Vce 03 Task. Ankit Choudhary

VCE Summer Internship Program 2020
Smart Task Submission Format
[ Download This Format in .DOCX format and then Edit it and SUBMIT ]
Intern’s Details
Name Ankit Choudhary
Email-ID ankitchoudhary0227@gmail.com
Smart Task No. 03
Project Topic Waste to energy
Smart Task (Solution)
Task Q1 : Explain the different ways to generate electricity from MSW. How MSW is processed to be used
to generate power. Is the process environmentally friendly ?
Task Q1 Solution : Generating electricity in mass-burn WTE plants is remarkably straightforward and
follows seven basic steps in US
1. The MSW is dumped out of garbage trucks into a large pit.

2. A crane with a giant claw attachment is used to grab the waste and dump it into a combustion chamber.
3. The waste, which now becomes the fuel, starts to burn, releasing heat.
4. The heat that is released turns water in the boiler into high-pressure steam.
5. The steam turns the turbine generator’s blades and produces electricity.
6. The mass-burn plant incorporates an control system to prevent air pollution by removing pollutants from
the combustion gas before it is released through a smoke-stack.
7. Ash is inevitably produced in the boiler and the air pollution control system, and this has to be removed
before another load of waste can be burned.
While the volumes burned as fuel in different plants vary, for every 100 pounds of MSW produced in the
U.S., potentially, more than 85 pounds could be burned to generate electricity.
Of course, the U.S. isn’t the only country that uses waste-to-energy plants to generate electricity from MSW.
And in fact, when compared to a lot of other countries, the percentage of MSW burned with energy recovery
in the U.S. is minimal. At least nine countries are named by the EIA as bigger producers of electricity from
municipal waste. In Japan and some European countries, for instance, there are fewer energy resources
and not much open space available for landfills. So generating electricity from MSW is an obvious
opportunity.
Electricity generation in India by MSW
Waste-to-energy conversion is possible in a number of ways. Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) facilities process
the MSW prior to direct combustion. The level of pre-combustion processing varies among facilities, but
generally involves shredding of the MSW, and removal of metals and other bulky items. Energy from
municipal waste takes care of two problems- garbage and energy needs, at the same time. There is no
pollutant released or carbon emissions to speed up global warming, and waste to energy plants can be very
cost efficient. Municipal solid waste pays not only in collection fees but also in the production of by-products
which can be sold for a profit. It will not be out of place to mention here that landfill is banned in Germany,
and entire garbage is usefully employed.Biomass is a clean source of energy in Brazil. Over 1 million people
ST Solution Page 1 https://techvardhan.com

work in production of biomass, which represents 27% of the country’s energy generation. Nearly all of the
biomass for power generation is based on the use of waste and residue fuels.India is second in rank in the
world in biomass utilisation (MNRE). Biomass can be tapped right at the landfill. When garbage
decomposes, it gives off methane gas. Natural gas is made up of methane. Pipelines are put into the
landfills and the methane gas is collected. It is then used in power plants to make electricity.
MSW is processed to be used to generate power is shown below with help of images given below
Yes its ecofriendly in nature to produce electricity because Burning MSW is not only a sustainable way to
produce electricity, it also reduces the volume of waste that would inevitably end up in landfills. Instead, the
EIA estimates that burning MSW effectively reduces waste volumes by about 87%
500 Words (Max.)
Task Q2 : Explain Pyrolysis process. Is it environmentally friendly to produce oil from waste plastic?
Task Q2 Solution :
Pyrolysis is a thermochemical treatment, which can be applied to any organic (carbon-based) product. It can
be done on pure products as well as mixtures. In this treatment, material is exposed to high temperature,
and in the absence of oxygen goes through chemical and physical separation into different molecules. The
decomposition takes place thanks to the limited thermal stability of chemical bonds of materials, which
allows them to be disintegrated by using the heat.
Thermal decomposition leads to the formation of new molecules. This allows to receive products with a
different, often more superior character than original residue. Thanks to this feature, pyrolysis becomes

increasingly important process for today industry – as it allows to bring far greater value to common
materials and waste.
Pyrolysis is frequently associated with thermal treatment. But in contrary to combustion and gasifications
processes, which involve entire or partial oxidation of material, pyrolysis bases on heating in the absence of
air. This makes it mostly endothermic process that ensure high energy content in the products received.
Is it environmentally friendly?
The pyrolytic oil can be produced in a very similar composition to diesel or gasoline by some distillation
processes. In addition, fuel properties can be improved by some upgrade methods. As a result, a pyrolytic
fuel can be produced that can be conveniently used in internal combustion engines. However, when this
pyrolytic fuel produced from plastic wastes is used directly in the engine, there is a slight decrease in
performance and combustion characteristics. Exhaust emissions are slightly increased compared to
standard diesel fuel. In order to overcome these drawbacks, diesel performance additives such as diethyl
ether (DDE) may be added to the pyrolytic fuel. Furthermore, engine performance and combustion
characteristics can be improved by altering engine operating conditions such as ignition timing and
compression ratio. In addition, the exhaust emissions of pyrolytic fuel can be reduced relative to diesel fuel.
Consequently, pyrolytic fuels produced from plastic wastes can be used as an engine fuel to pollute the
environment less.
500 Words (Max.)
Task Q3 :
How municipal solid waste management and sanitary/scientific landfill is saving the environment? Explain
what difference to the environment it makes comparison to open dumping.
Task Q3 Solution :
Scientific landfill is saving the environment by:-
A scientific landfill is termed so because of its scientific design during construction. One of the biggest
problems of ordinary landfills is the seeping of solid waste into underlying soil and water, contaminating both.
Scientific landfills eliminate the risk of waste seeping underground as the base layer is constructed of 90
metres of clay, thus arresting any seepage or leakage within the landfill. On top of the base layer, a drainage
layer made of soil, measuring 15 metres in length and a vegetative layer of 45 centimetres to minimise soil
erosion. The presence of these layers ensures that leachate is collected before it seeps underground.
Scientific landfills also act as degassing systems by reducing the production of methane. Since the layers
soak most of the impurities in the waste disposed, methane generates slowly compared to the generation
speed in ordinary landfills. Vertical wells installed in scientific landfills help extract methane regularly, and the
gas can then be used for electricity and heat generation purposes.

A scientific landfill ensures that there is no risk of pollutants seeping underground or enough generation of
methane to light up the garbage. This reduces the risk of environmental or health hazards tremendously,
said A.K. Agnihotri, Professor, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
How open dumping effect’s environment?

Deteriorating soil quality and decrease in vegetation abundance are grave consequences of open waste
dumping which have resulted in growing public concern. The focus of this study is to assess the contribution
of open waste dumping in soil contamination and its effect on plant diversity in one of the renowned green
cities of any country. Surface soil samples (n = 12 + 12) were collected from both the open waste dumping
areas allocated by Capital Development.The diversity of vegetation was studied at both sampling sites.
Significant modifications were observed in the soil properties of the dumping sites. Soils at the disposal sites
showed high pH, TDS and EC regime in comparison to control sites. Various heavy metal concentrations
i.e., Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr) and Zinc (Zn) were also found to be higher at the
dumping sites except for Cadmium (Cd) which had a higher value in control site. A similar trend was
observed in plant diversity. Control sites showed diversified variety of plants i.e., 44 plant species while this
number reduced to only 32 plant species at the disposal sites. This is attributed to changes in soil
characteristics at disposal sites and in its vicinity areas.
500 Words (Max.)
Task Q5 :
Task Q5 Solution :

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Task Q6 :
Task Q6 Solution :
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VCE Summer Internship Program 2020

Smart Task Submission Format

Smart Task No. 03

Project Topic Waste to energy

Smart Task (Solution)

1. The MSW is dumped out of garbage trucks into a large pit.

Electricity generation in India by MSW

ST Solution Page 1 https://techvardhan.com

500 Words (Max.)

ST Solution Page 2 https://techvardhan.com

500 Words (Max.)

ST Solution Page 3 https://techvardhan.com

How open dumping effect’s environment?

500 Words (Max.)

ST Solution Page 4 https://techvardhan.com

500 Words (Max.)

500 Words (Max.)

Please add /delete blocks for if needed.

ST Solution Page 5 https://techvardhan.com

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