Diplomacy, Theory & Practice
Diplomacy, Theory & Practice
Diplomacy, Theory & Practice
ESUDU
ID: UD68920HSU78054
COURSE: DTH28 DIPLOMACY: THEORY AND PRACTICE
TOPIC: Modern Diplomacy
ATLANTIC INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
February 2020
Table of Contents
1.Introduction 3
2.Modern Diplomatic Environment 4
3.Beyond Modern Diplomacy 6
4. The role of Sanctions in Diplomacy 7
5.Progressing Practice 9
6.Trends in Digital Diplomacy 10
7.Challenges in Modern Diplomacy 11
8.Recommendations for Modern Diplomacy 13
9.Conclusion 14
10.Reference 15
1. Introduction
Diplomacy is defined as the maintenance of peace and avoidance of conflicts. In other words, the
chief purpose of Diplomacy is to enable countries or nations to guard their foreign interests
without resorting to aggressive force. The country in other words, is incoherent in its way to
extend itself to statist diplomacy in a traditional or conventional notion of mutual understanding.
Traditional diplomacy is increasing in practice where non-traditional actors such as
Non-Governmental Organisations, multinational corporations together with individuals can be
referred to be practicing diplomacy. This is due to the plurality of actors that creates a broad and
diplomatic definition of diplomacy.
It therefore implies that, the modern diplomatic environment isn't dominant exclusively by
nations and their diplomats as confirmed by the modern diplomatic environment.
Diplomacy therefore is the systematic way in which support is given only to nations whose
moral beliefs are analogous to that of the other nation hence promotes the growth of nation's
ideals. It is important to note that, diplomacy is often overlooked and focus on diplomacy as a
method of resolving problems in professional approach. Diplomacy remains an important
method of creating permanent relations in human society, especially among nations. This is an
increasing competition from non-government organisations and others who are acquiring
diplomatic skills, especially academicians.
2. Modern Diplomatic Environment
The twentieth century has seen nations and its traditional diplomatic institutions were the
primary conduit for the most matters internationally which anchored strong and positive results
to this effect. The modern diplomacy environment where the nation is the most dominant
political actor while its diplomatic institution remains the most visible actor. It is therefore
known that traditional diplomacy become a growth sector and remains the pivot of international
relations.
There are currently over 191 countries operating in the modern diplomatic environment across
the world as compared to 47 in 1950s and 26 in 1926. All these countries interact diplomatically
and need to represent themselves with continuously agree on merits of foreign policy. Foreign
embassies endure as the main diplomatic actor where the conduct of relations on a country to
country basis.
Therefore the traditional approach to writing and thinking about diplomacy shouldn't be
abandoned. Modern diplomacy is important to remember that the pivot of any great theory of
foreign relations must depend on a theory of traditional diplomacy. The ever-tightening budgets
and shrinking numbers of overseas missions, reinvention of traditional diplomatic institutions is
apparent where they have to justify their relevance to the more informed domestic audience
which includes communication processes which domestic and global population should adapt to
instead of the traditional processes in order to reinforce many institutions.
Participation by non state actors in diplomacy to build experts that truly reflect domestic societal
foundation to cause change. This should be that the traditional guards struggle to maintain the
importance of traditional diplomacy. Given example of Non Government Organisations has
exploded from 997 in 1954 to 20,928 in 2005/2006 (Jonsson 2005). This further describes the
large number of Multinational Corporations during the 21st century that were more than 53,000
with over 450,000 foreign affiliates (Kegley and Wittkopf 2003:173). These growing numbers of
multinational corporations that practiced significant role in the current diplomatic processes that
had global assets in worthy $13trillion (USD) and global sales worthy $9.5 trillion (USD)
(Kegley and Wittkopf 2003:173) who were none other than world's top economies of
multinational corporations that have affiliations with their countries of origin.
In the modern diplomatic environment, non state actors adopt diplomatic roles such as
negotiations, representation, and effective communication from overseas. Multinational
Corporations as one example of actors that are learning to develop expertise in their national
diplomatic provisions find it hard to rival.
High patterns of unbalanced and poly-lateral diplomacy are appearing involving not only in
country's representations but also representatives from Non Government Organisations,
transnational organisations such as the European Union and even famous.
Traditional writing on diplomacy only tells part of the modern diplomatic. It accounts for the
historical role of the country in diplomacy although it fails to explain the impact of
unconventional new actors.
3. Post Modern Diplomacy
Diplomacy offers a wider understanding of diplomat's roles and responsibilities than the
conventional account of it as a lesser tool of foreign policy. Diplomats of modern systems claim
to be of greater knowledge in that no one ever occupied the position of dispassionate from the
international society or achieved the role of representing its members successfully. It is claimable
that more people are employed in different countries which is significantly increasing as
countries are getting closer by establishing relations annually. In other words, the new diplomats
like the diplomats of the revolutionary regimes before them will do much to adjust to bring about
change in the professional and political universe. This is more evident in most revolutionary
countries especially in Africa which is not an argument in any simple sense. New actors don't
agree with the rules as it is played by old or senior actors who are mostly represented by
developed countries because that is what the old ones have interest in with autonomy and
identity remain important in their favour. They encounter predicaments that are the same,
whether of the negative or positive, of high level or low economically but all remain the same.
Other games include; economic, military, political and social are part of the factors but their
significance varies by actor, policy and context. Representation is common to all actors in
international relations. New actors may accept the political and professional worlds of diplomacy
hence acknowledge that they function globally with international thought and action in which
other actors try to function on their own associated operational codes. Two profound concepts of
sovereignty and nation both emerge to be prominent pillars of diplomacy's professional and
political worlds. Both are found under the worlds where systematic and moderating
preoccupations seem to have tiny places.
Establishing an effective diplomatic mission today involves addressing patriarchal and identity
issues of racial politics that pose security problems.
4. The role of Sanctions in Diplomacy
Sanctions are one of the most common tools of international diplomacy and one of the most
controversial practices that have always contributed to disciplinary actions towards those nations
that violate internationally agreed policies. Although they have been in use for the past decades,
in recent years pushing the sanction button has become a standard response to international
controversies. Its effectiveness has yielded positive response by creating a controlled
environment in diplomacy.
Sanctions are a way of raising pressure on governments violating international normative
principles without resorting to outright warfare. Especially governments that abuse human rights
by killing, jailing, and impose oppressive actions against nationals both politically, socially,
economically. To their critics, they are ineffectual, little more than political theatre, more likely
to harm the innocent than their intended targets. However, sanctions are extremely controversial.
This comes from the appeal of sanctions to ease using them and the controversy over their
impact as sanctions that punish a country most are also severe on the innocent. For example,
sanctions imposed in Venezuela affect the innocent population who some have ended up fleeing
the country to neighbouring Guyana, Brazil, Trinidad and many other countries. Growing
consensus of United Nations member states including countries most affected by United Nations
sanctions and their allies in the non-aligned movement is increasingly sceptical of sanctions as
most sanctions are economic warfare by Western Governments of which many of them are
formal colonial and imperial rulers who assert control over domestic affairs and political choice.
Most of the countries that front sanctions over others include United States of America and
European Countries. The facts remain that, sanctions only apply to developing countries while
developed countries remain immune or above authorities. Given example of United States of
America under the Trump Administration did the worst human rights violations in the history of
human kind by separating over 545 children with their parents at US-Mexican border as a means
of zero tolerance policy where the controversy of reuniting these children with their parents is
still ongoing besides being mistreated in where they were kept. This abuse was not condemned
by the United Nations or other human rights activists. If it happened in other developing
countries, all agencies would have sanctions on the country.
This example among many reflects that developed countries are never sanctioned whenever they
violate international agreed policies or rules and sanctions are only meant for developing
countries such as Africa, South America, Middle East, Asia.
Some of the listed actions that attract sanctions which target countries include;
- Terrorism and support for terrorism
- Nuclear proliferation activities
- Crimes against Humanity
- Human rights violations
- Illegal annexation of foreign territory
- Deliberate destabilization of sovereign country.
In other words, the controversial sanctions don't work. Fact that can't be refuted is that economic
sanctions are the policy tool used by the United States which are increasingly at the core of
American foreign policy interests for resolving several issues.
Diplomats to this effect become key players in closely getting involved in the threat and actual
use of economic sanctions as a tool for interrupting commercial relations. The central point of
Diplomats in economic force hasn't received systematic assessment. Practitioners mostly deal
with broader issues of war and peace in autobiographical references discussing particular cases
in which they rely on economic sanctions as a means to seek concessions. That's why there is no
existing provisional guidance for the use of economic force on developing or violators of
international policies. Lack of proper thinking contrasts with military doctrines that have
principles governing the use of armed forces by the triggering conditions where applicable
procedures of responsible actors are tasked.
5. Progressing Practice
While conducting political intercourse beyond borders, governments administered economic
sanctions to restrain trade transactions before the terminology diplomacy was enacted. During
the 20th century, these measures were complemented of the use of armed forces among the
consolidated communities given example of North America and Europe in the form of infantry
or air force. Enforcement of restrictions required inspection such as cargo transport, train or ships
which task was carried out by members of the infantry or armed force. Establishment of
Diplomats then came to play by replacing the armed forces as agents of the use of economic
force. The newly created international institutions which was at first the league of Nations before
the United Nations or regional blocs such as the African Union, Caribbean Community, United
Arab Emirates slowly substituted the use of armed forces and this began in the second half of the
20th century.
Due to this changes in application of force, markets became the main and significant tool at the
beginning of the 21st century.
The soaring use of economic sanctions by the United States and European Union pursued a
increasing number of national security interests correspondingly that required expertise about
how global trading systems should function and the United States demanded for this specialised
economic knowledge using a new bureaucratic system whose members are neither diplomats nor
soldiers. They take on tasks that used assigned to diplomats such as negotiating with foreign
governments about cooperating, implementation and enforcement of sanctions. Targeted state
and non-state adversaries since the early 1990s by engaging in economic warfare without an
official declaration of war. Such members of the new bureaucratic cast can be described as
financial warriors.
In order to demonstrate the continuing relevance for diplomacy in the twenty-first century, there's
need to agree on terms that would limit countries from infiltrating beyond what they are required
to do.
6. Trends in Digital Diplomacy
Fascinating aspect of digital disruption today is the remarkable level of both creation and
destruction. Eliminating ways of people doing work in some fields in the new digital era creates
pervasive conditions for active resistance. Laying the groundwork for new economic or social
opportunities stimulates positive thinking and innovative practices that reinforce and sustain
these technologies. Technologies that disrupt will entrench themselves in a society which
therefore how to balance between the trends that are abruptly unleashed is ultimately concrete.
This observation proves valuable for understanding the evolution of digital diplomacy and the
extent to which the recent adoption of digital technologies worldwide will substantially change
the way in which relationships are practiced.
Mega trends are important to consider when assessing the transformative potential of digital
technologies on diplomatic relations. The first trend encourages digital adoption and is driven by
the process of acceleration of technological interference/disruption. While it took 75 years for
telephone to reach over 100 million users worldwide, the mobile phone technology and its most
Facebook application needed only 16 and 4 and a half years respectively passed this milestone.
Digital acceleration puts pressure on the Ministries of Foreign Affairs to develop strong
capacities for understanding the potential of digital technologies in their activities and for
strategies to main stream and tailor short and long term foreign policy objectives.
7. Challenges in Modern Diplomacy
Despite the successes in modern diplomacy across the globe, there are increasingly challenging
society and politics encountered by diplomatic missions in the twenty-first century which
include;
a. New Actors and Legitimacy one; Increasing number of active actors in the international
field widened interacting sphere with new partial, quasi actors which have begun to evolve
decades ago. Amongst these are sub-organisations of the United Nations/International
Organisations, Transnational corporations, civil society actors such as Non-Government
Organisations and criminal or terrorist organisations that are intentionally active. International
Organisations have their own interests and occasionally display cross-border influence in the
form of duress. Hence, governments end up in collaboration diplomatically.
Transnational Corporations share interests with governments and their agencies such as the
desire for stability and the ambition to fight corruption. For example, implementation of the
United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, they are often partners of governments involved
in the provision of public goods. Non-government Organisations can be allies of governments
such as during the climate negotiations but are sometimes on the opposite side when for example
advocating against abuse of human rights.
b. Public; The dissolution of boundaries between public and related elimination of
identities causes uncertainties across global societies especially among the indigenous majority
who have lived in their historical lifestyle in dynastical governance and wish to retain their
cultural practices. Individuals are increasingly in search of documentations and explanations that
reassure them of their identities. This delimited public have the possibility to gather digitally and
communicate negative or positive sentiments across borders that see them gather hope.
Emotionally driven social ties are formed and shared digitally such as on facebook, whatsapp,
instagram, linkedIn hence reaching millions within the shortest time possible. Digital technology
in the 21st century is changing diplomatic arena. New tools and actors in diplomacy will also
have to understand the composition of diplomatic arenas which mostly take place online leading
to offline consequences. Consequences to this effect might be volatile such as Brexit, Trump or
anti-immigrant sentiments. Diplomatic space in the new era is highly personalised as people can
build personal online networks which sometimes reflect a distorted view through content
bubbles. It is also infused with emotions as digital media allows for transmission of emotions
that can be directly experienced by the audience. As a result, group of people are able to identify
with others through emotions and the prime example is Uganda's elections of 14th February
2021 which was fused up with anger leading to unnecessary kidnaps and torture of innocent
people including killing by security forces.
c. Digitisation: Relationships remain important in the digital world which tool helps with
analysing choices and commenting on government's policies. They can be used to analyse trends
and influence digital spaces. Mass data analysis which can help forecast crisis and speed up
research. As France has shown its digital control power, digital embassies can foster
relationships with technological companies to increase internet governance and risk assessment.
The field of digitisation attracts user attention that constitutes one of the greatest challenges for
diplomacy. Information consumes attention and the wealth of information creates a lack of
attention. Digitisation creates the possibility of information exchange. This has changed the
conditions of communication which is classified as an advancement.
8. Recommendations for Modern Diplomacy
Having looked at the trending challenges in modern diplomacy, the following can be paid
attention to in order to prevent severe consequences;
Establishing norms through regional allies such as European Union that has a larger market by
drafting norms for authoritarian governments rather than interacting with European Union via
Foreign Ministries. Comprehensive policies obligatory for all its agencies by engaging the public
in the post truth world with concrete models and by exploring this, would bring all allied
governments into conformity.
As diplomacy is increasingly enacted in a digital environment, diplomats should be critical of
real life actors behind software of their intentions and how they pursue their arms and to what
effect.
Diplomats may act as mediators between platform actors and all others affected by platform
systems and data, honing the capacity to invite a dialogue between technical and normative
interests.
There is need for inclusiveness in decision-making where all actors must be present when
drafting guidelines or procedures for all actors to conform to guidelines.
9. Conclusion
Modern Diplomacy is undergoing fundamental changes at an unexpected rate which affect the
character of diplomacy. These changes also affect aspects of relationships that were once of no
great concern to diplomacy but are now of greater importance. Digitisation mainly affects how
the work of the diplomat is understood. The number of actors whose activity implicates
diplomacy and is increasing the public sensitiveness hence seek to influence diplomacy through
social media and other platforms. Exchange between countries as well as the interchange
between governments progress in influencing diplomacy's ability to act legitimately and
effectively. Trends reflecting general societal developments that need to be absorbed by
diplomacy as part of government.
Processes are to ensure that the mechanisms of power are not exceptional but the normal tools of
politics with all that diplomacy is expected for to allow more people to use them in the more
amicable approach. The consequence of mixed media is that more people can do this changing of
dynamics and the outcomes of politics and that is no small thing.
Analysis of development suggests that power in the digital age can not be understood solely in
terms of resources without processing issues such as mobilising strategies and the ability of
agents to influence the framing of issues on media.
10. Reference
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Adler-Nissen, Rebecca. Conclusion: Relationalism or Why Diplomats Find International
Relations Theory Strange. In Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics. Cambridge
University Press, 2015
Annan, Kofi, "The UN has more sanctions in place than ever but are they working" World
Economic Forum, 12 January 2016.
Berridge G.R Diplomatic Theory from Machievelli to Kissinger. New York: Palgrave, 2001.
Berry, David M. Critical Theory and the Digital. New York: Bloomsbury, 2014.