Name : Mohd Firdaus bin Wahab

Matric No : SEM 090036

Experiment : Mechanical Testing with LRX/LRX5K Material testing Machine

Objective

1. To determine the Young’s Modulus of elasticity of aluminium,copper and plastic .

2. To calculate forve by applying the extension by stress and strain .
3. To measure and investigate the difference between the stress and strain .

Theory

Tensometer is a highly versatile testing system using for test

 Elongation and tension strength

 Shear and compressive strength
 Flexural stripping and tearing resistance hardness
 Hardness, ductility and plasticity

This device also used to evaluate the Young’s modulus how much it stretches unders strain of a
material. It’s possible to test a material to its breaking point.

Strain is the fractional change in the dimensions of a body produced by a system of forces in
equilibrium different bodies show distinct differences in their behavior

For metal, when they stretched beyond its mastic limit and its cross section is reduced, its
structure broken down and the surface appear to be an amorphous layer of flowed material.
This flowed layer becomes proportionally thicker with repeated drawings and the density,
hardness and elasticity of the material are profoundly changed .

The longitudinal stress produced by the applied forces in terms of force per unit area. Young’s
modulus is defined as the ratio of the lobgitudinal stress to the longitudinal strain

The parameter below are can be used to determined ,

  Elastic Modulus : (E) = stress (σ)/strain(ε)
 Strain : (ε) = ΔƖ/Ɩ˳
 Stress : (σ) = F/A˳
 True Strain : εt = ln ( li/l˳) = ln (1+ε)
 True Stress : σt = F/Ai
 Strain Hardening Coefficient :

σt = Kεtn or log (σt) = log(k) + n log (εt)

Procedure

1. Before the experiment done we need to get some samples of materials :

1.1. Computed tensile – meter
1.2. Aluminum foil
1.3. Plastic film
1.4. PE film
2. The materials are cut to specific shape like a ‘ dog boene ‘ as to fit the grips.
3. After all the specimens are ready, all the specimen wide and length were measured for a few times
and put at the grip tensile equipment.
4. The tensile equipment must set at the zero reading before the experiment started.
5. By referring at the user manual of LRX/LRX5K the tensile equipment was set-up.
6. The materials was tested until it broke up and the graph of measurement were plotted
automatically.
7. The experiments were repeated using the different specimen.
8. The result for each calculations were compared for every specimens.

Data and Results

Date Time Sample Sample Reference Gauge Length (mm)

27/1/2011 11:55:12 AM Plastic PE(II)-4 108.03
27/1/2011 12:05:09 PM Plastic ( PE4-I) PE4-I 100.00
27/1/2011 12:16:35 PM Plastic ( PE3-1) PE3-I 104.50
27/1/2011 12:32:53 PM Plastic ( PE3-II) PE3-II 102.85
27/1/2011 12:24:11 PM Plastic ( P3-1) P3-1 104.80
27/1/2011 2:49:33 PM Plastic ( PE3-II) PF III 98.50

Width (mm) Thickness (mm) Area (mm²) Speed (mm/min) Break

20.90 0.21 4.389 30 TRUE
20.40 0.18 3.672 30 TRUE
20.35 0.18 3.663 30 TRUE
19.45 0.18 3.501 30 TRUE
20.30 0.10 2.030 30 TRUE
23.50 0.08 1.880 30 TRUE

Stiffness (N/m) Young's Modulus (MPa) Load at Maximum (N) Extension at Maximum (mm)
44472.11430 1094.628049 68.76116766 2.348787942
10222.98124 278.403628 27.75119360 2.890878109
9092.11421 259.384640 28.83968260 99.42135153
9561.50440 280.891382 30.58099500 102.8405794
9571.75229 494.147606 47.85887902 62.81441357
3731.40849 195.501987 23.71163157 20.85585024
 Tensile Strength Percentage Strain at
Work to Maximum (J) Load at Break (N)
(MPa) Maximum
15.66670487 2.174199706 0.113180856 68.76116766
7.557514597 2.890878109 0.060908748 25.30911514
7.873241224 95.14004931 2.490694762 28.80951826
8.734931447 99.99084047 2.697761134 30.51331095
23.57580247 59.93741753 2.45417221 47.85887902
12.61256998 21.17345202 0.435799089 21.26847894

Extension at Break (mm) Stress at Break (MPa) Percentage Strain at Break Work to Break (J)
2.348787942 15.66670487 2.174199706 0.113180856
73.23848849 6.892460551 73.23848849 1.748608048
99.52019546 7.865006349 95.2346368 2.493543899
102.9884014 8.715598673 100.1345663 2.70227668
62.81441357 23.57580247 59.93741753 2.45417221
21.90102946 11.31302071 22.23454767 0.460046654

Tensile Energy to Break Breaking Factor Load at Offset Yield Extension at Offset Yield
(MJ/m³) (N/m) (N) (mm)
0.238705824 3290.008022 65.79223111 1.561659229
4.762004489 1360.352627 21.30686079 1.306023809
6.514240815 1417.18342 24.61417658 1.862622957
7.50470122 1572.28766 26.00738541 1.913110358
11.53579988 2357.580247 28.2890892 2.188110877
2.484321491 1009.005599 14.45294069 1.390367273

Stress at Offset Yield Percentage Strain at Offset Load at Yield

(MPa) Yield Work to Offset Yield (J) (N)
14.99025544 1.445579218 0.059863843
5.802522002 1.306023809 0.020542982 11.13964251
6.719676926 1.782414312 0.032935985 27.94210091
7.428559101 1.860097577 0.035237775 29.4762332
13.93551192 2.087892058 0.042655535 30.42874186
7.687734408 1.411540379 0.017237659 23.71163157
Extension at Yield (mm) Stress at Yield (MPa) Percentage Strain at Yield Work to Yield (J)

0.088220323 3.033671708 0.088220323 0.000917968

2.924971638 7.628201178 2.799015922 0.061238215
3.015290418 8.41937538 2.931735943 0.066227368
3.191697558 14.98952801 3.045512937 0.072514065
20.85585024 12.61256998 21.17345202 0.435799089

Load at Lower Extension at Lower Stress at Lower Percentage Strain at Work to Lower
Yield (N) Yield (mm) Yield (MPa) Lower Yield Yield (J)

10.77598343 0.116167467 2.93463601 0.116167467 0.001219807

22.52340534 6.921607022 6.148895806 6.623547389 0.161327092
24.15023318 8.315192702 6.89809574 8.08477657 0.203751038
29.83688162 4.690273547 14.69797124 4.475451857 0.117628537
Graph Presentation

T ensi l e Setup
20.9 m m

108.0 m m
0.210 m m

pl asti c

Sample Reference : PE(II)-4

Load (N)

Offset Yield
70

Break and Maximum

60

50 Tensile

40

30

0.210 m
20

plastic

10 Greatest Slope

-0

-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0

Extension (mm)
 T ensi l e Setup
20.4 m m

100.0 m m
0.180 m m

pl asti c ( PE4-I)

Sample Reference : PE4-I

Load (N)
30

Maximum

Break

Offset Yield

20

Tensile S

Lower Yield
Yield
Greatest Slope
10

0.180 m

plastic ( P

-0

-0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Extension (mm)
 T ensi l e Setup
20.4 m m

105.0 m m
0.180 m m

pl asti c ( PE3-1)

Sample Reference : PE3-1

Load (N)

30
Maximum
Yield

Break
Offset Yield

Lower Yield

20

Greatest Slope

10

-0

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Extension (mm)
 T ensi l e Setup
20.3 m m

105.0 m m
0.100 m m

pl asti c ( P3-1)

Sample Reference : P3-1

Load (N)

70

60

50

40

Tensile Set
30 Offset Yield

20

Greatest Slope
10

0.100 mm
-0
plastic ( P3-1

-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0

Extension (mm)
 T e n si l e Se tu p
1 9 .4 m m

1 0 3.0 m m
0 .18 0 m m

p l asti c ( PE3-II)

Sample Reference : PE3-II

Load (N)

70

60

50

40

30
Offset Yield

20

Greatest Slope

10

-0

-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0

Extension (mm)
 T e n si l e Se tu p
1 9 .4 m m

1 0 3.0 m m
0 .18 0 m m

p l asti c ( PE3-II)

Sample Reference : PF III

Load (N)

70

60

50

40

30

20

Offset Yield

Greatest Slope
10

-0

-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0

Extension (mm)
Sample Reference Plastic

Break and maximum = 15.59 MPa, 2.17 %

Offset yield = 14.89 MPa, 1.45 %

Greatest slope = 2.13 MPa, 0.04 %

Stress,σ (MPa) against Percentage Strain ( % )

Stress (MPa)
25.0

20.0

Break and Maximum

Tensile Setup
Offset Yield
15.0

10.0

0.210 mm

5.0 plastic

Greatest Slope

-0.0

-0.0 5.0 10.0

Percentage Strain
Sample Reference PE4-I

Maximum=7.63MPa, 2.90 %

Offset yield=5.70MPa,1.34 %

Yield=3.05MPa, 0.08 %

Lower yield=0.04MPa, 0.08 %

Greatest slope=2.81MPa, -0.04 %

Stress,σ (MPa) against Percentage Strain ( % )

Stress (MPa)

15.0

10.0

Maximum
Tensile Setup
Offset Yield 2
5.0 Greatest Slope
Yield

Lower Yield
0.0

0.180 mm

-5.0 plastic ( PE4-I)

-10.0

-5.0 0.0 5.0

Percentage Strain
Sample Reference PE3-1

Yield=7.71MPa, 2.80 %

Offset yield=6.70MPa, 1.77 %

Lower yield=6.08MPa, 6.61 %

Greatest slope=3.52MPa, 0.33 %

Stress,σ (MPa) against Percentage Strain ( % )

Stress (MPa)
20.0

15.0

10.0 Tensil

Yield
Offset Yield
Lower Yield

5.0
Greatest Slope

0.0
0.180

plastic

-5.0

-0.0 5.0 10.0

Percentage Strain
Sample Reference PE3-II

Yield=14.98MPa, 3.06 %

Offset yield=13.90MPa, 2.05 %

Lower yield=14.74MPa, 4.49 %

Greatest slope=5.86MPa, 0.25 %

Stress,σ (MPa) against Percentage Strain ( % )

Stress (MPa)

25.0

20.0

Yield
15.0
Offset Yield

Lower Yield

Tensile Setup
10.0
20.3

Greatest Slope
5.0

105
0.100 mm
-0.0
plastic ( P3-1)

-0.0 5.0 10.0

Percentage Strain
Sample Reference P3-1

Yield=8.40MPa, 2.93 %

Offset yield=7.39MPa, 1.87 %

Lower yield=6.92MPa, 8.05 %

Greatest slope=4.04MPa, 0.43 %

Stress,σ (MPa) against Percentage Strain ( % )

Stress (MPa)

25.0

20.0

15.0
Ten

10.0
Yield
Offset Yield
Lower Yield

5.0
Greatest Slope
0.1

plas
-0.0

-0.0 5.0 10.0

Percentage Strain
Sample Reference PE3-II

Offset yield=7.72MPa, 1.41 %

Greatest slope=5.29MPa, -0.03 %

Stress,σ (MPa) against Percentage Strain ( % )

Stress (MPa)

20.0

15.0

10.0

Offset Yield

Greatest Slope
5.0

0.0

-5.0

-5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0

Percentage Strain
2 . Difference between elastic and plastic behaviour .

Elastic

Elastic means material acts like a spring. Any kind of strain that cause the elongation are instantaneous
recoverable and return to its original shape but if we give a stress more than elastic limit, the material
will lose their elasticity .

Plastic

Basically plastic are polymers that comes from many molecule to react. Plastic are different and not
elastic because if we put some strain it will not return t original shape and if we put more load it will
broke.

When a further load is applied to the specimen, the curve will rise continuously but
became flatter until it reaches a maximum. When the specimen is elongating, its cross-sectional area will
decrease.

3. Applications of tensile test are used to guarantee the quality of components, materials and finished
products within a wide range industries. Applications of using tensile testing in industry are

3.1 Automotive Industry - Quality assessment through tensile testing of exteriors fittings including:
bumper mouldings and trims, door and window seals, emblems and number plates, mirrors and
mud flaps.

3.2 Packaging Industry - Elongation of plastic packaging materials.

3.3 Plastics, Rubber and Elastomers Industry - strength of plastic components.

3.4 Textiles Industry - Strength testing of vulnerable seams.

Calculations

Stress (σt) / Nm-2 = F/A

PE(II)-4 = 0.0007800
PE4-I = 0.0003763
PE3-I = 0.0003920
PE3-II = 0.0004349
P3-1 = 0.0011738
PF III = 0.0006279

Strain ( ε ) / Nm -2= ΔƖ/Ɩ˳

PE(II)-4 = 0.02174200
PE4-I = 0.02890878
PE3-I = 0.95140049
PE3-II = 0.99990840
P3-1 = 0.59937418
PF III = 0.21173452

Tensile Strength / Nm-2= Max Load / Area

PE(II)-4 = 0.015666705
PE4-I = 0.007557515
PE3-I = 0.007873241
PE3-II = 0.008734931
P3-1 = 0.023575802
PF III = 0.012612570

Elastic Modulus / Nm-2 = Stress / Strain

PE(II)-4 = 0.035875237
PE4-I = 0.013015647
PE3-I = 0.000412009
PE3-II = 0.000434926
P3-1 = 0.001958326
PF III = 0.002965709
Discussion

 From this experiment, the graph that we obtained show that yield point means that the
point in the stress-strain curve at which the curve levels off and plastic deformation
begins to occur
 Offset yield strength is the stress that causes a specified amount of set to occur. That’s
mean at this stress the test piece exhibits plastic derformation equal to specific amount
after stress is subjected.
 The elongation-at-fracture, defines the percentage of elongation that has taken place at
the point when the line brakes.
 The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can be
subjected to before failure. It’s also known as the tensile strength of a material is the
maximum amount of tensile stress that can be applied to it before it ceases to be elastic
If too much force is applied the material will break or become plastic, i.e., once the force
exertion is stopped the material won't go back to its initial shape.
 Yield strength is the amount of stress at which plastic deformation becomes noticeable
and significant. Before reaching the yield point, the material will distort elastically, and
returns to its original shape when there is a repression and the stress is removed this is
what we called tensile strength. From that, we actually can know what is the differences
between yield strength and tensile strength.
 Maximum break in the graph represent above for each specimen means that the
maximum strain that the specimens can hold. If we put the more force to the specimens
so it will reach the breaking point and break.
 There are several ways in which crystalline and amorphous materials can be engineered
to increase their yield strength. By altering dislocation density, impurity levels, grain size
(in crystalline materials), the yield strength of the material can be fine tuned. This occurs
typically by introducing defects such as impurities dislocations in the material. To move
this defect (plastically deforming or yielding the material), a larger stress must be
applied. This thus causes a higher yield stress in the material. While many material
properties depend only on the composition of the bulk material, yield strength is
extremely sensitive to the materials processing as well for this reason.
 In this experiment, some precautions steps must be followed

i. The measurement must start from zero.

ii. Make sure to put the tip at the end of specimen to give a more grip and avoid
the specimen moving.
Reference

1. http://www.scribd.com/doc/29556452/Elements-of-the-Theory-of-Plasticity.
2. http://books.google.com.my/books?id=5uRIb3emLY8C&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq
=instantaneous+gauge+length&source=bl&ots=Oq4aYK7s_K&sig=rXyuU1BWVTc
43f4ERPaBiCrMFgQ&hl=en&ei=U7FQTbjnBYbxrQfl_4mTCA&sa=X&oi=book_resul
t&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false.
3. http://metals.about.com/bldef-Tensile-Strength.htm
4. http://www.fact-index.com/t/te/tensile_strength.html
5. http://www.tppinfo.com/defect_analysis/yield_strength.html