Final Lab Project

Final Lab Project
EE 210 – 006
Daniel Orr
Introduction
For our final lab project we are tasked with taking an input from any audio device, for
example, a cell phone, computer, CD player, MP3 player, etc. The circuit that takes the input
signal and sends it through a series of five different blocks: a mixer/karaoke block, a tone control
block, a volume control block, an LED display, and an attenuator and output driver, respectively.
A second audio jack is connected to the final block and serves as the output to the circuit, which
is also powered by two 9V batteries.
Block 1 – Mixer/Karaoke
Design Objective
This block is an op-amp circuit that acts as either an inverting summing amplifier where
the input equals –(L+R), or a subtracting amplifier, where the output is L-R, depending on the
position of an SPDT selector switch.
Schematic
Design Theory
All resistors used in this block are 7.5 kΩ, and the inputs are actually function generators.
Both have a Vpp of 0.5 V, while the left input has a frequency of 50 Hz and the right input has a
frequency of 4000 Hz. Plugging these values into the equation for an inverting summing
amplifier gives us a Vout of 1.0 V, and plugging these values into the equation for a subtracting
amplifier gives a Vout of 0 V.
Graphs
(Continued on next page)
Graphs (cont.)
L/R Mixer Mode
Karaoke Mode
Block 2 – Tone Control

Design Objective
The input for this block is either –(L+R) or L-R from the first block, depending on the
position of the switch, and uses that to pass through two 100kΩ potentiometers that control the
bass (top in schematic) and treble (bottom in schematic) of the signal. The V1 in this circuit is
meant for the simulation and when connected to the other blocks is the output of the first block.
Schematic
Design Theory
The gain in the output of this circuit is based on the values of the resistors on either side
of the potentiometers, which is found through separate calculations. They will all have the same
values as seen in the calculations. The top capacitor in parallel with the top potentiometer is 47
nF. The resistor between the top and bottom potentiometers is 470kΩ and the capacitor below
that is 100pF. The feedback from the op amp goes back through the circuit. This can either act as
a high-pass or low-pass filter based on the position of each potentiometer.
Calculations
Maximum gain = (-R+Rpot)/R]
Minimum gain = (-R/(R+Rpot)
Since the Rpot = 100kΩ, the R value is 11.1 kΩ in both gains
Graphs
Graphs (cont.)
Bass Control
Treble Control
Flat Response
Block 3 – Volume Control
Design Objective
The input for this block is the output of the tone control block. It acts as a simple voltage
divider that allows us to go from 0 to full volume and is achieved using a single 100 kΩ
potentiometer. The Vin is the output from block 2 and the Vout is the input to block 4
Schematic
Design Theory
Since this block acts as a voltage divider, the minimum voltage gives us the 0 volume and
the maximum voltage gives us the loudest volume.
Block 4 – Volume Display

Design Objective
This block acts as a visual representation of the volume and takes the output of the
volume control block as its input. The block then uses four LED lights to show the level of the
volume with levels depicted at 0.25V, 0.5V, 1V, and 2V. In the schematic, the potentiometer
shows that the input from block 3 will be connected to each positive terminal of the op-amps.
Schematic
Design Theory
The LEDs will start lighting up as the volume increases at 0.25V, 0.5V, 1.0V, 2V.
After the 2V mark, volume is at maximum and all the LEDs light up. The display can be seen,
actually showing that the block is completed. The current limiting resistors are calculated based
on the comparators of the op-amp and come out to be 570Ω.
Calculations
Calculations (cont.)
V1= [9(R2+R3+R4+R5)]/(R1+R2+R3+R4+R5)
V2= [9(R3+R4+R5)]/(R2+R3+R4+R5)
V3= [9(R4+R5)]/(R3+R4+R5)
V4= [9(R5)]/(R4+R5)
Resistor Values (Bottom to top)
R4 = R5 = 1kΩ (Chosen for ease of calculation)
R3 = 2kΩ
R2 = 4kΩ
R1 = 28kΩ
Block 5 – Attenuator/Output Driver

Design Objective
This block is an inverting op-amp with a set gain in order to make sure the maximum
output voltage level stays in an appropriate range (0.5V to 1V) for an output such as headphones.
The input is the output of block 3 and goes through the inverting input of the op-amp.
Schematic
Design Theory
An attenuator is used to reduce the strength of a signal to an appropriate range without
distorting the waveform. An attenuator is effectively the opposite of an amplifier, though the two
work in different ways. While an amplifier provides gain, an attenuator provides loss, or gain
less than 1 which is 0.5-1 in our case.
Graphs
Input/Output of Block 5
Complete Multisim Assembly

Breadboard
This picture shows the breadboard I used for my project demo. All of the open
connections show either the input from the function generator or the power supply that powers
the op-amps. The only issue that I encountered was that I used 560,000Ω resistors to limit the
current going into the LEDs instead of 560Ω resistors. This caused me to believe that there was
an error in block 4, but upon further inspection, I realized the LEDs were extremely dim, yet
functioning properly. I then realized that my resistors were 1000 times larger than needed and
switched them for a much better result. Other than that, I had no issues with the construction of
my circuit and am very excited for the final product overall.

Final Lab Project

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Final Lab Project

Block 2 – Tone Control

Block 4 – Volume Display

Block 5 – Attenuator/Output Driver

Complete Multisim Assembly

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