Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-xxx-xxxxx
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RESEARCH ARTICLE-CIVIL ENGINEERING

Effect of Partial Replacement of Crushed Stone Dust Filler with

Waste Glass Powder in Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete Production
Destaw Kifle a,1, Emer Tucay Quezon b,2, Abel Tesfaye a,3
a CivilEngineering Department, Faculty of Technology, Debretabor University, Debretabor, Ethiopia.
b Civil& Construction Engineering and Management Streams, Ambo Institute of Technology, Ambo University, Ambo, Oromia
Region, Ethiopia
c Highway Engineering Stream, Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University,

Ethiopia.

Received: _xxx_April 2020 / Accepted: xx___2020

©
The Author(s) 2020

Abstract

The use of waste recycled materials in road construction nowadays considered a positive means of providing improved pavement
performance. This research focused on evaluating the effect of waste glass powder as a partial replacement of crushed stone dust
filler in hot mix asphalt. Three hot mix asphalt samples produced using crushed stone dust of 5%, 6.5%, and 8% as mineral filler
with five different bitumen content of 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, and 6%, respectively. From the preliminary series tests of asphalt
contents, a 6.5% crushed stone dust filler selected, providing the highest stability of waste glass powder. The content of crushed
stone dust filler replaced with a rate of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% to test Marshal stability to obtain the Optimum bitumen
content and Optimum filler content. Results indicated at 75% replacement of crushed stone dust with waste glass powder at 5.10%
bitumen content, 12.0kN Marshall stability value, 2.84mm Flow value, 4.0% Air voids, 72.3% VFB, and 2.360g/cm 3 Bulk density.
Hence, the mixture of 75% waste glass powder by weight of crushed stone dust filler meets the minimum requirements of the
Ethiopian Road Authority and Asphalt Institute Specifications.

Keywords: Crushed stone dust, Hot Mix Asphalt, Marshal stability, Optimum filler content, Waste glass powder.

1 Introduction
research into new and innovative uses of waste materials is
One of the alarming threats to the environment is the extensively encouraged. Many highway agencies are
accumulation of waste materials such as rubber, glass, conducting a wide variety of studies and research projects
metal, plastic, etc. As the population increases, the volume concerning the feasibility, environmental suitability, and
of waste is rapidly increasing, and the disposal of waste has performance of using recycled products in highway
to be increased proportionally [1]. construction. These studies tried to find an adequate
The. The disposal of that large quantity of wastes, combination of the need for safe and economical disposal of
especially non-decaying waste materials, becomes a waste materials and the need for satisfactory and cost-
problematic issue in developed and developing countries effective pavement materials. Recycled materials used in
worldwide [2, 3]. If a large amount of waste or by-product road construction nowadays provided a favorable option
materials generated used instead of natural materials in the considering sustainability sources of materials but also as an
construction projects, three benefits could be derived: attractive materials option in means of providing
conservation of natural resources, disposing of waste satisfactory performance in service [5].
materials (which are often unsightly) and freeing up There were considerable numbers of literature that
valuable land for other uses [3, 4, 5]. Local government had been published on the reuse of solid waste considered
bodies are struggling with the capacity of municipal solid raw ingredients in Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) [6].
waste. Recycling is one of the most suitable and economical Generally, there are three ways to announce waste material
ways of disposing of solid waste materials. With ever- into HMAC. One advent is to introduce the waste material
decreasing material supply and increasing prices, there has used as a modifier to the asphalt binder. Studies indicated
been a renewed interest in reusing the waste materials in that, when asphalt binder modified with the addition of
many fields of construction [4, 5]. rubber, polymer, and many other waste materials, HMAC
Waste material recycling into useful products has exhibit better properties [6, 7]. The other advancement is
become the leading solution to waste disposal problems. So, substantial waste material use as a replacement of

1 E-mail address: destkif@dtu.edu.et

Mobile No.:+251-920-062-912
2 Corresponding author. E-mail address: emer.tucay@ambou.edu.et
Mobile No.:+251-931-222-925
3 E-mail address: abel.teesfaye@ju.edu.et
Mobile No.:+251-913-022-787
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-xxx-xxxxx
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conventional fillers and aggregates in HMAC. Conclusions bitumen as binder material. Crushed stone dust filler and
from several studies confessed the importance of the filler aggregates were obtained from IFH Engineering PLC
used in asphalt concrete [8-10]. Construction Quarry site around Kaliti area four different
Further, it is accepted worldwide that the natural filler sizes: 14-25mm, 6-14mm, 3-6mm, and 0-3mm. The asphalt
can be replaced with any suitable material, either natural or cement of 85/ 100 Penetration grade also obtained from IFH
artificial. The third method used additives such as polymers engineers PLC batching plant. Waste glass bottle collected
and fibers to HMAC in addition to the binders and from Addis Ababa Glass and Bottles Shear Company's
aggregates. The performance of Hot mix asphalt with PET waste bottles stockpile. Specimens of the waste glass bottles
and HDP in stone mastic asphalt tested in many studies [10, such as white, amber, and green bottles were collected.
11]. The mechanical properties of asphalt concrete depend
on the properties of fillers and bitumen. Modifications of 2.2 Tests on Materials
asphalt paving materials that have high-quality additives are
quite costly for the production of bituminous mixtures of The experiment is based on laboratory testing of materials
road construction. To reduce the impact of this problem is as the primary approach to achieving research goals. All the
by considering the application of natural mixture testing conducted using equipment and devices available in
ingredients [12, 13]. the laboratory of IFH Engineering PLC. Laboratory tests are
One of the major concerns in the mix designing is the divided into several steps, which started with an evaluation
type and amount of filler used, which is known to of the properties of used materials such as mineral filler (i.e.,
profoundly affecting the mix design, especially the crushed stone dust and waste glass powder), mineral
optimum asphalt content. The amount of filler used in the aggregates, and bitumen. Aggregate quality test performed,
plant mixes will be a factor in changing the properties of the including the Los Angeles Abrasion test, sand equivalent,
blend produced [14]. In some studies, it revealed that the flat and elongated particles.
replacement or addition makes the mix better. Some
conventional construction materials like lime, cement, 2.2.1 Physical Properties Mineral Filler
granite powder are commonly used as filler in asphalt
concrete mixture worldwide. Cement, lime, and granite Mineral fillers contain finely divided mineral matter such as
powder are expensive and used for other purposes more rock dust, slag dust, hydrated lime, hydraulic cement, fly
effectively [15-16]. ash, loess, and other suitable mineral materials. Aggregate
In this study, the effect of waste glass powder using passing 0.075 mm sieve, will serve as filler materials. The
as partial replacement of conventionally used filler material filler fills the voids, stiffens the binder, and offers
such as crushed stone dust in hot mix asphalt concrete permeability [17, 18].
evaluated. The laboratory experiment performed on The fillers used in this study, namely crushed stone
samples at different percentages of the first conventionally dust and waste glass powder. Laboratory tests performed to
used crushed stone dust filler by replacing with a waste evaluate the physical properties of each type of filler, which
glass powder to determine the Marshal Stability, flow, and consisted of the gradation parameters, Plasticity Index, and
volumetric properties by the Marshall mix design method. Apparent Specific gravity. Table 1 shows all kinds of fillers
passing the sieve No.30, No.50, and No.200 that conformed
2 Materials and Research Methodology with the range specified by ASTM D242. Both crushed
stone dust and waste glass powder are Non-plastic (NP),
2.1 Materials with the apparent specific gravity of crushed stone dust of
2.725, while the waste glass powder of 2.653. The apparent
The materials used for this study, are crushed stone as specific gravity of the waste glass powder sample is slightly
coarse and fine aggregate and 85/ 100 Penetration grade of lower than the crushed stone dust.

Table 1 Physical Properties of used mineral filler

% Passing
Sieve No. ASTM D242
Waste Glass Powder Crushed Stone Dust
No. 30 100 100 100
No. 50 100 100 95-100
No. 200 100 100 70-100
Plasticity Index NP NP <4
Apparent specific gravity 2.653 2.725 --

properties. AASHTO, ASTM, and BS standards considered

2.2.2 Mineral Aggregate Tests and preparation for the methods of tests for road construction for dense
graded asphalt. The mineral aggregates used in the research
Aggregates (mineral aggregates) are hard, inert materials were subjected to various tests to determine their physical
such as sand, gravel, crushed rock, slag, or rock dust. characteristics and suitability for use the road construction;
Aggregate gradation, shape, surface texture, water multiple tests conducted, and the results are presented in
absorption, resistance to crushing, and impact loads have a Table 2.
significant impact on a shear strength hot mix asphalt
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-xxx-xxxxx
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Table 2 Physical properties aggregate

Test Result ERA
Test Test Method Specification
14-25mm 6-14mm 3-6mm 0-3mm
Bulk dry S.G 2.626 2.618 2.610 2.610 --
Bulk SSD S.G AASHTO T 85-91 2.675 2.667 2.661 2.667 --
Apparent S.G 2.761 2.753 2.749 2.767 --
Water absorption, % BS 812, Part 2 1.9 1.9 1.9 -- <2
Sand Equivalent, % AASHTO T176-86 76.8 -- -- -- >40
Flakiness Index BS 812 Part 105 22 -- -- -- <45
ACV, % BS:812 Part 110 12 -- -- -- <25
LAA, % AASHTO T 96 13 -- -- -- <30

2.2.3 Combined Gradation of Mineral Aggregates to get the proper gradation within the allowable limits
according to ASTM specifications using the mathematical
Asphalt mix requires the blending of two or more trial method. The Summary of combined gradation of
aggregates, having different gradations, to produce an aggregates and the specification criteria for asphalt binder
aggregate blend that meets the gradation specifications for coarse is given in figures 1, 2 & 3 for the three types of
asphalt mix. Available aggregate materials, coarse gradations based on three varying percentages of filler
aggregate (14-20mm), intermediate aggregate (6-14mm and 5.0%, 6.5% and 8.0% with 19mm maximum aggregate size
3- 6mm), fine aggregate (0- 3mm) and filler, were integrated designed from percent passing.

100 100
Percentage Passing (%)

80 80
Percentage passing

60 Upper 60 Upper

40 Lower Lower
40
Middle Middl
20 20 e
Combind
0
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sieve Size (mm) Sieve Size (mm)

Fig. 1 Combined aggregate gradation for 5% Mix Fig. 2 Combined aggregate gradation for 6.5% Mix

100
90
80
Percentage Passing (%)

70
60
50 Upper
40
Lower
30
Middle
20
Combined
10
0
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
Sive Size (mm)

Fig. 3 Combined aggregate gradation for 8% Mix

Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-xxx-xxxxx
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2.2.4 Asphalt Binder Selection and Test procedure specified by AASHTO standards. A series of
tests performed, such as penetration, specific gravity,
Bitumen acts as a binding material to the coarse and fine softening point, ductility, and solubility in carbon
aggregates, and stabilizers in bituminous mixtures. Binder tetrachloride for the basic characterization properties of
provides durability to the mix. The asphalt binder used in penetration grade asphalt. The test requirement of ERA
this study with a penetration grade of 85/100. The physical specifications and table 3 presented the summary of the
properties of the asphalt binder determined according to the various features of the 85/100 penetration grade binder.

Table 3 Properties of the 85/100 Penetration Grade Bitumen

Recommended
Test Method Test
Properties Unit (ERA Specification
(AASHTO) Results
for 85/100)
Penetration (25oC, 100gm, 5.0sec) (0.1mm) T 49 90.7 85-100
Softening point (oC) T 53 48.8 42-51
Ductility(25oC) (cm) T 51 105 >100
Solubility (%) T 44 99.74 >99%
Specific gravity at (25oC) (g/cm3) T 228 1.017 -

3 Results and Discussion weight to determine the Optimum filler and the bitumen
content at each three-filler content. Table 4-6 indicates the
3.1 Marshall Test Results and Discussion properties of mixtures at their various bitumen content for
mixes with different percentage of crushed stone dust filler
The Marshall properties of specimens prepared with varying content. Marshall design criteria for heavy traffic, minimum
content 5.0%, 6.5%, and 8.0% of crushed stone dust as filler stability must be 7.0 kN at 60oC, flow value must be ranged
by weight of aggregate together with varying bitumen between 2mm to 4mm, percentage of Air voids must be
contents. A total of 45 samples, each one of them weighs ranged between 3%-5%, a minimum VMA related to 4% air
1200 grams, were prepared using five different bitumen voids, the nominal maximum particle size of 19mm must be
contents of 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, and 6.0% of total 13, and VFB must be ranged between 65% to 75% [19].

Table 4 Average volumetric properties of the asphalt concrete with 5.0% CSD filler
Bitumen Content by ρA VIM (%) VMA (%) VFA (%) Stability (kN) Flow (mm)
weight (%) (g/cm3)
4.0 2.320 6.5 14.9 56.0 7.9 2.73
4.5 2.348 4.7 14.3 67.0 8.6 3.08
5.0 2.354 3.8 14.5 74.1 8.7 3.38
5.5 2.359 2.8 14.8 80.8 9.0 3.75
6.0 2.351 2.5 15.5 84.1 7.9 4.12

Table 5 Average volumetric properties of the asphalt concrete with 6.5% CSD filler
Bitumen Content by ρA VIM (%) VMA VFA (%) Stability (KN) Flow (mm)
weight (%) (g/cm3) (%)
4.0 2.311 7.5 15.2 50.8 8.2 3.02
4.5 2.328 6.1 15.0 59.4 10.6 2.64
5.0 2.356 4.2 14.4 70.8 11.1 3.31
5.5 2.373 2.8 14.3 80.5 9.9 3.37
6.0 2.377 2.1 14.6 85.3 9.6 3.44

Table 6 Average volumetric properties of the asphalt concrete with 8.0% CSD filler
Bitumen Content ρA VIM VMA (%) VFA (%) Stability (kN) Flow (mm)
by weight (%) (g/cm3) (%)
4.0 2.301 8.0 15.6 48.9 7.9 2.12
4.5 2.326 6.3 15.1 58.6 8.6 2.92
5.0 2.343 4.9 14.9 67.5 9.9 2.58
5.5 2.355 3.7 14.9 75.6 9.7 2.73

6.0 2.363 2.6 15.1 82.8 9.4 2.56

3.2 Determining Optimum Bitumen Content Marshall test used to examine the specimens of asphalt
mixture with different percentages of bitumen content,
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-xxx-xxxxx
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which were 4.0%, 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, and 6.0% to obtain the determine the values for Marshall stability, Flow, VMA,
optimum bitumen content. The optimum bitumen content VFA, and percent of Voids filled from each of the plots in
determined by the method of the National Asphalt figure 4. Each value compared against the specified value
Pavement Association (NAPA) in which they suggested by for that property. If all values are within the specified range,
preparing plots, as shown in figure 4. The optimum bitumen the bitumen content at 4 percent Air voids is the Optimum
content is calculated first by finding the bitumen content, bitumen content [20]. Based on the laboratory result, the
which corresponds to median air void content, at 4% of the optimum bitumen content is 5.10%, at 4% Air voids with a
ERA Specification. Said bitumen content was then used to corresponding 6.5% of Crushed stone dust (CSD) filler.

2.430
9.0
y = 0.5534x2 - 8.3332x + 32.106 2.410 y = -0.0107x2 + 0.1425x + 1.9087
8.0 R² = 0.9916
2.390 R² = 0.9814
7.0

Bulk Sp.g.
6.0 2.370
5.100, 2.357
VIM(%)

5.0 5.10, 4.00 2.350

4.0 2.330
3.0
2.310
2.0
2.290
1.0
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 Bitumen Content (%)
Bitumen Content (%)

16.5 11.5
16.0 y= 0.4x2 - 4.4006x + 26.516 11.0
15.5 R² = 0.869 10.5 y = -2.0361x2 + 20.771x - 42.048
Stability (kN)

15.0 10.0 R² = 0.9317

VMA (%)

14.5 9.5
14.0 5.10, 14.48 9.0 5.10, 10.93
13.5 8.5
13.0 8.0
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Bitumen Content (%) Bitumen Content (%)

90.0 3.80
y = 18.016x - 20.736 3.60 y = 0.3127x + 1.594
80.0 R² = 0.9853 R² = 0.9618
3.40
70.0 3.20
VFA (%)

5.10, 71.15
Flow (mm)

5.10, 3.19
60.0 3.00
2.80
50.0
2.60
40.0 2.40
3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
Bitumen Content (%) Bitumen Content (%)
Fig. 4 Optimum bitumen content (OBC) and the properties of mixtures with 6.5% CSD filler

3.2.1 Comparison of OBC at percentage mix proportion respectively, in which all the results are within the
of Crushed Stone Dust (CSD) filler specification. The flow values of all the mixes respective to
OBC stayed in the specified range of 2-4mm. It was
Table 7 illustrates the Marshall properties of the mixes observed that asphalt mixes with all three-filler content
corresponding to three varying filler content. The Optimum produce a satisfactory result, as suggested in the ERA
Bitumen Content (OBC) of 5.0 %, 6.5% and 8.0% CSD Pavement design manual. As a result of the experimental
filler indicated 4.84%, 5.10% and 5.34%, respectively. The study, 6.5% crushed stone dust samples provided higher
Marshall stability values of mixes containing 5.0 %, 6.5%, stability than the other mixture. Hence, the optimum
and 8.0% CSD filler were 8.84, 10.93, and 9.79kN, bitumen content requirement in case of 6.5% crushed stone
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
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dust filler is almost the same as for 5.0% crushed stone dust On the other hand, a 6.5% crushed stone dust selected for a
and less bitumen than 8.0% crushed stone dust mixtures, as replacement filler material for further tests considering its
shown in table 3.4. All the mixtures compared, and it was Stability, OBC, and Flow that are obtained satisfactorily of
found out that 6.5% crushed stone dust samples showed the established criteria. So in this study, the replacement of
higher stability than all other mixtures. So, the result of the mixture for laboratory test considered a 5.10% OBC and
6.5% crushed stone dust considered as Optimum filler optimum filler content of 6.5% filler content.
content based on the maximum Marshall stability test result.

Table 7 Comparison of OBC and Marshal properties at three percentage of mix proportion
Crushed Stone Dust (CSD) Filler content by weight (ERA, Pavement Design
Properties
5.0% 6.5% 8.0% Manual)
Bitumen, % 4.84 5.10 5.34 4-10%
Air void, % 4.00 4.00 4.00 3-5%
VMA, % 14.38 14.48 14.90 Min. 13%
VFA, % 70.09 71.15 72.43 65-75%
Stability, kN 8.84 10.93 9.79 Min. 7kN
Flow, mm 3.30 3.19 2.63 2-4mm

3.3 Relationship of Marshall Properties with waste 100% by weight of CSD filler with WGP filler. Hot mix
glass powder filler material asphalt mix with no waste glass powder filler served as the
control mixture for the subsequent laboratory tests. The
The effects of replacing various proportions of the primary obtained asphalt concrete mix samples with the waste glass
used filler with the Waste Glass Powder (WGP) filler on powder denoted by using WGPAC abbreviation, formed by
Marshal stability, flow, and volumetric properties of a the initials of "Waste Glass Powder Asphalt Concrete." The
typical binder course asphalt concrete are evaluated. On the samples were numbered from WGPAC 1 to WGPAC 4
basis of determining the amount of optimum bitumen based on percentage value, starting from 25% to 100%
content of 5.10% and optimum content of 6.5% crushed WGP.
stone dust filler replaced at four incremental 25, 50, 75, and

Table 8 Mix Proportion of Asphalt Concrete mixtures using different filler contents and their proportions used aggregate
Coarse Fine % of
Sample Intermediate aggregate % of Crushed
aggregate aggregate Waste Glass
Name size Stone Dust by
size size Powder by
weight
14-20mm 6-14mm 3-6mm 0-3mm weight
Control Sample 5.5 27.0 20.1 40.9 6.5 (100%) 0 (0%)
WGPAC 1 5.5 27.0 20.1 40.9 4.875 (75%) 1.625 (25%)
WGPAC 2 5.5 27.0 20.1 40.9 3. 25 (50%) 3.25 (50%)
WGPAC 3 5.5 27.0 20.1 40.9 1.625 (25%) 4.875 (75%)
WGPAC 4 5.5 27.0 20.1 40.9 0 (0%) 6.5(100%

Marshall properties of asphalt mixes with Waste glass five glass powder content of 0%, 25%, 5%, 75%, and 100%
powder (WGP) at constant bitumen content of 5.10% are by weight of Crushed stone dust filler, and 5.10% Bitumen
summarized in table 9. A total of 15 Marshall specimen of content by the weight of the total mix.
mixtures, each of them weighs 1,200gms prepared using

Table 9 Average Marshall Properties of Asphalt Mixes with WGP at 5.1% OBC
Replacement Content CSD & WGP filler ρA VIM VMA VFA Stability Flow
(in %) g/cm3 (%) (%) (%) (kN) (mm)

0 6.5%CSD & 0%WGP 2.350 4.2 14.8 71.3 10.1 3.26

25 4.875%CSD &1.625%WGP 2.352 4.3 14.7 70.8 10.4 2.96
50 3.25%CSD & 3.25%WGP 2.356 4.1 14.6 71.8 11.0 3.12
75 1.625%CSD &4.875%WGP 2.360 4.0 14.4 72.3 12.0 2.84
100 0%CSD & 6.5%WGP 2.355 4.2 14.6 71.1 10.3 3.10

3.3.1 Marshall stability –Glass powder content Marshal stability value of the mixtures increased as the glass
relationship powder content increases until it reaches the maximum
Figures 5 showed that all values of Stability with the stability of 12.0kN at 75% glass powder content. Beyond
replacement of WGP filler content had achieved the this point, it started to decline.
specification requirements. The figure indicated that as the
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13.0 3.30 3.26

12.0
12.0 3.20
3.12 3.10
11.0
11.0 3.10
Stability, KN

10.1 10.4 10.3

Flow, mm
3.00 2.96
10.0

9.0 2.90 2.84

2.80
8.0
2.70
7.0
2.60
6.0
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Replacement rate of WGP
Replacement rate of WGP
Fig. 5 Relationship between Stability and replacement rate of WGP fillers Fig. 6 Relationship between flow and replacement rate of WGP fillers
at constant bitumen content of 5.10%. at constant bitumen content of 5.10%.

3.3.2 Flow – Glass Powder Content Relationship

3.3.3 Bulk Density – Glass Powder Content
The Flow value limit must be minimum at 2 mm, and a Relationship
maximum at 4 mm for heavy traffic [17]. The flow of
replacing mixes oscillates around the value of the control Figure 7 shows that the bulk density increases with an
mix, which was 3.26 mm. It means the value was in the increase in waste glass powder content until it reaches the
range of ERA Pavement Design Manual specifications at all maximum bulk density at 75% glass powder content, and it
replacement rates. When considering figure 6, the lowest started to decline. So, the maximum bulk density
flow value was obtained at the point of 2.84 mm for samples determined value of 2.360 g/cm3 at 75% glass powder
prepared and tested with 75% of WGP (i.e., 1.625% CSD content, and the minimum bulk density of 2.350 g/cm3 at
filler and 4.875% WGP), a maximum flow value which was 0% glass powder content.
3.26 mm for the sample prepared with 0% of WGP (i.e.,
6.5% CSD and 0% WGP).

2.362 2.360 4.4

4.3
Bulk Specific Gravity

2.360 4.3 4.2

2.358 4.3 4.2
2.356 2.355
Air Void (%)
(g/cm3)

2.356 4.2
2.354 2.352 4.2 4.1
2.352 4.1
2.350
2.350 4.1
4.0
2.348 4.0
2.346 4.0
2.344 3.9
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Replacement rate of WGP Replacement rate of WGP
Fig. 7 Relationship between bulk density and replacement rate of WGP Fig. 8 Relationship between Air voids and replacement rate of WGP
fillers at constant bitumen content of 5.10%. fillers at constant bitumen content of 5.10%.

3.3.4 Air voids (Va) – Glass Powder Content which was seen as the median value of local and
Relationship international specifications.

It must be emphasized that the design range of air voids 3.3.5 Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA) – Glass
from 3%-5% was the desired level after several years of Powder Content Relationship
traffic. The mixes that ultimately consolidate to less than
3% can be expected to show signs of rutting and shoving; a The relationship between glass powder content and voids in
similar problem like brittleness and premature cracking can mineral aggregates is shown in figure 9. It is noticed that the
occur if the final air void content is above 5% [18]. It was voids in mineral aggregates decrease with increased glass
noticed that the Air void content for the replaced mixes from powder content up to a minimum value; it increases at
0% - 100% glass powder filler, all values within the range higher content of glass powder. The minimum VMA value
of 3% - 5% as specified by ERA Standard, Pavement Design is 14.4% of asphalt samples that were prepared with 1.625%
Manual. On the other hand, from figure 8 indicated at 75% CSD and 4.875% WGP. The voids in mineral aggregates
glass powder content (i.e., the sample prepared by 1.625% value are all within the permissible limits specified in the
CSD and 4.875% WGP, the air voids percentage was 4%, ERA Pavement Design Manual.
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
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14.8 14.8 72.5 72.3

14.7
14.7
VMA %

72.0 71.8
14.6

VFA %
14.6 14.6 71.5 71.3
71.1
14.5 71.0 70.8
14.4
14.4 70.5

14.3 70.0
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Replacement rate of WGP
Replacement rate of WGP
Fig. 9 Relationship between VMA and replacement rate of WGP fillers at Fig. 10 Relationship between VFA and replacement rate of WGP fillers
constant bitumen content of 5.10%. at constant bitumen content of 5.10%.

3.3.6 Percent Voids filled with Asphalt (VFA)–Glass control mix was lower than the 75% of the replaced mix.
powder content relationship This result was due to more effective bitumen content that
was present in the mix to fill available voids between the
The relationship between glass powder content and voids inter-granular spaces.
filled with asphalt is shown in figure 10. Voids filled with
asphalt, the value increased with an increase in replacement 3.3.7 Summary of properties of asphalt mix with
rate of glass powder until it reaches the highest VFA value various glass powder content
at 75% Waste glass powder (WGP). It was noticed that the
VFA for replaced mixes with 0% to 100% glass powder, all Table 10 indicated that each of Marshall's stability, bulk
are within the range of 65% - 75% specified by ERA density, and VFA increase as the glass powder increases.
Pavement Design Manual. At 75% replacement rate of glass The Flow values, air voids, and void in mineral aggregates
powder content, the VFA in the mix is the highest value decreased as the glass powder content increases.
indicating the lowest air void for the mix. The VFA for the

Table 10 Marshall Properties of Asphalt Mixes with different WGP filler content
Waste Glass Powder (WGP) Content
Material Properties
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
% of Bitumen 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10 5.10
Stability (kN) 10.1 10.4 11.0 12.0 10.3
Flow (mm) 3.26 2.96 3.12 2.84 3.10
Bulk Density (gm\cm3) 2.350 2.352 2.356 2.360 2.355
% of Va 4.2 4.3 4.1 4.0 4.2
% of VMA 14.8 14.7 14.6 14.4 14.6
% of VFB 71.3 70.8 71.8 72.3 71.1

3.4 Determination of Optimum Glass Powder Content range of specifications, at an optimum bitumen content of
5.10%. Hence, 75% was adopted as the optimum content of
Asphalt mix with the calculated optimum content satisfied glass powder.
the maximum stability, maximum bulk density, Va within
the allowed range of specifications. From figure 10, it could 3.4 Comparison of properties of asphalt mix at
be noticed that all values of Marshall stability for various optimum GPC with local and international
glass powder content satisfied the local and international specifications
specifications, which were in the minimum of 7.0kN and
8.006kN, respectively. However, the maximum stability The comparison of Marshal and volumetric properties of
corresponding to 75% of glass powder content found out to asphalt mix at optimum glass powder indicated the content
have 12.0kN. Figure 3.4 showed the values of bulk density of 75% by weight of the optimum crushed stone dust filler
at various glass powder content and the maximum bulk with local and international specifications. Table 11 showed
density obtained at 75% glass powder content. While in the asphalt mix with an optimum glass content of 1.625%
figure 3.5, it showed that all the values of air voids CSD and 4.875% WGP by weight from the total component
percentage at various glass powder content at 75% Waste of aggregates or only 75% by weight of crushed stone dust
glass powder filler content, the corresponding air voids filler satisfying the requirements of Ethiopian Road
value was 4.0%, which is the median air voids in the Authority (ERA) Pavement Design Manual 2002, and the
specifications. Asphalt Institute Specifications for all tested properties.
On the other hand, the mix obtained using 25% CSD Therefore, the use of glass powder with a maximum
and 75% WGP met the standard in terms of maximum replacement of 75% WGP by weight of crushed stone dust
stability, maximum bulk density, and Va within the allowed filler or 4.875% by weight of aggregate is advisable.
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-xxx-xxxxx
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 11 Comparison on the Properties of Asphalt mix with Optimum WGP

ERA Standard Asphalt Institute
Asphalt mix Specifications Specifications
Marshal Method
replaced by Traffic Heavy Traffic Heavy
Mix Criteria Remarks
75%WGP
Min Max Min Max
No. of blows 2*75 2*75 2*75
Stability (kN) 12.0 7.0 - 8.006 - Satisfied
Flow, (mm) 2.84 2 4 2 3.5 Satisfied
Va, % 4.0 3 5 3 5 Satisfied
VFA, % 72.3 65 75 65 75 Satisfied
VMA, % 14.4 13 - 13 - Satisfied

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4 Results and Discussion
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