a n t to c o rn ,

o r s o m e o th e r c u ltiv a te d c ro p .

Pu m pki n s a n d squ a she s a re m u ch re lish e d by swi n e in the l a te

 THE F EED I N G OF S WI NE 4
77

f a ll an d ear ly wi n t e r The c u st o m o f pl a n ti n g the p u mpki n s

.

in the c o rn re s u lts in b e i n g a bl e to g ro w th e m a t a l m o st n o e x
p e n s e ; a n d th e i r k e e pi n g q u a liti e s a dd to th e i r v a l u e a s a su c
c u l e n t f o o d fo r wi n t e r f e e di n g In a dditi o n to th e i r s u cc u l e n c e
.

the s e e d is v e ry rich in p ro t e i n ; th u s th e y m a k e a v e ry g o o d
s u ppl e m e n t fo r c o rn Pu mpki n s e e ds a re a n a t u ra l v e rm ifu g e
. .

Wh e n m a n y p u mpki n s a re fe d the a n im a ls sh o u ld be w a t ch e d
,

cl o s e ly to se e th a t th e y do n o t ge t a n o v e rf e e d o f s e e d a n d di
g e s t iv e dis o rd e rs f o ll o w .

Fe e di n g the herd i n w i n te r

M o re c a re m u st be giv e n the f e e di n g o f the h e rd in wi n t e r

t h a n in s u m m e r ; a lth o u gh if ro o ts o r o th e r s u cc u l e n t f o o d ha s
b e e n p ro vid e d the m a tt e r will be l e ss diffic u lt th a n if the
,

f e e d e r is o blige d to re ly e n ti re ly o n dry fe e ds The ch e a p n e ss .

a n d the g re a t a b u n d a n c e o f c o rn re a lly a dds to the diffic u lty

o f wi n t e ri n g the h e rd The g re a t t e mpt a ti o n a ll th ro u gh the

.

c o rn -b e l t is to f e e d a to o e xcl u sive c o rn ra ti o n Thi s di ffic u lty .

i s In c re a s e d by the f a ct th a t n o f o o d e q u a ls c o rn in the f a tt e n

in g o f swi n e ; a n d the m a j o rity o f s w i n e f e e d e rs le t the h e rd ru n

with the fa tt e n i n g s w i n e with the re s u lt th a t the b re e di n g
,

h e rd ge ts so fa t th a t its b re e di n g p o we rs a re m a t e ri a lly l e ss e n e d ,

the s o ws o ft e n b e c o m e b a rre n a n d th o s e th a t do b re e d f a rro w

,

sm a ll litt e rs o f pigs l a cki n g th rift a n d vig o r .

To a v o id s u ch diffic u lti e s , the h e rd m u st be s e p a ra t e d f ro m

the f a tt e n i n g s w i n e a n d fe d a g ro wi n g ra t i o n ra th e r th a n a
f a t te ni n g ra ti o n The o bj e c t sh o u ld be to k e e p the h e rd th rifty
.
,

bu t n o t fa t . This ca n b e st be d o n e by fe e di n g s u ch g ra i n s a s
wh e a t b ra n middli n gs a n d the lik e a ls o ro o ts p u mpki n s a n d
, , , , ,

skim -m ilk fo r s u cc u l e n c e Alf a lf a cl o v e r o r c o wpe a ha y in sm a ll

.
, ,

q u a n titi e s m a y be fe d w i th p ro fit Ha y S h o u ld be fe d fro m a ra ck
.

a n d n o t th ro wn u p o n the gro u n d a s the a n i m a ls will t ra m p it ,

u n d e r th e i r f e e t. Wh e n the ha y is cl e a n a n d sw e e t a n d slightl y ,

s a lty the swi n e will e a t it a n d be mu ch b e n e fi t e d th e re by

,
.
4
78 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Wh e n the g ra i n is fe d in the f o rm o f m e a l b e tt e r re s u l ts will

,

be s e c u re d by m ixi n g with w a t e r o r b e t te r still ski m milk a n d

,
-
,

f e d a s a m a sh
. I f ski m -m
ilk is u s e d m u ch ca re sh o u ld be ta ke n
,

n o t to f e e d the a n i m a ls t o o m u ch a s th e y will t a k e o n fl e sh
,

ra pidly a n d m a y b e c o m e to o fa t . A v e ry go o d m ixt u re is m a d e
by u si n g o n e p t m e l o
a r a t fi v e p ts
a r o f w t o skim milk
a e r r -
.

A n o th e r c o m m o n mist a k e is c o n fi n i n g the h e rd to o cl o s e l y in
the wi n t e r s e a s o n. The q u a rt e rs b e c o m e v e ry m u ddy Whil e .

it is n o t p o ssibl e to k e e p swi n e f ro m ro o ti n g wh e n the gro u n d

1 s s o ft o r f ro m w a ll o wi n g wh e n the w e a th e r is w a rm t h e y ,

sh o u ld be give n s u ffici e n t ro o m fo r e x e rcis e a n d p ro vi d e d with

,

q u a rt e rs f re e f ro m m u d wh e re th e y m a y e a t a n d sl e e p a lth o u gh ,

the pl a tf o rm o n which th e y f e e d sh o u ld be s e p a ra t e d f ro m the

o n e o n whi ch th e y sl e e p .

Fe e di n g the y ou n g a n d o ld herd . Si n c e the yo u n g a n im a ls

a re b u ildi n g b o n e a n d fl e sh fo r th e i r o w n b o di e s th e y n e e d a m o re
,

n it ro g e n o u s ra ti o n th a n the o ld e r a n i m a ls th a t h a v e a t t a i n e d

th e i r gro wth a n d n e e d o n ly e n o u gh p ro t e i n to s u pply the w a s te .

Whil e the f e e di n g o f the y o u n g h e rd will d e p e n d m u ch o n the

a ge a t whi ch the a n im a ls a re b re d it m a y b e s a id in a g e n e ra l
,

w a y t h a t the y o u n g h e r d n e e ds a n a rro w e r ra ti o n th a n the o ld

h e rd Th u s if the f e e d e r ha s o n ly s u ffici e n t skim milk fo r a

.
-

p a rt o f the h e rd it w o u l d p ro v e m o re p ro fit a bl e to f e e d the
,

y o u n g h e rd the milk in c o n n e cti o n wi th the g ra i n a n d give

the o ld o n e s w a t e r with th e i r o th e r f o o d In this w a y the
.

y o u n g e r a n i m a ls w ill ge t the n e c e ss a ry mi n e ra l m a tt e r The .

imp o t a c e o w e ll ch o s e n n o u rishm e n t fo r the y o u n g h e rd

r n f -

c a n n o t be o v e re stim a t e d .

F AT TE NI NG S W NE
I

Fee di n g swi n e fo r f a tt e n i n g di ffe rs e ss e n ti a lly fro m fe e di n g

the b re e di n g h e rd . In f a tt e n i n g the s o l e o bj e ct is the e c o n o mic
,

p ro d u cti o n o f p o rk As a ru l e the a n i m a ls a re fo rce d to the

.
’

limit o f th e i r a bility a s fe e d e rs f a tt e n e d a n d m a rk e t e d u n d e r o n e
,
4
80 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

Wh a t e v e r f o o d st u ffs a re u s e d the swi n e sh o u ld be pu t o n

-
,

f u ll f e e d sl o wly M u ch c a re sh o u ld be e x e rcis e d n o t to th ro w
.

th e m o ff th e i r f e e d in the b e gi n n i n g a s it will t a k e s o m e tim e fo r

,

a n im a ls to re c o v e r Fo r b e s t re s u lts swi n e sh o u l d n e v e r be fe d
.

m o re th a n th e y will cl e a n u p a t e a ch m e a l F a tt e n i n g swi n e.

m a k e b e tt e r re t u rn s fo r the f o o d c o n s u m e d wh e n th e i r a pp e tit e s
a re k e pt k e e n ; th e y w a it e a g e rly fo r t h e i r f o o d a n d re lish it

m u ch b e tt e r th a n wh e n o v e rf e d If c o n v e n i e n t th e y sh o u ld be
.
,

fe d b o th m a sh a n d dry g ra i n No thi n g m a ke s a b e tt e r f o o d
.

fo r swi n e in the f o re p a rt o f the f a tt e n i n g p e ri o d th a n m e a l a n d

skim m ilk mix e d in the p ro p o rti o n o f o n e p a rt o f m e a l to fi v e
-

o f milk As the p e ri o d p ro gre ss e s the p o rti o n o f m e a l sh o u l d

.

be g ra d u a lly i n c re a s e d u n til t o w a rds the c lo s e the p ro p o rti on

m a y be o n e p a rt to th re e p a rts o f skim -milk If the skim -milk
.

is n o t a v a il a bl e w a t e r m a y be u s e d to m a k e the m a sh If w a te r
,
.

is u s e d the m a sh sh o u ld be fe d m u ch thi ck e r u si n g o n ly e n o u gh
, ,

w a t e r to mix the m e a l a s it is u s e l e ss to fill the f a tt e n i n g a n im a l

,

u p o n w a t e r a n d th u s p re v e n t the c o n s u m pti o n o f n u t ri t i o u s

fo o ds Wh e n s u ch i s the c a s e s o m e li n s e e d m e a l sh o u ld be
.
,

u se d, sa y 1 0 pe r c e n t o f the m e a l In e ith e r c a s e dry g ra i n

.
,

sh o u ld be fe d in a dditi o n .

Swi n e will m a k e m u ch b e tt e r re t u rn s fo r the f o o d c o n s u m e d

if th e y h a ve a cc e ss to g re e n fo ra g e Wh e re f a tt e n i n g h o gs a re
.

t u rn e d to p a st u re it m u st be so a rra n g e d th a t th e y n e e d n o t
,

g ra z e o v e r to o l a rge a n a re a If a t a ll c on v eni e n t it will be m o re

.
,

p ro fi ta bl e to cu t the g re e n f o ra g e a n d f e e d to the h o gs In .

this w a y a s m a ll e r a re a will s u pp o rt a l a rg e r n u m b e r o f h o gs a n d ,

the swi n e n e e d n o t ru stl e to ge t the m u ch n e e d e d s u cc u l e n c e .

The n u mb e r o f h o gs th a t m a y be p a st u re d o n a n a c re will de
p e n d o n the a ge a n d siz e o f the a n i m a ls the q u a lity a n d ki n d
,

o f c ro p a n d o th e r c o n diti o n s
,
Fo r a n a v e ra g e it m a y be s a id
.

th a t a n a c e o bl e gra ss will s u pp o rt e igh t to te n h o gs fo r

r f u -

tw o m o n ths o r m o re in the sp ri n g a n d fo r tw o m o n ths in the

,

f a ll ; re d cl o v e r sh o u ld Su pp o rt six to te n h o gs fo r th re e o r fo u r
 THE F E EDI N G OF S WI N E 4
81

m o n ths ; a lfa lf a fro m te n to fift e e n fo r fi v e m o n t hs ; c o wp e a s

six to e ight fo r tw o o r th re e m o n ths ; a n d a rtich o k e s sh o u ld
s u pp o rt fro m six to te n h o gs to the a c re fo r a c o n sid e ra bl e l e n gt h
o f tim e in the l a t e f a ll C l o v e r a lf a lf a o r c o wp e a p a st u re is
.
,

to be p re f e rre d Alf a lf a in th o s e s e cti o n s wh e re it wi ll th riv e

.

is re g a rd e d a s the l e a di n g p a st u re pl a n t fo r swi n e It sh o u ld .

n o t be g ra z e d so cl o s e ly a s to m a k e m o wi n g u n n e c e ss a ry To .

k e e p a lf a lf a in the b e st c o n diti o n it sh o u ld be m o we d fro m o n e to

th re e tim e s in a s e a s o n Th e s e e stim a t e s a re to be m o difi e d
.

a cc o rdi n g to c o n diti o n s .

It is v e ry imp o rt a n t th a t f a tt e n i n g swi n e be p ro vid e d with

sh a d e a n d a n a b u n d a n c e o f c o o l fre sh w a t e r The se ba cio u s ,
.

gl a n ds o f the ho g a re v e ry ru di m e n t a ry a n d the a n i m a l ca n ,

n o t p e rspi re a n d th e re f o re m u st k e e p c o o l by ra di a ti o n This .

is o n e re a s on why h o gs d e si re m u d w a ll o ws a n d fo r b e s t re s u lts ,

th e s e m u st be p ro vid e d p a rti c u l a rly fo r thick fa t a n i m a ls whi ch

, , ,

s u ffe r gre a tly with the h e a t du ri n g the w a rm s u mm e r m o n ths .

To a v o id the e xt re m e h e a t o f s u mm e r m a n y s w i n e f e e d e rs pl a n ,

to h a v e the a n i m a ls fa t by the fi rst o f Ju ly wh e n th e y a re s o ld ,

.

F ee di n g the la rd hog i n w i n te r
- — Wh e n ro o ts o r o the r su ccu
. ,

l e n c e is a v a il a bl e fo r wi n t e r u se mu ch b e tt e r re s u lts ca n be ,

o bt a i n e d th a n if dry f e e d a l o n e m u st be d e p e n d e d o n Su g a r .

b e e ts ro o ts t u rn ips p o t a t o e s a rti ch o k e s a n d p u mpkin s a re

, , , , ,

o ft e n u s e d No s u c c u l e n c e e xc e e ds skim -milk fo r wi n t e r f e e d
.

in g. In the a bs e n c e o f a n y o th e r s u cc u l e n t f o o d m a sh e s ,

sh o u ld be m a d e a s s u gg e st e d fo r s u mme r f e e di n g Fo r b e st
,
.

re su lts m a sh o r s u cc u l e n t f o o d gra i n a n d a sm a ll a m o u n t o f dry

, , ,

f o ra ge sh o u ld be fe d Swe e t cl e a n cl o v e r o r a lf a lf a ha y sh o u ld
.
,

c o n stit u t e the dry fo ra g e It sh o u ld be fe d fro m a ra ck

. .

C a re sh o u ld be e x e rcis e d in p ro vi di n g dry q u a rt e rs a n d l o ts
a s f re e f ro m m u d a s p o ssibl e The w a rmth o f the q u a rt e rs b e st
.

s u it e d fo r f a tt e n i n g swi n e m a y d e p e n d s o me wh a t o n the f e e ds
u se d . Wh e n c o rn in o n e o f its m a n y fo rm s a s e a r c o rn sh e ll e d
, , ,

co m ,
co m m e a l a n d the lik e
,
c o n sti tu t e s the m a j o r p a rt o f the
,

2 I
4
82 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

ra ti o n , the q u a rt e rs n e e d n o t be so w a rm a s wh e n a n a b u n d a n c e
o f m o re s u c cu l e n t f o o d is fe d s u ch a s ski m -m ilk It ha s b e e n
, .

p ro v e d th a t fo r b e st re s u lts wh e n ski m-milk o r o th e r v e ry su c

,

c u l e n t f o o d is fre e ly e m pl o y e d the q u a rt e rs sh o u ld be ra th e r,

w a rm y e t v e ry w e ll v e n til a t e d a n d w e ll light e d Fa tte n in g .

swi n e a re n o t lik e ly to sp e n d m u ch ti m e in p o o rly v e n til a t e d ,

d a rk a n d f o u l s m e lli n g q u a rt e rs
,
-
Th e y p re f e r the c o ld to .

FIG 1 67 — V CT
I O R IA So w F i t
rs pi r ze Oh i o St a te Fa i
r Pho to g phra by
P lu m b
. . .
, .

C S . . .

T he n a tiv
e h o m e o f t he Vi t
c o ri a i s i n th e U n i e d S a e s It is so m e w h a t t t t
i p p ig p
.

sim il a r t o th e C he sh r e e rh a s en d n t
m o re o w a rds the la rd y e T he t t
b i g q i ti i p ig i i itt i
, .

re e d n u al e s a re f a r t he s o w s ro du c n m e d u m -s z e d l e rs In s z e
b
.
,

th e re e d i s cla sse d a s sm a ll T he co lo r i s w hi e , the e a rs e re c , a n d th e fa ce

. t t
di she d .

s u ch p l a c e s a n d fo r this re a s o n swi n e a re o ft e n k n o wn to b u ild

,

a n e st o r be d o u t in the o p e n lo t ill u st ra ti n g th a t th e y p re f e r ,

e xp o s u re to f o u l q u a rt e rs Wh e n sw e e t w e ll light e d a n d we ll
.
, ,

v e n til a t e d q u a rt e rs a re p ro vi d e d swi n e will be fo u n d to o cc u py ,

th e m e xc e pt wh e n f e e di n g a n d t a ki n g e x e rcis e Ho gs a re n o t .

di rty a n i m a ls by n a t u re e xc e pt a s th e y lik e to w a ll o w in
,

w a rm w e a th e r .
84
4 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

S kim -
milk is h e ld in high e st e e m by the b a c o n f e e d e r ;
th e re fo re l o c a liti e s d e v o t e d to d a i ryi n g o th e r t h a n m a rk e t
milk a re a d m i ra bly a d a pt e d fo r the p ro d u cti o n o f b a c o n It .

m a y be fe d in the s a m e p ro p o rti o n a s to the fa t~ho g th a t is ,

-
,

th re e to fi v e p a rts milk to o n e o f m e a l .

S u m m e r fe e di n g on pa stu re C l o v e r a lf a lf a c o wp e a s o r
.
, , ,

ra p e a re e xc e ll e n t p a st u re s fo r b a c o n p ro d u cti o n Le ss p ro t e i n .

rich g a i n o
r r l e ss ski m milk is re q u i re d wh e n the swi n e h a v e
-

a cc e ss to s u ch ra n g e s No ch e a p e r o r m o re e c o n o mic a l g a i n s
.

ca n be o bt a i n e d th a n f ro m a light g ra i n ra ti o n wh e n the a n im a ls

h a v e th e s e p a st u re s .

Wi n te r fe e di n g i n dry lot - — Ba c o n p ro d u cti o n d u ri n g the

.

wi n t e r s e a s o n is a pp ro xim a t e ly 2 5 pe r c e n t m o re c o stly th a n
f e e di n g o n p a st u re Fo r b e st re s u lts s o m e s u cc u l e n t f o o d
.
,

sh o u ld be s u ppli e d This m a y be f u rn ish e d by gro wi n g ro o t s

.
,

s u ch a s u g b e e ts m a n g e ls t u rn ips a n d the lik e a n d s t o ri n g

s a r-
, , , ,

th e m fo r wi n t e r u se Wh e n the a n im a ls a re c o n fi n e d to a dry
.

lo t m o re p ro t e i n -ri ch f o o d is re q u i re d whi ch c a lls fo r l a rg e r

, ,

a m o u n ts o f o il m e a l sh o rts t a n k a g e o r skim -milk m o s t o f whi ch

, , , ,

m u st be p u rch a s e d Thi s b a l a n ci n g i s v e ry e ss e n ti a l in the

.

p ro du cti o n o f b a c o n a s q u a lity is wh a t c o mm a n ds the e xt ra

,

p ric e The l e a n a n d fa t m u st be w e ll i n t e rsp e rs e d a n d this ca n

.
,

be s e c u re d o n ly by p ro p e rly b a l a n ci n g the ra ti o n .

S AM PLE R ATI O NS FOR S W NEI

To give s a mpl e ra ti o n s fo r h o rs e s c a ttl e a n d sh e e p is a eo m

, ,

p a r a tiv e ly simpl e m a tt e r b u t s u
,
ch is n o t the c a s e with swi n e .

The c o mp o siti o n a n d a m o u n t o f the ra ti o n a re i n fl u e n c e d by

the a ge a n d w e ight o f the a n im a l Fo r 1 00 p o u n ds liv e w e igh t,
.

the y o u n g e r the a n im a l the m o re f o o d re q u i re d a n d in a dditi o n ,

it sh o u ld c o n ta i n m o re p ro t e i n th a n fo r the o ld e r a n im a l To .

ill u st ra t e the ra ti o n fo r f a tt e n i n g swi n e o f i n c re a si n g si z e the

f o ll o wi n g d a t a is m a d e u p fro m Bu ll e ti n 1 06 o f the Io w a Ex
pe rim e n t St a t i o n
 THE F E ED I N G OF S WI NE 4
85

Am o u n t of F o o d co n s u m e d pe r Ho g

AVE RAGE DA LY I F EE D PE R HO G P O U ND S
PE R RWE AH
, .

I O DS OF FO U E KS E C

KIND RA
i I
G
OF IN
2 3 4

Ho g s w e ig hi n g 4
0P ou n ds a t S ta r t an 4
d 1 0 a t C lo se

D ry e a r co rn
1

S o a ke d she lle d co rn

D ry c o rn m eal

S o a ke d co r n m ea l

Ho g s w e ig hin g 50 P oun ds at S ta rt an d 1 50 at C lo se

D ry e a r co rn
1

S o a ke d S h e lle d co rn

Dry co rn m eal

S o a ke d c o rn m eal

Ho g s w e ig hin g 1 00 Po u n ds at S t
a rt a n d 29 0 a t C lo se

Dry e a r c o rn
1

S o a ke d sh e lle d c o rn

Dry c o rn m ea l

S o a ke d c o rn m eal

Ho g s w e ig hin g 2 00 P o u n ds a t S ta rt an d 36 5 at C lose

Dry e a r c o rn
l

S o a ke d sh e ll e d co rn

Dry co rn m eal

S o a ke d co rn m eal

To giv e id e a o f the ra ti o n fo r f a tt e n i n g s w i n e wh e n a
an

s u ppl e m e n t is u s e d in c o n n e cti o n with c o rn the fo ll o wi n g d a t a ,

1
Th e w e ight of th e co b ha s b ee n d e du c ted fro m th e fi gu re s fo r sh e lle d co rn .
4
86 M AN U A L O F F AR M A NI M AL S

a re t a k e n fro m Bu ll e ti n 65 of the M iss o u ri Exp e ri m e n t S ta

ti o n
Fe e d and Ga i n s i n We i ght , 90 da y s

AT T AL
IN I F IN AL
WE GHT GHT
I
R IO N
I W EI

C o rn m ea l5 p a rt s , l i n s e e d-o il m ea l 1
p a rt
C o rn m eal 10 p a rt s ,
i l n se e d o il m e a l
-
1
p a rt 1

C o rn m eal 1 0 p a rt s , lin se e d-o il m e a l 1

p a rt
C o rn m e a l 2 p a rt s ,
w he a t m d d l i i n gs 1
p a rt
C o rn m e a l 4p a r s, wt he a t m id dlin g s 1
p a rt
C o rn m e a l 2 p a rt s g ro u n d t s 1 p a rtoa

m ea l 4
,

C o rn p a rt s g r o u n d o a t s 1 p a rt
m ea l 4
,

C o rn p a rt s ,
w h e a t b ra n 1 p a rt

C o rn an d co b m ea l
C o rn m eal

S o a ke d sh e ll e d c o rn

S he lle d Co rn , b on e m eal
2

S he lle d c o rn

1 S i ty d y
x a s .

2 p d b ou n s on e m eal p e r h e a d in n in e ty da y s .
4
88 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN IM AL S

p u re -b re d a n im a ls e sp e ci a lly if m u ch c a re is t a k e n in the pro

,

d u cti o n o f the g ra d e s a n d a p u re -b re d b o a r is u s e d O n the .

o th e r h a n d if b re e di n g h o gs a r
,
e to b e p ro d u c e d p u re b ed ani
- r
,

m a ls o n ly ca n be g ro wn w ith p ro fit T his c a lls fo r mu ch kn owl .

e dg e o f the p ri n cipl e s o f b re e di n g s u ch a s s e l e cti o n m a ti n g a n d , , ,

the lik e A n o th e r q u e sti o n that will a ls o m o dify the pl a n

.

is the a m o u n t o f c a pit a l a v a il a bl e fo r the e st a blishm e n t o f the

b u si n e ss Wh e n the c a pit a l is s m a ll a n d the e xp e ri e n c e w a n t
.

in g the g ra d e h e rd is to be p re f e rre d
,
The b e gi n n e r m a y w e ll .

FIG . 1 68 .
— C H AM P ION H AM P S H I RE S WI N E . Br e d an d ow n e d by J o hn Good
w in , P o to m a c , Io w a .

T he p hi b d f i
Ha m d v l p d i
s re h U i t d St t
re e Li k h o sw ne w as e e o e n t e n e a es e t e

P l d C h i th i b d i ly t i g d i f tt i g
.

o an t df i na s re e s no e or ts ear m a ur n an e co n o m c a en n

q li ti A b d h k h ig h i h b d i l d ith
,

ua es I s re e e rs t e so w s ra n n s ze t e re e s c a sse w

i ddl ight T h l i bl k ith hit b lt b t h b dy

. .

th e m e w e s e co o r s ac w a w e e a ou t e o

Th b d i i i g i p p l i ty d i l f h b d i
.
, .

e re e s n cre a s n h n o u ar an an m a s o t e re e a re n m uc

d by h p k
,

d em a n t e ac e rs .

s t a rt with n o t m o re th a n tw o o r th re e s o ws in pig wh e n pu r ,

ch a s e d a s he ca n a cq u i re m u ch v a l u a bl e e xp e ri e n ce with e ve n so
,

sm a ll a n u m b e r whil e his risk will n o t be gre a t The s e c o n d y e a r

,
.

he m a y a dd to the n u m b e r o f s o ws s e c u re a s u it a bl e a n d p u re ,

b re d b o a r a n d e a ch s u cc e e di n g y e a r c a re fu lly i n c re a s e the
,

n u mb e r o f s o ws b re d In this w a y o n e sh o u l d s o o n fi n d .
,

hims e lf in p o ss e ssi o n o f a l a rg e h e rd a n d o f s u ffici e n t kn o wl ,

e dg e to pu t it to p ro fit a bl e u se .
 THE B R E E D I N G O F S WI NE 4
89

C o o pera ti ve bre e di n g Pu e
b re d b o a rs a re lik e ly to be
. r -

c o stly a n d to ge t the m o st o u t o f th e m sh o u ld be k e pt in co n
,

st a n t u se Si n c e the a v e ra g e f a rm e r d o e s n o t p o ss e ss s o ws
.

e n o u gh to ge t the m a xim u m u se o f the b o a r it is oft e n a ,

g o o d pl a n fo r a n u mb e r o f f a rm e rs to c o op e ra t e in the p u rch a s e
o f a bo a r Su ch c o ope ra ti o n n o t o n ly re d u c e s the c o st o f s e rvic e
.
,

bu t a ids in i n c re a si n g the u n ifo rmity o f the a n im a ls in a l o c a lity .

Fu rth e rm o re wh e n a n u m b e r o f f a rm e rs c o op e ra t e in the pu r
,

ch a s e o f a ho g a m u ch b e tt e r a n im a l ca n be s e c u re d th a n if e a ch
,

p u rch a s e s in his o w n a cc o u n t .

S ELE CTI NG B R E E DI NG S TO C K
M a n y p ra ctic a l q u e sti o n s e n t e r in t o the s e l e cti o n o f swi n e fo r
b re e di n g p u rp o s e s As a ge n e ra l ru l e the a n i m a ls ch o s e n sh o u ld
.
,

be ra th e r l a rg e fo r the b re e d to which th e y b e l o n g In the p a s t .

fe w y e a rs th e re ha s b e e n a t e n d e n cy to re d u c e the siz e o f m a r
ke t h o gs a n d this ha s e xt e n d e d to the b ro o d s o ws with the re
, ,

s u lt th a t m a n y o f the s o ws n o w u s e d fo r b re e di n g a re d e cid e dly

to o s m a ll fo r the f a rro wi n g a n d ra isi n g o f tw o l a rg e a n d st ro n g
litt e rs o f pigs e a ch y e a r Pro b a bly the g re a t e st f a u lt o f im
.

p ro v e d swi n e b re e di n g is the st rivi n g fo r to o g re a t re fi n e m e n t .

If l a rge litt e rs o f st ro n g pigs a re to re s u lt the s o ws m u st p o ss e ss

,

m u ch siz e a n d l e n gt h a n d a g o o d c o n s t it u ti o n a s sh o wn in su ffi ,

ci e n t width a n d d e pth o f the ch e st re gi o n .

The type A c o n sid e ra ti o n o f p rim e imp o rt a n c e In the s e l e c

.

ti on o f a b re e d o r typ e is the lik e s a n d the di slik e s o f the b re e de r .

O n e is m u ch m o re lik e ly to s u cc e e d with the a n im a ls he lik e s a n d

to f a il with o th e r a n i m a ls o f e q u a l m e rit th a t he dislik e s O th e r .

th a n t his th e re is li ttl e to ch o o s e a s e a ch b ree d ha s its w e a k a n d

,

st ro n g p o i n ts In s o me s e cti o n s h o w e v e r c e rt a i n b re e ds will
.
, ,

re m a i n the m o st p o p u la r b e c a u s e o f th e i r a d a pt a bility to the

clim a t e . Th u s in c e rt a i n p a rts o f the U n it e d St a t e s e sp e ci a lly ,

the We s t a n d S o u th whit e h o gs a re n o t l o o k e d o n with f a v o r

,

b e c a u s e th e y a re mo re li a bl e to be su n sc a ld e d to ha v e sc u rvy
-
,
4
90 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

an d ft e n m a n gy
o Ag i s ki n s . c a n ,
in the
b e lt b a c o n typ e s r
o n -
,

d o u bt le ss will n e v e r be m o st p o p u l a r b e c a u s e the a v a il a bl e fo o d
is n o t s u ch a s to p ro d u c e b a c o n .

Un iform i ty In s e l e cti n g a n i m a ls fo r the b re e di n g h e rd it is

.

v e ry i m p o rt a n t th a t th e y be simil a r in a ge siz e c o l o r co n di , , ,

ti o n a n d q u a lity The i m p o r ta n c e o f this simil a ri ty a m o n g

,
.

m a rk e t swi n e c a n n o t be o v e re stim a t e d To ge t a n im a ls th a t .

will re m a i n u ni fo rm it is e ss e n ti a l to kn o w s o m e thi n g o f the h e rd

,

fro m which th e y c o m e A h e rd n o t e d fo r its u ni f o rmity is

.

lik e ly to p ro d u c e a n i m a ls th a t a re u n ifo rm In a dditi o n to the .

u n if o rm ity the h e r d sh o u ld be p ro lific

,
T he s o ws sh o u ld f a rro w.

a n d ra is e tw o litt e rs o f S ix o r m o re pigs e a ch y e a r Pro lifi ca cy .

is h e re dit a ry A p ro lific h e rd is lik e ly to p ro d u c e p ro lific

.

a n im a ls .

T HE B O AR

The b o a r is si re o f the pigs fro m m a n y d a ms a n d his g e n e ra l ,

i n fl u e n c e th e re f o re is m u ch gre a t e r th a n th a t o f a n y so w ca n
, ,

p o ssibly be Th e re fo re fo r g e n e ra l imp ro v e m e n t the b o a r

.
,

sh o u ld be l a rg e ly re li e d o n a s he ca n e ffe c t ch a n g e e ith e r fo r g o o d
,

o r ba d m u ch m o re ra pidly th a n the s o ws T he b o a r sh o u ld be .

the b e st th a t the n u m b e r a n d q u a lity o f the s o ws o r the ci rc u m

st a n c e s o f the b re e d e r will p e rmit The o rdi n a ry b re e d e r ca n .

n o t a ff o r d a n e x t re m e ly high p ric e d b o a r a n d is c o mp e ll e d to do
-

the b e st he ca n with the m o n e y a t his c o mm a n d This m a y be .

a bl e ssi n g in di sg u is e fo r it sh o u ld be the w o rk o f the o rdi n a ry

,

b re e d e r to gro w m a rk e t h o gs a n d wh e n the b o a r is u s e d to si re
,

m a rk e t h o gs th e re is a limit b e yo n d which o n e c a n n o t go a n d
,

re a liz e a p ro fit fro m swi n e b re e din g O n ly the m a n w ho is .

b re e di n g sh o w a ni m a ls ca n a ff o rd to pa y a l a rg e su m fo r a b o a r
a n d m a k e a p ro fit o n his i n v e stm e n t In a n y e v e n t h o w e v e r .
, ,

the a ni m a l th a t is ch o s e n sh o u l d be a p u re -b re d fo r if n o t ,

p u re -b re d he c a n n o t be d e p e n d e d o n to st a mp his o w n
q u a liti e s o n his o ffsp ri n g If the b o a r sh o u ld be pu t to s e rvi c e
.
4
92 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

p ro vi di n g m u ch n u t riti o n fo r he r o ffsp ri n g ; a n d she sh o u ld be

p o lific n f a o wi g h e a lthy q u ick gro wi n g pigs She sh o u ld
r i rr n -
,
.

h a v e six o r m o re f u n cti o n a l t e a ts o n e ith e r S id e Wh e n i n sp e c t

.

in g the te a ts o n e sh o u ld se e th a t th e re a re n o bli n d te a ts e i th e r
,

in the f ro n t o r in the re a r .

Produ cti ve pe ri od O n the a v e ra g e f a rm so w pigs a re b re d

.
,

to o y o u n g W ll k e pt s o ws will o ft e n b re e d a s yo u n g a s th re e
. e -

m o n ths o f a ge Th e y sh o u ld n o t h o w e v e r u n de r a n y co n
.
, ,

sid e ra ti on be b re d u n d e r s1 x m o n ths e igh t m o n ths b e i n g a s

, ,

y o u n g a s it is p ro p e r to b re e d th e m So ws b re d to o y o u n g
.

will re m a i n n o t o n ly u n d e rd e v e l o p e d bu t sm a ll li tt e rs o f we a k
,

pigs will re su lt Th e re is a ra th e r wid e sp re a d a n d gro wi n g

.

p ra ctic e o f b re e di n g s o ws a t six to e ight m o n ths o f a ge ra is ,

in g o n e lit t e r o f pigs a n d th e n f a tt e n i n g the s o ws fo r m a rk e t .

This is n o t go o d p ra c tic e fo r o n c e a go o d b ro o d so w is fo u n d
,

she sh o u ld be k e pt a s l o n g a s S he c o n ti n u e s to b re e d t ru e a n d do

w e ll S o m e s o ws will re m a i n p ro d u ctiv e u n t il fi v e o r six y e a rs

.

o f a ge whil e o th e rs will b e c o m e cl u msy o r Vi ci o u s b e fo re th a t

,

tim e .

S ea son to bre e d — Th ro u gh o u t the U n i te d St a te s the m a in

.

c ro p o f pigs sh o u ld c o m e in the w a rm d a ys o f M a rch to M a y ,

a n d the s e c o n d c ro p in Se pt e mb e r to No v e mb e r Si n c e the .

p e ri o d o f ge st a ti o n in s o ws is a pp ro xi m a t ely 1 1 2 d a y s t his ,

m e a n s th a t th e y sh o u ld be m a t e d in De c e mb e r Ja n u a ry a n d , ,

Fe b ru a ry fo r the fi rst c ro p a n d in Ju n e Ju ly a n d A u g u s t fo r
, ,

the s e c o n d c ro p As a g e n e ra l ru l e in the n o rth e rn st a t e s a

.
,

so w sh o u ld n o t be b re d so a s to f a rro w he r pigs in the sp ri n g

b e fo re M a rch n o r l a t e r in the f a ll th a n O ct o b e r Bo th e a rly

,
.

sp ri n g litt e rs a n d th o s e o f e a rly f a ll will pa y the b e s t o n the

a v e ra g e a s the c a re o f the pigs in the mild s e a s o n is n o t so
,

diffic u l t a n d s u ch pigs a re lik e ly to m a k e l a rg e r a n d m o re

,

e c o n o mi c g a i n th a n li tt e rs f a rro w e d in the ho t d a ys o f s u mm e r

o r the c o ld d a ys o f wi n te r .

M e thod of m a ti n g — AS a ru l e s o ws c o m e a ro u n d e ve ry t h re e
.
 tim of f a rro wi g n m a y be
ha t the p ro b a bl e e

The b re e d is no te d fo r
typ e s
i N Y rk
(1 ew o

b
n .

It i s
t
p i i b la rd a n d th e ru e a co n
b ig
.

pyi g m t i g b h q lity f fl h i
o c cu nt a os on
t o es s u n e x c e lle d T
.
h e re e d n

q liti i b ut ua
th le r s ow a ur n
e
m ll T h e co lo r is
ra t h d i
,
l t re e s c a s se d a s s a .

I
i
e
ll e xc e en n s ze

ig
es a re
.

ua
l h l d h d s e
whi
t he, t e t d h f
e a rs e re c t , an t e a ce s y .

c ra t e will be f d xt
ou nre m e ly e

the c st r u cti o n b r of a
e e di g n
on
s
s u cc e ssfu l e r vic e This
if t n e c e ssity t o i n s u re a
.

u s e fu l n o a
,

c ra t e is simpl e r e s e mbli n g a st ro n g
,

c v i e n t s i z e is 6 fe
A v y e r o n e n
94
4 M ANU AL O F F AR M AN IM AL S

b e hi n d Th ro u gh the sc a n tli n g o n e ith e r sid e o f the c ra t e

.
, ,
"
sh o u ld be b o re d I f h o l e s so th a t a n i n ch i ro n ba r m a y be
,

slipp e d b e hi n d the so w a b o ve the bo oks to p re v e n t he r fro m

b a cki n g o u t o f the c ra t e O n the i n sid e o n e ith e r sid e o f
.
,

the c ra t e 2 X 4 st rips sh o u ld be f a st e n e d pl a ci n g the f ro n t

" "
, ,

e n d a b o u t wh e re the s o w s h e a d c o m e s a n d th e n e xt e n di n g to
’
,

the re a r a n d b o tt o m Th e s e st rips a re fo r the b o a r s f ro n t f e e t ’

.

to re st u p o n th u s h o ldi n g his w e ight f ro m the so w

,
Wh e n m a t .

in g a s m a ll b o a r to a l a rg e so w a s m a ll pl a tf o rm m a y be co n ,

st ru ct e d a n d pl a c e d in the c ra t e fo r the b o a r s hi n d f e e t to re st ’

u pon o r the so w m a y be pl a c e d in a pit .

The pre gn a n t sow The p re gn a n t so w m a y be p e rm itt e d to

.

ru n with the h e r d to withi n tw o w e e ks o f f a rro wi n g ti m e ,

wh e n she sh o u ld be s e p a ra t e d a n d giv e n sp e ci a l a tt e n ti o n In .

the c a s e o f ill -n a t u re d s o ws th e y sh o u ld re c e iv e e xt ra c a re
,

d u ri n g the e n ti re p e ri o d in o rd e r to f a m ili a riz e th e m with the

h e rds m a n Bro o d s o ws sh o u ld be t ra i n e d m u ch a s d a i ry c o ws
. .

D u ri n g the l a st tw o w e e ks o f p re g n a n cy the so w will n e e d ,

l e ss e x e rcis e th a n f o rm e rly bu t S h o u ld h a v e the b e st p o ssibl e

,

a tt e n ti o n a s to f e e di n g She sh o u ld be w e ll n o u rish e d u p to a
.

fe w d a ys b e f o re f a rro wi n g wh e n the f e e d m a y be slightly

,

re d u c e d S o ws th a t a re w e ll fe d b e fo re a n d a ft e r f a rro wi n g a re
.

l e ss lik e ly to i n j u re the pigs a s th e y will u su a lly lie q u i e t Thi s

,
.

d o e s n o t m e a n to o ve rf e e d a s thi s will b ri n g t ro u bl e s a t piggi n g

,

time ; bu t it d o e s m e a n th a t the so w sh o u ld n o t be c o m p e ll e d
to go fa r a fi e ld to fi n d he r f o o d If a t a ll p o ssibl e s u cc u l e n c e
.
,

o f s o m e ki n d S h o u ld be p ro vid e d ; in s u mm e r n o thi n g is b e tt e r

th a n cl o ve r o r a lf a lf a p a st u re a n d in wi n t e r ro o ts m a y be fe d
,

with g o o d re s u lts .

If the so w is du e to f a rro w in wi n t e r the q u a rte rs sh o u ld be ,

wa rm c o mf o rt a bl e w e ll v e n til a t e d p ro t e ct e d fro m d a m p n e ss
, , , ,

a n d so a rra n g e d th a t the y m a y h a v e pl e n ty o f s u n light The .

fl o o r m a y be o f e a rth bu t sh o u ld be dry a n d h a rd a n d f re e fro m

,

d u st The s o w s b e ddi n g n e e d n o t be gre a t in q u a n tity e n o u gh

.
’
,
4
96 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

on ly to p ro vid e a cl e a n a n d dry n e st S o m e ti m e s pigs a re l o s t

.

wh e n the n e sts a re to o d e e p If c o n v e ni e n t the n e st sh o u ld be

.
,

so sit u a t e d th a t the su n ca n w a rm it d u ri n g a p o rti o n o f the da y .

St ra w ch a ff l e a v e s o r ha y m a k e g o o d n e sts
, , ,
Wh e n a t p a st u re
.

the so w will b u ild he r o w n n e st in whi ch c a s e she g a th e rs g ra ss

,

a n d l e a v e s a n d p ro v i d e s a v e ry sh a ll o w pl a c e Wh e n the s o w .

is to f a rro w in the ho g co t o r pe n the littl e pigs m a y be k e p t

-
,

fro m d a n g e r o f b e i n g c ru sh e d by the m o th e r by a f e n d e r m a d e o f
a p o l e o r sc a n tli n g s e c u re ly f a st e n e d sa y e ight i n ch e s f ro m the
,

fl o o r a n d the s a m e dist a n c e f ro m the w a ll The y o u n g pigs .

s o o n l e a rn the p ro t e cti o n f u rn ish e d by this d e vic e wh e n the

m o th e r li e s d o wn .

F a rrow i n g ti m e . Fo r s e v e ra l h o u rs b e f o re f a rro wi n g the ,

so w will be v e ry re stl e ss a n d sp e n d m u ch o f he r ti m e in c o ll e ct

in g m a t e ri a l a n d m a ki n g it i n t o a n e st At this ti m e the f e e d
.

sh o u ld be re d u c e d The sign s .

th a t i n dic a t e the n e a r a pp ro a ch
o f p a rt u riti o n
.

a re a dist e n d e d
u dd e r a n e n l a rg e d v u lv a a n d a
, ,

re l a x a ti o n of the m u scl e s o n
e ith e r sid e o f the t a il D u ri n g .

the s u m m e r s e a s o n the pigs will

o f th e i r o w n a cc o r d u s u a lly fi n d

th e i r w a y to the t e a ts a n d b e gi n
F I G 1 7 0 — P R I Z E C HE S H I RE B O A R
n u rsi n g ;bu t in the Wi n t e r s e a s on
. . .

the y o u n g pigs o ft e n n e e d a ssist a n c e in fi n di n g the te a ts o th e r ,

wis e th e y m a y b e c o m e chill e d a n d p e rish If fo r a n y re a s o n the .

pigs b e c o m e chill e d th e y sh o u ld be t re a t e d S i m il a rly to th a t su g

,

g e st e d fo r chill e d l a m bs (se e p a g e O cc a si o n a lly a so w will

be f o u n d th a t is v e ry n e rv o u s a n d u n q u i e t a t f a rro wi n g tim e ,

a n d it will be n e c e ss a ry to k e e p the pigs f ro m the t e a ts to p re v e n t

t he y o u n gst e rs f ro m b e i n g c ru sh e d Wh e n s u ch is the c a s e
.

the pigs sh o u l d be k e pt w a rm a s s u gg e st e d fo r l a m bs
, .

Wh e n p e rmitt e d to n u rs e c a re sh o u ld be t a k e n to se e th a t the
,
 THE B R E ED I N G OF S WI N E 4
97

yo u n g o n e s do n o t o v e rf e ed a n d th a t e a ch pig re c e iv e s its sh a re
, .

Ext ra a tt e n ti o n sh o u ld be giv e n the pigs a t the tim e th e y m a k e

th e i r ch o i c e o f t e a ts to se e th a t the w e a k e r pigs ge t th e i r sh a re
, ,

a s th e y u s u a lly c o n ti n u e to u se the t e a ts fi rst ch o s e n The .

st ro n g e r pigs h o w e v e r a re v e ry lik e ly to t a k e a fe w p u lls a t the

, ,

t e ats o f th e i r l e ss ro b u st m a t e s To re d u c e this diffic u lty e a ch

.
,

s o w a n d litt e r sh o u ld be pl a c e d in a lo t by th e m s e lv e s .

Bro o d s o ws lik e a ll o th e r f a rm a n i m a ls o ft e n n e e d a ssist a n c e

, ,

a t f a rro wi n g ti m e . Diffic u lt p a rt u riti o n a m o n g s o ws sh o u ld be

h a n dl e d m u ch a s s u gg e st e d fo r di ffic u lt p a rt u riti o n a m o n g sh e e p
(se e p a ge Fe e di n g a h e a vy c o rn ra ti o n to the p re gn a n t
so w is lik e ly to i n c re a s e the t ro u bl e s a t f a rro wi n g ti m e A .

b e tt e r pl a n is to u se f o o d c o n t a i n i n g m o re p ro t e i n a n d mi n e ra l
m a tt e r a s s u ch f o o ds st re n gth e n the s o w whil e c o rn ha s a
, ,

t e n de n cy to p ro d u c e fa t a n d thu s to we a k e n he r .

The bro od sow e a ti n g he r pi gs The ca u s e s th a t i n d u c e a so w

.

to e a t he r o w n y o u n g a re p e rh a ps n u m e ro u s th o u gh n o t w e ll ,

u n d e rst oo d . This a b n o rm a l a pp e tit e m a y be du e to the f a il u re

to re m o v e the a ft e rbi rth p ro m ptly If l e ft in the f a rro wi n g pe n
.
,

the so w sc e n ts it a n d is lik e ly to d e v o u r it ; a n d si n c e the sc e n t

o f the y o u n g pigs is si m il a r th e y to o m a y be e a t e n
,
If the .

so w ha s n o t b e e n p ro p e rly fe d d u ri n g p re g n a n cy if the ra ti o n ,

l cks fle sh p ro d u ci n g a n d b on e -m a kin g m a t e ri a l she m a y h a v e

a -
,

a n a pp e tit e fo r bl o o d .

So ws th a t h a v e a c c e ss to cl o v e r o r a lf a lf a p a st u re in s u m m e r ,

o r th o s e t h a t a re p ro vi d e d w i th ro o ts in wi n t e r s e ld o m e a t th e i r ,

pigs e sp e ci a lly if a bo x o f ch a rc o a l a n d s a lt i s k e pt b e fo re th e m
,

a t a ll tim e s . Wh e n the so w p o ss e ss e s the a b n o rm a l a pp e tit e ,

it ha s b e e n re c o mm e n d e d to fe e d he r p o rk p re f e ra bly s a lt p o rk
,
.

The s a lt p o rk c a u s e s he r to d ri n k w a t e r whi ch a ll a ys the f e v e r .

The a ss e rt i o n is m a d e th a t wh e n the a pp e tit e is s a tisfi e d she

w ill le a v e the pigs a l o n e
‘

The sow a fte r fa rrow i n g The s o w is in a f e v e rish c o n di ti o n

.

a ft e r f a rro wi n g a n d sh o u l d be p ro vi d e d w i th a n a b u n d a n c e o f

2K
4
98 M AN UAL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

l u k e w a rm w a t e r . Ne v giv e
er he r
wa t e r ice - c o ld
In a fe w .

h o u rs she will sh o w sig n s o f w a n ti n g to e a t wh e n she sh o u ld be ,

giv e n a littl e thi n m a sh o r g ru e l m a d e fro m sh o rts b ra n o r o a t , ,

m e a l This sh o u ld be giv e n w a rm in c o ld w e a th e r Fo r the

.
,
.

fi rs t we e k the f e e d sh o u ld be light c o n sisti n g m a i n ly o f m a sh e s

, ,

bu t n o c o rn sh o u ld be giv e n a t this tim e M ilk p ro d u ci n g f o o ds

.
-
,

s u ch a s skim m ilk sh o rts b ra n o a t m e a l a n d a littl e cl o v e r o r

-
, , , ,

a lf a lf a ha y sh o u ld be giv e n whil e f a tt e n i n g f o o ds s u ch a s c o rn
, , , ,

a re to be a v o id e d .

O c c a si o n a lly the so w s u dd e r is i n j u re d o n a c c o u n t o f a n
’

u n u s u a l d e v e l o p m e n t o f the pig s t e e th
’
This c o n diti o n c a u s e s
.

the so w to withh o ld he r milk p ro d u c e s a ba d t e m p e r a n d

, ,

o ft e n e x cit e s he r to i n j u re the pigs Wh e n s u ch is the c a s e t a k e

.
,

the pigs u n d e r the a rm a n d h o l d the m o u th o p e n with o n e

h a n d whil e the sh a rp t e e th a re b ro k e n o ff with sm a ll pi n c e rs .

To do this re m o v e the pigs o u t o f h e a ri n g dist a n c e f ro m the

so w ,
a s she is lik e ly to o bj e ct a n d c re a t e a dist u rb a n c e .

T HE P I GS
The pig th a t is s a fe ly b o rn a n d withi n a fe w mi n u t e s ge t s a
fi rm h o ld o f a t e a t f u ll o f milk ha s m a d e a g o o d s t a rt in life
,
.

No t a ll pigs a re so f o rt u n a t e a n d m a n y p e rish fo r wa n t o f c a re
,

a t f a rro w i n g ti m e Wh e n a t a ll c o n v e n i e n t o n e sh o u l d be n e a r
.
,

by to give a ssist a n c e if n e e d sh o u l d a ris e O ft e n pigs mu st be .

a ssist e d to fi n d the t e a t e sp e ci a lly in c o ld w e a th e r

,
So m e tim e s .

the so w is n e rv o u s a n d the pigs sh o u ld be re m o v e d a s f a rro w e d

, ,

o th e rw i s e she m a y c ru sh th e m ; a n d s o m e tim e s it is n e c e ss a ry to

h e lp dry the pigs to k e e p th e m fro m ch illi n g .

The fi rst m ea l . It is imp o rt a n t th a t the yo u n g pig ge t his

s to m a ch fu ll o f the fi rst m ilk o f the so w This sh o u ld be a e c o m
.

li h e d withi n a fe w mi n u t e s a ft e r f a rro wi n g o th e rwis e the pig s

’
p s ,

st re n gt h will r a pidly d e c re a s e If fo r a n y re a s o n the so w ha s

.

n o m ilk fo r the pigs a n d it is d e si re d to ra is e th e m by h a n d t he y ,

sh o u ld be give n a v e ry sm a ll q u a n tity o f c o w s milk w a rm e d to ’

5 00 M AN U AL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

Wh e n the pigs t ro u b le d with th u m ps o r sc o u rs cu t d o wn

a re ,

o n the ra ti o n o f the so w ; a n d if the pigs a re v a l u a bl e it m a y be ,

w e ll to m ilk the so w a t l e a st in p a rt by h a n d re m e mb e ri n g th a t ,

the l a st m ilk d ra wn is the rich e r in fa t .

Fe e di n g the pi gs . At a b o u t th re e we e ks o f a ge the pigs a re ,

’
lik e ly to b e gi n to n ibbl e a t th e i r m o th e r s fo o d to bi te a t the ,

g ra ss a n d p e rh a ps try to ro o t This i n dic a te s th a t th e y a re

,
.

a cq u i ri n g a n a pp e tit e a n d th e y sh o u ld be e n c o u ra g e d to ta k e
,

fo o d o th e r th a n th a t s u ppli e d by the m o th e r Pl a c e a sm a ll .

tro u gh in o n e c o rn e r o f the lo t o r pe n a n d a rra n ge a fe n c e a c ro ss

,

the c o rn e r so the o ld s o ws c a n n o t h a v e a cc e ss to it bu t the y o u n g ,

pigs ca n . In t o t his t ro u gh a littl e sw e e t milk m a y be p o u re d

th re e tim e s d a ily Do n o t p ro vid e m o re th a n the pigs will
.

d ri n k a t o n c e a n d n e v e r l e a v e the milk to s o u r in the t ro u gh a s

, ,

dig e stiv e dis o rd e rs a n d d e a t h a re s u re to f o ll o w In a fe w d a ys .

re pl a c e the milk with a sm a ll a m o u n t o f bra n a n d sh o rt s sc a l d e d

La t e r c o rn s o a k e d fo r 2 4
,

a n d m a d e i n t o a g ru e l . h o u r s m a y be
pl a c e d in the t ro u gh Fo r b e s t re s u lts the y o u n g pigs sh o u ld be
.

fe d a v a rie ty . Wh a t e v e r fo o d s t u ffs a re u s e d c a re m u s t be ta k e n
-
,

n o t to f e e d m o re t h a n th e y will cl e a n u p Pigs fe d in this w a y

.

will m a k e a m u ch m o re ra pid gro wth th a n if the e x t ra t rou gh

ha d n o t b e e n p ro vid e d .

We a n i n g the pigs — .Wi t h pigs fe d a s s u gge s t e d a b o ve the ,

w e a n i n g p ro c e ss is e a sy a n d si m pl e As the pigs l e a rn to re ly
.

m o re o n the e x t ra f o o d the m o th e r s milk -p ro d u ci n g f o o d sh o u ld

,
’

be cu t d o wn so th a t she w ill n o t be in the h e ight o f he r flow wh e n

the pigs a re t a k e n a w a y The a ge to w e a n pigs v a ri e s : wi th the
.

yo u n gst e rs th a t h a v e m a d e a ra pi d gro wth th e y sh o u l d be

w e a n e d a t a b o u t e ight we e ks o f a ge ; o r in c a s e the pigs a n d
m o th e r a re n o t d o i n g w e ll it m a y be wis e to w e a n a t a m u ch
,

y o u n g e r a ge e v e n th o u gh the pig s a re sm a ll As a g e n e ra l ru le .
,

it is s a f e r to sa y the b e st a ge fo r w e a n i n g is b e tw e e n s e v e n a n d
te n w e e ks . So m e a dvis e t u rn i n g o u t the m o st th rifty pigs fi rst ,

l e a vi n g the w e a k e r o n e s to n urs e a fe w d a ys l o n ge r the s t a te ,

 THE B R E E DIN G O F S WI NE 01

m en t b e i n g m a d e th a t in this w a y th e re is n o d a n ge r o f the
s o w s u dd e r sp o ili n g a s the w e a k e r o n e s will t a k e the m ilk
’
, .

This p ra ctic e is o f d o u btf u l m e rit it is p e rh a ps b e st to t a k e the

s o ws e n ti re ly a w a y fro m the pigs th u s l e a vi n g the yo u n gst e rs
,

in th e i r o w n pe n .If the s o ws h a v e p re vi o u sly ha d th e i r f o o d

re d u c e d a s s u gg e st e d a n d the pigs a re fe d e xt r a this will s u re ly ,

g iv e b e st r e s.u lts
Ca stra tin g the pi gs — '

The b o a r pigs n o t d e si re d for b re e d

.

in g p u rp o s e s sh o u l d be c a st ra t e d This sh o u ld be d o n e ra th e r
.

e a rly in o rd e r th a t the pigs m a y re c o v e r f ro m the re s u lti n g s o re

n e ss b e f o re w e a n i n g sa y f ro m th re e to six w e e ks o f a ge
, .

At this a ge the o p e ra ti o n is v e ry si m pl e
,
Ha v e a n a ssist.

a n t h o ld the pig by the hi n d l e gs pl a ci n g the pig s b a ck a g a i n st

’
,

the a ssist a n t s b re a st a n d h o l di n g the hi n d l e gs a p a rt in s u ch a

’
,

w a y a s to e xp o s e t he s c ro t u m Si m ply slit the en d o f the sc ro

.

tu m a n d rem o v e the t e sti cl e s by p u lli n g th e m o u t s m e a r a m ix

t u re o f fre sh l a rd a n d t u rp e n ti n e h a lf a n d h a lf o n the s c ro t u m ,

a n d let the pig go .With ridgli n gs a n d h e rn i a th e re is m o re da n

ge r a n d m o re c a re sh o u ld be u s e d A ridgli n g i s a n a n im a l in
.

whi ch o n e o r b o th t e sticl e s h a v e n o t d e sc e n d e d i n t o the s c ro t u m .

M a rki n g pi gs . Wh e n o n e is b re e di n g p u re b re d a n i m a ls -
,

s o m e syst e m o f id e n tific a ti o n is n e c e ss a ry a s e v e n a n e xp e rt ,

c a n n o t id e n tify pigs wh e n th e y a re re a re d in l a rg e d ro v e s .

The m e th o d s u gg e st e d in Fig 1 7 2 is v e ry g o o d
. .

Pi gs afte r w e a n i n g — M a n y pigs a re st u n t e d fo r w a n t o f
.

p ro p e r c a re the fi rst m o n th a ft e r w e a n i n g If in s u mm e r th e y .
,

a re f re q u e n tly tu rn e d o u t to ho t dry p a st u re to f o ra g e fo r th e m

s e lv e s ; o r if in w i n t e r th e y a re pl a c e d in cl o s e d a rk c o ld a n d
, , ,

m u ddy q u a r t e rs a n d th e y a re lik e ly to f a il to d e ve l o p An
,
.

im a ls th u s t re a t e d o f c o u rs e do n o t m a k e s a tisf a ct o ry g a i n
,
.

Fo r b e st re s u lt s if in s u m m e r the pigs j u st we a n e d sh o u ld
, ,

be p ro vid e d with sh a d e a cl e a n m u d w a ll o w a n d re c e iv e g ra i n in
, ,

a ddi ti o n to the p a st u re ; if in wi n t e r dry w e ll light e d we ll

, , ,

v e n til a t e d a n d p ro t e c te d q u a rt e rs sh o u ld be p ro vid e d a n d if a t
, ,
5 02 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

a ll p o ssibl e the a n i m a ls sh o u ld re c e ive s u cc u l e n t f o o d in the

sh a p e o f ro o ts in a dditi o n to the g ra i n which g ra i n sh o u ld
,

n o t c o n sis t e n ti re ly o f c o rn .

The b re e di n g h o g s a n d the fa t h o gs m a y ru n t o g e th e r u n til

t h re e m o n ths o f a ge ,

wh e n the b re e di n g a n i
m a ls sh o u ld be t a k e n
ou t .At this a ge the
s o ws will b e gi n to sh o w
u p so tha t th o s e lik e ly
,

to m a k e the b e st a n
im a ls m a y be ch o s e n
fo r b re e di n g . If l a t e r
o n s o m e o f the s o ws n o t

ch o s e n sh o u ld sh o w g oo d
f o rm th e y to o m a y be
,

t a k e n o u t o f the fa t
h e rd Th o s e a n im a ls
.

F I G 1 7 2 — M E T H O D O F M A RK N G PI G s F O R Ch o s e n fO I b r e e d i n g
’

F U T URE I DE N T I F I C AT I O N O R U N T I L P ER M A
. .

sh o u ld be fe d a Him0 g -
N E N T T AG S C AN B E I NS ER T ED I N T O T HE EA R
,

e n o u s ra t i o n .In a dd i
ti o n th e y sh o u ld be p e rm itt e d to t a k e a b u n d a n c e o f e x e rcis e
, .

If th e y a re c o n fi n e d to o cl o s e ly a n d fe d a f a tt e n i n g ra ti o n th e i r
,

b re e di n g p o w e rs a re lik e ly to be w e a k e n e d .
50 4 M AN UAL OF F AR M A NI M AL S

n ear by con v i
or en en t
to w e ll l g w the t k The v a t
or ar e a te r- a n .

is fill e d a b o u t th re e -fo u rths f u ll o f w a t e r a n d o n e q u a rt o f dip

a dd e d . The dip is re n e w e d a b o u t o n c e in tw o w e e ks a n d the
w a t e r s u ppli e d a s n e e d e d D u ri n g the mu ddy s e a s o n the t a n k
.

sh o u l d be cl e a n e d a n d a f re sh st a rt m a d e The liq u id m a y be .

re m o v e d in a fe w mi n u t e s with a sc o o p sh o v e l The h o gs .

FIG . 1 73 .
— HO G -
D I PP I N G EQ U I PME N T . D ippi g n -
va t se t in g ro u n d .

w a ll o w in thi s a t will a n d th e y do n o t s e e m to m i n d the dip ;

,

wh e n the w a t e r is f re sh th e y o ft e n d ri n k s m a ll q u a n titi e s o f the

liq u id This k e e ps the h o gs f re e fro m lic e a n d ski n dis e a s e s
.

a n d h e lps to k e e p d o wn w o rms ch o l e ra a n d o th e r sw me pl a g u e s
, ,
.

S HELT E R FO R S WN I E

So m e on e ha s fi ttin gly s a id ,
The ho g d o e s n o t
d a pa l a ce n ee
”
o r a n u ph o lst e re d c a g e n or ,
d o e s he p ro sp e r in
a du n ge o n .

O cc a si on a lly m u ch m o n e y i s u s e l e ssly e xp e n de d in the c o n st ru e

ti o n o f a l a rg e an d e xp e n siv e b u ildi n g which is in u se o n ly a
p a rt o f the y e a r ; m o re o ft e n h o w e v e r swi n e a re h o u s e d in a h o l e
, ,

in the st ra w st a ck o r in a sh e d c o n st ru ct e d f ro m f e n c e ra ils o r
.

p o l e s a n d c o v e re d with st ra w o r f o dd e r Su ch pl a c e s a re du n .
 CA R E AN D M AN A G E M E N T 5 05

g e o n s Th e re is n o v e n til a ti o n th e y a re d a rk a n d d a mp in
.
,

w e t w e a th e r a n d s o o n b e c o m e filthy d e n s o f i n f e cti o n
,
.

As with the b a rn fo r o th e r f a rm a n i m a ls the ho g b a rn sh o u ld

,

be w e ll v e n til a t e d w e ll light e d w e ll d ra i n e d a n d dry s e rvic e a bl e

, , , , ,

a n d s a n it a ry . An y st ru ct u re th a t a n sw e rs th e s e c o n diti o n s will
p ro v e f a i rly s a tisf a ct o ry C o n v e n i e n c e a n d a d a pt a bility sh o u ld
.

be c o n sid e re d in c o n st ru cti n g the ho g h o u s e -

In g e n e ra l .
,

-h u s e s a re o f tw o typ e s : l a rg e h o u s e s o r th o s e a cco m m o
ho g o ,

d a ti n g a c o n sid e ra bl e n u m b e r o f h o gs ; a n d sm a ll i n divid u a l
h o u s e s o r c o ts .

The la rge hog hou se - —. Th e re a re a l m o st a s m a n y typ e s o f

l a rge ho g-h o u s e s a s th e re a re swi n e b re e d e rs o r f e e d e rs w ho h a ve
b u ilt th e m e a ch h a vi n g its a dv a n t a g e s a n d dis a dv a n t a g e s
,
.

Wh e n p ro p e rly c o n st ru ct e d the l a rg e ho g h o u s e is s e rvic e a bl e

,
-
,

s a n it a ry a n d c o n v e n i e n t ; bu t if p ro p e rly c o n st ru ct e d th e y
, , ,

a re e xp e n siv e e sp e ci a lly si n c e th e y a re o n ly u s e d a p a rt o f the

,

y e a r It is diffic u lt to l o c a t e th e m a cc e ssibly to the p a st u re s

.
,

p a rtic u l a rly in c a s e s o wn p a st u re s a re u s e d a s th e y a re lik e ly to

'

be o n v a ri o u s p a rts o f the f a rm F u rth e rm o re wh e n m a n y s o ws

.
,

a re h o u s e d in cl o s e p ro ximity to e a ch o th e r if o n e is dis t u rb e d o r
,

m o l e st e d in a n y w a y a ll the o th e rs a re lik e ly to b e c o m e f re tfu l ;

,

a n d wh e n f e e di n g is b e gu n in o n e p a rt o f the h o u s e the o th e r

a n i m a ls b e c o m e u n e a sy a n d o ft e n i n j u re th e i r litt e rs .

The i n di vidu a l hog hou se-

O f l a t e ye a rs the sm a ll i n divid u a l
.

ho g-h o u s e ha s b e c o m e v e ry c om m o n Th e s e sm a ll h ou s e s a re
.

c o n st ru ct e d o n ru n n e rs so th e y ca n be m o v e d fro m o n e fi e ld
o r lo t to a n o th e r . Th e y a re w e ll a d a pt e d to a c co mm o d a t e a
”
s o w a n d he r litt e r a n d a fe w o f th e s e
“
,
c o ts a s th e y a re o ft e n
,

c a ll e d se t sid e by sid e a ffo rd e xc e ll e n t sh e lt e r fo r a d ro v e o f h o gs

, .

The Wisc o n si n Ag ri c u lt u ra l Exp e rim e n t St a ti o n ha s iss u e d a

b u ll e ti n d e v o t e d chi e fly to the c o n st ru cti o n o f th e s e s m a ll h o u s e s ,

a n d f rom
“
whi ch w e q u o t e T he p o rt a bl e ho g h o u s e is -

e a sily a n d e c o n o mi c a lly c o n st ru ct e d ; it ca n be e a sily m o v e d

an d l o c a te d Wh e rev e r d e si re d ; it is u s e f u l to the n e ra l f a rm e r
g e
5 06 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

a n d to the b re e d e r o f p u re b re d st o ck ; a n d o f a ll sys te ms o f
-

h o u si n g swi n e it is the m o st n a t u ra l a n d s a n it a ry O n ly the .

simpl e st w o rkm a n ship is n e c e ss a ry to b u ild the p o rta bl e h o u s e ,

a n d m u ch o ld l u mb e r ca n be w o rk e d i n t o it .

The p o rt a bl e h o u s e is pe c u li a rly a dv a n t a g e o u s si n c e it ca n ,

be re a di ly m o v e d The re n t e r w ho fi n ds it imp o ssibl e to pro

.

vid e e xp e n siv e q u a rt e rs fo r his h o gs ca n w e ll a ff o rd to c o n st ru ct

p o rt a bl e h o u s e s which ca n be re t a i n e d a s p e rs o n a l p ro p e rty
, .

It is u s e f u l o n a n y siz e d f a rm a s the n u mb e r ca n be re g u l a t e d to
the siz e o f the h e rd With s e p a ra t e p a dd o cks to a cc o mm o d a t e
.

swi n e o f di ff e re n t a g e s a n d s e x e s the p o rt a bl e h o u s e is p ra c tic a lly

a n e c e ssity . S wi n e wi ll n e v e r pil e u p in a d a mp p o o rly v e n ti ,

l a t e d q u a rt e r a n d c o m e o u t st e a mi n g in the c o ld m o rn i n g a ir ,

u n l e ss c o m p e ll e d to do s o Wh e re a l a rge n u mb e r o f a n im a ls
.

a re c o n ti n u a lly h o u s e d in o n e ho g-h o u s e the s u rro u n di n gs a re

,

s u re to b e c o m e m o re o r l e ss filthy a n d u n s a n it a ry If f e e di n g .

is d o n e o n the i n sid e it k e e ps a p o rti o n o f the fl o o r w e t a n d giv e s

, ,

the e n ti re b u ildi n g a n o ff e n siv e dis a gre e a bl e a pp e a ra n c e On .

the o th e r h a n d by u si n g the p o rt a bl e h o u s e m o vi n g i t o cc a
, ,

sio n a lly to a f re sh pi e c e o f g ro u n d a n d f e e di n g the h o gs a t dif

,

fe re n t pl a c e s o n e a v o ids th o s e u n s a ni t a ry c o n diti o n s
,
Th e s e .

p o rt a bl e h o u s e s ca n be b u ilt to a cc o m m o d a t e fro m fo u r to six

m a t u re a n im a ls o r te n to twe n ty sh o t e s This m e th o d o f .

h o u si n g k e e ps th e m mu ch cl e a n e r a n d m o re th rifty th a n wh e n
a ll o w e d to c o n g re g a t e in l a rg e n u m b e rs a n d i n divid u a ls o f a
,

h e rd sh o wi n g e vid e n c e o f a c o n t a gi o u s dis e a s e ca n be re a dily

”
is o l a t e d
.

The A-sha pe d i n di vi du a l hog-hou se Th e s e p o rta bl e h o u s e s

.

a re u s u a lly c o n st ru ct e d o f tw o type s t e A sh a p e d a n d the sh e d

h -
,

ro o f -sh p
a e d . A c v i
on e n e n t siz f
e o r th e A -
sh a p e d h o u s e is e igh t
f e e t sq u a re a n d s e v e n f e e t high It m a y be c o n st ru ct e d with o r
.

with o u t a w o o d fl o o r a s d e si re d If o n e ha s p a v e d o r v e ry dry
,
.

l o ts wh e re the c o ts a re to re m a in in wi n t e r p e rh a ps th e y will give

,

be tt e r s a tisf a cti o n with o u t the w o o d fl o o r O n the o th e r h a n d ,

.
5 08 M AN UAL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

which h o lds th e m in a n y d e si re d p o siti o n By h a vi n g the hi n g e s .

o n the to p the st o rm a n d ho t su n c a n n o t e n t e r a n d y e t by a d
,

j u sti n g the o p e n i n g a ir m a y ci rc u l a t e f re e ly with o u t c a u si n g a

,

d ra ft o n the a n i m a ls Th e s e to p d o o rs a re v e ry i m p o rta n t It
. .

is a s e ri o u s mist a k e to b u ild th e s e h o u s e s with bu t o n e o p e n i n g ,

a s is s o m e ti m e s d o n e Th e re is n o v e n til a ti o n wh a t e v e r a n d
.
,

the h o u s e in w a rm w e a th e r b e c o m e s a s u ff o c a ti n g q u a rt e r .

F IG . 1 75 .
— S HED S H A P ED
-
IN D I V I DU A L HO G H O U S E WI T H S H A DE
-
,
ATT A CHED .

The ill s t u ra sh e d o o f p t bl e
ti o n o f the sh o ws a
-r
or a ho g—
ho u se
sh a d e a t the re a r u n d e r which the pigs ca n lie in c o mfo rt This .

sh a d e is fi v e fe e t wid e m a d e o f i n ch b o a rds pl a c e d u p o n re m ov
,

a bl e s u pp o rts whi ch I e st o n cl e a ts n a il e d to the e n ds o f the

h o u s e (Fig .

Di sa dva n ta ge s a n d a dv a n ta ges T he i n divi d u a l ho g-h o u s e ha s

.

the dis a dv a n t a g e o f re q u i ri n g m o re l a b o r to f e e d a n d c a re fo r
the h e rd With e a ch so w a n d litt e r in a pe n o r co t by th e m
.

s e lv e s it ta k e s c o n sid e ra bl e tim e to m a k e the ro u n ds a n d this ,

m u s t o ft e n be d o n e in the s to rm F u rth e rm o re Vi ci o u s s o ws a re
.
,

mo re diffic u lt to a tte n d a n d the fe e d e r is o ft e n o blig e d to e n te r

,
 CA R E A ND M AN A GE M EN T 5 09

the co t to g e the b e ddi n g a n d cl e a n the q u a rt e rs Th e s e

a rra n .

s m a ll h o u s e s h o w e v e r a re v e ry i n e xp e n siv e a n d v e ry e ffi ci e n t
, , ,

a n d a ll thi n gs c o n sid e re d a n sw e r the g e n e ra l f a rm e r s co n diti o n s

’
,

m u ch b e tt e th a
r n th e l g
a r e a n d e xp siv
e n e h og h o u s e
-
.

THE HO G LO T

The lo t in which h o gs a re q u a rt e re d sh o u ld be s u ch a s ca n be
k e pt cl e a n . A fil thy a n d c a re l e ssly k e pt lo t e n co u ra g e s di s e a s e
by p ro vidi n g l o dg m e n t fo r the g e rm s ; a n d c o n st a n t cl e a n li n e ss
is the m o st e ffe ctiv e m e a n s o f p re v e n ti n g g e rm diss e mi n a ti o n .

Wh e re dis e a s e g e rm s h a v e o n c e b e e n e st a blish e d a n a bs o l u t e ly ,

th o ro u gh disi n f e cti o n is e ss e n ti a l to e ra di c a t e th e m To f a cilit a t e .

cl e a n li n e ss a n d disi nf e cti o n a t l e a st a p a rt o f the lo t sh o u ld be

,

p a v e d with b rick st o n e o r c o n c re t e
, , O n this p a v e m e n t the co ts
.

m a y be pl a c e d d u ri n g the wi n t e r s e a s o n a n d o n it the f e e di n g
m a y be d o n e .

Hog— w a llow s S o m e v e ry s u cc e ssfu l b re e d e r s h e a rtil y f a vo r

.

ho g-w a ll o ws whil e o th e rs e q u a lly a s s u cc e ssfu l a re m u ch

,

o pp o s e d to th e i r u s e Th o s e w ho a re o u tsp o k e n in o pp o si
.

ti o n to the w a ll o w h a v e p e rh a ps b e e n i n fl u e n c e d f ro m
i n f e cti o n s du e to a filthy w a ll o w o r fro m i n f e cti o n s a t the ti m e
,

o f a n o u tb re a k o f ch o l e ra Th e re ca n be n o d o u bt th a t filthy
.

w a ll o ws a re o ft e n a s o u rc e o f d a n g e r n o r ca n th e re be a n y d o u bt
,

th a t o n c e a ch o l e ra ho g w a ll o ws in the w a t e r h o w e v e r cl e a n a ll
°

, ,

o th e r h o gs w a ll o wi n g in o r d ri n ki n g this c o n t a mi n a t e d w a t e r

a re lik e ly to c o n t ra ct the d re a d e d dis e a s e .

O n the o th e r h a n d with the he a lthy h e rd th e re ca n be n o o b

,

j e ctio n s to a cl e a n m u d w a ll o w a n d th e re a re m a n y a dv a n t a g e s
,

to be d e ri v e d f ro m it D u ri n g the h e a t o f s u m m e r the ho g
.

c o o ls m a i n ly by ra di a ti o n a n d a c o o l m u d b a th is v e ry s o o thi n g ;
,

it cl e a n s the s c u rf f ro m the s ki n a n d e n a bl e s the ho g to fi n d

p ro t e cti o n fro m the fli e s This w a ll o w o r m u d b a th sh o u ld be so
.

a rra n g e d th a t f re sh w a t e r m a y be a dd ed a s n e e d e d a n d to i n s u re ,

a bs o l u t e f re e d o m f ro m a ll g e rm lif e a q u a rt o f co a l ta r dip m a y be -

p o u re d in the w a ll o w o cc a si o n a lly (se e a ls o p a g e

 C HA PT ER XX V

DIS EAS ES O F S W INE

W HILE swi n e a re n o t o rdi n a rily c o n sid e re d a s b e i n g s u bj e c t

to s o g re a t a v a ri e ty o f dis e a s e s a s h o rs e s c a ttl e o r sh e e p th e y
, , ,

a re v e ry o ft e n a tt a ck e d by a ilm e n ts fa r m o re s e ri o u s th a n a fflic t

a n y o th e r cl a ss o f o u r f a rm a n im a ls C hi e f o f th e s e dis e a s e s a re
.

ch o l e ra swi n e pl a g u e a n d t u b e rc u l o sis Th ro u gho u t the c o rn

, ,
.

b e lt o f the U n it e d St a t e s the l o ss c a u s e d by th e s e dis e a s e s a m o n g

,

swi n e is n o t e q u a l e d by a n y o th e r cl a ss o f dis e a s e s to which

f a rm a ni m a ls a re su bj e ct Th e s e v e ry d e a dly dis e a s e s a re a ll
.

c o n t a gi o u s o r i n fe cti o u s a n d th e re fo re with p ro p e r s a n i ta ry
,

m e th o ds ca n be p re v e n t e d a lth o u gh wh e n the a n im a l o n c e
, ,

b e c o m e s a ffli ct e d th e re is n o c u re
,
It is the ra v a g e s c a u s e d
.

by th e s e dis e a s e s th a t m a k e s p o rk p ro d u cti o n s u ch a h a z a rd o u s
b u si n e ss S o m e ti m e s the swi n e b re e d e r o r f e e d e r will h a v e a
.

d ro v e o f swi n e re a dy fo r the m a rk e t wh e n th e y will c o n t ra c t

o n e o f th e s e dis e a s e s a n d the e n ti re h e rd be ta k e n in a fe w

w e e ks .

Q u a ra n ti n e lot. O n e v e ry f a rm wh e re h o gs a re k e p t in co n
side ra ble n u m b e rs a s m a ll q u a ra n ti n e lo t sh o u ld be p ro vid e d
,
.

This lo t sh o u ld be l o c a t e d a t s o m e dist a n c e fro m the o th e r lo ts it ,

sh o u ld be tightly f e n c e d a n d a t l e a st a p a rt o f i t sh o u ld be p a v e d .

Wh e n a n e w a n i m a l a rriv e s it m a y be dipp e d a s s u gg e ste d (p a ge

,

5 03) a n d th e n pl a ce d in this q u a ra n ti n e pe n fo r a t l e a s t t h re e
w e e ks C h o l e ra o r a n y o th e r dis e a s e s will be a pp a re n t b e fo re
.

this . If a ll is w e ll it m a y th e n be tu rn e d with the h e rd

,
.

S u ch a pe n c o u ld be u s e d by a n y o f the a n im a ls o f the h e rd
th a t m a y b e c o m e si ck a s a ll a ili n g h o gs sh o u ld a t o n c e be
,

51 0
51 2 M AN U AL O F F AR M A NI M AL S

Pre ve n tio n of the di sea se —U to the p re s e n t ti m e th e re has n o t

.
p ,

b e e n di sc o v e re d a n y m e a n s by which ho g ch o l e ra ca n be c u re d
f

the o n ly s a f e g u a rd b e i n g p re v e n t io n All th a t is n e c e ss a ry to
.

p re v e n t the dise a s e is to k e e p the g e rm s o f the di s e a s e a w a y

fro m the h e rd In the v a st m a j o rity o f c a s e s the g e rm
.

is t ra n sp o rt e d m e ch a n ic a lly in the b o di e s O f si ck h o gs a n d
,

o n the f e e t o f m e n o r a n im a ls i n cl u di n g bi rds
,
It f o ll o ws
.
,

t h e re fo re th a t the ch a n c e s o f a n o u tb re a k o f ho g ch o l e ra will be
,

g re a tly l e ss e n e d if n o t c o mpl e t e ly a v o id e d if the h e rd is pro

, ,

te cte d f ro m th e s e s o u rc e s o f i n f e cti o n To do this the h e rd

.

sh o u ld be pl a c e d o n a p a rt o f the f a rm th a t will be l e a st a cc e ssibl e

to m e n o r a n im a ls f ro m o th e r f a rm s T he h o gs sh o u ld be co n
.

fi n e d to a dry lo t fre e f ro m ru n n i n g w a t e r o r w a ll o ws u n l e ss o n e is ,

c o n st ru ct e d a s s u gg e st e d o n p a g e 5 09 a n d the di si n fe c ta n t a dd e d
,

e v e ry tw o w e e ks C a re fu l a tt e n ti o n sh o u ld be giv e n the fe e d
.

a n d wa te r .The h o gs sh o u ld be p ro vid e d with sh a d e a n d cl e a n

dry sl e e pi n g pl a c e s .

If a t a n y ti m e a n y o f the a ni m a ls sh o w sig n s o f sick n e ss th e y ,

sh o u ld be s e p a ra te d f ro m the h e a lthy o n e s Air sl a k e d li m e .

-

sh o u ld be sc a tt e re d a b o u t the lo t a n d the f e e d t ro u ghs th o ro u ghly

,

di si n fe ct e d o r re pl a c e d by n e w o n e s Fo r a c o n diti o n p o wd e r
.

p re p a re the fo ll o w i n g
Wood ch a rc o a l
S u lfu r
S o di u m chl o ride
S o diu m b b
ic a r o n a t e
S o di u m hy po su lfa te
S o diu m su lfa t e
i
An t m o n y sulfi te

C o mple t ly p u lv e riz e a n d th o ro u ghly m ix This p o wd e r is

e . .

mix e d with the f e e d in the p ro p o rti o n o f a l a rg e t a bl e sp o o n fu l

to e a ch 2 00 p o u n ds w e ight o f h o gs a n d giv e n o n c e a da y
,
Wh e n .

h o gs a re s u sp e ct e d to be a ffe ct e d with ch o l e ra th e y sh o u ld n o t
,

be fe d o n c o rn a l o n e bu t h a v e a t l e a st o n c e a da y s o ft f e e d m a d e
, , ,

b y mi xi n g b ra n a n d mid dl i n gs , o r middli n gs a n d c o rn m e a l , o r
 DI S EAS E S OF S WI N E 51 3

gro u n d o a ts a n d c o rn o r c ru sh e d wh e a t a n d th e n sti rri n g i n t o

, ,

this the p ro p e r q u a n tity o f the m e di ci n e .

Aft e r a n o u tb re a k o f ch o l e ra the y a rds a n d p e n s sh o u ld be th o r

o u ghly cl e a n e d a ll d e a d h o gs sh o u ld be b u rn e d the litt e r sh o u ld
, ,

be c o ll e ct e d a n d b u rn e d a n d q u ickli m e s ca tt e re d f re e ly o v e r the
,

g ro u n d The h o u s e s sh o u ld be w a sh e d th o ro u ghly with a c o a l

.

t a r p re p a ra ti o n b e f o re n e w st o ck is b ro u ght in The t ro u ghs .

sh o u ld be b u rn e d o r if t his is n o t p ra ctic a bl e th e y sho u ld be

, ,

th o ro u ghly s o a k e d in c o a l -ta r p re p a ra ti o n a n d th e n w a sh e d o u t .

T he l o ts a n d h o u s e s sh o u ld n o t be u s e d a g a i n fo r s o m e tim e .

Pre ven ti on of cho le ra by i m m u n i za ti on The Bu re a u O f An i .

m a l In d u st ry De p a rtm e n t o f Ag ri cu lt u re ha s d e v e l o p e d a s e ru m
, ,

whi ch by m e a n s o f v a cci n a ti o n w ill re n d e r h o gs im m u n e to ch o l

e ra. Whil e its p re p a ra ti o n a n d u se a re a tt e n d e d with diffi cu l
ti e s the m e th o d is b ri e fly giv e n h e re b e c a u s e o f the f e e li n g th a t
,

if it is to p ro v e p ra ctic a bl e it mu st be so si m plifi e d a s to be u s e d
,

by a n y c a re fu l w o rkm a n F ur th e rm o re a d ro v e O f ch o l e ra h o gs
.
,

a ff o rds a v e ry g o o d o pp o rt u n ity to p ra ctic e a s th e i r v a l u e is n o t ,

lik e ly to be g re a t e sp e ci a lly if the a tt a ck is vi ru l e n t

,
.

In o rd e r to m a k e the m e th o d cl e a r it will be divid e d i n t o tw o

m a i n p a rts : the p re p a ra ti o n o f the s e ru m a n d the u se o f the ,

s e ru m .

Pre p a ra ti o n o f the s e ru m To p re p a re the s e ru m o n e m u s t

.

fi rst p ro c u re a n i m m u n e ho g with a l o n g h e a vy t a il si n c e it is ,

a t this p o i n t th a t the s e ru m is d ra wn a n d it m a y be n e c e ss a ry
,

to clip the e n d tw o o r th re e ti m e s in d ra wi n g the s e ru m This .

m a y be a ho g th a t ha s re c o v e re d f ro m a n a tt a ck o f ch o l e ra ,

a s s u ch a n im a ls a re imm u n e to f u rth e r a tt a cks o r it m a y be ,

o n e re n d e re d imm u n e by the m e th o d h e re i n d e sc rib e d This .

ho g w e will c a ll the s u pply a n i m a l T his a n im a l m u st n o w be

.

hyp e r i m mu n iz e d This c o n sists o f In o c u l a ti n g him in the m u s

-
.
,

cl e s o f the thigh with a b o u t 1 0 c c ( c u bi c c e n ti m e t e rs ) o f

,
. .

vi ru l e n t ho g ch o l e ra bl o o d fro m whi ch the c lo t ha s b e e n re

,

m o v e d by sti rri n g o r w hippi n g with a cl e a n stick to the p o u n d ,

2 L
51 4 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN IM AL S

liv e w e ight o f ho g Th u s a 1 00 p o u n d ho g sh o u l d re c e iv e 1 000

.
-

c c o f vi ru l e n t bl o o d t a k e n fro m a ho g sick with ch o l e ra

. . .

This vi ru l e n t bl o o d m a y be o b ta i n e d by a ll o wi n g the ch o l e ra
ho g to bl ee d to d e a th t a ki n g c a re to c o ll e ct the bl o o d f re e fro m
,

p a rti cl e s O f di rt ; o r it m a y be O bt a i n e d by clippi n g the e n d o f the

t a il a n d a ll o wi n g it to fl o w sl o wly i n t o a j a r w e ll p ro t e ct e d f ro m
di rt If the t a il st o ps bl e e di n g th u mp it o r cu t the e n d a g a i n
.
, .

Aft e r c o ll e cti n g the bl o o d g e n tly sti r it with a cl e a n stick o r

, ,

b e tt e r still a gl a ss ro d to re m o v e the cl o t The cl o t w ill c o ll e ct .

o n the ro d whil e sti rri n g This dis e a s e d bl o o d f ro m w hich the

.

cl o t ha s b e e n re mo v e d is n o w re a dy to i n j e ct i n t o the m u scl e s o f
the s u pply ho g . This is d o n e with a hyp o d e rmic syri n ge a n d
i n o c u l a t e d i n t o the i n n e r sid e O f the thigh a ft e r pl a ci n g the pig
o n his b a ck . Th e re a re tw o m eth o ds o f i n o c u l a ti n g the ,

s low m e thod a n d the qu i ck m e thod

,
By the sl o w m e th o d in
.
,

c re a si n g a m o u n ts o f vi ru l e n t bl oo d a re i n j e ct e d a t re gu l a r i n t e r
v a ls whi ch re q u i re s so m u ch tim e th a t it is s e ld o m u s e d By the
,
.

q u ick m e th o d the viru l e n t bl o o d is a ll i n j e ct e d a t o n e tim e

,
.

Aft e r the i n j e cti o n O f this bl oo d the s u pply a n i m a l is s a id to

,

be hyp e r-im m u n iz e d .

O n e w e e k a fte r the i n j e c t i o n o f the vi ru l e n t bl o o d i n t o the

su pply a n im a l the ho g is re a dy to h a v e his bl o o d d ra w n fo r
,

the p u rp o s e o f p ro t e cti n g h o gs f ro m ch o l e ra Thi s bl o o d m a y

.

be d ra wn in t w o w a ys : the s u pply a n im a l m a y be kill e d a n d the

e n ti re s u pply o f bl o o d t a k e n a t o n c e o r he m a y be bl e d a t the t a il
,
.

The t a il sh o u ld be th o ro u ghly cl e a n e d disi n f e ct e d a n d th e n the

, ,

e n d is cu t O ff a n d the bl o o d c a u ght in a cl e a n j a r M u ch c a re .

sh o u ld be u s e d to k e e p e v e rythi n g cl e a n a n d f e e f o g m l a d e n
r r m e r -

di rt .In this w a y 5 00 c c o f bl o o d ma y be d ra w n a t o n e tim e

, . . .

This m a y be re p e a t e d th re e tim e s a t i n t e rv a ls o f o n e w e e k a ft e r ,

whi ch the bl o o d gra du a lly l o s e s its p ro t e ctive p ro p e rti e s a n d

sh o u l d n o t be u s e d .

T he bl o o d th u s c o ll e ct e d is a ll o w e d to cl o t a ft e r which it is ,

filt e re d th ro u gh st e riliz e d g a u z e in o rd e r to ge t the s e ru m o r the

 16 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

of the s e ru m wh e re a s if the pig w e ighs 1 50 p o u n ds i n j e c t

, ,

30 c c o f s e ru m
. . This m e th o d giv e s i m m e di a t e b u t te m po
.

ra ry im m u n ity l a sti n g p e rh a ps f o u r o r fi v e w e e ks p o ssibly ,

l o n g e r It is re c o mm e n d e d fo r u s e in h e rds wh e re ch o l e ra
.

a l re a dy e xists bu t to b e u s e d o n s e e mi n gly h e a lthy pigs o n ly

, .

Pigs a l re a dy si ck will p ro b a bly n o t b e n e fit by its u se ,

a lth o u gh if t he a n im a ls sh o u ld be i n f e ct e d with the di s e a s e

g e rm i m m e di a t e ly a ft e r the s e ru m is i n j e ct e d the i m m u n ity ,

will l a st m u ch l o n g e r th a n o th e rwis e Th e re is n o d a n g e r
.

a tt e n di n g this m e th o d .

S e ru m sim u lt a n e o u s m e th o d
- — With the hyp o d e rmi c sy ri n ge
.
,

i n j e ct S im u lt a n e o u sly in t o the a rm a n d thigh pits 2 0 c c o f . .

s e ru m a n d 1 c c o f vi ru l e n t ho g ch o l e ra bl o o d fo r e a ch 1 00 p ou n ds
~
. .

w e ight o f pig The vi ru l e n t bl o o d m u st be O bt a i n e d fro m a ho g

.

sick with ch o l e ra a n d the cl o t re m o v e d Pigs t re a t e d by this .

m e th o d a re immu n e fo r six m o n ths to o n e y e a r This is the .

m e th o d u s u a lly e mpl o y e d bu t i s a tt e n d e d with g re a te r d a n g e r

,

t h a n the s e ru m a l o n e me th o d ; h o we v e r the re s u ltin g immu n i t y

-
,

is m u ch l o ng e r .

O bj e cti o n s to the se ru m m e thod — Th e re a re tw o o bj e cti o n s to

this m e th o d O f v a cci n a ti n g h o gs to p ro t e ct th e m a g a i n st ch o l e ra :
it is e xp e n siv e a n d s o m e wh a t d a n g e ro u s It is e xp e n siv e b e c a u s e
.

a 2 —
1 5 p o u n d ho g will f u rn ish a c o mp a ra tiv e ly s m a ll a m o u n t
o f bl o o d p e rh a ps 500 c c a t e a ch f o u r bl e e di n gs a n d 1 000 c c
,
. . . .

m o re a t d e a th m a ki n g a t o t a l o f o n ly 3000 c c fro m whi ch

,

the cl o t m u st be t a k e n Fu rth e rm o re this a n i m a l m u st be re n

.
,

d e re d hyp e r im m u n e which i n v o lv e s m u ch l a b o r a n d e xp e n s e
-
, .

The p ro c e ss o f im m u n iz a ti o n is d a n g e ro u s b e c a u s e it re q u i re s
the u se O f the vi ru l e n t ho g ch o l e ra bl o o d c o n t a i n i n g the livi n g ho g
ch o l e ra g e rm Wh e n this is u s e d with o u t the p ro t e ctiv e s e ru m
.
,

a n o u tb re a k o f ho g ch o l e ra is i m m e di a t e ly st a rt e d With p ro p e r .

p re c a u ti o n s a n a tt e n d a n t th a t t a k e s a n i n t e re st in the m e th o d
,

ca n p re v e n t s e ri o u s o u tb re a ks o f ho g ch o l e ra a n d t h u s re d u c e the

risk in p o rk p ro d u cti o n .
 D I S EA S E S O F S WI NE

S WN
I E P LAG U E

S wi n e pl a gu e is a n i n f e cti o u s g e rm dis e a s e o f swi n e I t is .

f re q u e n tly a ss o ci a t e d with ho g ch o l e ra which i t re s e m bl e s In

, .

f a ct the tw o dis e a s e s re s e m bl e e a ch o th e r so v e ry cl o s e ly th a t it
,

O ft e n re q u i re s a p o st m o rt e m e x a m i n a ti o n by a n e xp e rt to di s

tin gu ish b e twe e n th e m . Fro m this it f o ll o ws th a t the m a n n e r

o f sp re a di n g the di s e a s e a s w e ll a s its p re v e n ti o n a re p ra ctic a lly

the s a m e a s in the c a s e O f ho g ch o l e ra Whil e th e s e tw o di s e a s e s

.

c a u s e u n t o ld l o ss a m o n g swi n e it m u st be re m e m b e re d th a t by
,

p ro p e r s a n i t a ry m e th o ds th e y ca n be p ra ctic a lly p re v e n te d .

This c a lls fo r b e tt e r t re a t m e n t th a n is o rdi n a rily giv e n swi n e .

VVe light e d c o m f o rt a bl e q u a rt e rs ; cl e a n dry l o ts f re e f ro m

ll-
, ,

filthy w a ll o ws , bu t p ro v id e d wi th a s e lf-dippi n g d e vi c e ; a lib e ra l

u se o f disi n f e ct a n ts in the h o u s e s a n d o f a ir-sl a k e d lim e In the

l o ts will go a l o n g w a y t o w a rds re d u ci n g the ra v a g e s o f th e s e

,

tw o dis e a s e s to a mi n i mu m .

T U BE R CU L O S I S

T u b e rc u l o sis is m o st p re v a l e n t a m o n g swi n e in th o s e s e cti o n s

wh e re c a ttl e a re m o st a ff e ct e d G re a t n u mb e rs o f h o gs a re
‘

co n d e m n e d by the l a rg e p a cki n g h o u s e s b e c a u s e o f this dis e a s e

-
,

m o re th a n fro m a ll o th e r dis e a s e s c o m bi n e d a n d the p e rc e n t a g e

,

is i n c re a si n g y e a r by y e a r u n til a t p re s e n t it is th o u ght th a t a b o u t
th re e pe r c e n t a re b e i n g th ro w n o u t .

M a n n er of sprea di n g the di sea se The t u b e rc u l a r g e rm g a i n s

.

e n t ra n c e to the b o di e s o f v a ri o u s a n i m a ls in di ff e re n t w a ys .

Thu s in the c a s e o f m a n a n d a ls o c a ttl e the g e rm m a y be e ith e r

,

i n h a l e d o r t a k e n in wi th the f o o d whi l e in the c a s e o f swi n e the

,

g e rm g a i n s e n t ra n c e by the f o o d a l o n e It is v e ry s e ld o m th a t
.

the dis e a s e st a rts by the g e rm s b e i n g i n h a l e d This b e in g t ru e

.
,

the dis e a s e sh o u ld be v e ry e a si ly c o n t ro ll e d in swi n e The chi e f

.

s o u rc e s o f i n f e cti o n a m o n g swi n e a re the ski m m ilk fro m a t u b e r

-

cu la r co w ,
the g ra i n in the dro ppi n gs o f a co w o r st e e r i n f e ct e d
51 8 M AN UAL O F F A R M ANI M AL S

w ith the dis e a s e h o gs e a ti n g c a rc a ss e s o f a n im a ls th a t h a v e di e d

,

with the di s e a se fo o d s c o n ta i ni n g sp u t u m o f the h u m a n a ffe ct e d

,

w ith tu b e rc u l o sis a n d lik e c a u s e s

,
.

Pre v e n ti o n c o n sists in the a v o id a n c e o f a ll f o o ds c o n t a i n i n g the

tu b e rc u l a r g e rms a n d in p ro vidi n g q u a rt e rs S i m il a r to th o s e
su gg e s te d fo r ho g ch o l e ra fo r p o o rly v e n til a te d d a rk d a m p
, , , ,

a n d filthy q u a rt e rs f u rn ish id e a l q u a rt e rs fo r the b re e di n g o f

t u b e rc u l o sis g e rms The di re ct ra ys o f the su n a n d cl e a n li n e ss

.

p ro vid e c o n diti o n s i m p o ssibl e fo r the l o dg m e n t O f th e s e g e rm s .

Ca re of a tu be rcu la r he rd — Tu be rcu lo s1 s In sw 1 n e i s c o n sid e re d

.

a s n o t c u ra bl e . Fu rth e rm o re its d e t e cti o n is o ft e n di ffic u lt

,
.

A ho g m a y be a ff e ct e d with the dis e a s e a n d n o t sh o w the m a fks

o f it u n til a ft e r he is sl a u ght e re d As a ru l e pigs a re m o re s u bj e ct
.
,

to the dis e a s e th a n o ld e r a n i m a ls a n d w e a k a n i m a ls m o re li a bl e
,

to a tta ck th a n st ro n g a n d vig o ro u s o n e s The diffic u lty o f de

.

te e ti n g the dis e a s e re n d e rs the c a re o f the t u b e rc u l o u s a n im a l ha z

a rdo u s . The g e n e ra l sig n s a re c o u ghi n g l o si n g in we ight ra th e r
,

th a n g a i n i n g a n d a s w e lli n g o f the gl a n ds a b o u t the n e ck

, Wh e n .

the dis e a s e is disc o v e re d a ll a n im a ls sh o wi n g e xt e rn a l i n dic a ti o n s

,

sh o u ld be imm e di a t e ly d e st ro y e d a n d the c a rc a ss e s b u rn e d The .

re m a i n d e r o f the h e rd sh o u ld be pu t u p o n the m a rk e t a t o n c e a n d

p a ss e d u p o n by a g o v e rn m e n t i n sp e ct o r An y a n i m a ls th a t a re
.

so dis e a s e d a s to re n d e r th e i r c a rc a ss es u n fit fo r f o o d will be co n

de m n e d . No t a ll h o gs a ffe ct e d with t u b e rc u l o sis a re c o n d e m n e d .

Wh e n the dis e a s e is p re s e n t o n ly in the fi rst st a g e s a n d o n ly a fe w

o f the o rg a n s o f the b o dy a re a ff e ct e d th e s e p a rts o n ly a re co n
,

de m n e d ; wh e re a s if the dis e a s e is g e n e ra l th ro u gh o u t the ca r

c a ss the e n ti re a n im a l is c o n d e mn e d
,
.

Aft e r a n o u tb re a k o f t u b e rc u l o sis a n d the a n im a ls h a v e b e e n

disp o s e d o f the q u a rt e rs sh o u ld be th o ro u ghly disi n f e ct e d To
,
.

do this u se a fi v e pe r c e n t c a rb o li c a cid s o l u ti o n o r a 1 to 1 000

, ,

c o rro sive s u blim a t e s o l u ti o n a n d th e n whit e w a sh with f re sh li m e

,
.

The p a s tu re s a n d l o ts whi ch a re e xp o s e d to the su n a re n o t so s e ri

o u s a s o u rc e O f i n fe c ti o n a s the b u ildi n gs Wh e n a t a ll p o ssib le
.
,
5 20 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

wo rms o r d rive th e m o u t o f the i n t e sti n e s T u rp e n ti n e is the .

mo st p o p u l a r re m e dy a n d p e rh a ps the l e a st d a n g e ro u s It is .

giv e n in the m a sh fo r th re e s u cc e ssiv e m o rn i n gs a t the ra t e o f

o n e t e a sp o o n f u l fo r e a ch 8 0 p o u n ds liv e w e ight o f pig With .

h o ldi n g a ll fo o d sh o u ld be p ra ctic e d fo r a sh o rt tim e b e fo re

givi n g the re m e dy .

S u lf a t e o f i ro n o r c o pp e ra s is a mo re e ff e ctiv e re m e dy ,

and is giv e n a s f o ll o ws : D iss o lv e h a lf a d ra m o f co p

p e ra s in w a rm w a te r a n d mix in the m a sh fo r e a ch pig
fo r fi v e c o n s e c u tiv e m o rn i n gs the fo o d b e i n g withh e l d fo r a
, ,

sh o rt ti m e b e fo re givi n g re m e dy In v e ry ba d c a s e s a n d.

wh e n i m m e di a t e a cti o n is d e si re d the a ffe ct e d pigs m a y be

,

giv e n 5 g ra i n s o f c a l o m e l a n d 8 gra i n s o f s a n t o n i n fo r
e v e ry 1 00 p o u n ds o f liv e w e ight The f o o d sh o u ld be
.

withh e ld fo r a t l e a st 1 2 h o u rs b e fo re a d m i n ist e ri n g the

m e di ci n e whi ch is b e st giv e n in a littl e m a sh
, S a n t o n i n is .

s o m e wh a t d a n g e ro u s a n d S h o u ld be giv e n in the p ro p o rti o n

m e n tio n e d .

LI CE

The ho g l o u s e is c o m m o n c a u s e o f l a ck o f t h rift in yo u n g
a

pigs , a n d wh e n n u m e ro u s it t e n ds to re t a rd f a tt e n i n g
,
It .

is a dvi s a bl e a n d p ro fit a bl e to k e e p swi n e fre e fro m lic e a t a ll

a ge s . To this e n d the h o u s e s a n d p e n s sh o u ld be fre q u e n t ly
cl e a n e d a n d disi n f e ct e d the w o o dw o rk whi t e w a sh e d the
, ,

b e ddi n g m a t e ri a l k e pt fre sh cl e a n a n d dry a n d the y a rds

, , ,

fre e fro m a c cu m u l a ti o n s o f litt e r a n d filth The h o gs sh o u l d .

be dipp e d twi c e e a ch y e a r in a c o a l ta r dip 1 p a rt O f dip to -

,

5 0 o f w a rm w a t e r a n d the t re a t m e n t re p e a t e d in 1 0 d a ys
,

to 2 w e e ks .

To d e st ro y li c e wh e n dipp i n g 1 s n o t p o ssibl e mix e q u a l

, ,

p a rts o f k e ro s e n e a n d m a chi n e o il o r o n e p a rt o f t u rp e n ti n e
,

a n d tw o p a rts o f m a chi n e o il a n d a pply to e v e ry p a rt o f the

,

ho g by m e a n s o f a ra g o r sw a b o f c o tt o n w a st e
,
It m a y be .

a ppli e d a l o n g the b a ck f ro m e a rs to t a il wi th a c o mm o n m a
, ,
 DI S EAS E S O F S WI N E 521

chi n e -o il ca n a n d a ll o w e d to ru n d o wn the sid e s of the ho g .

R e p e a t the a pplic a ti o n in te n d a ys .

S CO U R S

—
S c o u rs in pigs re s u lts f ro m tw o c a u s e s i m p ro p e r f e e di n g a n d
,

c o n t a gi o u s i n f e cti o n .O ft e n the t ro u bl e c o m e s fro m o v e rfe e di n g

on c o rn o r o th e r ri ch f o o d j u st a ft e r fa rro w m g Su dd e n
,
.

ch a n g e s in the f o o d o r f e e di n g s o u r d e c o m p o si n g sl o ps o r fo o d ,

fro m di rty t ro u ghs s o u r S w ill b a rre ls a n d the lik e t e n d to c a u s e

, , ,

di a rrh e a .

The b e st t re a t m e n t fo r sc o u ri n g pigs is to f e e d p ro p e rly the

s o ws The f o o d sh o u ld co n sist l a rg e ly o f ra th e r thi n m a sh
.

m a d e f ro m b ra n m i ddli n gs cru sh e d o a ts a n d the lik e whi ch

, , , ,

sh o u ld be fe d re gu l a rly In o rdi n a ry c a s e s t re a t m e n t c o n sists

.
,

in givi n g the n u r si n g s o w p a rch e d c o rn o r sc a ld e d milk in he r

f o o d n i ght a n d m o rn i n g Aft e r the t ro u bl e ha s b e e n ch e ck e d a
.
,

littl e li m e w a t e r pl a c e d in the m a sh o ft e n p ro v e s a dv a n t a g e o u s .

The b e st c u re fo r the c o n t a gi o u s f o rm o f sc o u rs is a physic :

o n e t a bl e sp o o n f u l O f c a st o r O il in the f o rm o f a d re n ch a ft e r ,

whi ch the p e n s sh o u ld be cl e a n e d a n d th o ro u ghly disi n f e ct e d .

C O N S TI PATI O N
Co stip a t i o n fre q u e n tly o cc u rs a m o n g p re gn a n t s o ws a n d
n

o th e r h o gs wh e n giv e n to o li ttl e e x e r cis e a n d to o m u ch f o o d .

Bro o d s o ws tro u bl e d with c o n stip a ti o n a re lik e ly to f a rro w

w e a k p u n y pigs This t ro u bl e s e ld o m o cc u rs wh e n h o gs a re
,
.

fe d l a x a tiv e f o ods s u ch a s b ra n li n s e e d -O il m e a l o r ro o ts a n d
, , , ,

In a d di ti o n a re m a d e to t a k e e x e rcis e Wh e n it b e c o m e s n e ce s
.

s a ry to t re a t the a n i m a ls a v e ry simpl e m e th o d is to m ix tw o
,

to f o u r o u n c e s o f ra w li n s e e d o il o n c e d a ily in the f o o d ; o r if
m o re a ctiv e t re a t m e n t s e e m s n e c e ss a ry give fo ur o u n c e s o f , .

Eps o m s a lts a t o n e d o s e in the s a m e w a y Swi n e th a t will n o t .

e a t the f o o d th u s m e di c a t e d sh o u ld be d re n ch e d G re a t ca re .

sh o u ld be e x e rcis e d in dre n chi n g ho gs o r th e y will s u ffo c a t e .

5 22 M AN UAL O F F AR M ANI M AL S

Driv e the im a ls i n t o a s m a ll pe n wh e re th e y h a ve littl e ro o m

an

to m o ve a b o t
u T o h o ld
. t he a n i m a l s c u a q u a t e i n ch ro p e
e re r r -
, ,

pl a c e a n o o s e ab o u t the u pp e r j a w we ll b a ck t o wa rds the a n gle

o f the lips a n d e l e v a t e the h e a d
,
W a it un til the a n i m a l st o ps
.

st ru ggli n g Pull the ch e e k a w a v fro m the te e th so a s to fo rm

.

a p o u ch i n t o w hich the m e di cm e m a y be S l o wly p o u re d It .

will flo w fro m the ch e e k i n t o the m o u t h a n d wh e n the ho g ,

fi n ds o u t wh a t it is he will st o p sq u e a li n g a n d will sw a ll o w A
, .

v e ry e a sy m e th o d is to cu t O ff the to e o f a n O ld sh o e i n s e rt the ,

cu t e n d i n t o the h o g s m o u th a n d p o u r the m e dici n e i n t o the

’
,

sh o e .

THU M PS

Th u mps is the t e rm a ppli e d to th a t a il m e n t O f y o u n g pi gs

which is i n dic a t e d by a j e rki n g m o ti o n O f the fl a n ks In .

th u mps th e re is u s u a lly a d e ra n g e m e n t O f the dig e stiv e o rg a n s ,

du e to o v e rf e e di n g o r l a ck O f e x e r cis e T he t e n d e n cy t o w a rds
.

the dis e a s e s e e ms to be h e re di t a ry Wh e n o n c e the tro u bl e

.

the t re a t m e n t is p re v e n ti o n by d e c re a si n g the s o w s
’
o cc u rs ,

milk-p ro d u ci n g fo o d u n til the pigs a re O ld e r C o m p e l the pigs .

to t a k e e x e rcis e by d rivi n g th e m f ro mth e i r n e sts A v e ry go o d .

me th o d wh e n o n e ha s the ti m e is to pl a c e the littl e pigs in a

lo t n e a r the m o th e r a n d le t th e m w o rry a b o u t g e t t i n g b a ck .

Th e y m u st be s e p a ra t e d bu t a v e ry sh o rt t im e fo r th e y m a y ,

n u rs e to o m u ch wh e n tu rn e d b a ck .

S OR E M O U TH

Pi gs ft e n t rou bl e d with s o re m o u t h La rge whi te

a re o .

blist e rs o cc u r a b o u t the m o u th a n d s n o u t a n d l a t e r thick ,

b ro wn sc a bs a pp e a r which o p e n i n t o d e e p c ra cks Th e s e sc a bs
,
.

e xt e n d o v e r the f a c e a n d l a t e r to a ll p a rts o f the b o dy if n o t

t re a t e d Th e s e s o re s a re du e to a ge rm a n d a re like ly to a tt a ck
.
,

pigs k e pt in filthy q u a rt e rs Pre v e n ti o n c o n sists in p ro vi di n g

.

c o mf o rt a bl e q u a rt e rs fo r the yo u n gste rs T re a tm e n t is n o t .
52 4 M A N U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

p o i n t o f a n i ro n w e dg e in o n e o f the n o t ch e s a n d ta p the t u sk
,

w ith a h a m m e r a n d it will b re a k sq u a re ly O ff
,
The t u sk m a y .

th e n be fil e d o ff ro u n di n g .

C HIC K E N- E AT I NG S WN I E

Whil e n o t a dis e a s e chi ck e n e a ti n g is a vi ci o u s h a bit o ft e n

,
-

c o n t ra ct e d by swi n e k e pt n e a r chi ck e n y a rds The h a bit .

o n c e a cq u i re d is O ft e n diffic u lt to o v e r c o m e A v e ry g o o d d e vic e
.

to p re v e n t the h o gs f ro m c a tchi n g the f o wls is a c o m m o n f o u r

i n ch ri n g h u n g b e f o re the h o g s s n o u t This m a y be h e ld in
’
.

pl a c e with the o rdi n a ry ho g-ri n g pl a ce d a ro u n d the fo u r-i n ch

ri n g a n d i n t o the n o s e ,
a s wh e n ri n gi n g to p re v e n t ro o ti n g .

Th u s the l a rge ri n g h a n gs in fro n t o f the h o g s s n o u t an d p u sh e s

’

the chick e n a w a y a s the ho g re a ch e s fo r it .

 A P P END IX

AV E R AG E IV E I G HT S O F F E EDI NG S T U F F S

As a ru l e u n de r a ve ra ge f a rm c o n diti o n s it is n o t p ra ctic a bl e,

to we igh e a ch m e ss O f f o o d n o r is it n e c e ss a ry a s m e a s uri n g
, ,

is s u ffici e n tly a cc u ra t e The f o o d fro m the m e a s u re sh o u ld

.

be w e igh e d a fe w ti m e s a t the b e gi n n i n g To a id in a ppro xi .

m a ti n g the w e ight o f the v a ri o u s fo o ds the f o ll o w i n g t a bl e ,

o f w e ights a n d m e a s u re s is q u o t e d f ro m Bu ll e ti n
’
F a rm e rs
NO 222 I .

T A BL E I
Av e ra ge We i ghts of Diffe re n t F e e di n g S tu fi s
'

F EED NG
I T FF
S U

P ou n ds Q u a rt s

C o rn , w h o le
C o rn m e a l
b
,

C o rn ra n ,

C o rn a n d c o b m e a l
G lu t e n m e a l
G lu t e n fe e d
G e rm m e a l
Ho m i n y m e a l
i
D still e rs gr a i n s , dri e d
’

W h e a t , w ho le
W he a t , g r o u n d
W he a t , ra n b
W he a t m i ddlin g s (sta n da r d )
Whe a t m i ddl n g s (fl o u r ) i
O a ts , w ho le
O a t s gr o u n d,

R y e , w ho le
R ye m eal
b
,

R ye ra n
,

Ba rle y w ho le ,

Ba rle y , m e a l .

Bre w e rs drie d gr a i n s
’

M a lt S p ro u t s
i
L n se e d m e a l O ld p r o ce ss
,

Li n se e d m e a l n e w p ro ce ss
,

C o tt o n -s e e d m e a l
 5 26 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN IM AL S

DI G E S TI BLE NU TR I E NTS I N F E EDING S TU FF S

In c a l c u l a ti n g a ra ti o n fo r a n y c la ss o f f a rm a ni m a ls the ,

dig e stibl e n u t ri e n ts o f the f o o ds m u s t be k n o wn a s it is ,

the dig e stibl e p a rt o n ly th a t is o f u se to the a n im a l The .

f o ll o wi n g t a bl e a d o pt e d fro m Ba il e y s C ycl o p e di a o f Ame ric a n

,
’

Ag ri c u lt u re V o l III giv e s a v e ry c o mpl e t e lis t o f A m e ri c a n

,
.
,

fe e di n g st u ffs a n d th e i r dig e stibl e n u tri e n ts

T A B L E II

Av e ra ge Di ge sti ble Nu tri e n ts an d F e rti li zi n g Co n sti tu e n ts

DR Y DI GE S T LE N TR T
IB U IEN S FE R T I LIz IN G C O NS T IT U

M AT IN 1 00 P O U N DS EN T S IN 1 000 PO U N DS
N AM E OF F EED TE R

IN
C a rbo
1 00 Pro t e in hy
t
E he r Nitro
P
O U ND S d ra te s
Extra ct ge n

C o n ce n tr a te s
C o rn , a ll a n a l y se s
De n t c o rn

Flin t c o rn

Sw ee t c o rn

C o rn cob

C o rn an d co b m eal

C o rn b ra n

G lu t e n m e a l
G lu t e n fe e d
G e rm m e a l
S ta rch r e fu se

G ra n o -g lu t e n
Ho m i n y cho ps
G lu c o se m e a l
Su ga r m e a l
Distille r y gra m s ( dri e d )
p rin cip a lly c o rn

Atla s g lu te n fe e d (dis
t i lle r y by -p ro du ct s )
5 28 M AN U A L O F F AR M AN I M AL S

T A B L E II Co n ti n u e d

DR Y D IG E S T LE
IB NU TR T
IEN S RT L
FE I I ZI N G C O N S TI T U
M AT _ IN 1 00 PO U N D S E T
N S I N 1 000 PO U N DS

N AME O F F EE D TE R

IN
C a rbo
1 00 P t
ro e in hy
PO U N DS dra te s

Bu ckw he a t
Bu ckw he a t m i ddli n g s
Bu ckw h e a t ra n b
Bu ckw h e a t sh o rt s
Bu ckw he a t hu ll s

S o rghu m se e d

Bro o m c o rn se e d

Ka fi r co rn

M ill e t

F l a x se e d
Lin s e e d m e a l , O ld p ro ce s s
Li n se e d m e a l, n ew pro
c e ss

C o tt o n -se e d
C o tto n -se e d m e a l
C o tt o n -se e d hu lls

Pe a s
C ow pea
Soy b ean

Ho rs e b ea n

C o co n u t m eal

Pa hn —
nut m eal

Su n fl ow e r se e d

Su n flo w e r s e e dca ke s

Pe a n u t m e a l
R a p e se e d m e a l
 A P P E N DI X 5 29
‘

T A B L E II Co n ti n u e d

DR Y DI GE S T L
IB E NU TR T
IE N S F E RT L I IZ IN G C O N S T IT U

M AT _ IN 1 00 PO U N D S EN T S IN 1 000 PO U N D S

N A M E OF F EED
TE

I ? G bO
1 00 Pro te in ig -
Eth e r
t
Ni tro

PO U ND S dra tes
E xtra c ge n

R o u gha ge
F o dde r c o rn

F o d de r co rn , gre e n
F o dde r c o rn ,
fi e ld
cu re d

C o rn s o t v e r, fi e ld
cu re d 0 4
Ka fi r c o rn . t
s o v e r,

fi e ld—
cu r e d

S o rg hu m ( ca n e )
F re sh g ra ss
Pa stu re gra sse s
(mi x e d ) 9 1
K e n tu cky blue gr a ss .

Tim o thy , diff e re n t

t
s a ge s 48
O rcha rd —
g ra s s
43
,

bl o om

R ed o t p in bl oom

49
,

O a t fo dde r
R y e fo dde r 33
S o rghu m 2 3
M e a do w fe scu e ,
In

bloom

Hu n g a ria n gr a s s 39
G re e n b a rle y
Pe a s an d oa ts
Pe a s an d b a rle y
K a fi r fo dde r
5 30 M AN U AL O F F A R M AN I M AL S

T A B L E II C o n ti n u e d

D IGEe B LE NU TR T
IE N S FE R T I LI z I N G C O NS T I TU
IN 1 00 PO U N DS ENT S IN 1 000 P O U NDS

N AM E OF F EED
Ethe r Nitro
P
O U ND S
Ex t
ra ct ge n

F re sh le g u m e s
R e d clo v e r , difl e re n t
t
s a ge s

C rim so n clo e r v
Alsike , in lo o m b
Alfa lf a
C ow pea
So y b ea n

Ha y
T im o th y
O rcha rd gra ss
R e dt o p
K e n tu cky bl ue g ra ss
Hu n ga ria n gra ss
M ixe d gra sse s
R ow e n (m i xe d )
M e a do w fe scu e
M ixe d gra sse s an d
clo v e r

So y b ean ha y
O a t ha y
M a rsh o r sw a m p ha y
W hi te da isy
Ba rle y
Pra irie ( n a ti v e )
Le g u m e ha y
R e d clo v e r m e diu m ,

v
R e d clo e r m a m m o th ,

Alsike clo v er
582 M AN U AL O F F AR M AN I M AL S

T A B L E II Co n ti n u e d

DR Y DI GE S T B L
I E NU TR E T
I N S F E R T ILI z I NG C O NS T IT U

M AT IN 1 00 PO U ND S E NT S IN 1 000 PO U N DS
N A M E OF FE ED 1

3
1
3

c a rb 0
t
”

E he r Nitro
1 00 Pr te i
o n hy
Ext
PO U NDS dra te s
ra ct ge n

M isce lla n e o u s
R a pe
Ca bb a ge

Pu m p ki n , fi e ld
Pu m p ki n , g a rde n
S u g a r be e t le a v es

S p u rr y
Pr ickly co m fre y
Aco rn s fre sh ,

Be e t m o la sse s
Be e t p ul p

Dri e d l o o d b
M e a t s cra p
Ta nka ge
Drie d fi sh
’
C ow s m ilk
C ow
’
s m il k t
co lo s ru m

S ki m -m il k , gr a v i t y
S kim -m ilk , ce n trif u g a l

Bu tt e rm i l k
Whe y
 INDEX

A b d An g u s ca ttle 298 in g in su mm e r, 4
84; fe e d ig n in
i
er een

b ti gi te r 4
84
.
,

A in 332 ; co n a t o u s, w n

b
or on co w s ,

gi
.
, ,

333 ; n o n -co n a a re s t o u s , 332 ; i n m Ba ke w e ll R o e rt 7 0

i
.
9 , ,

1 10 Ba la n ce d r a t o n 5 1 ; u s e , 5 5
i i g
.
. ,

Ac d , su lfu r c , 2 5 3 Ba n d a e 1 5 2
ti g
.
. ,

Ac o n i n ho rs e s , 2 1 , 2 2 Ba n D r 35 0
bi t iy 4 fl
. .
. , ,

t
Af e r r h , 336 Ba rn d a r 26 ; o o rs 2 6 8 ; ho g
ti h p 4 v ti l ti
. , , , ,

Ag e , o f co w , ho w t o e s m a e , 1 8 7 ; t o t 5 05 ; S 33 ee ; en a on 266 ;
i g d vi 7 0
, ,

tt
fe e d c a le , 2 7 6 ; O f ho rse , h o w to w a te r n e ce 2
ti p ti
.
,

es m a e, 7 t
O f S h e e , ho w t o e s Ba rre n n e ss in m a re s , 1 09 ; in co w s ,

t
m a e , 36 1 ; O f sw n e , 5 i 44 332
g i
. .

A e d ho rse s 1 1 Ba rr e r, 1 0
t i g
.
.
,

Alle rto n 8 7 Ba h n 1 56
i
Am e r ca n M e r n o 36437 5 i ig
.
, . ,

Be dd n fo r h o rse s 1 2 9 ; co rn s a lks t
i v vi g t
, , . , ,

Am e r ca n s a ddle ho rs e 9 7 le a e s sh a n s s r a w 1 2 9 ; t he
i p 4
,

Am e r ca n tro tte r 2 4
, . , ,

co w 2 5 8 ; she e 38 8 36
b by qi
.
, . , , ,

Am e s F L 1 9 2 1 9 7 Be e f a 2 9 1 ; fo o d re u re m e n s t
g
, . .
, , , ,

An u s ca ttle 7 3 fo r 2 8 1
i b ig ig b g
.
, . ,

An m a ls re e d n 7 0 ; fe e d n 37 B e e f c a le A e rd e e n An u s 2 9 8 ; tt
p p yp ii b ti
.
, , , , ,

A o le x a rtu r t o n 339 a or o n 332 ; a g e t o fe e d , 2 7 6 ;

b b b ti g
.
, ,

Ara ho rse 6 a rre n n e ss 332 ; lo a n 35 1 ;

b b ig b
, .
, ,

Arfm a n o hn 2 08 J r e e ds 308 ; re e d n 305 ; re e d

4 b bt
.
, , , ,

Arm s i n h o rs e s 2 5 3 in g s o ck, 308 ; u ll 31 1 ; u ch e rs

’
t
ti 4 g
.
, , , ,

Ar cho ke 75 d e m a n d s 2 7 7 ; c a re a n d m a n a e
p v b t
.
, ,

A-sha e d ho g h o u se 5 07 m en 32 0 ; ca l e s fro m es co w s , t
i ti t ti g
.
, ,

Asso c a o n s e s n 2 35 307 ; ca r e O f ca lf 31 5 —31 7 ; cho o s

it i
.
, , ,

t
As hm a , 1 7 6 in g 1 9 8 ; co n d o n O f fe e d e r , 2 00 ;
t vi i ti ig p
.
,

A a sm 8 2 co n d on fo r fe e d n , 2 7 8 ; co m o
iti p tiv
.
,

t
Au e n A O 2 5 0 s o u o f c a rc a s s 2 7 6 ; co o e ra e

v g p ti g ig b
. .
, ,

A e ra e ro du c o n fo r co w 2 2 9 r a d n -u p 307 ; co s o f u ll 31 1 ; t
it
.
, , ,

Ay re shire ca le , 2 2 8 tt
co w 31 3 ; co w w h ca lf a t fo o 31 5 ; t
ig ig 4 t
.
, ,

t
Az o u ri a , 1 7 9 cro ss n 308 ; d e h o rn n 35 : d e a il
ifi t
.
, ,

c h a r a c e rs 2 00 ; d f cu l p a rtu ri t
by b v g ti 4 i i ti g
,

Ba - eef 29 1 ; ad an a es 29 2 ; on 33 ; d s e a se s 331 ; dr f n t
i v g p p q ip
, , , , ,

ca tt
le u se d 29 2 ; d sa d a n a e s 300 ; du a l u r o s e co w 309 ; e u t
ig
, , ,

2 9 3 ; fe e ds u s e d , 2 9 2 m en fo r su m m e r fe e d n 32 2 t °

b 4 q ip t it ig
.
,

Ba ck- a n d 1 7 e u m en fo r w n e r f e e d n 32 6
i 4 ti i g tt
.
, ,

B a ck i n sw n e 61 e s se n al s of fe e d n ca le , 2 7 5 ;
4 i i v i b
.
, ,

Ba co n C a n a d a 8 3 ; S k m -m lk fo r , e e rs o n o f t he w o m 338 ; fa rm s
4 typ 44 i
, , , ,

88 ; e 5 322 ; f a t s e e r 1 9 8 ; fa t s e e r i n d t t
ig 44 it i ti b
.
, ,

Ba co n -ho g cho o s n 6 ; co n d o n ca on s 2 02 ; fe e d- u n k, 32 3 32 7 ;
44 ig 4 44 ig
, , , , ,

6 ; fe e d n 8 3 ; fo rm 6 ; fe e d fe e d lo t , 32 7 ; fe e d n , 2 7 5
, 31 8 ; , ,

5 33
53 4 I ND EX

fe e d i gf
n or lo ca l m a rke t 2 9 3 ; fe e d y
Bo n e n la r e m e n s , 1 5 8 g t
g i p ig 4
, .

in g ra n 2 8 5 ; fe e d n or a s u re t Bo t-flie s 1 8
ig i i gt t
.
, ,

t
s a n da rds , 2 8 2 ; fe e d n s he d , 32 6 ; tt
Bo le s w h rl n e s , 2 33

g Q i 4
, .

fe e d e r, 1 9 8 ; fo ra e r a cks , 32 8 ; fo rm Bo w e n u ck 2 1

ig 4
.
,

o f fe e d e r , 1 9 9 ; fo rm fo r fe e d n , t
Bre a s ha rn e ss 1 7
y b ll 31 g g t ig 4
.
,

277 G ll ; a ow a u 2 ; ar e Bre e ch n 1 7
34 0 g i ti 99 f d ig i t vi
.
, , ,

;l e n e ra e xa m n a on , 1 ; oo Bre e d n a n m a ls , 7 0 ; a a sm , 8 2 ;
qi
re t 8
u re m e n H f d s, 2 1 ; e re o r co w b eef ca tt le b b
305 ; eef u ll 31 1 ;
h g f ll i g 95 i ig v b t
, , ,

306 ; o s o ow n 2 ; n cre a s n ca l e s fro m es co w s 2 37 cO

f di g p i t y 8 4 i d i ti p tiv i 4
, ,

ee n ca ac 2 ; n ca on s O e ra t
e 2 38 ; cra e fo r sw n e 93;
f d i g i p ti 35 3 ig b b iy
, , ,

o ll 3 0
o n w e 2 ; m ac on ; cro ss n eef re e ds 308 ; d a r
l gth f f di g p i d i lk fl 4
, , ,

en o 97 ee n er o 2 ; m ca tt le 2 2 7 ew e o ck 06 ; e w e s
°

f v p t 4 g g b
, , , ,

e338 e r, f d 96 ;
“
on ee
”
2 ; a s u re 07 ; ra d i n -u p tt e e f ca le 307 ;
p tg d pl f i ty
, , ,

3 22 ; 78
e r ce n a e r e ss , 2 ; an O h e re d 8 3 ; ho rse s a n d m u le s 9 6 ;
b di g 307 p p i g f hip i it i i
, ,

re e n ; re ar n or s n h e r a n ce o f d s e a se 8 3 ; l ke pro
t 300 p g t 3 4 i ti g
, ,

m en ; re nan co w 1 ; pro d u ce s l ke 7 1 ; m a r e 1 03 ; m a n
d ti p i d 3 3 q lity f ti g p4 p
, , , , ,

uc on er o 1 ; ua or 8 1 ; m a n she e 07 ; la n O f 2 37 ;
f di g q lity f f d 9 9 p b p
, , ,

ee 79 n 2 ; ua o ee e r, 1 ; la n eef ttca le , 307 ; la n fo r

t i d ft bi th 336 p 44 p i 4
,

re a ne lt 3 5 a er r ; sa 2 ; she e 0 ; la n fo r sw n e , 87 ;
pl ti 300 304 p p t y 4 p i ty
, , ,

sa m e ra o n s,
— to 8 ; ur O f 8 5 ; ra m
; se a so n re o e n c

b d 3 3 lf f d 3 5 h d 4 v i y
, , ,

re e 1 ; se - ee e r, 2 ; S a e 06 ; re e rs o n 8 2 ; s e a so n o f e a r
hi ppi g 9 9 b 4 ti
, , ,

3 5 2
; s t t 8 n 2 ; s o re s e e r , 19 ; to r e e d h o rs e s 1 0 ; s e le c o n 7 7 ;
f di g p t 84 ti i p v t 4
, , ,

su m m e r ee n on a s u re 2 ; se le c o n and m ro e m e n 2 2 ;
t i g g t b l i p 4
, ,

u rn n 85 to ra ss , 2 ; u e r cu o s s , S he e t
03 ; so u n d n e ss 1 02 ; s a l
34 typ ity 00 i t i ity i 4
, ,

3 ; 86 if e, 1 ; un o rm 2 l o n 1 02 ; s e r l 8 8 ; sw n e 87 ;
v l f i f i ty 8 0 yt b ig b t
, , , , ,

3 0 1 ; a ue o un o rm 2 ; s s em s of 89 re e d n fro m es

i g h lf 6 ig g ig i
, , , ,

w at 35 e r, 2 ; w ean n t e ca 31 ; 9 5 cr o ss n 90 ra d n 89 l ne
hi t f b ig b ig
, , , , , ,

w h en k t 99 to m ar e 2 : w e a ce re e d n 9 0 i n - re e d n , 9 1
i t i g 8 i t f di g i 4 bi 4 t pi
.
, , , ,

306 ; w n er n 2 2 ; w n er ee n Br dle 1 2 ; l n d s 1 3 ; ce n e r- e ce s
4 4 i 44 b b 44
, , , ,

i d n l 89
ry o t, 2 1 ; c h e c k-
r e n 1 ; e a r— o s 1 ;
B l i 4 t 4t
4
.
, ,

e gh an 58 o rse t
h e a d -s a ll 1 3 ; a sse ls 1 ; hro a t
B lly i l d h g 4 4
4
.
, , ,

e n 62 ar o s, t
la ch 1
B k hi i 46 3 4 i
.
.
,

er s r e sw 60 ne ; so w Bro ke n w n d 1 7 6
4 b 43 i i b
. .
, , ,

Bi t, 1 2 ; 36 cu r 1 ; ts u se 1 ; Bro w n S w s s u ll 2 5 2
ffl 4 t ight 4 t g i Vg
.
, , ,

sn a e 1 2 ; s ra 1 2 ; on ue Bro w n S w ss co w o el 258
l lli g 4 4b
4 b tt i
.
, , ,

o 3 n 1 Bu ll 2 ; e e f (s e e e e f ca le ) d a ry
Bitti g i y tt i gi g 4
.
, ,

37
n 1 ( s e e d a r ca le ) ; r n n 26
Bitti g h
. .
, ,

n -
37 a rn e ss , 1 Bu n i o n s 1 7
M i
. .
,

Bl k T
ac 36 0
op er n o, tt
Bu e r , 2 2 7
fly 1 48 f h
. .

Bl k t
an e s, 1 30 ; or o rse s ,

t bl 1 30 bb g
,

ou td 1 31 o o r, ; s a e Ca a e 38 6
ih 4 t ti n g
. .
, ,

Bl em s 1 C a lf 250 ; an d co w 31 5 ; ca s ra

Bli d 4 tip a ti o n 4
.
, , ,

n 3s, 1 m a le ca lf , 255 ; co n s 3 1 ;
Bli t iy ig g v
.
,

s e rs ,56 1 da r 2 50 : da n er Of o e r-fe e d n

ttl 35 1 i h p 4 4 di 34 f di g b f
.
, ,

Bl t i
oa n ca 6 e, ; n s ee 253; h a rr ea 1 : ee n ee

Bl d p vi b t g i
, .
, ,

oo -
s18 161 a n 31 8 ; f 37
ro m es co w s , 2 ; ra n

4 it f i ll 340 ti
.
, ,

B o a r, 90 m x u re 6 o r, 22 ; s, co n s

B dy i b f ttl 01 d i y ttl 34 t gi
.
,

o n ee ca e, 2 ; a r ca e pa t i on 1 ; sco u rs , co n a ou s or

94 h h p 37 0 i p l 34
, , ,

hi t
”
1 ; 7 36 o rse s , 2 ; S ee w e d sco u r s an s m e 1
p vi 8 1 6 1 b ti t t f f d i g 5 5
.
, , ,

B o g -s a n 1 m i lk su s u es or ee n 2 ;
p vi 1 5 8 ki m ilk 5 3 i lk
.
, , ,

B o n e -s a n, . on s h l - m , 2 ; On w o e m ,
5 36 I ND E X

a c e r,t d ffi cul t
19 4;
a rt u r t o n i p ii ig iv
D e st e o r a n s 5 g 4
4 g 4
.
, ,

33 ; di s e a se s 331 ; dry fo r a e fo r , D i p ho w u s e d 2 5
v i ippi g q y 4 i p
.
, , ,

217 D u tch B e lte d 2 6 2 ; e e r s o n D n fr e u e n c 26 ; m t

o r a n ce ,

b ig 4 p 4 i
, , ,

O f t he w om 338 ; fe e d n 2 03 ; 23 ; s e lf , 5 03 ; s he e 23; sw n e

ig g
, , , ,

fe e d n ca lf 2 5 1 fe e di n i n lo t 2 8 9
ig ippi g— t 44 4
, ,

- ta n d a r d 2 0 f d -e ff
e ct D 2
fe e d n s ; o o n v a

p ii i
.
, ,

co m o s t o n o f m il k 2 1 0 ; fo o d f ttl 3 1 f h h D se a se s o ca e 3 ; O t e o rse

qi f h p 4 i
on , , ,

r e u re m e n ts fo r m ilk 2 03 ; fo rm 5 39 f 1 1 ; o s ee ; o sw ne 510 :

g g g p v ti n 65
, , , ,

1 9 0 ; fo rm i n the h e r d 2 38 ; a r e t re en o 2
4 g i i Di t p 77
.
, , ,

3 0; e n e ra l e xa m n a t o n 1 90 ; s em e r, 1
g ig g ig fi D ki g l b 49
.
,

ra d n -u p 2 39 ; ra d n rst g e n oc n am s, 1
4 g i g D g d g t 37 7
.
, ,

e ra ti o n 2 0; ra d n s e co n d g e n o s an oa s,

y D bl f ty 4
.

4
, ,

e r a ti o n 2 1 ; G u e rn se co w 1 92 ; ou e sa e 1 1
ig hi g 1 5 4
.
, , ,

Ha e cke r s fe e d n -sta n d a r d
’
D 2 06 ; re n c n

i v ig p i g D i g i t l b 39 3
.
, ,

he fe r ca l e s fro m h h- r o du c n r e ss n w n er am s,

4 ig p i D ivi g h f di g 6 3
.

da m s 2 0 ; h h ro du ct o n 222 ; r n o rs e , ee n

i i i ig 4D v (
.
, , ,

Ho lste n -F r e s a n 2 05 ; ki ck n 35 i ) ro e s e e sw ne

i p i i v g 7
.
, ,

m a ct o n 35 3 ; m lk fe e r 338 ; D f ry o ra e 21
i ig
.
, , ,

m lk n 2 6 0 ; m ilk-re co rd s D 229 ;l 28 9 ry - o t ,

i ig vi
.
, ,

m lk s n s 1 9 7 ; m ilk e ns D 1 97 ; tt i f d 5 6 ry m a er n oo 2
pp y g D lp p
.
, , ,

o r d e r o f su l in fo o d 2 1 2 ; p a r 09 ua -
ur o s e co w 3
i 4 p b i g D b j k y 37
.
, ,

tu ritio n t m e 2 8 ; la n o f r e e d n u m oc e 1
p iv p i 4 y i 47 4
, , ,

2 37 ro du ct e er od D
2 6 ; p ro J u ro c e rse sw ne

t ti g f fli q lity 9 D t h B lt d ttl 6
.
, , ,

ee n 5 ro m e s, 21 ; ua 1 3; u c e e ca e, 2 2
t i d ft bi th 336 i gi g h
.
,

re a ne a er r ; r n n t e

b ll 6 4 pl ti 4 E ki g h p 40 i 50
,

u 2 ; sa m e ra o n s, 22 ; ar m ar n s ee 2 ; sw ne 2
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.
, , ,

s e a so n to d E re e 69 2 ; se e c on an cz e m a 1
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.
, ,

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ki g
, , , ,

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f di g
.
,

35 5 ; su mm 5 E er 56 ee n 21 ; te m n e m a s, 1
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.
,

p e ra m en t, 1 h ; 35 es n a ss o c a o n s, n s s re o rs e

t b l i 34 E vi
.
,

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i f ity 45 t i g
.
,

un o rm 3 B t 852 ; w a er n 21 ; ro a s,

i t f di g 6
.
, ,

w n er ee E nth 8 21 s cu c eon 19
D i y d i y Ev i f h b 338
.
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a r ( co w ttl ) see a r ca e e rs o n o t e w om

D i y h d 38 ( d i y 4 bi g ti 4 l b
. .
,

a r er ttl )
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.
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.
,

a s S F k 3 9 on 07 ra n 2 ; ar ur on 12 ; re nan

D i 40 p d tiv p i d 4
.
, , , ,

a v so n D G H 39 0 r 07 1 ; ro uc e er o ; se a so n
46 b d 407
. . . .
, , ,

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t o eu m 2 to re e

i g 35 4 i f h p 38 7
, .
, .

D h
e o rn n E xe r c se or s ee

b t8
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.
, .
, .

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. .
, ,

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ye, se a s e s O

D v b ll 344 47 4 4
.
, ,

e on u 8 1 1 ; s o re 1 0
Di lv 34 i f l
.
, .
, ,

a rr h 73 i
ea 1 ; n ca e s, 1 ; n oa

b 4 b 3 6 f di g 3
, ,

1 15 i l
; n a m F ll l 16 a am s, 9 ; ee n 96
D i ki M i
.
, . ,

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c n so n 36 0 F
er n o, 309 a r m e r s co w

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.
.
,

cu ar ur F f ttl 3
on 3 a rm s or a en n ca e 22
D ig ti 4 4 di t i ifl i g F i g i 49
.
, . ,

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4 di g
.
, , ,

8 . F 33 a t , re a n ,
2 .
 I ND EX 5 37

Fa tt en n i g ca ttle 28 4; sh e e p 38 8 ; p ity
ur 37 5 ; q lity
ua 37 3 37 ; 4
4 4 4y
, , , , , ,

s w dn e , 78 . t
so f n e ss , 37 ; so u n dn e ss , 37 ; o lk ,

F e cu n dity ( s e e p ro lifi ca c y ) 37 6
y i p t ti g
. .

F e e d-a lle 267 Fl e s ro e c n c o w s fro m , 2 1 5

b p ig p
, . , .

F e e d- u n k 32 3 ; la fo r m , 32 7 t F lo ck, fe e d n , 38 0 ; ( se e she e )
F e e d— i
. .
,

ca rr e r 2 6 7 F lo o rs , 2 6 8
ig 4 ig tib t i t g 4
. .
,

Fe e d co o k n 70 d es le n u r e n s F lu shi n , 07
gi i g 4 b 4
.
, ,

526 ;
“
fu ll 296 ; r n d n 69 ; F ly - la n ke s 1 8 t
it it bi t
.
, , ,

ls 5 2 6 ; m e a s u re s 5 2 5 ; m x u re F ly - l s e r 1 5 6
b p 4 4
.
, , ,

fo r la m s 39 2 ; ra cks S h e e 36 ; F ly -kill e r 1 8
i g4 ig t t 14
.
, , , ,

so a k n 6 7 su ccu le n 2 1 7 w e h s , Fl t y
-n e 8 s,

f 1 1 3 f di g
.
, ,

F l 1 3 oa 1 2, 1 1 ; ca re o ; ee n

it ig 8 g i f 1 9 ill 5
, , ,

F d
ee e rs , w n 7
er n 2 2 11 ; ra n or, 1 ; s, 11 ; co n

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.
,

ee n im l 37 an ia s, i di h a - ee 1 ; s t pa t o n , a rr ea na e n ec on

b f ttl 7 5 b f ttl ilk f

, , ,

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p t 84 b di g h d 4 i g 19
, ,

a s u re 2 7 ; re e n er 2 ; w ea n n 1
p ity F d 37 p iti 38 5 6 h
.
, , ,

ttl f l l k t 93 m 2 co m 2
b hyd t 4
ca e or o ca ar e ca ac oo ; os on as

g i 47 0 p ity i 4p t i
, , , , , ,

a m on sw 39 ne 0 f ; ca ac n ca r o ra e s, a t, 1 ro e n

84 d i y d i y p it i f
, , , , ,

cre a se d lf 25 39 ; t 39 d
a r ca 2 1 a r w a e r, ; an co m os on o

ttl 03 d i y ttl i ilk 0 ki g f 4

, , ,

ca e, 2 ; a r h ca 9 e n su m m e r, m 21 ; co o n or o rse s , ;
d i y it i g 49 dig tibility 44 5 6
,

21 5 ; ttl i a r 6 ca e n w n e r, 21 ; cu r n ; es 2 ;
g 7 q ip t f 00 p
, , ,

d ry f o ra e d 21 tt ; e d 5
u m en o r su m ry m a er to 1 ou n s, 26 ;
q ip t f i t fl v i ilk
,

m e r, 3 22 ; ff t e u m ff ten or w n e r, e ec s on a or n m 212 ; e ec

f d b fl k p t g ff
,

3 6 2 ; k 3 3
ee h - un ff t 2 ; t e oc on e rce n a e o a t, 21 1 ; e ec on

38 0 fl k i fl k i q tity f ilk 1 ff t f t t l
, ,

; oc 38 n su mm e r, 1 oc n u an o m 2 2 ; e ec o o a

i t 38 6 f hi gh p d ti li d i i lk ti g f
,

w n e r, ; or f m ro uc on so s n m 2 1 1 ; er en n or

h if 4 i li i g tit t i
, , ,

2 22 ; h t 3 he 56 h e 9 f e r, 22 ; o r se s , ; o r se s , e rt z n co n s u en s, n

g i b f ttl p t e 8 5
ra n to ee 000 p ca d 5 6 f ti 4 h
e on as ur 2 ; 1 ou n s, 2 un c o n s, 1 as

g i b 4 b hyd t 43 f 43
, , ,

ra n ttl i l to 89 l
ca e n o t, 2 ; am s, 2, ca r o ra e s, a t, p ro
47 l g h 4 t i 4 t 4 g i di g 4 8 li t
, ,

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p iti 1 1 m ilki g 14 ti t 4 pply

, , , ,

a rtu r on 5 6 2 ; 6 d f n co w 2 ; 2 ; nu r en s, ; or er O su

p p ti f i
, ,
”
l ff f d
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m u e s, 67 35 3 i; 57 O ee ; on n g, 212 ; re a ra on o r sw ne

p t 3 4 pig 500 h p 37 7 46 qi t f b f 8
, , ,

a s u re 2 ; s, ; s ee ; 9 ; re u re m e n s or ee 2 1 ;
h p i b lt 39 9 h p i qi i lk 03 q i
, , ,

s ee n co rn t f e ; s ee n re u re m e n s or m 2 re u re

h p i W t 39 8 t f h p 37 9 qi
, ,

E t 39 9
as ; s ee t n es ; m en s or S ee ; re u re m e n s

il g 48 qi df
, , ,

s a 8 e, t i
21 i t 28 9 f ; i s e e rs k n w n e r, ; or sw ne 6 ; re u re or w or

i 46 7 5 6 t i g 44
, ,

l t f d
su c cu e n 7 ee s, 21
37 d ; sw ne ; ; s eam n ; u se , ; u se

y gf l 7 b by b f 9 tti g 4
, ,

ou n oa f 11 9 or a - ee 2 2 ; w e n

F di g t b f ttl F t
. .
, , ,

ee n d d 5 -
s an f ar 67 k d h f
1 ; 6 or ee ca e oo c o rn s , 1 ; cra c e oo s, 1 8
d i y ttl 04 f h h p 4 4
, , ,

8
2 2 ; f or l a r 65 ca i 0e 2 ; or t e a m e n e ss , 1 ; ro t n s ee ;
g id
, ,

h o rs e ,57 0 ; f m d 1 67 e re u e s, 21 ; or w ou n s,

h p 38 0 f i 46 8 g k 38
.

s ee F ; o r sw ne o ra e ra c s, 2
h p 5 34
. .
, ,

F t i h
’
ee 7 2
9 35 2f 3 F ; ca r e o 1 1 ; S ee s, o r e - a rm s n o rse s , 2
h i g q t i b f ttl 0 i
, , , , , .

3 88 ; s oe 3 nF 1 2 o re - u a r e rs , n ee ca e 2 1 ; n

d i y ttl 9 4 i h p 37 0
.
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e oc s 6 n o rse s , 2 a r ca e 1 ; n s ee

F v bi li hi ppi g
. .
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e e r, 78 ou s, 78 F l h th 1 80 ; s n 1 ou S ea 1
F i lly b di g 1 03
. .
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re e n F d 17 ou n e r,

Fi i g
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r n 57 1 F t 60 r a c u re 1
b ight di
.
, .

Fl e e ce 37 2 ; 37 6 F r 1 n e ss ,
°
co n r a se r 22
ti 37 5 i p 37 4 d ity 37 3 F i li g y t 2 1
, .

on ; cr m ; en s r a se r S so n s s em 2
th 37 3 l t 37 6 k p 37 5 F
, , , , .

l en g , ; h h h
u s e r, 87 ; em , ; re n c co a c o rse , .
5 38 I N DE X

F re n ch dra f ho rs e , 1 1 1 t b a ck- b d, 1 7 ; 4 fitti g h t co lla r ,

it g i g
an n
5 ; fitti g pp 47
e
4
.

F ru - ro w n 1 00 1 n cru e r, 1
i
.
, .

F u ll fe e d , 2 9 6 Ha rtl n e F ra n k 337
v ig i
.

Ha r e st n t m e 4
, , .

8
b i b
,

iy
.

G a l ra th Ale x 30 He a d e e f ca ttle 2 00 ; da ttle

yb 4; h p
r ca
i
, .
, ,
, .

G a llo w a u ll 31 2 19 o rse 23; sh e e 36 8 ; sw ne,

4
.
, , ,

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i g
.
, .

G a lto n s La w 8 0 He a r n 1 6
’

b Wi ig
.
,

He a rt s D e l ht F a rm 4
.
,

G a m e tta lks 8 7 ’
18
4 v
.
,
, .

G a m m on 66 He a e s 1 7 6
g 4 p
.
, , .

G a r e t i n ca ttle 3 0 ; she e He chtn e r C S 31 2

ig
, , , , . .
, .

s v dn e 5 23 He ife r fe e d n 2 2 3
iv g
.
, , .

G e n e ra t e o r a n s 331 He n g e rv e ld D e K o l 8 6
i b 4 iy g ig
.
,
, .

G e sta t o n t a le c a ttle 2 9 ; h o r se He rd d a r 2 38 ; ra d n 2 39
p 4 i
-u
p,
4
, , , , ,

1 08 ; S he e 08 ; sw n e 95 (se e ttle )
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ca
4
4 iy
, , .
.

G ff o rd Sto ckw e ll 3 He re d t 8 3
ii
.
, , .

G ll s A R 81 He re fo rd co w 306
i 4 i q iy
. . .
, , .
,

G l sta 2 3 H n d u a rte rs i n da r ca ttle 1 9 5

-

i iy 4 i y b ig
, .

H n n 1 2 5 ; re e d n 1 2 4
.
,

G l sta fa m l 2 3
g i g b ig
.
, , .
,

G o a ts a n d do s 37 7 H tchi n d o u le 1 39 ; s n le 1 39
i 4 ip i
.
,

H s i n sw n e 4
, , , .

G o o dw n , J o hn 88 62
p
.
,

Hip stra s 1 4
.
,
'

G o o dw i n J S 2 9 8 -
7
pp
. .
, , .

Ho cks 2 8 36 ; ca e d 1 6 4
.
,

G o u ba u x 1 0
iy ippi g q ip
, .

m e n t 5 045 09
, , , .

G ra de d a r h e rd 2 39 Ho g d - n e u

ig g i gb
, .
, , .

G ra d n 89 Ho s fo llo w n e e f ca ttle 2 9 5 ; ( se e
ig b 4
.
, ,

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sw ) ne

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.
, .

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r es a n ca e 2 05
g 4 g 4
.
, , .

G ra ss fa tte n i n
, 2 8 ; tu rn i n to , , Ho o d F a rm
2 5 , .

28 5 Ho o f ca re o f , 1 31 ; cra c ke d , 1 68 ; O il,

v q
.
,

G ra e l 1 7 1 31 ; u a rt e r cra ck, 1 6 8 ; r a e Of t
i ig 4 4 g
.
,

G r n d n fe e d 6 9 ; fo o d 8 r o w t h , 1 32 ; sa n d cra c k, 1 6 8 ; to e

pp
.
, ,

G ri e , 1 78 cr a ck 1 6 8 ; ( se e ho r s e )

ig 4
. .
,

G ro o m n th e ho rse 1 2 7 Ho rn e d D o rse t r a m 18
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.
, .
,

G ru e ls fo r fo a l 1 1 8 Ho rn s in e st m a t n a ge , 1 89 ; re

g 55 4
.
, ,

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y b ti ti o
.
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, ,

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i b
.
, , , ,

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G u e r, 2 6 9 Am e r ca n sa ddle r 97 ; Ara 6
i
.
, ,

asthm a 1 7 6 ; a z o u r a , 1 7 9 ; ba d t
b
,

Ha ckn e y c o a ch ho rse , 22 , 79 ; co b , m o u th 1 37 ; a rre n n e ss , 1 09 ; b e d

p y ig bitti g i
,

on 79 d n , 1 2 9 ; Be lg a n , 5 8 ; n

b t b i 4
, . ,

Ha e cke r 2 06 1 37 ; la n ke s , 1 30 ; le m sh 1 ;
Ha lte r tra n n 1 34 iig b y b ig
, .
,

r e d e a ch e a r, 9 6 ; re e d n , 9 6 ;

b
Ha m le to n a n 1 0 8 4 i b ig y y b
.
,

re e d n t w o - e a r fi ll re e d

Ha m e -tu g 1 4 b i
, , . ,

6 t
i n g s o ck 9 9 ; r o ke n w nd 1 76
p i
Ha m sh re she e 4 00 4 p pp d lb
, .
, ,

88 ca 6 e 7 e o w s, 1 ; ca r e , 1 2 ; c a re
Ha m s 4 63 4 t h 74 h
, , .

66 O f t th 1 8 ee 2 ; ca a rr 1 ; c oos

Ha rn e ss ca r n fo r 1 4 ig ig i g h vy 9 h
, , .
, ,

8 ; c le a n n in 3
g, h ; c oos n ea 2 ; c oos

4 4 light lippi g lipp d

, , , ,

1 9 ; 9 ro o m 1 in g 0 8 2 ; c n 12 ; c e

i g 1 41 ; dj ti g h m t g h i l g C ly d d l
.
, , ,

H a rn e s s n a us n a e- u a r 8 on 30 e s, 12 ; es a e ;
146 ; bi t 1 4
2 ; b 14 tip ti 1 74 li
, , ,

th 7 re a s a r n e ss , co n s 17 a on ; co c, 2 ; co

b i dl 1 42 ; lt ( lt) ; fitti g p tiv b di g 9 8 i bbi g 5

, ,

r e, co see co n o e ra e re e n , ; cr n , 1 ;
 4
5 0 I N D EX

t
fra c u re s 1 6 0 ; fo o 1 6 5 ; i n te rfe r t M e a su re of fe e d 5 2 5
v bli ig ig i ti 4; b thi g
, , , .

i n g 1 6 6 ; o e rre a ch n 1 66 ; r n Med ca on 15 a n 1 56 ; s
b hi g 4 i fly
, , , ,

on es 1 5 8 ; sho u ld e r 1 6 2 ; s det d d 56 d e rs , an re 1 ; re n c n 15 ;
b pi t fii g p i
, , , ,

on es 1 5 8 ; s l n s 1 5 8 ; s ra n s 56 t l 55 e n e m a s, 1 ; e x e rn a 1 ; r n

y li d p i t hyp d i
, , , ,

1 61 sw e e n s ho u ld e r 1 62 57 ne an o n 1 ; o e rm c,

g pi i g 5 4 li i t 1 5 5 l ti
, ,

t ho ro u h n 1 6 1 ; w n d - a lls 1 6 1 5 1 ; n m en s, ; o o n s, 15 ;
i iti i t t 1 5 5 pl t 5 7 p l
, , .

La m n s 1 7 O n m en s, ; a s e rs , 1 ; ou

p ti
.
,

La m a s 1 7 0 1 55 ce s ,

it ig 4 M di i d i i t i g 1 54
. .
,

L a rd — h o g w n e r fe e d n 81 e c ne a m n s er n

typ 4 M i i 37 5 A typ 36 4
.
, , , , .

La rd e 53 A er no, m e r ca n ; e ;
g i i 4 B t yp 36 5 C typ D l i
.
, , ,

La r e Yo rks h re S w n e 65 3 5 e ; e 6 ; e a ne

36 4
.
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Le a n t o 1 53 36 0 ; ra m
4 M i lk li g
. .
, ,

Le e t C ha s Ja s 38 l t 3 59 co o s ru m 11 ; co o n 2 ;
p it i
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i 4
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sw n e 63 f t f f d f ff t f ef ec O oo on a t, 21 1 ; e ec O

q t it y 1
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.
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.
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i 44 i qi di g
.
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.
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L n co ln she e 9 33 ce n a e a t, 2 ; sa m n 2 2
i b ig it y 5 7 ig f i lki g
.
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ii t i lk f lv
.
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itt i b ti t t f lv
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.
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g hi li g b ttl
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M i lk— l
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ig M i lk f v d i y
, . .

Lo t 32 7 ; d ry 2 8 9 ; fe e d n 28 9 ; ttl 338 -
e e r, a r ca e ; m a re

p vi g q ti h p 4 4 i
, , , , ,

ho g 5 09 ; a n 32 7 ; u a ra n ne 8 3 111 ; s ee ; sw ne 52
p4 M i lk h
.
, , , ,

5 1 0 ; s he e 38 5 -
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M i lki g 60
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n 2
M hi ilki g 6 0 M i lki g — h i
.
,

ac n e s, m n 60 2 n m ac n e s, 2
M i t ti M i lk i
.
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a n 50
e n a n ce ra 1 8 o n s, - m rro r , 9
g t b f ttl 3 0 d i y M ilk il 46
. .

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O 2
h p 4 M i lk k pi g
.
, , ,

ca ttl 5 7 h e 2 7 2 ; d 9
o rse s , 30 12 ; s ee 2 ; -re c o r s, 22 ; ee n 2 °

vl 3
, , ,

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s ee 2 1 ; a ue 2 2
M g l f h p 38 7 M i lk ig
. .
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an e s or s ee 97 -
S n s, 1
M g M i lk v i
. .
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an 67 e rs , 2 97 -
e n s, 1
M pl b li d 1 8 1
. .

a d 79
e w oo M oon- n n e ss ,

b ti 1 1 0 b M g 94
. .
,

M a re 0 1 3; ah or on ; a rre n or an o rse

b d 65 il t f 6 4 i p t
.
, , ,

n e s s, 09 1 l t M th
; ro o ; co o s ru m ou a m en s o 1 ; m o r a n ce

f di g 6 5 g d p 70
, , ,

m ilk f f l 3 or f o a s, 36 l 11 ; ee n ; O a oo one 1 ; a m a s, 1 ;
p t i ti t i 1 1 0 ig 47 i 5
, ,

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ti b d 07 M y H A 05
.
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m e,1 0 h 2 ; w en t o t ry to re e 1 o e r, 2
M k t bl d it i M d f v
. . . .
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ar e a 97 e co n 1 69 on , 2 u e e r,

d i ti 67 1 4 1 5 di g 4
. .

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ar e f t
co n 2 99 l l M l on o b s e e rs , ; o ca u e s, 2 2 ; re e n 12 ;
f di g 6 7
, , , ,

293 ee n

M k t g d i g 1 00 M t d pl t
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ar e - ar en n 57 , . us ar a s e r, 1 .

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M ti g 8 h p 4
.
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a n 07 1 ; s ee

O ti 3 0 46
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M y Di f A i N ti l M i
.
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a es l 5 se a se s o 360 n ma s 1 1 . a on a er no, .
 I NDE X 5 1 4
i l St k
Na t ona oc man an d F a rm e r, 6 7 sco u rs 5 00, thu m p s 500 ; so w ea ti n g
N v l i f ti 4 i g 5 00
.
,

a e n ec on 116 97 ; w ean n

N vi l d i Pi k
.
, , .

a cu a r se a s e 17 n 8-e
ye 1 1
P i i g i h p 46
.
, . .

N k
ec 63 s o re 1 nn n n S ee 1
N t fly 4 f d b
.
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4 84
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5 4
4 I N D EX

j u dgi n g 4
53; lo t 5 09 ; m a n a e g T o e -cra ck, 1 32 1 6 8
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m en t
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sco u rs 52 1 , t hu m s 5 2 2 ; P o la n d h ch n d o u le 1 39 ; h ch n
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r n n 7 ; ro o n , 7 ; ro o s , 38
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s co u rs 5 2 1 ; s e a so n t o re e d 92 ; T u e rcu lo s s 3 3 3 5 ; Ba n m e ho d
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4 ig 4 i t t 4 t i ti
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4
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i p 4 4 4 ttl 34 g g t i h p 448
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812 d ; e ca e f 73 f 1 1 ; se a se c a re oo : n s O unc

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 RU R AL S CIENCE SERIES
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S e le cti o n of La n d, e tc .

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Da iry W o rk Fa rm Che m i stry e tc , ,

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He n ry H Wi n g s M i lk a n d Its P ro du cts
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J G Li p m a n s Ba cte ri a a n d Co u n try Li fe
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Eco n o m i cs an d O rga n i z a ti on
I . P . R o b er s t ’
The Fa rm e r s Bu s
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i n e ss Ha n d b o ok

G e o rge T Fa . i hild rc
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s R u ra l W e al th an d W e lfa re

T HE M AC M I L LAN C O M PAN Y
Pu bli sh e rs 64—6 6 F i fth Av en u e Ne w York
 T HE RUR AL T EXT BO O K
— SERIES
EDITED BY L . H
. BAILEY

A se r i
Of b o o ks prim a rily in te n de d fo r the stu de n ts i n
es i
a gr cu l u r t al c o l e e s,
l g bu t
e xce e di n gly u se fu l to a n y o n e w ho is w i lli n g to give th e su bj e ct s e ri o us s udt y .

NO W R EAD Y OR HV PR E SS

The Pri n ci pl e s o f So i l Ma n a ge m e n t
BY T . L . LYO N AN D E . O . FI PPIN

An i n t e re s ti n g , e a sily un to
d e rs od
g e n e ra l d i i
sc u s s o n o f so il s, dra i g
na e, m u lc h
in g , i igrr a ti on , m a n u re s, fe rti li z e rs, e tc . A b ook w h i ch ev er y fa rm e r sh o u ld

t y
s ud .

Clo th, 1 2 771 0 , 5 31 pa ges , i llu stra te d, 5 n et

So u the rn Fi e l d Cro ps
BY J . F . DU G G AR
De c . l
c o th, illu s tra te d, Ie m o , 5 7 9 pa ges , 5 n et

Pl a n t Physi o l o gy
BY B M . . DU G G AR
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TO BE ADDED TO THE S ER IE S LATER

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. .

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Co tto n BY R .
J H
. D E . LO AC H

VO L U M ES O N PLANT BR EEDI NG , PLAN T P ATHO LO G Y,

AND S PECI AL PHAS ES O F F AR M LI F E

WI LL PR O BABL Y BE AR R ANGED F O R AT AN EAR L Y DAY

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S e le ct i on of La n d , e tc .

T h o m a s F Hu n t s Ho w to C ho o s e a Fa rm
’

$1 75 net

W i i i i
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Hilga rd s S o ils T he r F o rm a t o n a n d R
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E . . e la t o n s to C l m a te an d
Pla n t G ro w th
Isa a c P . R o b e rts 5
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F H K i ng s
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T L L y on a n d E O P pp n s T h e r n c ple s o f o l M a n a ge m e n t
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O l a rd ste rh o u t 5 g r c u ltu re fo r S cho o ls o n th e ac

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Da ry i Work
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C M Aikm a n s M lk
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Pla n t Di se a se s , e tc .

G e o rg e M a ss e e 5 la n t D se a s e s
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A S . . Pa c ka rd s A T e xt '
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H B i y s Pla n t Bre e di n g
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H B i a le y 5 T he S u rviva l o f th e U n li ke
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H B i a le y 5 T he Evo lu ti o n o f O u r Na tive F ru i ts
. .

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Ha rw o o d s Ne w C re a ti o n s 1 n Pla n t Li fe
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On Econ om i cs and Orga n i tiza on

J M c Le n n a n
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L H Ba le y s T he
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S ta te an d the F a rm e r
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n e ss Ha n d ook

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S E S pa rl n g s Bu sin e s s O rga n za t o n
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L ra r y I n clu d e s a cha pte r o n Fa rm ng

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K a te V . S t M a u r s A S e lf-s u ppo rt
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K a te V S t M a u r s T he Ea rth 5 Bo u n ty
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i
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On Ev e ry th i ng Agr cu ltu ra l i
H B i y s Cyclo p e di a i
Am e r ca n Agr i
’
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V ol I Fa rm s, C l m a te s , i an d S o ls i V o l II I Fa rm An m a ls i
iy
. . . . . .

V o l II . . Fa rm C ro ps . V o l IV . . T he Fa rm a n d the C o m m u n t .

C o m ple te in fo u r ro y a l 8v o v o lu m e s, wi v th o e r 2000 i llu s tra t i on s

Pi
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f
r ce o s e ts c lo th , $ 20 n et ha lf- m o ro cc o , $ 32 net .

F or f u r the r inf or m a ti on as to a ny o f the a ho v e ,

a ddr e ss the pu hlishe r .

T HE M AC M I LLAN CO M P ANY
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Ho w to Ke e p He n s fo r Pro fit
BY C S V ALENT INE Cloth, I llu s tra ted, 1 2 m o, $1 n et
. .

50
i b i
.

T he w e a lth tha t is s u re to c o m e h a s lo n g fro m

e e n a d e lu s o n to the cre d u ch cke n s
lo u s a n d a su bj y i
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g u re s c a n lie
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o n stra tin g th e i vi b
ta le n e ss o f r che s if o n e o n l i y
s ta rte d to ke e p h e n s , th e re is a n
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a n ce to a ll w h o ha e the o ppo rtu n v to ra s e o u ltry Mr ity i p
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e e n dr e n b y th e w ld s ta te m e n ts o f o th e rs to the o
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o f th e w ho le fie ld is b o th e xte n s e a n d a cc u ra te ; the iv
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m a n w h o w sh e s - to d e r e fro m it a c o n s de ra le ivo rt o n o f his n c o m e i b p i i .

A Ma n u a l o f Pra cti ca l Fa rm i n g
BY DR ’
JO HN M C LENNAN Cloth I llu stra ted
, , 1 2 m o, n et

In th i iv v
s a ttra ct m e , w h ch is llu stra te d o lu i
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e n te rta n n g tre a t s e , b o th fo r th e a m a te u r a n d the pro fe s s o n a l As its t tle n d ca te s ,

v i i i i i
.

the bo o k d e o te s tse lf to th e pra c t1 ca l s d e o f th e m a t e r ; a n d by e l m n a t n g u n n e c t

y y D M
e s sa r th e o r , c Le n n a n h a s fo u n d s u ffi c e n t spa c e to co e r a ll th e
pro le m s tha t i v b
i y p
r .

the o rd n a r fa rm e r is co m e lle d to fa c e .

Ma n u a l o f Ga rde n i n g
BY L . H . BAILEY Cloth, I llu s tra te d, 1 2 71 1 0, n et

Th i s n e w w o rk is co m bi i n a t on a n d vi i f th e m a i pa rts o f tw o o the r b o o ks by
i P i i
a re s on o n
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the G a rd e n M a k n g a n d
sa m e a u th o r, ra c t ca l G a rd e n Bo o k, to g e the r w th m u c h
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n e w m a e r a l a n d th e re su lt o f th e e xpe r e n ce o f te n a dd e d Am o n g t e i y h
m
b p i b ti i
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w h o co lla o ra te d in th e re pa ra t o n o f th e o h e r tw o o o ks a n d w ho se c o n r b u t o n s t
ha e v b e e n fre e l y i
u se d i n th s o n e , a re C E Hu n n , a g a rd e n e r o f lo n g e xpe r e n ce
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P ro fe sso r Ern e s t a lke r re a re d a s a co m m e rc a l fl o r1 st ; ro fe s s o r L R T a ft a n d P

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bj
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su t
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Ho w to Gro w V e ge ta bl e s
BY ALLEN FR ENC H
Ne w e di ti on . De cora te d clo th I llu s tra te d , ,
1 2 m o, 5 n e t; by m a il,
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d I t d t f n g in o u r n o rth e rn c l m a te a re d e ta le d a n d e xpl c 1 t

i iv b i i i
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a n d w ll b e o f n a lu a le a ss sta n c e to th o se w h o fo llo w th e m n te ll g e n tl Boston y .

T he i n stru ct o n s a re i
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te rs e p v v y i
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ra c t ca l ty a n d c le a rn e ss o f dirc e iv P i i
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—
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ti o n ar e the d o m n a n t n o te s o f M r Fre n c h s o o k Br o ohly n .

’
.

T HE M AC M I LLAN CO M P ANY
Pu bli she r s 6 46 6 F i fth A -
v en u e Ne w York