Overview of The Botanical, Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of The Avocado Plant (Persea

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
Rivai et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632
Volume 9, Issue 11, 2602-2620 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357
OVERVIEW OF THE BOTANICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE AVOCADO PLANT (PERSEA
AMERICANA MILL.)
Gusti Ningsih1, Anzharni Fajrina1, Husnunnisa1 and Harrizul Rivai2*
1
College of Pharmacy (STIFARM), Jl. Raya Siteba Kurao Pagang, Padang 25147, Indonesia.
2
Faculty of Pharmacy, Andalas University, Limau Manih Campus, Padang 25163, Indonesia.
Article Received on ABSTRACT

19 Sept. 2020,
The purpose of this review is to obtain information to provide
Revised on 09 Oct. 2020,
Accepted on 31 Oct. 2020 knowledge that the avocado plant (Persea americana Mill) can be used
DOI: 10.20959/wjpps202011-17772 as an antibacterial, not only for its flesh and leaves. Avocado plant parts
such as roots, bark, fruit skin, and seeds are also proven to inhibit
*Corresponding Author bacterial growth. Search for information using a literature study by
Harrizul Rivai searching for sources or literature in primary data or the form of official
Faculty of Pharmacy,
books and international journals in the last ten years (2010 - 2020). The
Andalas University, Limau
keywords used were avocado, Persea americana Mill, antibacterial
Manih Campus, Padang
25163, Indonesia. activity, inhibition zone. Primary references are searched through
trusted websites such as Pubmed, ScienceDirect, NCBI, ResearchGate,
Google Scholar, Mendeley, and other published and trustworthy journals. The results of this
review indicated that the extracts of the roots, bark, leaves, fruit skins, pulp, and seeds of
avocado were active as antibacterial agents against several pathogenic bacteria. The leaf part
is the avocado plant that has the highest potential for antibacterial activity because it contains
secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and alkaloids.
KEYWORDS: Avocado, Persea americana Mill, antibacterial activity, inhibition zone.
INTRODUCTION
Avocado (Persea americana Mill) from the Lauraceae family is a plant that has medicinal
properties. This plant can grow in tropical and subtropical areas. The avocado plant is one of
the abundant plants in Indonesia. The abundance of avocado is shown by fruit production
data in Indonesia, where avocado production has increased from 2013 to 2014, with a growth
www.wjpps.com │ Vol 9, Issue 11, 2020. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │ 2602
percentage of 6.01 %.[1] Apart from being a delicious ingredient for public consumption, it
turns out that avocado has long been believed to treat infectious diseases.
Avocados are traditionally known to lower total blood cholesterol levels, prevent aging
symptoms, slow down the aging process, and skincare. Avocado leaves are empirically used
as a medicine for urinary stones, stomach pain, lumbago, headaches, high blood pressure,
nerve pain, irregular menstruation. Meanwhile, avocado seeds are used to treat toothache and
diabetes.[2] Avocado is a medicinal plant known for its antibacterial properties because of its
chemical compounds such as saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids in the fruit, seeds, and
leaves.[3] This review will discuss the botanical, phytochemical, and antibacterial activity of
the avocado plant parts.
DATA COLLECTION
In preparing this review article, the technique used is to use a literature study by searching for
sources or literature in primary data or official books and international journals in the last ten
years (2010 - 2020). Also, in making this review article, data search was carried out using
online media with the keywords Avocado, Persea americana Mill, antibacterial activity,
inhibition zone. This review article's primary reference searches were through trusted
websites such as Pubmed, Science Direct, NCBI, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Mendeley,
and other published and trustworthy journals.
BOTANICAL REVIEW
Scientific classification
The position of the avocado plant in the systematics (taxonomy) of plants is classified as
follows.[4]
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Superdivision: Angiosperms
Division: Spermatophyta
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Laurales
Family: Lauraceae
Genus: Persea
Species: Persea americana Mill.
Synonyms: Persea gratissima Gaerth
Morphology
The avocado plant is in the form of a woody tree that grows for years. The height of the plant
is about 10 m. The stems are woody, round, squiggly, branched, and dirty brown. Persea
americana Mill grows annually, in drier or colder regions, for several periods; it can lose
many leaves. Avocado plant branches are cylindrical, have many components, single leaves,
stem 1.5-5 cm long. Avocado plants have deep taproots and spread in all directions but are
sensitive to groundwater that quickly stagnates (muddy). Avocado plants grow well in well-
draining, slightly acidic soils rich in organic matter (Figure 1). The trunk is woody, round,
squiggly, branched, and dirty brown (Figure 2).[5]
Figure 1: Avocado Tree.[5]
Figure 2: Avocado Stems.[5]
Figure 3: Avocado Leaves.[6]
The leaves are generally reddish when young and turn smooth, challenging, and dark green
when fully developed. The leaf length ranges from 7 - 41 cm and has various shapes (ellipse,
oval, lanceolate). Single leaf blade elliptical to oval elongated, leaf length 10 cm, 3 - 10 cm
wide, tapered leaf base and tip, flat-leaf edge, sometimes slightly rolled up, green to brown or
purplish brown, pinnate, petiole 1.5 - 5 cm long; odorless, bitter and childish taste (Figure 3).
Figure 4: Avocado Flowers.[6]
The flowers are compound, panicle shape, androgynous, grow on the tip of a twig, 12
stamens, four-chamber anthers, dirty white, hairy crown, 1 - 1.5 cm in diameter, yellowish-
white (Figure 4).[8]
Figure 5: Avocado Fruit.[6]
The avocado fruit is oval to oval, 5 - 20 cm long, the skin is smooth with yellow spots with a
thickness of 1 - 1.5 mm, and the fruit's base is blunt or tapered. The young fruit is light green
and, after being old (ripe), turns dark green or reddish-green (Figure 5).
Figure 6: Avocado Flesh.[5]
The fruit's flesh is yellow or greenish-yellow; the meat's structure is thick when it is ripe soft
and green or purplish yellow (Figure 6).
Figure 7: Avocado seeds.[4]
Avocado seeds are round like a ball, 2.5 - 5 cm in diameter, reddish-white seed chips. The
seeds make up the fruit, consists of two soft cotyledons and a small embryo; they do not
contain endosperm. Seeds can be used as generative propagation material. The seed coat is
composed of one to five sclerenchyma exterior layers and several parenchyma layers. The
parenchyma's outer layer, which is close to the sclerenchyma, is filled with tannins, which
give it its characteristic dark color. A thin seed coat adheres to the seed (Figure 7).
PHYTOCHEMICAL REVIEW
Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) have been recommended in traditional medicine,
which has therapeutic effects for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia.
This study analyzes the chemical compounds in hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water extract
from avocado seeds qualitatively and quantitatively. The results obtained from the qualitative
test showed that avocado seed hexane extract contained fatty acids. Avocado seeds acetone
extract contains fatty acids, phenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Ethanol extracts of avocado
seeds contain phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. Avocado seed water extract
contains carbohydrates, phenols, and tannins. Quantitative tests of alkaloids are determined
by the gravimetric method and the ultraviolet spectrophotometer method for flavonoids,
phenols, and tannins. The results obtained from the quantitative test showed the total alkaloid
content of ethanol extract was 0.435 %, the total flavonoid levels of acetone and ethanol
extract were 0.1068 % and 0.1084 %, the total phenol content of acetone, ethanol, and water
extracts were 0.0476 %, 0.0309 %, and 0.0494 % respectively. The total tannin content of
acetone, ethanol, and water extracts was 0.1989 %, 0.2044 %, and 0.1804 %.[28]
Research on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of chemical compounds' content has
been carried out on extracts of hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water from avocado leaves
(Persea americana Mill). This study aimed to determine the content and levels of the
chemical compounds contained in each extract. Extraction was carried out using two
methods: the maceration method for hexane, acetone, ethanol, and infusion methods for water
solvents. The results of the qualitative analysis showed that the hexane extract contained
flavonoids and alkaloids. Acetone extract contains flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and
alkaloids. Ethanol extract contains flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins.
Water extract contains flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and alkaloids. The quantitative analysis
results showed that the levels of flavonoids in hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water extracts
were 0.6 %, 0.3 %, 0.3 %, and 0.5 %, respectively. The phenol compounds in acetone,
ethanol, and water extract were 5.1 %, 3.9 %, and 3.7 %, respectively. The levels of tannins
in acetone, ethanol, and water extracts were 0.3 %, 0.2 %, and 0.1 %, respectively. The levels
of alkaloid compounds in hexane, acetone, ethanol, and water extract were 0.1 %, 13.6 %,
15.6 %, and 5.5 %. The saponin content in ethanol extract was 3.3 %.[29]
OVERVIEW OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE AVOCADO PLANT

Avocado plants have been tested for their antibacterial power. Various parts of the avocado
plant have antibacterial properties against multiple microorganisms (see Table 1 in the
attachment).
Avocado root antibacterial activity

The methanol extract of the avocado root (Persea americana Mill) has antibacterial activity
at a 50 µg/mL concentration. Its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
showed an inhibitory diameter of 35 mm, 84 mm, 24 mm, and 6 mm, respectively.[7]
Antibacterial activity of avocado stem bark

The methanol extract of avocado stem bark (Persea americana Mill) was tested in vitro using
the agar well diffusion method. At a concentration of 50 mg/mL, the methanol extract
showed the diameter of inhibition against Streptococcus pyogenes (8 mm), Proteus mirabilis
(3 mm), Klebsiella pneumonia (5 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIB 8588) (12 mm),
Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCIB 418) (8 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NCIB 950) (4 mm).
While the bacteria Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis (NCIB 3610),
Escherichia coli (NCIB 86) did not show any resistance the methanol extract of avocado stem
bark. Secondary metabolites that act as antibacterial activity on avocado stem bark are
saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids.[8]
80% ethanol extract of avocado stem bark (Persea americana Mill) using the agar disc
diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) at a concentration of 30 %, 40 %, and 50 % can inhibit the
growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25922 with an average diameter of 14.0666 mm,
17.6700 mm, and 20.4932 mm. Extract concentrations of 40 % and 50 % can also inhibit the
growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25973 with an average inhibition diameter of
16.4198 mm and 20.4598 mm. The results of this study showed that the 50 % concentration
of ethanol extract of avocado stem bark (Persea americana Mill) showed the highest zone of
inhibition against both bacteria and almost the same as the inhibition of gentamicin as a
positive control.[9]
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts of avocado stem bark (Persea americana
Mill) were tested using the agar well diffusion method. They tested five bacteria, namely
Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus pumilus, and
Escherichia coli. The three types of extracts showed inhibition diameter against
Staphylococcus aureus (25 mm, 25 mm, 15 mm), Bacillus pumilus (27 mm, 25 mm, 15 mm).
Meanwhile, the inhibition diameter of ethyl acetate extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(25 mm). Phytochemical screening performed on avocado stem bark revealed alkaloids,
flavonoids, polyphenols, sterols, terpenes, glycosides, saponins, and sugars.[10]
Avocado leaf antibacterial activity

Enterococcus faecalis is one of the bacteria that often cause root canal treatment failure. The
ethanol extract of avocado leaves has inhibitory power on antibacterial activity with a
concentration of 25 %, 50 %, and 100 % against the growth of Enterococcus faecalis
bacteria, respectively 8.99 mm, 10.73 mm, and 11.82 mm, while in the positive control group
the inhibition power is 10.53 mm.[11]
Ethyl acetate extract of the avocado leaf (Persea americana Mill) using the agar diffusion
method can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus' growth. The diameter of inhibition produced by
each of the ethyl acetate extracts of avocado leaves with concentrations of 15, 20, 25, 30, and
35 % was 7.18, 8.11, 9.15, 11.25, and 12.45 mm. Phytochemical test results show that
avocado leaves' ethyl acetate extract has alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins.[12]
Methanol extract of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill) has inhibitory diameter and
antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhi ATCC 33489 (20.60 ± 0.12), Salmonella typhi
(28.27 ± 0.12), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 27853 (32.40 ± 0.26), Staphylococcus aureus
(34.20 ± 0.12) ), Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 (23.57 ± 0.24), Escherichia coli (24.43 ±
0.15), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (18.47 ± 0.20), Shigella flexneri (17.43 ±
0.26), Bacillus cereus (25.50 ± 0.21), Bacillus subtilis (12.33 ± 0.18). The phytochemical
tests results showed that the methanol extract of avocado leaves had tannins, flavonoids,
terpenoids, alkaloids, and saponins compounds.[13]
Escherichia coli is an opportunistic-bacteria that is found in the human intestine as normal

flora. The inhibition of the ethanol extract of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill) on the
growth of Escherichia coli was tested at concentrations of 10 %, 15 %, 25 %, 50 %, and 75
%. The results showed that at concentrations of 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %, inhibition diameter
was formed, while at concentrations of 10 % and 15 %, no inhibition diameter was formed.
From the results, it can be concluded that avocado leaf extract can inhibit Escherichia coli at
concentrations of 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %.[14]
Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria cause infectious diseases such as chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease and pneumonia. The antibacterial activity of 70 % ethanol extract of
avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill) tested on Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria at a
concentration of 20% with the disk diffusion method stated that the average diameter of
inhibition was 11 ± 1 mm.[15]
Avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill) are known as antibacterial because they contain
compounds such as saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and quercetin. The 96 %
ethanol extract of the avocado leaf (Persea americana Mill) was formulated as a gel peel-off
mask using experimental laboratory methods with various concentrations of 0.1 %, 0.15 %,
and 0.2, 0.25 %, and 0.3 %. Testing for antibacterial against Staphylococcus epidermidis by
using the weel method obtained the largest inhibition diameter at a concentration of 0.3 %
with an inhibitory zone diameter of 3 ± 0.32 mm of the inhibition was categorized as
weak.[16]
The antibacterial activity of the avocado rind

The ethanol extract of avocado rind (Persea americana Mill) has antibacterial activity. The
antibacterial activity was tested by using the hole plate method against Listeria
monocytogenes (416.7 ± 144.3 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (416.7 ± 144.3 mm), Salmonella
enteritidis (208.3 ± 22.6 mm), Citrobacter freundii (166.7 ± 72.2 mm), Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (166.7 ± 72.2 mm), Salmonella typhimurium (375.0 ± 216.5 mm), Enterobacter
aerogenes (250.0 ± 216.5 mm).[17] Avocado peel extract (Persea americana Mill) has
antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with disc diffusion at
concentrations of 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, 100 %. This study shows that the skin of the avocado
fruit affects inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria's growth.[18]
The ethanol extract of avocado rind (Persea americana Mill) has antibacterial activity against
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 with the disc paper diffusion method using a
concentration of 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and positive control used 5 μg/μL chloramphenicol
and ethanol negative control 70 %. The ethanol extract of avocado peel at a 20 %
concentration had an average inhibitory diameter of 5.26 ± 0.63 mm. A concentration of 40
% had an inhibitory power of 6.1 ± 0.48 mm, a concentration of 60% had an inhibitory power
of 6.68 ± 0.29 mm. A concentration of 80% has an inhibitory power of 8.05 ± 0.23 mm
against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923.[19]
Avocado rind (Persea americana Mill) is a nutritious plant used as an antimicrobial agent.
The ethanol extract of the avocado rind has antibacterial activity with the disc diffusion
method against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia
coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using a concentration of 0.4 %, 0.78 %, 1.56 %, 6.25%,
12,5 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 %, respectively.[20]
The ethanol-96 % extract of avocado rind (Persea americana Mill) at a concentration of 20

mg has antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (17 ± 3.3 mm),
Staphylococcus pyogenes ATCC 4352 (20 ± 0.7 mm), Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 (26 ± 2.1
mm), Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 4352 (17 ± 0.2 mm). Phytochemical screening of avocado
peels revealed alkaloids, proteins, terpenoids, tannins, flavonoids, and steroids.[21]
The antibacterial activity of the avocado pulp

The ethanol and methanol extracts of the avocado pulp (Persea americana Mill) have
antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibition diameter of the ethanol extract was 8.75 mm and
14.75 mm against both bacteria, while the inhibition diameter of methanol extract was only
12 mm against Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical screening of avocado pulp extract
revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, reducing sugars, saponins, and
glycosides.[22]
The antibacterial activity of avocado seeds

The ethanol-96% extract of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) at 100 % concentration
had antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans using the Kirby Bauer modification
method with paper disks. The positive control used erythromycin antibiotic, and the negative
control used distilled water. The results showed that the avocado seed extract's inhibition
diameter was 21.8 mm against the tested bacteria.[23]
The ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds has antibacterial activity (Persea americana Mill)
using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. The ethanol extract of avocado seed has
inhibitory power with a concentration of 1 %, 2.5 %, 5 %, 10 %, and 15 % against the growth
of the Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 bacteria of 69.6 mm, 73.3 mm, 70.7 mm, 81.5 mm, and
75.0 mm. Ciprofloxacin 30 μg was used as a positive control. Avocado seed phytochemical
screening revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids.[24]
The methanol extract of avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill) has an inhibitory diameter as
antibacterial activity against the growth of Escherichia coli (7.87 mm) and Staphylococcus
aureus (7.88 mm). Phytochemical screening of avocado seeds revealed the presence of
phytochemicals saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins.[25]
The ethanol extract of avocado seed (Persea americana Mill) has an inhibitory diameter as
antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis (23 ± 0.14 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (16 ±
0.04 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15 ± 0.11 mm). Phytochemical screening of
viscous extracts from avocado seeds revealed phytochemicals saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids,
tannins, and cyanogenic glycosides, and phenols.[26]
The ethanol extract of avocado seed (Persea americana Mill) has an inhibitory power against
Streptococcus mutans formed around the paper disk. Inhibition test of ethanol extract of
avocado seed (Persea americana Mill) is very significant at a concentration of 2 % with an
average of 11.51 mm, a concentration of 4% with an average of 12.39 mm, a concentration of
6% with an average of 13.61 mm, a concentration of 8 % with an average of 13.53 mm, and a
concentration of 10 % with an average inhibition of 15.02 mm. The zone's area exceeds the
zone produced by ampicillin as a positive control, which is 14.22 mm. Phytochemical
screening in avocado seed extracts includes polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenoids, quinones,
tannins, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and alkaloids.[27]
Table 1. The diameter of inhibition of bacterial growth from various parts of the avocado plant (Persea americana Mill).
The average diameter of inhibition (mm) of extract Ref
Part of Kind of
No Tested bacterial Concentration Ethyl
plant extract Ethanol Methanol n-Hexane
acetate
[7]
1 Root Thick Staphylococcus aureus 50 µg/mL 35
extract Staphylococcus aureus 84
resistant-methicillin
Escherichia coli 24
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 6
[8]
2 Bark Thick Streptococcus pyogenes 50 mg/mL 8
extract Proteus mirabilis 3
Salmonella typhi -
Klebsiella pneumoniae 5
Escherichia coli -
Bacillus subtilis (NCIB 3610) -
Staphylococcus aureus (NCIB 12
8588)
Escherichia coli (NCIB 86) -
Klebsiella pneumoniae (NCIB 8
418)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4
(NCIB 950)
[9]
Thick Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 10 % 8.23
extract 25923 20 % 10.26
30 % 12.38
40 % 16.42
50 % 20.46
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 10 % 8.02
ATCC 25922 20 % 10.37
30 % 14.06
40 % 17.67
50 % 20.49
[10]
Thick Bacillus Subtilis - - -
extract Staphylococus aureus 25 25 15
Pseudomonas aeruginosa - 25 -
Bacillus pumilus 27 25 15
Escherichia coli - - -
[11]
3 Leaf Thick Enterococcus faecalis 25 % 8.99
extract 50 % 10.73
100 % 11.82
[12]
Thick Staphylococcus aureus 15 % 7.18
extract 20 % 8,11
25 % 9.15
30 % 11.25
35 % 12.45
[13]
Thick Salmonella typhi (ATCC 33489) 20.60 ± 0.12
extract Salmonella typhi 28.27 ± 0.12
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 32.40 ± 0.26
43300)
Staphylococcus aureus 34.20 ± 0.12
Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218) 23.57 ± 0.24
Escherichia coli 24.43 ± 0.15
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18.47 ± 0.20
(ATCC 27853)
Shigella dysenteriae 17.43 ± 0.26
Bacillus cereus 25.50 ± 0.21
Bacillus subtilis 12.33 ± 0.18
[14]
Liquid Escherichia coli 10 % -
extract 15 % -
25 % 2.5
50 % 3.5
75 % 6
[15]
Thick Klebsiella pneumoniae 20 % 11.00 ±1.00
extract
[16]
Thick Staphylococcus epidermidis 0.1 % 1.2 ± 0
extract 0.15 % 1.57 ± 0.32
0.2 % 1.93± 0.32
0.25 % 2.3 ± 0
0.3 % 3.22 ± 0.32
[17]
4. Rind Dry extract Listeria monocytogenes 416.7±144.3
Staphylococcus aureus 416.7±144.3
Salmonella Enteritidis 208.3 ± 22.6
Citrobacter freundii 166.7 ± 72.2
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 166.7 ± 72.2
Salmonella Typhimurium 375.0 ± 16.5
Enterobacter aerogenes 250.0 ± 16.5
[18]
Thick Staphylococcus aureus 100 % 20.06
extract 75 % 19.16
50 % 17.56
25 % 16.43
[19]
Thick Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 20 % 5.26 ± 0.63
extract 25923 40 % 6.1 ± 0.48
60 % 6.68 ± 0.29
80 % 8.05 ± 0.23
[20]
Thick Staphylococcus aureus 0.4 % 6
extract 0.78 % 6
1.56 % 6
6.25 % 9.28
12.5 % 12.58
50 % 15.26
75 % 15.66
100 % 16.40
Proteus vulgaris 0.4 % 6
0.78 % 6
1.56 % 6
6.25 % 9.76
12.5 % 12.47
50 % 14.8
75 % 15.58
100 % 17.38
Enterococcus faecalis 0.4 % 6
0.78 % 6
1.56 % 6
6.25 % 6
12.5 % 10.98
50 % 13.85
75 % 14.49
100 % 16.1
Escherichia coli 0.4 % 6
0.78 % 6
1.56 % 6
6.25 % 9.86
12.5 % 12.58
50 % 15.26
75 % 15.66
100 % 16.41
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 0.4 % 6
0.78 % 6
1.56 % 6
6.25% 6
12.5% 12.31
50% 14.23
75% 15.66
100% 16.26
[21]
Thick Pseudomonas aeruginosa 20 mg 17 ± 3.3
extract ATCC 27853
Staphylococcus pyogenes 20 ± 0.7
ATCC 4352
Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 26 ± 2.1
Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 17 ± 0.2
4352
[22]
5. Flesh of Thick Escherichia coli 8.75 -
fruit extract Staphylococcus aureus 14.75 12
[23]
6. Seed Thick Streptococcus mutans 100 % 21,8
extract
[24]
Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 1% 69.6
2.5 % 73.3
5.0 % 70.7
10 % 81.5
15 % 75.0
[25]
Thick Escherichia coli 7.87
extract Staphylococcus aureus 7.88
[26]
Thick Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15±0.11
extract Proteus mirabilis 23±0.14
Staphylococcus aureus 6±0.24
[27]
Thick Streptococcus mutans 2% 11.51
extract 4% 12.39
6% 13.61
8% 15.53
10 % 15.02
CONCLUSION
The avocado plant (Persea americana Mill) is a medicinal plant with excellent antibacterial
properties against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The leaf part is the avocado
plant that has the highest potential for antibacterial activity because it contains secondary
metabolites of flavonoids and alkaloids. The use of antibacterials is one way of dealing with
infectious diseases. The avocado plant can be developed as an alternative to herbal products
in overcoming the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Overview of The Botanical, Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of The Avocado Plant (Persea

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Overview of The Botanical, Phytochemical and Antibacterial Activity of The Avocado Plant (Persea

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WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Rivai et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Volume 9, Issue 11, 2602-2620 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

OVERVIEW OF THE BOTANICAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND

Gusti Ningsih1, Anzharni Fajrina1, Husnunnisa1 and Harrizul Rivai2*

Article Received on ABSTRACT

KEYWORDS: Avocado, Persea americana Mill, antibacterial activity, inhibition zone.

Figure 1: Avocado Tree.[5]

Figure 2: Avocado Stems.[5]

Figure 3: Avocado Leaves.[6]

Figure 4: Avocado Flowers.[6]

Figure 5: Avocado Fruit.[6]

Figure 6: Avocado Flesh.[5]

Figure 7: Avocado seeds.[4]

OVERVIEW OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF THE AVOCADO PLANT

Avocado root antibacterial activity

Antibacterial activity of avocado stem bark

Avocado leaf antibacterial activity

Escherichia coli is an opportunistic-bacteria that is found in the human intestine as normal

Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria cause infectious diseases such as chronic obstructive

The antibacterial activity of the avocado rind

The ethanol-96 % extract of avocado rind (Persea americana Mill) at a concentration of 20

The antibacterial activity of the avocado pulp

The antibacterial activity of avocado seeds

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