Comparative Policing Chapter 1 - Part 2

MODULE 2
II. Broken Windows Theory
The term “Broken Windows” comes from the metaphor used to describe this
concept: “If a window is broken and left unrepaired, people walking by will conclude
that no one cares and no one is in charge.” This theory says that the little things
matter. The “broken window” is a symbol of unaccountability. If one window in a
building is broken and left unfixed, it is likely that the rest of the windows will be broken
soon, too. The idea is that people—specifically potential criminals—take cues from their
surroundings and calibrate their behavior based on what they see.
III. Problem-oriented policing
This is an approach to policing in which discrete pieces of police business (each

consisting of a cluster of similar incidents, whether crime or acts of disorder, that the
police are expected to handle) are subject to microscopic examination (drawing on the
especially honed skills of crime analysts and the accumulated experience of operating
field personnel) in hopes that what is freshly learned about each problem will lead to
discovering a new and more effective strategy for dealing with it.
The Key Elements of Problem-Oriented Policing
1. A problem is the basic unit of police work rather than a crime, a case, calls, or
incidents.
2. A problem is something that concerns or causes harm to citizens, not just the
police. Things that concern .only police officers are important, but they are not
problems in this sense of the term.
3. Addressing problems means more than quick fixes: it means dealing with
conditions that create problems.
4. Police officers must routinely and systematically analyze problems before

trying to solve them, just as they routinely and systematically investigate crimes before
making an arrest. Individual officers and the department as a whole must develop
routines and systems for analyzing problems.
5. The analysis of problems must be thorough even though it may not need to
be complicated. This
IV. Third party policing
“Third -party policing” describes police efforts to persuade or coerce third

parties, such as landlords, parents, local governments and ‘other regulators, and
business owners, to take some responsibility for preventing crime or reducing crime
problems. In third party policing, the police create crime control guardians in locations
or situations where crime control guardianship was previously absent. Sometimes this
results from cooperative consultation with community members. At other times, the
police use coercive threats, with the backing of a range of civil and regulatory laws, to
engage third parties into taking some crime control responsibility. Prosecutors,
individual citizens, community groups and regulatory agencies are all potential initiators
of third party crime control practices. For example, taxation laws regulate business
practices and give taxation agents the authority to compel businesses to adopt
accounting methods and procedures that reduce risks and the likelihood of business
fraud.
VI. Hot spot policing
Hotspot policing, is a popular policing strategy that addresses crime by

assigning limited police resources to areas where crimes are more highly concentrated.
Crime hot spots are small units of geography ‘with high rates of criminal activity. The
specific geographic area that makes up a hot spot varies across studies, ranging from
individual addresses or buildings to single street segments to small groups of street
segments with similar crime problems (e.g. a drug market), Hot spots policing, also
sometimes referred to as place-based policing.
VII. Evidence policing
Dr. James “Chip” Coldren presented a definition of evidence-based practice:

“Rather than. relying on conviction, . conjecture, or conventional’ wisdom, decision-
makers turn to the best available evidence about what does and does not work when
evaluating options and making © decisions. Evidence-based decision-making — is.
simply the routine and systematic application of the best available knowledge in order
to identify and choose the optimal approach in policy, management, and other applied
settings.”
II. Globalization and Law Enforcement
What is Globalization?
Globalization is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment,

information, ideas, and authority. Alison Bryskin a digest paper stated that Globalization .is the
growing inter-penetration of states, markets, communications, and ideas. It is one of the
leading characteristics of the contemporary world.
Assaults on fundamental human dignity continue, and the very blurring of borders and
rise of transnational actors that facilitated the development of a global human rights regime
may also be generating new sources of human rights abuse.
Definition of Globalization
 Globalization as internationalization. It describes the growth in international
exchange and interdependence. With growing flows of trade and capital investment
there is the possibility of moving beyond an inter-national economy, to a stronger’
version - the globalized economy in which, distinct national economies are subsumed
and rearticulated into the system by international processes and transactions.
 Globalization as liberalization. Globalization refers to a process of government-
imposed restrictions between countries in order to create an “open”, “borderless” world
economy.”
 Globalization as universalization. Global s used in the sense of being “worldwide”
and globalization is the of spreading various objects and experiences to people at all
corners of the earth. A classic example of this would be the spread of computer
television etc.
 Globalization westernization or modernization. (especially in an ‘Americanized’
form). Globalization is understood as a dynamic, hereby the social structures of
modernity (capitalism, rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, etc.) are spread the
word-over, normally destroying. pre-existing cultures and local self-determination in the
process.
 Globalization as deterritorialization (or as the spread of supraterritoriality).
Globalization entails a reconfiguration of geography, so that social space is no longer
wholly mapped in terms of territorial places, territorial distances and territorial borders.
Impact of globalization and new technologies on drug-related crime and

criminal organizations
1. Cybercrime: a definition
The term “cybercrime” covers many types of activities but essentially can be
used to describe violations of law that are committed and/or facilitated through the use
of electronic media. In comparison with ordinary crime, cybercrime requires few
resources relative to the damage that can be caused, it can be committed in a
jurisdiction without the offender -being physically present in it and, in many countries,
offences are inadequately defined or not defined at all; hence, personal risk and the
likelihood of detection are low
2. Impact on organized crime

Drug-related Organized Criminality has become more transnational and has been
restructured and decentralized; in other words, it too has globalized. Transnational
criminals do not respect borders in that, in carrying out their activities, they trail their
activities across several jurisdictions to minimize law enforcement risks and maximize
profit.
Drug trafficking groups utilize new technologies in two distinct ways:

a. to improve the efficiency of product delivery and distribution through the
medium of secure, instant communications;
b. to ‘protect themselves and _ their ' illicit operations from investigation by drug
law enforcement agencies, sometimes using techniques of counter-attack.
Future challenges to law enforcement
1. Opportunities for all forms of crime may increase as online communications and
commerce expand. The growth and interdependence of national economies will make it
easier for criminal organizations to blend their operations into legitimate economic
activity;
2. Transnational crime may increase as networks make cross-border crimes easier to

commit;
3. Organized crime may continue to exploit technological advances for offensive and
defensive purposes. The “IT warrior’ will become an indispensable component of
organized criminal groups.
4. Electronic money-laundering may increase with the growth of online financial service
companies, especially if measures against money-laundering remain a: low priority and
if offshore companies finance and continue to offer anonymity and Protection from
investigation. Underground banking systems will also enjoy greater security through the
use of information technology;
5. Drug-related crime may expand; such crime will be committed by a larger number of
people, many of whom will not be members of organized criminal groups, nor will they
fit to any criminal profile;
6. Minors may increasingly commit Crime involving information technology as new

generations achieve computer literacy at an earlier age;
7. Criminal organizations may exploit scientific developments in order to invest more

heavily in the production of synthetic drugs for the illicit market;
8. Law enforcement may have less capacity to conduct interception and surveillance
activities as drug trafficking organizations increasingly adopt encryption and other
means of concealment;
9. Jurisdictions without adequate laws against crime involving information technology

may become sanctuaries;
10. Traditional frameworks for extradition and mutual legal assistance may be stretched
to their limits.
Activity 2.
Read back on the 10 Future challenges to law enforcement.
1. What laws in the Philippines have been enacted or programs/ strategies have been
implemented to combat each problem. Give a brief explanation.
Example. For number 5- Due to extensive drug use and problems related to drug use,
aside from the implementation of RA 9165 through PNP and PDEA, Duterte’s
administration had been fighting drug users and drug pushers trough OPLAN TOKHANG.
2. If there are no applicable laws or programs, formulate your own strategy or propse a
law to address the enumerated challenges to law enforcement.

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MODULE 2

II. Broken Windows Theory

III. Problem-oriented policing

This is an approach to policing in which discrete pieces of police business (each

The Key Elements of Problem-Oriented Policing

4. Police officers must routinely and systematically analyze problems before

IV. Third party policing

“Third -party policing” describes police efforts to persuade or coerce third

VI. Hot spot policing

Hotspot policing, is a popular policing strategy that addresses crime by

VII. Evidence policing

Dr. James “Chip” Coldren presented a definition of evidence-based practice:

II. Globalization and Law Enforcement

Globalization is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment,

Impact of globalization and new technologies on drug-related crime and

2. Impact on organized crime

Drug trafficking groups utilize new technologies in two distinct ways:

Future challenges to law enforcement

2. Transnational crime may increase as networks make cross-border crimes easier to

6. Minors may increasingly commit Crime involving information technology as new

7. Criminal organizations may exploit scientific developments in order to invest more

9. Jurisdictions without adequate laws against crime involving information technology

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