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    Section 6 - Torque - Tension

    Uploaded by

    Chris Medeiros
    This document discusses torque and tension relationships for bolts. It defines torque as the twisting force applied to make an object turn, and discusses variables that affect torque like lubrication, thread friction, and bolt material properties. It provides examples of calculating clamp load from bolt properties like diameter and proof strength. While torque is a common tightening method, it notes torque can vary significantly based on lubrication and other factors, so clamp load is a more accurate measure of bolt tension. Cross-tightening bolt patterns can also affect residual torque readings. Overall, it emphasizes using lubrication and following torque specifications to properly tension bolts without exceeding their strength limits.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Section 6 - Torque - Tension

    Uploaded by

    Chris Medeiros
    188 views23 pages
    This document discusses torque and tension relationships for bolts. It defines torque as the twisting force applied to make an object turn, and discusses variables that affect torque like lubrication, thread friction, and bolt material properties. It provides examples of calculating clamp load from bolt properties like diameter and proof strength. While torque is a common tightening method, it notes torque can vary significantly based on lubrication and other factors, so clamp load is a more accurate measure of bolt tension. Cross-tightening bolt patterns can also affect residual torque readings. Overall, it emphasizes using lubrication and following torque specifications to properly tension bolts without exceeding their strength limits.

    Original Title

    Section 6_Torque_Tension

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    This document discusses torque and tension relationships for bolts. It defines torque as the twisting force applied to make an object turn, and discusses variables that affect torque like lubrication, thread friction, and bolt material properties. It provides examples of calculating clamp load from bolt properties like diameter and proof strength. While torque is a common tightening method, it notes torque can vary significantly based on lubrication and other factors, so clamp load is a more accurate measure of bolt tension. Cross-tightening bolt patterns can also affect residual torque readings. Overall, it emphasizes using lubrication and following torque specifications to properly tension bolts without exceeding their strength limits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    188 views23 pages

    Section 6 - Torque - Tension

    Uploaded by

    Chris Medeiros
    This document discusses torque and tension relationships for bolts. It defines torque as the twisting force applied to make an object turn, and discusses variables that affect torque like lubrication, thread friction, and bolt material properties. It provides examples of calculating clamp load from bolt properties like diameter and proof strength. While torque is a common tightening method, it notes torque can vary significantly based on lubrication and other factors, so clamp load is a more accurate measure of bolt tension. Cross-tightening bolt patterns can also affect residual torque readings. Overall, it emphasizes using lubrication and following torque specifications to properly tension bolts without exceeding their strength limits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 23

    SECTION 6

    Torque/Tension Relationship
    Developing Torque

    • Things you need to know


    – Strength of the bolt
    – Strength of the nut
    – Size and pitch
    – Condition of the bolt… lubed or not
    Torque Definitions
    TORQUE =
    FORCE X DISTANCE

    DISTANCE
    Meter FORCE
    Foot Kilogram
    Newton
    Pound

    • Twisting effort applied to an object in order to make the object turn about
    its axis of rotation
    Torque Variables
    Clamp
    Load
    10%
    Thread
    Friction
    Under 45%
    Head
    Friction
    45%
    Strengths
    • Tensile Strength = Minimum strength before the bolt breaks…
    Pounds per Square Inch (psi)
    • Yield Strength = Level at which the steel is permanently
    deformed… no elasticity
    • Proof Strength = A strength designating “usable range” for the
    bolt. Think of this as yield strength with a safety factor included.
    Common Bolt Strengths
    Bolt Grade Tensile Yield Proof
    Strength Strength Strength
    Grade 5, 1” 120,000 psi 92,000 psi 85,000 psi
    diameter and
    under
    Grade 5, 105,000 81,000 74,000
    larger than 1”
    diameter
    Grade 8 all 150,000 130,000 120,000
    diameters
    Converting PSI to Pounds
    • Strength in PSI x Area
    • Or Pounds / Square inch x Square inches

    • Area of smallest cross section of a bolt is in


    the thread and is called Tensile Stress Area
    Tensile Stress Area
    Tensile Stress Area:
    .7854(D-.9743/n)²

    Appendix 6
    Proof Strength Example

    3/8” diameter Grade 5 Bolt


    Proof Strength = 85,000 psi
    Tensile Stress Area = .0775 sq. in.
    85,000psi x .0775 sq. in. = 6,587.5 lbs Proof
    Target Clamp Load
    • 75% of Proof Strength of a bolt
    – There is significant error or inconsistency in torque which requires the
    target load to be lower than the proof strength to insure that the bolt
    isn’t over tightened
    • Thus for 3/8” Grade 5. Proof Strength of 6,587.5lbs x 75% =
    4,940 lbs target clamp load
    Torque Formula

    T=KDF
    K = Nut Factor (dimensionless)
    D = Bolt Diameter
    F = Desired Bolt Tension (75% of Proof load)

    The K factor will be the major player in torque variability


    Variables that Affect K
    • Lubricant; type, amount, method of application, contamination,
    temperature, etc.
    • Number of times the fastener was used
    • Which is torqued; the nut or the bolt
    • Plating; thickness and type
    • Class of thread fit
    • Type of tool used for installation
    • Speed of tightening
    • Washers; present or not
    • Hardness of all parts
    Estimated K Values
    Bolt Condition K
    Non-Plated, Black Finish 0.20 - 0.30
    Zinc-Plated 0.18 - 0.25
    Lubricated (oil) 0.15
    Cadmium-Plated 0.11 - 0.15
    Thread Locker 0.16 - 0.18
    Ecoguard 0.12 - 0.14
    Torque Formula Example
    Grade 5, 3/8-16x 2-1/2, zinc-plated
    Torque = KDF
    D = 0.375 in.
    F = 75% of the Proof Load = 4940 lbs..
    K = 0.20
    Torque = 0.375in. x 4940 lbs. x 0.20
    Torque = 370 in-lbs. = 31 ft-lbs.
    Torque Charts A7-A10
    Tensile SAE J429 Grade 5 SAE J429 Grade 8
    threads
    Nominal Stress
    per
    Dia. (in.) Area Clamp Tightening Torque Clamp Tightening Torque
    inch
    (sq. in.) Load K = 0.15 K = 0.17 K = 0.20 Load K = 0.15 K = 0.17 K = 0.20
    (Lbs.) (ft-lbs) (ft-lbs) (ft-lbs) (Lbs.) (ft-lbs) (ft-lbs) (ft-lbs)
    Unified Coarse Thread Series
    1/4 20 0.0318 2029 6 7 8 2864 9 10 12
    5/16 18 0.0524 3342 13 15 17 4719 18 21 25
    3/8 16 0.0775 4940 23 26 31 6974 33 37 44
    7/16 14 0.1063 6777 37 42 49 9568 52 59 70
    1/2 13 0.1419 9046 57 64 75 12771 80 90 106
    5/8 11 0.2260 14408 113 128 150 20340 159 180 212
    3/4 10 0.3345 21322 200 227 267 30101 282 320 376
    7/8 9 0.4617 29436 322 365 429 41556 455 515 606
    1 8 0.6057 38616 483 547 644 54517 681 772 909
    1 1/4 7 0.9691 53786 840 952 1121 87220 1363 1545 1817
    1 1/2 6 1.4053 77991 1462 1657 1950 126473 2371 2688 3162
    Issues With Torque
    • Without a lubricant, the actual torque to clamp load relationship
    is not very accurate!
    • Actual loads can vary +/- 25%
    • Bolts can be “accidentally” lubricated by oil or grease on the
    installers hands from other jobs or even the pizza or fried
    chicken from lunch
    Clamp Load
    Clamp load is what is important, torque
    is just an inaccurate way of trying to
    achieve proper clamping force

    Using a fastener with “Pizza Grease” from


    lunch on threads could result in cutting the
    required torque in half compared to the non-
    lubricated torque suggestion!
    Same Example Gone Wrong
    Using 31 ft-lbs. on a fastener that was excessively lubricated, reducing
    the K to 0.13.
    If Torque = K D F, then
    F = Torque / K D, or
    Load = 31 ft-lbs. / (0.13)(0.375 in.)
    Load = 7600 lbs. = 98,000 PSI

    This is 6,000 lbs. above the yield strength of the bolt!


    Other Potential Issues
    • High speed installation created heat and thus
    more friction and if bolts are not lubricated,
    the required torque would increase
    • Most high speed tightening methods do not
    control torque! This includes impact
    wrenches, drills and drivers etc.
    • Hand wrenches are most accurate
    Other Tightening Methods
    • Turn of Wrench (angle of turn)
    • Bolt Stretch (ultrasonic equipment)
    • Tension Control Bolts
    • Load indicating washers
    • Special load indicating bolts (very expensive)
    Cross Talk-Defined
    Cross Talk
    Four Bolt Pattern:
    1 Tightening of sequence 1,
    3,2,4 will result in a lower
    residual torque reading in 1
    and 3 due to the crossing
    of the clamp load pattern
    4 2 with 2 and 4.

    3
    Torque Recap
    • Nut strength (proof) should always be equal or greater than bolt
    strength so if anything fails it will be the bolt
    • Use appropriate torque chart for size and strength of bolt being
    used
    • Always use a lubricant and a lubricated torque value. Any
    lubricant is better than nothing. Pre-applied lubricants can be
    put on bolts
    End of Section 6

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