Pakistan Studies Complete Notes Question Answer Format

Pakistan Studies
Question & Answer Format
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Chapter # 1
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Q1. Write down the aims & objectives of the creation of Pakistan?
Ans. Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. The Muslims of India
had scarifies there wealth honour & life to make a Pakistan reality. Struggle for
attainment of Pakistan started very after the war of independence 1857.
Aims & Objectives of the Creation of Pakistan
After the war of Independence the Muslims were greatly pressed by the
Hindus as well as the British. Social, political and economical conditions of the
Muslims were totally changed. That is why they demanded for a separate
state of their own. Following were the Aims & Objectives that led to the
creation of Pakistan.
1. Setting up of a Free Islamic Society:
The main objective of the creation of Pakistan was to establish a free Islamic
Society having its own identity and government, practicing its own social
principles and religion and inviting the Muslims of the world, particularly and
others generally to adopt the Islamic way of life.
2. Protection from Communal Riots:
The communal Riots on every other day made it clear that the Hindus could
monopolies the politics after the departure of The British. The lives of Muslims
could never be safe in the united India. The Hindu organizations had again
and again asserted that Hindu Raj would be imposed on India after the
independence. So to get rid of these atrocities the Muslims demanded their
separate state.
3. Social & Political Development of Muslims:
After the war of Independence 1857, the social environment was totally
changed. The Muslims were scared of the caste system and other
discriminations. They could enjoy neither political nor social liberties;
therefore, they preferred to have a separate homeland in which they could live
according to the teachings of Islam.
4. Protection of Muslim Language
The Hindus did the best to replace Urdu by Hindi. But they did not succeed
during British period. If South Asia had got freedom without partition, the
Hindu majority could very easily declare Hindi, the official and national
language. The Hindu government could wipe out all signs of Muslim culture;
therefore, the Muslims had no choice except putting a demand for Pakistan.
5. Protection of Two Nation Theory:
The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves and they were
determined to maintain a separate entity for all times to come. The Muslims
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believe in separate religion, practice different traditions, and have their own
history and their cultural heritage. Their claim was absolutely true. It was their
right to keep their separate entity alive and to enjoy all human rights. This was
not possible in undivided India.
6. Establishment of Islamic State:
Islam is a complete code of life. The Muslims wanted to implement the system
practically. This could not be attained in United India therefore, they passed a
resolution and demanded an Islamic state in the North East and North West of
South Asia.
7. Setting up of True Islamic Society:
Islam upholds the golden principles of freedom, justice, brotherhood and
equality but living for centuries with the Hindu community, the Muslims were
gradually ignoring, consciously or unconsciously, these principles. Islam gives
guidance for individual as well as collective life. It has its own principles such
as ban on usuary, gambling, to refrain from all unlawful means of income and
expenditure. Again extravagance is regarded devilish. The rights of the
neighbours are stressed which results in social security to all. God-fearing and
belief in the Hereafter are the basis for the social life of the Muslims.
8. Dream of Muslims to get freedom:
Due to the ill treatment of Hindus and British the Muslims also wanted to get
freedom and established their own Govt. in the sub continent because the
freedom is right of every nation and the country. For this reason they
demanded Pakistan.
9. Narrow Mindedness of Hindus:
The Hindu community‟s narrow mindedness could be gauged from the fact
that they do not feel ashamed of idol worship during the 20th century even.
The women are considered slaves. They do not recognize the right of second
marriage for the widow. They consider themselves much superior to the
people of their own race. The Hindus declare a thing polluted if it has been
touched by a Muslim. There was a concept of caste systems in the Hindus
itself. There was only one way of Muslim‟s deliverance from such a narrow-
minded and prejudiced community, and that was a separate state comprising
the provinces of Muslim majority, and as such they demanded a separate
homeland.
10. To get rid of the British:
After the war of independence (1857), the British maltreated the Muslims.
Political rights of the Muslims were snatched. Doors of new jobs were closed
and also the Muslims were deprived of their jobs and were deprived of their
property (estates). There was no social status for the Muslims. So they
demanded separate homeland.
11. Attainment of Peaceful Atmosphere:

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After the formation of Mahasabha and its entrance into politics, prejudiced
movements like Shuddhi and Sangthan were born. Riots occurred here and
there. They extinguished the fire of revenge by dishonouring the mosques or
attacking Moharram processions. The daily increase in riots had given a
warning to the Muslims. It is rightly remarked that the last 25 years were spent
in Hindu-Muslim civil war. Its cure was no other than the creation of Pakistan
in the Muslim majority provinces so that the daily occurrences of riots may
come to an end. The Muslims may enjoy the peaceful conditions in a separate
state of their own.
12. Islamic Culture and Civilization:
Success of congress in elections of 1937 and capturing the leadership was an
enough proof that the Hindus wanted to demolish Muslim civilization and
culture. Every now and then new intrigues were hatched to destroy the
Muslim‟s religious values. The breeding of cows and to worship them was the
reckoned culture of Hindustan. The Hindu community was planning to prevail
upon Muslims in their customs and ceremonies. The Muslim ceremonies were
interfered whereas the Hindu festivals of Diwali, Lorhis, Dasehra were
celebrated with great pomp and show. In short, if India were not divided, this
country would have become a pure Hindu State and the next generation of
Muslims would have been Muslim only by name, but it would have been
impossible for the Muslims to follow Islam practically.
13. Deliverance from Economic Exploitation:
The Hindus community was not contented with the political rule; it was
determined to worsen the condition of the minorities economically. But
especially they wanted to take revenge from the Muslims for their past
defeats. Under the patronage of the English, the Hindus were made the
owners of the land. They were encouraged in trade and commerce also. Only
the trade of hydes and skins remained with the Muslims. They were
encouraged in the trade of shining nature, or some factory, and that belonged
to a Muslims, they started cut throat competitions. So after being disheartened
the Muslims had to leave the factory or trade. The Muslims had seen this state
of affairs for years till they reached the conclusion that where the problems
were settled by the votes of majority, it was hardly possible to live along with
the prejudiced and cruel Hindu majority. The sole aim of the Hindus was to re-
convert the Muslims to Hinduism and absorb them in that religion. So there
was no room left for the Muslims except demanding a separate independent
homeland, for themselves.
20. Muslim Unity:
Muslims were dispersed in the 20th century especially after the failure of
Khilafat movement. The Muslims wanted to become united again because

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unity is also the basic teaching of Islam. But the unity of the Muslim world
cannot be possible without the creation of Pakistan.
In short the Muslims demanded a separate state only because of their worse
conditions and to save their national integrity.
Q2: Explain the Ideology of Pakistan in the light of the sayings of

the Quaid-e-Azam?
Ans. Pakistan is the only state that came into being on the bases of strong
ideology. Since its establishment it has been demanded to accomplish its
basic aim.
Ideology:
The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a collective
objective of any nation is called Ideology. OR
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about
their future.
The Ideology of Pakistan
The Ideology of Pakistan was the consciousness of the Muslims in the
historical perspective of the south Asian sub-continent that they were a
separate nation on the basis of the Islamic ideology. No doubt Islamic
ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundaments of Islam
are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan.
Ideology of Pakistan & Different Scholars
Ideology of Pakistan is defined by the different sociologist as: -
1. Syed Ali Abbas
Syed Ali Abbas former professor of history defined ideology of Pakistan as.
“Ideology of Pakistan and Ideology of Islam have same meaning.
Actually ideology of Pakistan is the practical shape of the teachings of
Islam.”
2. Dr. Aslam Syed
Dr. Aslam Syed defined the ideology of Pakistan as.
“Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and
collective lives according to Islam and also of saving from
conflicting ideologies.”
3. Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui
A well known scholar Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui defined ideology of Pakistan
as.
“Ideology of Pakistan is the name of implementation of Islamic
principles on persons. On groups & on government and Islam
should be stronger than the strongest forces here”

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QUAID-E-Azam AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Quaid-e-Azam was the liberator of the Muslim nation in Sub-Continent.
He struggled for the separate state on the bases of Islamic Ideology. He
himself explained this basic ideology. -
1. Foundation of Muslim Nation
Once Quaid-e-Azam said,
“Pakistan came into being the very day when the first Hindu
became a Muslim.”
2. Pakistan and the Holy Quran:
In the annual meeting of 1943 at Karachi Quaid-e-Azam said while clarifying
the relation of Pakistan and Islam:
“What is that relation which has made Muslim a single body?
What is that rock on which the structure of Muslim Nation is
restored? What is that base which has secured the safety of the
boat of this Muslim Nation? That relation, rock and base is the
Holy Quran.”
3. Islam is a complete code of life:
While addressing the students, in March, 1944 he said,
“Our guide is Islam and this, is the complete code of our life. We
neither need any red or yellow flag nor do we need any Socialism.
Communism, Nationalism or any other ism”
4. Elimination of differences:
On 21 March, 1948 while addressing the people in Dhaka and said,
“I want not to see you to talk as a Sindhi, Balochi, Punjabi and
Bengali. What is the fun of saying that we are Punjabi, Sindhi or
Pathan? We are only Muslims.”
5. Need of division of India:
While addressing at Aligarh he clarified the ideology of Pakistan in these
words:
“What was the motive of the demand for Pakistan and a separate
electorate for Muslims? What was the cause of the division of
India? Its cause is neither the narrow mindedness of Hindus nor
the tactics of The British but is the basic demand of Islam?”
6. National Identity of The Muslims:
In the light of the history of the subcontinent Quaid-e-Azam argued that
Muslims have never been a minority. They are a perfect nation and have the
right to establish an independent state in those areas where they are in
majority.
7. Pakistan, A practical laboratory for Islamic system:

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While addressing the students of lslamia College, Peshawar on 13 January
1948 Quaid-e-Azam said,
“We did not demand Pakistan just to own a piece of land but we infact
wanted to have a Laboratory for experimenting the true teachings of
Islam.”
8. Protection of Muslim culture:
Addressing the army officers, in October, 1947, Mr. Jinnah said,
“Our object was to create such a state where we can live freely,
our culture and civilization get flourished, and where Islamic
concept of social justice can flourish exactly.”
9. Criticism of the Western Economic system:
On the eve of inaugurating the State Bank of Pakistan on 1 July 1948, the
Quaid said,
“The Economic system of west is creating unsolvable problems for humanity.
It has failed to provide justice to the people. We are to present an economic
system based on original Islamic concept equality and social justice.”
10. A Staunch supporter of the Two Nation Theory:
He was a great supporter of two-nation theory and he considered the Muslims
a separate nation from every aspect. He said:
“The Muslims are a nation by every right to establish their
separate homeland. They can adopt any mean to promote and
protect their spiritual, moral, economic, social, political and
cultural interests”.
11. Origin of Pakistan
In his address at Ahmedabad on 29th December 1940 Quaid-e-Azam said,
“Pakistan existed from centuries. North West remained a
homeland of Muslims. Independent states of Muslims should be
established in these areas so that they might live according to the
teachings of Islam”.
12. Separate Status of The Muslims:
In his address at Lahore on 23rd March 1940 it was clearly mentioned,
“No Act or Law would be acceptable which deny the separate status
of the Muslims.”
13. Demand for the Separate Homeland:
Quaid-e-Azam said in his presidential address at Lahore on 23rd March
about the demand of separate homeland for the Muslims as:
“Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions based on
totally different beliefs, and present the different ideologies. They
have different epics, different heroes and different history. Therefore,

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the union of two nations is fatal for the sub-continent, because it is
not based on equality but on numerical minority and other as a
majority. It would be better for the British government to partition the
sub-continent by keeping in view the interests of the two nations. It
will be a correct decision religiously and historically”.
14. Promotion of Islamic Ideology:
On 1st October 1947, while addressing the officers of the Government of
Pakistan, he said,
“Their mission is the establishment of a state where they could
live like free people in their own socio-cultural set up necessary
for the promotion of social justice and Islamic ideology”.
15. Muslim Unity:
Quaid-e-Azam once said while clarifying the root of Muslim unity.
“What is the relation which has made Muslims a single body?
What is the rock on which the structure of Muslim Nation is
standing? What is the base which has secured the safety of the
boat of this Muslim Nation? That relation, rock and base is the
Holy Quran.”
16. The Constitution of Pakistan
The Quaid-e-Azam while talking to an American journalist said about the
making of constitution of Pakistan.
“Pakistani constitution is yet to be made but I can say for sure that
it would be of democratic type and would consist of the basic
principles of Islam. These principles can be implemented on our
practical life as they were 1300 years ago. ”
17. Destination of Muslims
During the Congress rule from 1937 to 1939, the treatment to the Muslims
convinced them of their destination. Quaid-e-Azam in clear words said:
“The Britain wants to rule India, Mr. Gandhi and the Congress
want to rule India and the Muslims. We say that we will not let
either the Britain or Mr. Gandhi to rule Muslims, we want to be
free”
18. Strong Belief of Muslims
Quaid-e-Azam had a strong belief in achieving his goal. He said:
“We cannot be moved or diverted from our purpose and objective
by threats or intimidations. We must be prepared to face all
difficulties and consequences, make al the sacrifices that may be
required of us to achieve the goal we have set in front of us”
19. Pakistan & United Nations

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With the will of Allah, the Muslims were able to establish Pakistan. ON that
occasion, on 15th August, 1947 he said:
“Muslims of India have shown to the world that they are a united
nation, their cause is just and righteous which cannot be denied.
Let us, on this day, humbly thank God for His bounty and pray
that we might be able to prove that we are worthy of it. This day
marks the end of a painful phase in our national history and it
should also be the beginning of a new and a noble era”.
20. National Solidarity
Quaid-e-Azam wanted to establish such a Pakistan which is strong & united
from every respect. Once he said after the creation of Pakistan.
“The people who think that they will demolish Pakistan they are
foolish & not in their senses. There is no any power in the world
who demolishes Pakistan. The roots of Pakistan are very deep &
strong”
In the light of above mentioned facts we can easily conclude that the Quaid-e-
Azam was truly aware of the basic demands of an Islamic state and he
struggled for it. According to his ideas Islam was the only base of The
Ideology of Pakistan.
Q3. Explain the Ideology of Pakistan in the light of sayings of

Allama Iqbal?
Ans. The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a
collective objective of any nation is called Ideology. OR
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned
about their future.
ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundamentals of
Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan.
Ideology of Pakistan & Different Scholars
Ideology of Pakistan is defined by the different scholars as: -
1. Syed Ali Abbas
Syed Ali Abbas former professor of history defined ideology of Pakistan as.
“Ideology of Pakistan and Ideology of Islam have same meaning.
Actually ideology of Pakistan is the practical shape of teachings of
Islam.”
2. Dr. Aslam Syed

9
Dr. Aslam Syed defined the ideology of Pakistan as.
“Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and collective
lives according to Islam and also of saving form conflicting ideologies.”
3. Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui
A well known scholar Allama Allaud-Din-Siddiqui defined ideology of
Pakistan as.
“Ideology of Pakistan is the name of implementation of Islamic
principles on persons. On groups & on government and Islam
should be stronger than the strongest forces here”
Allama Iqbal & Ideology of Pakistan
Allama Iqbal was the person who for the first time gave the concept of a
separate state for the Muslims keeping in view the Two Nation Theory. He
clearly explained the Ideology of Pakistan in his sayings and poetry.
Aflame Iqbal and Ideology of Pakistan:
1. Separate Recognition of Muslims:
Allama lqbal made it clear that the Muslims have the separate recognition
from the Hindus on the base of religion and culture. In this regard he said
“India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings
belonging to different languages and practicing different religions.
Muslim nation has its own religious and cultural identity.”
2. Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts:
Allama lqbal was strongly against the western concept of Democracy.
Despite flourishing all over the world, this system cannot provide solution of
the problem of Islamic world. Iqbal was of the view that all social and political
problems can be solved with the help of Islamic system. He said, (Western
democracy is devoid of depth, it has merely an attractive out look.)
3. Concept of separate Muslim State:
Dr. Muhammad Allama lqbal was great supporter and preacher of separate
Muslim state. He gave this idea of separate state for the Muslims in 1930
while addressing the annual meeting of All India Muslim league in Allah Abad,
“I want to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan in the
form of one homogenous state. Whether India gets
independences under the crown of England or out of it, I think
independent state of western provinces is the destiny of the
people living there.”
4. Commendation of Idea of Single Nation:
In March, 1909 when lqbal was asked to address a meeting held by Minvra
Raj Amritsar but he refused to address that meeting & said.
“I remained the supporter of this idea but now I am of the view that
preservation of separate nationhood is useful for Hindus and Muslims

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birth. To have the concept of single nation in India is no doubt poetic
and beautiful but impractical regarding present circumstances.”
5. Concept of Two Nation Theory:
Allama Iqbal explaining the two nation theory as:
“Despite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims have their
own individual ideologies so the only solution of political conflict in India
is to have a separate independent parliament for each nation.”
6. Eradication of Racial & Regional Prejudices:
Allama Iqbal rejected the Racial & Regional Prejudices. Once he said in this
regard as:
“Concept of nation and homeland is confusing the Muslims. That
is why Islamic humane objects are becoming dim. It is also
possible that these concepts may destroy the real concepts of
Islam.”
7. Explanation of Relation of Islam & politics:
Allam Iqbal was in the favour of basic concept that politics is a part of religion
(Islam) and Islam provides complete guidance about it,
“Islam does not consider matter and soul separate from each other.
Allah, Universe and state all are the basic elements of single unit. Man
is not so alien that he should leave worldly affairs for the sake of
religion.”
8. Islam is complete code of life

In the annual meeting of Muslim League on December 29, 1930 at Allahabad,
he said,
“Islam is not the name of some beliefs and customs but it is a compete
code of life. In, Europe, religion is every one’s personal matter which
divides the human oneness into two opposite parts i.e. body and soul.
In contrast to that in Islam, God, Universe, soul, matter, sate and
religions are bound to each other or in other words Muslims are one
nation”
9. Islam is a lively power
In his Allahabad address he said:
“Islam is a lively power which frees human mind from thoughts
country and race. If we understand this thing then we can be the
leaders of prominent Indian civilization.”
10. Islam is the way to success
Allama Iqbal said in relation to Islam:
“The lesson which I learnt from history is that Islam always helped
the Muslims. Even today, Ideology of Islam can save your being
from destruction by uniting your divided powers”.

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11. No other ideology of life than Islam
On the publication of his poem, “Khazr-e-Rah” people started to call Allama
Iqbal as communist. He rejected this balance firstly in his essay and then in a
letter to All-e-Ahmed Sarwur in 1937. He said:
“To me capitalism, communism and other isms of this world have
no importance. Islam is the only reality which is the reason of
salvation. To have a contract with any other ism is just like to be
out of Islam.”
12. Opposition of Nationalism
He described the reason of opposition of nationalism in the words:
“I am opposed to nationalism, not because if it is allowed to
develop in India. It is likely to bring less material gain to Muslims. I
am opposed to it because I see in it the germs of atheistic
materialism which I look upon as the greatest danger to modern
humanity”
13. Separate Existence of Muslims
The fact is that even the enemies acknowledge that it was Iqbal who made the
idea of a distinct Muslim Nationhood crystal clear in the minds of the masses.
A bigoted Hindu leader Madan Mohan Malwiya once remarked.
“Before Iqbal, we had not the slightest idea that the Muslims
possessed a separate existence in India. We regarded them to be
a part of a common nationalism”
14. Foundation of Pakistan
Allama Iqbal not only put forward the proposal of Pakistan‟s creation by uniting
the Muslim majority provinces of north-western India, he also explicitly pointed
out the foundations on which this state was to be established and was to
function. He said:
“To address this session of All India Muslim League you have
selected a man who is not despaired of Islam as a living force for
freeing the outlook of man from its geographical limitations, who
believes that religion is a power of utmost importance in the life of
individual as well as states.”
15. Unity of Muslim World
Allama Iqbal was a great supporter of Muslims Unity. He gave the message to
the Nation of unity, equality, fraternity & tolerance. He also declared that there
is no any concept of discrimination on the base of colour, cast and creed in
Islam. The message of unity of the Muslim World can be seen in his poetry as.
‫ایک ہوں هسلن حرم کی پاسبانی کے لیے‬
‫نیل کے ساحل سے لے کے تا بخاک کاشغر‬
16. Geographical Limitations of Mankind

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According to Allama Iqbal, Islam is a practical way to eliminate the artificial
distinctions of race and nation and to transcend beyond the geographical
limitations of mankind. He wanted to established Muslim nationality on
ideological lines:
Allama lqbal categorically stated that the Hindus and the Muslims can‟t live
together in one state, and that the Muslims would succeed in making their own
separate state sooner or later. He advocated the separate nationhood of
Muslims. Declaring Islam a complete code of life Allama lqbal in the annual
Session of All India Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930, demanded a Muslim
state in the North West of the sub-continent.
Q4. Describe the importance of the Ideology of Pakistan.

Ans. Pakistan is the only state that came into being on the bases of strong
ideology. Since its establishment it has been demanded to accomplish its
basic aim. Following are the bases of its ideology.
Ideology:
The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a collective
objective of any nation is called Ideology. OR
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned about
their future.
ideology is the base of ideology of Pakistan so the basic fundamentals of
Islam are also the bases of the Ideology of Pakistan.
IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Importance of Ideology of Pakistan is as under:-
1. Right of Self Determination
In the decent civilizations of the world, right of self determination has got the
place of basic human right. The Muslim of sub-continent work hard for the
attainment of right of self determination, on the base of this right the Muslim
demanded separate electorate in 1906 and this right was awarded to the
Muslim in 1909‟s Minto Morley reforms.
2. Protection of the Muslims of Sub-Continent
Ideology of Pakistan saved the Muslim of the Sub-Continent. Because of the
ideology of Pakistan, the Muslims of India who had become a minority due to
the western democracy became a great nation.

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3. Cause of Independence of Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is the cause of independence of Muslims. Because of
the ideology of Pakistan the Muslims of India got freedom and they got social
betterment. In addition to that other nations like Sikhs, Hindus and Christians
had other benefits out of that.
4. Ending of Hindu-Muslim Tension
After the creation of Pakistan, Hindu-Muslim tension which had been a part of
Daily life ended. Along with that tension the events of terrorism also ended.
They both got peaceful atmosphere which is necessary for the development of
any society.
5. Symbol of Security of the Muslims
The ideology of Pakistan is very important for the Muslim of the Sub-Continent
after the start of this theory the Muslims feel better and secured in the Sub-
Continent. The people who believe the ideology of Pakistan although belong
to different races and different areas, are united. Because of this natural unity,
they can defeat foreign conspiracies and enemies of Pakistan.
6. Character Building
Ideology of Pakistan is a source of Character Building of the Muslims.
Ideology of Pakistan is based on Islamic ideology and exemplary principles of
Islam. So due to the ideology of Pakistan we are able to establish the Islamic
society in Pakistan and we create the courage, honesty, tolerance, bravery,
equality, fraternity & character building in Pakistan.
7. Unity of Islamic World
Ideology of Pakistan is laid down on the Islam. There is no any discrimination
on the base of colour cast, creed, state or a country in Islam and Pakistan is
obtained on the base of Ideology of Pakistan. So the unity of the Islamic world
is the key factor of the foreign policy of Pakistan and Pakistan tried his best to
create the harmony and unity of the Muslim World.
8. Source of Power
Islam gave the concept of two nation theory in sub-continent and secured the
separate recognition of the Muslims in sub-continent. Two nation theory
protected the Muslims in the hour of need especially in British rule, that‟s why
ideology of Pakistan is the source of power in the sub-continent on which base
the Muslims struggle hard for the attainment of Pakistan. Finally they succeed
to achieve Pakistan.
9. Formation of Exemplary Society
The Muslims wanted to establish the exemplary society in the sub-continent
but this dream couldn‟t be fulfill in the united India. Muslims of India had a
brilliant chance to build and exemplary society in Pakistan after the creation of

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Pakistan. According to the constitution of Pakistan, government is
responsible for the security of basic human rights. This thing is necessary for
an exemplary society.
10. Freedom from Hindu-British Society
After the death of Aurangzeb Allamgir the decline of the Muslim of the Sub-
Continent was started. In 1857 The British took-over the whole sub-continent
and Muslim became their ruled. In the 18th and 19th century The British
increased their efforts to spread Christianity and Hindus started to spread
Hinduism. Under these conditions the ideology of Pakistan saved them from
such spreading.
11. Protection of Muslim Civilization & Culture
Right from the reign of Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar, Hindus through their
“Bhagti Movement”, had been trying to deprive the Muslims of India from their
identity as a separate nation. After the war of Independence in 1857 Hindus &
The Britishs tried their best to demolish the Muslim Civilization and Culture
and the Muslims wanted to protect with their culture. The protection of Muslim
Culture and Civilization is only possible the ideology of Pakistan.
12. Symbol of Beneficence of the Society
The progress of the Muslims of the sub-continent was hidden in the aim of
getting Pakistan which was lightened by the creation of Pakistan. Besides,
ideology of Pakistan is ideology of Islam so it is in a way a source of
beneficence on the Day of Judgment.
13. Reason of Human Dignity
The basic aim of creation of Pakistan was the formation of such state where
Muslims can live their individual and collective lives according to the principles
of Islam. In addition to that there they can make such a society where
courageous and morally high people dominate. This heightens the human
dignity. Creation of Pakistan up to a high extent fulfilled this aim.
14. Source of Economic Development of the Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is source of economic development of the Muslims,
because after the creation of Pakistan, Muslims got the freedom from The
British, and Hindu landlords. The Muslims have full control on trade, services
& agriculture. Exploitation of Muslims of the sub-continent came to an end.
And they became strong economically.
15. Industrial and Mineral Development
After the creation of Pakistan, Muslims used their capabilities in finding and
using the minerals blessed by God and made progress in the field of industry
and minerals.
16. Establishment of Welfare State

15
On the basis of ideology of Pakistan separate state for the Muslims was to
be established. In which they introduced democratic values, social system
based on Islam, justice & economic prosperity of the people which would led
to the Pakistan towards the welfare state.
17. Success for the Muslims
Ideology of Pakistan is the source of success for the Muslims in the world.
Due to the separate state, the Muslims became prosperous and they adopted
Islamic ways of life. They obey the Islamic principles and follow Islam and
start to spend of their lives according to Islam and introduced Islamic ethical
system which led to the success of the Muslims both in this word and the life
after the death.
Q5. Write a comprehensive note on Two Nation Theory?

Ans. The social or political Programme of any movement that becomes a
collective objective of any nation is called Ideology. OR
Ideology means such an aim according to which human beings planned
about their future.
TWO NATION THEORY
In the historical perspective of the sub-continent Two Nation Theory means
that despite living together in the same country, the Hindus and the Muslims
are two separate nations. Though the Muslims and the Hindus both have been
living together for centuries, yet they could not merge with each other.
BEGINNING OF TWO NATION THEORY
The history of two nation theory is as old as the history of man. According to
the holy Quran, the concept of one nation was produced before Adam. Quran
says:
“We Said: Go down, all of you from here; but verily there cometh
unto you from Me a guidance; and who so follow My guidance,
there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve. But
they who disbelieve and deny Our revelations, such are rightful
owners of the fire. They will be therein.”
Islam and Two Nation Theory:
Islam has different character and temperament. The concept of Two Nations
was given by Islam 14 hundred years ago. According to Islam there are only
two nations in the world; Believers and Non believers.
EVOLUTION OF TWO NATION THEORY IN INDIA:
In the subcontinent Two Nation Theory is as old as the history of the
Muslims. Two nations theory had been formed in India when Raja Samri
of Kadanga Noor accepted Islam, because Hindus and Muslims of India

16
belonged to the same race. They were living in the geographically connected
areas. They were the citizens of one country. There was no huge difference
between their customs. In spite of all these common things, religious fervor
had provided them such a strong base for nationalism which altogether made
the Muslims and everything different from Hindus. It is clear from the words of
the Quaid-e-Azam:
“Pakistan was created on the very first day when first Hindu
accepted Islam in India”
1. Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani & Two Nation Theory
Hazrat Mujaddad Alf Sani explained the Two Nation Theory in 16th and 17th
century:-
“If Muslims want to live like a live nation then they will have to get
rid of all those paganism. They will have to live separately from
Hindus. If this consciousness of separate nationalism is not
produced among the Muslims then the fear is that they would be
swept away in the flood of one-nationhood.”
2. Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah & Two Nation Theory:
Shah Wali Ullah was also a great supporter of two nation theory. He saved the
Muslims of the sub-continent at that time when the Muslims decline was
started after the death of Aurangzeb Allamgir in 1707. He advised the Muslim
to be united and followed the Islamic rules & regulations. He also advised the
Muslims to give up Hindu and Un-Islamic values. He considered that the
Muslims are the separate nation from Hindus.
3. Sir Syed Ahmed and Two Nation Theory:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Indian Muslim political leader who used
the word “Nation” for the Muslims of the sub-continent in 1867. During the
Urdu Hindi Controversy he came forward with two nation concept and
declared that the Muslims were a separate nation, having their own culture
and civilization. He talked to Mr. Shakespeare, Governor of Banaras and
explained the two nation theory as:
“Hindi Urdu conflict is the starting of the space of separation
between Hindus and Muslims which will gradually increase and a
day will come when both the nations will separate from each other
after division.”
4 Allama Iqbal and Two Nation Theory:
Allama Iqbal awakened the Muslims of sub-continent with his poetry to
demand a separate homeland. He led the Muslims at every step and rendered
great services for the establishment of Pakistan. Allama Iqbal considered
Islam as a complete code of life. He said that he was fully convinced that the

17
Muslims of India would ultimately have a separate homeland, as they could
not live with the Hindus in united India.
The evolution of the Two Nation Theory got momentum slowly. Allama Iqbal
clearly stressed the need of a separate state by including the province of
NWFP, in his address at Allahabad in 1930. But the British and the Hindus did
not agree to it.
5 Quaid-e-Azam and Two Nation Theory:
The Quaid-e-Azam was a big supporter of two-nation theory. He said,
“The foundation of Two Nation Theory was laid on the day
when the first non-Muslim of sub-continent became
Muslim”.
This two-nation theory was originated with the arrival of the Muslims in the
sub-continent. He said:
“India is neither a country nor its inhabitants are a nation. This is a
sub-continent where many nations live; among these the Hindu and
the Muslim are two important nations”.
6 John Bright and Two Nation Theory:
On 24th June, 1858 John Bright gave the concept of a separate state for the
Muslims of the sub-continent.
7 Syed Jamal Ud Din Afghani and Two Nation Theory:
In 1879 Maulana Jamal-ud-Din Afghani gave the concept of Two Nations in
the sub-continent.
8 Molana Abdul Haleem Sharar and Two Nation Theory:
In 1890 Maulana Abdul Haleem gave the concept of the Two Nation Theory.
9 Walait Ali Bambook and Two Nation Theory:
In 1913 Walait Ali Bambook presented the Two Nation Theory.
10 Molana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and Two Nation Theory:
In 1928, on the basis of separate identity, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi
talked about separate state of the Muslims.
11 Murtaza Makesh and Two Nation Theory:
In 1928, on the basis of separate identity, Murtaza Makesh talked about
separate state of the Muslims.
12 Chaudhry Rehmat Ali and Two Nation Theory:
Chaudhry Rehmat Ali in 1933 suggested the name of Pakistan on the base of
Two Nation Theory, while he was a student of the Cambridge University of
England.
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Importance of Two Nation Theory:
The entire freedom movement revolves around Two Nation Theory which
became the basis of demand for Pakistan. It means that the Muslim of the
sub-continent were a separate nation with their distinct culture, civilization,
literature, history, religion and social values. Islam, the religion of the Muslims
was based on the concept of Tauheed and therefore could not be merged in
any other system of religion.

19
Chapter # 2
HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF
THE IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Q1. Describe the services of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani (Sheikh Ahmad
Sirhindi) for the revival of Islam in the Sub-Continent.
Ans. Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani was a great Muslim saint and mystic of the
Naqshbandia order. He challenged the might of Akbar, the great Mughal emperor, to
re-establish to glory of Islam which had been gravely threatened by the anti-Islamic
trends of Akbar.
Brief Introduction of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani
Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani, whose real name was Sheikh Ahmad title name was
baddrudin a descendant of the second pious Caliph Hazrat Umar Ibn Al Khatab for
which he was also referred as Farooqi. He was a prominent disciple of Khawaja Baqi
Billah, an eminent saint of the Naqshabandia spiritual order. Sheikh Ahmad was
drawn into mysticism by his father. Sheikh Abd-al-Ahad, a prominent Sufi and
scholar. He received Khilafat from his father in the Chishtiya and Suhurwrdiya
spiritual orders. He is popularly known as Mujadid-i-Afli-i-Sani (Receiver of Islam
during the second Millenium). Sheikh Ahmad was born on June 26, 1564 at Sirhind,
the Capital of Eastern Punjab during Mughal rule.
Early Education
He received education under the most prominent and learned teachers at
Sialkot and Sirhind. He memorized the Holy Quran and then switched over to the
study of Hadith, Tafsir (commentary) and Ma‟qual (philosophy). He traveled from
place to place to benefit from the renowned scholars. During his wandering to
quench his thirst for the mystical knowledge he came into contact with the leading
lights of Akbar‟s court Abu-al-Fazl and Faizi. When Abu-al-Fazl and Faizi learnt of
his brilliance and extraordinary mystical insight, they tried to draw him into the Court
of Akbar. However, Sheikh Ahmad‟s connection with the celebrated brothers Abu-al-
Fazl and Faizi did not prolong because of Abu-al-Fazl‟s un-Islamic trends. Sheikh
Ahmad wrote his famous book, Isbat-un-Nabuwwat (affirmation of prophet hood) in
which he gave an excellent explanation of the prophet hood.
RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL SERVICES

When Sheikh Ahmad began his reform movement Akbar was ruling the sub-
continent and his anti-Islamic outlook had aggravated the social environs. Akbar had
no leanings towards Islamic principles and tenets. He promoted Hinduism by
marrying Hindu ladies and by allowing free access to the Rajputs and Hindus in his
court. He also appointed Hindu Rajputs on higher civil and military positions.
1. Opposition of Din-i-Ilahi:

20
The introduction of Din-i-Ilahi by Akbar was a grave attempt to distort Islam.
He assumed the title of Mujadid-i-Azam and Imam-i-Adil and issued orders
pertaining to the religious matters which were to be considered as authentic and
final. The impact of Din-i-Ilahi greatly affected the Muslim beliefs and trends. It split
the Muslim society into several factions and promoted heretic attitudes and
practices.
2. Social Reorms:
At that time Muslim society was ridden with un-Islamic practices and trends.
Under the Hindu influence, a firm and widespread belief in Karamat (miracles of the
saints) had developed in the society which greatly misguided the innocent people. In
Sufism many means of developing magical and supernatural powers, alien to Islam,
had been developed.
3. Reforms in Tasawaf(Spirituality):
The mystics and Sufis of those days openly denied the authenticity of Sharia
by declaring Sharia (the law of Islam) as superficial and external. They even proudly
manifested their indifference towards the Sunnah or Examples of the Prophet (peace
be upon him). The ulema and theologians ceased to refer to the Quran and Hadith in
their commentaries and considered jurisprudence as the only religious knowledge.
By these trends the religious spirit excessively diminished and gave rise to the
juristic view of Islam.
4. Purgation of Muslim Society:
Sheikh Ahmad undertook the job of purifying the Muslim society of un-Islamic
tendencies by sending a number of his disciples in all directions to preach the true
Islam. He asked them the emphasis on (Ittibat-i-Sunnah) following the examples of
the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him), and the commandments of Sharia in their
sermons and preaching‟s. The work was vigorously pursued in India and other
neighbouring Muslim countries. Sheikh Ahmad also began a correspondence with
the prominent scholars of all Muslim countries. In his letters he explained the
religious doctrines and put great stress on the Ittibat-i-Sunnah.
5. Struggle Against Atheism:
Sheikh Ahmad was greatly opposed to the atheism and openly denounced un-
Islamic society. He worked very hard to restore the original teachings of Islam and
emphasized on the concept of Tauheed. He exposed the fallacy of Din-i-Illahi and
came out with full vigour to curb the influence of this satanic creed. He urged the
Muslim to order their lives according to the principles of Islam. He declared that
mysticism without Shariat was misleading and denounced those Ulema who had
questioned the authority of Sharia.
6. Reformation of Nobles:
Sheikh Ahmad stressed on the Muslims to revert to the purer Islam by giving
up heretical customs and practices. He laboured diligently to settle the differences
between the scholoars and the mystics. He initiated the leading nobles near the
emperor into his discipleship and through them exerted an influence to bring about a
change in the life of the Court. He was able to enlist Abdur Rahim Khan-e-Khana,
Khan-i-Azam Mirza Aziz and Mufti Sardar Jehan, the most influential personalities of

21
Akbar‟s era into his discipleship. He also persuaded the great men of Jehangir‟s
period to take an oath of Allegiance at Sheikh Ahmad‟s hands. In the time of
Jehangir Sheikh Ahmad was successful to a greater extent to extract a solemn
undertaking from the Muslims that they would not obey any orders repugnant to
Islam. Sheikh Ahmad adopted an effective method of persuasion by writing letters to
the leading nobles of the royal court. He began addressing letters written in a
language, which would move mountains, to leading nobles of the state, bemoaning
the sad state in which Islam had fallen in India, and reminding them of their duty. His
letters are known as Muktubat-e-Imam Rabbani and were addressed to, besides
other leading nobles, Sheikh Farid, Khan-i-Azam, Sadr-i-Jehan and Abdur Rahim
Khan-e-Khana.
7. Emphasis on Islamic Values:
Sheikh Ahmad persuaded the Muslims to adopt simple habits in life and to
strictly adhere to Namaz. He also explained the utility of Fasting and declared that
fasting protects the mankind from many sins. His efforts contributed a great deal
towards the popularity of Islam in the sub-continent.
8. Two Nation Theory:
Sheikh Ahmad was a staunch advocate of the separateness of the Muslims
and desired to maintain the distinctive image of the Muslim Nationalism. He laid
great emphasis on the separate identity of the Muslims and adopted a very stern
attitude against the Hindus. Sheikh Ahmad firmly believed in Two-Nation Theory. He
was in favour of maintaining the differences between Hindus and Muslims. He
wanted Jizya to be re-imposed on Hindus and demanded the destruction of Hindu
temples.
9. Wahdat-ul-Wajud and Wahdat-ul-Shahud
The philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Wajud was presented by some Sufis of Akbar‟s
time. They believed that the entire Universe is the symbol of Almighty God and a
source of revelation of God‟s sovereignty. The advocates of Wahdat-ul-Wajud
believed that there was no living difference between the Man and his creator God
and both individual and God are not separated from each other. They also believed
that every particle of the universe represented the presence of God and, therefore,
the worship of God‟s creature amounted to the worship of God. Sheikh Ahmad
openly negated this philosophy and declared it as ultra vires to the principles of
Islam. He presented his philosophy of Wahdat-ul-Shahud which meant that the
creator and creatures were two different and separate entitles.
10. Struggle Against Jehangir's Policies:
Sheikh Ahmad also dealt with matters, other than religious revival in his
letters. This policy drew him into serious difficulties. Asif Jah, the Prime Minister of
Jehangir‟s court alerted Jehangir of the mounting popularity of Sheikh Ahmad by
inciting the Emperor that Sheikh Ahmad‟s anti-Hindu views were creating unrest in
the country. Jehangir summoned Sheikh Ahmad to his court and asked him to
explain his statements. Sheikh Ahmad appeared in the royal court in a highly
dignified manner and explained his statements in a courageous style. Someone
pointed out to Jehangir that Sheikh had not performed that act of Prostrations. When

22
he was asked to perform Sajdah was only due to Almighty God. Jehangir,
infuriated over this blunt reply ordered the Sheikh to be imprisoned in the Fort of
Gawaliar.
11. Struggle during Imprisonment:
Sheikh Ahmad did not shirk his preaching of Islam during his imprisonment.
After two years, Jehangir feeling repentful, released him from the fort and venerated
him with a dress of Honour and 1000 rupees for his expenses. He was given the
option of going back to Sirhind or remains in the royal court. Sheikh Ahmad preferred
to stay in the royal court. In order to popularize Islam a number of Muslim reformers
and revivers adopted a liberal point of view in their preaching so that a large number
of people could be attracted toward Islam. They, however, were successful to a great
extent, but at the same time this liberal approach gave rise to the concept of joint
nationalism. This trend proved injurious to the separate and distinct national image of
the Muslims.
12. The Influence of Sheikh Ahmad’s Efforts
The efforts of Sheikh Ahmad to purify the religious and practical life of the
Muslims left an indelible impact on the history of Muslim India. Allama Iqbal poet-
philosopher of the East has paid rich tributes to Sheikh Ahmad in one of his poems
for refusing to perform the act of prostration before the emperor. Allama Iqbal
considers him as the spiritual guardian of the Muslims of India. His movement for the
cause of Islam gave a new life to the Muslims and is regarded as the call back of
Muhammad, which left far-reaching impact in religious and practical fields.
13. Death
After living for three years with the emperor Jehangir, Hazrat Mujadid sought
permission to leave for Sirhind. He passed away on December 10, 1024 A.D. and
was buried in Sirhind.
Conclusion:
Sheikh Ahmad, till the last breath of his life continued with the propagation of
Islam. He drew a distinction between Islam and atheism. He considerably prevailed
upon Jehangir to alter his religious view and abandon his father‟s religious policies.
Jehangir under the influence of Mujadi‟s preaching, order Khutaba (holy sermon) to
be recited and cow slaughter to be carried out as required by Islamic principles,
Jehangir also agreed to the construction of a big mosque on the advice of Mujadid.
Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani was the most powerful religious personality in the
history of India. He was a widely read scholar and a magnetic orator. He got an
opportunity in a liberal atmosphere in Jehangir‟s reign to use his powerful pen to
denounce Akbar‟s religious innovations. Mujadid Alf Sani was the only individual in
the history of India who opposed Akbar and thereby invited his wrath. He is
considered as the pioneer of Muslim Self-assertion by denouncing un-Islamic
practices.
In short Hazrat Mujadid-e-Alafsani checked the pressure of non Islamic
customs, converted a great number of Hindus to Islam, provided pure Islamic
teachings and eradicated the wrong ideas of so called Mystics. We can say that he
was the first person who understood the Hindu amalgamation in Islam and purified it.

23
Q2. Write down the services of Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah.
Ans. After the death of Aurangzeb (1707) the Muslim society faced some serious
problems. The Mughal Empire had fallen into the hands of most incapable
successors of Aurangzeb who could not withhold the supremacy of the Muslim rule
because they indulged into luxurious life. With the weakness of the Muslim Empire,
Islam, the religion of the Muslims, faced serious problems.
Birth and Early Life:
Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah was born in a pious family of Delhi on 21 st February,
1703, four years before the death of Aurangzeb. His real name was Qutub-ud-Din
and later on came to be known as Wali Ullah for his pious habits. His father Shah
Abdur Rahim was well-known for his piety and profound knowledge of Islam. Shah
Abdur Rahim was a Sufi and theologian. He was engaged in the compilation of
Fatawa-i-Alamgiri by the emperor Aurangzeb.
Shah Abdur Rahim, his father, died at the age of 77 when Shah Wali Ullah
was just 17 years old. He transferred the Baia (authority in sufism) and Irshad
(spiritual education) to Shah Wali Ullah at his death bed and said, his hand is my
hand. After the death of his father Shah Wali Ullah began teaching at Madrassa
Rahimiya of Delhi where he taught for 12 years.
Education:
Shah Wali Ullah received his early education in spiritualism and mysticism
from his father. He memorized the Holy Quran when he was seven years old. He
received education in Tafsir, Hadis and acquired spiritual discipline from his great
father. He also studied metaphysics, logic and Ilm-ul-Kalam under his father.
Shah Wali Ullah excelled in every discipline of the Islamic learning. He
completed his studies in the fifteenth year of his age in all the prevalent customs and
traditions of his country. He studies Sahih-i-Bukhari and often attended his father
during the reading of the Holy Quran. Shah Wali Ullah also acquired knowledge of
various branches of jurisprudence (Fiqah). He studied Sharh-i-Waqaya and Hidaya
and some portion of Usul-i-Fiqah.
Shah Wali Ullah did not confine his appetite for knowledge to the study of
theology but was equally well versed in the humanities branch of knowledge as well.
He studied Mujizal Qanun of Hikmat and Sharh-i-Hidaya-i-Hikmat in the field of
medicine and Tib.
Pilgrimage to Makkah and Meetings With Arab Ulemas:
He went to Arabia for higher studies and performing Haj in 1730. He received
education under the most capable teachers of Makkah and Medina. He received his
education from Sheikh Abu Tahir Bin Ibrahim of Median. He also obtained the Sanad
in Hadis from Sheikh Abu Tahir who possessed extraordinary intellectual
potentialities. He came back from Saudi Arabia in 1734.
CONDITIONS OF THAT AGE

The un-Islamic trends and practices were flourishing and a general ignorance
of Islam, Quran and Hadith and created anguish amongst the religious saints. The

24
time and situation was ripe for the reformers and revivers to emerge to purge the
Muslim society of these trends. Consequently an era of religious regeneration began
with the emergence of Shah Wali Ullah a great Muslim thinker, reformer and
Muhadis.
1. Social Conditions:
During these days political and social turmoil was rampant in the sub-
continent. Life, property and honour were not secure as there were a number of
disruptive forces at work in the Muslim society. The Mughal Empire after the death of
Aurangzeb, was in the hands of the incapable successors who were unable to
withhold the glory of the empire. The Mughal Empire gradually began to collapse
with manifest signs of decadence.
2. Religious Conditions:
The religious groups were also claiming their superiority and the tussle
between the Shia and Sunni sects was posing serious threats to Muslim nobility.
3. Political Conditions:
The stability and strength of Aurangzeb time was lacking in the political, social
and religious sections of the society. The Marhatas and Sikhs had gained a firm
foothold that usually raided the seat of the Government, Delhi, sometime occupying
the old city physically for short durations. The rise of Marhata might promote Hindu
nationalism which intensified the social decay in the Muslim society.
SERVICES OF SHAH WALIULLAH

Shah Wali Ullah, as has been mentioned in the preceding pages, went to
hejaz for his higher education and for performing Haj. During his stay at Makkah
Shah Wali Ullah saw a vision in which Holy Prophet (peace be upon Him) blessed
him with the tidings that he would be instrumental in the organization of a section of
the Muslim society. So he set himself to work for the betterment of Muslim society. A
brief description of his services is as under:
1. Religious Reforms:
Shah Wali Ullah immediately set himself to the sacred task of spiritual
consolidation of Muslim society. He prepared a few students and gave them
knowledge in different branches of Islamic learning. They were entrusted with the job
of imparting the knowledge to others.
a) Islamic Practices: Shah Wali Ullah persuaded the Muslim to strictly follow the
footsteps of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). He introduced the basic
principles of Islam to the people. He advocated the Quranic education for the welfare
and benefits of the Muslims and asked them to abandon un-Islam trends and
practices. He urged the people to lead a simple life and avoid involvement in the
luxuries of the world. He initiated tatbiq (integration) of the Muslim society which was
on the verge of destruction. By adopting the method of tabiq he introduced liberal
element and thus brought elasticity in the understanding of Islam.

25
b) Ijtehad: He adopted a balanced approach and understanding towards religious
matters. He thoroughly studied all schools of thoughts and expressed what was right
and just in a mild and sophisticated way without hurting anyone. He removed
misunderstanding to a larger extent, between Shais and Sunnis and in this way
provided a spiritual basis for national solidarity and harmony. He presented Islam in
a more rational way to make it acceptable to the larger number of people. He himself
states, I was informed through Ilham (inspiration) that I would have to undertake this
responsibility. The time has come when every injunction of the Sharia and the
general instruction of Islam should be presented to the world in a ration manner.
c) Jihad: Shah Wali Ullah got in touch with rulers and impressed upon them to
enforce Islamic laws. He also urged them to mould their lives, according to the
Islamic way. He educated the Muslim soldiers on the importance of Jihad and asked
them to go for Jihad for the glorification of Islam.
d) Economy: He asked the traders to adopt fair principles of trade as preached and
practiced by the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him). He informed the people about
the sins of accumulation of wealth and asked time to keep as much wealth with
founder of modern Muslim India and as such the father of modern Muslim India. He
produced illuminaries like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan who rendered meritorious services
to the Muslims of India to draft their destinies.
e) Removal of Sectarianism: In his time the Shias and Sunnis were aggressively
hostile to each other and their rivalry was damaging the Muslim unity. Shah Wali
Ullah wrote Izalat-al-Akhifa and Khilafat-al-Khulafa in order to remove
misunderstanding between Shias and the Sunnis. He refused to denounce Shias as
heretics.
f) Balance Between Four Muslim Schools of Thoughts: Shah Wali Ullah adopted
an analytical and balanced approach towards he four schools of thought of
mysticism. In order to create a balance between the four schools, i.e., Hanafi,
Hambali, Shafi and Malaki, he wrote Al Insaf fi Bayan Shab al Ikhtilaf in which he
traced their historical background.
2. Political Reforms:
Apart from imparting religious education of Muslims, Shah Wali Ullah also
provided leadership to the Muslim in the political field. He came out with his great
wisdom and foresight to create political awakening in the Muslims of India.
a) Struggle against Anarchy: The rise of Marhatas and Sikhs had posed serious
problems to the Muslim rulers. The Mughal rulers were no more in a position to
withhold the supremacy of the Muslim rule which was gravely jeopardized by the
emergence of the Sikhs, Marhatas and other non-Muslim forces. Shah Wali Ullah
came up to tackle his precarious situation. He had rightly noticed that if the Marhatas
are not checked effectively the political power of the Muslims would disappear for
ever. He wrote letters to the leading Muslim nobles and informed them of the critical
situation hanging on the head of the Mughal rule. He asked chieftains to come
around. He eventually won over Najib-ud-Daula, Rehmat Khan and Shuja-ud-Daula
against Marhatas.

26
b) Steps to Check the Marhatas: However, the Muslim chiefs were unable to
face Marhatas effectively. Their resources were inadequate to crush the Marhatas
power. Shah Wali Ullah, therefore, looked forward to Ahmad Shah Abdali. He, on the
call of Shah Wali Ullah, came to India and inflicted a crushing defeat on the
Marhatas at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. The victory of Ahmad Shah Abdali at
Panipat blasted the Marhats power and paved way for the revival of Islam in India.
c) Efforts for Muslim Unity: He advised the Muslims to be united for the sake of
Muslim society. And keep in mind the Islamic teachings of brotherhood. He taught
them to work for the betterment of humanity and to follow the teachings of Islam
regarding Non-Muslims. He was a great advocate of human rights especially of Non-
Muslims.
d) Two-Nation Theory: Shah Wali Ullah was a staunch supporter of Two Nation
Theory. He played a vital role to make Muslims a strong nation on the bases of their
Culture, History and heritage. His teachings proved helpful and saved Muslim culture
from the amalgamation of Hindu customs.
3. Literary Services of Shah Wali Ullah
Shah Wali Ullah wrote 51 books, on mysticism and other branches of Islamic
learning which deal with religious, economic and political problems. 23 books were in
Urdu and 28 were in Persian.
a) Translation of the Holy Quran: His outstanding work was his translation of the
Holy Quran into simple Persian language which was the literary language of his
days. He produced this masterpiece of literature in 1737-38 which invited great
criticism from the orthodox Ulema who threatened him even with death. Shah Wali
Ullah‟s translation was an exceptional act as there had never been a translation of
the Holy Quran before in a foreign language. His translation brought the knowledge
of the Holy Quran within the reach of an average literate person who found it easier
to read and understand the Holy Quran in a language other than Arabic. After Shah
Wali Ullah his two sons Shah Rafi-ud-Din and Shah Abdul Qadir prepared Urdu
versions of the Holy Quran.
b) Hujjat-ullah-al-Baligha: Hujjat-ullah-al-Baligha is another famous work of Shah
Wali Ullah. In this work Shah Sahib has discussed in details the reasons of the social
and religious decay of the Muslims. He has also discussed the importance of
application of Ijitihad in his book and has mentioned the intellectual and scholastic
requirements of a Mujtahid priest.
c) Izalat-al-Khifa and Khilafat-al-Khulafa: Shah Wali Ullah wrote Izalat-al-Khifa
and Khilafat-al-Khulafa in order to remove misunderstanding between Shias and the
Sunnis. He refused to denounce Shias as heretics.
d) Al Insaf fi Bayan Sbab al Ikhtilaf: Shah Wali Ullah adopted an analytical and
balanced approach towards he four schools of thought of mysticism. In order to
create a balance between the four schools, i.e., Hanafi, Hambali, Shafi and Malaki,
he wrote Al Insaf fi Bayan Shab al Ikhtilaf in which he traced their historical
background.

27
e) Fuyuz-al-Haramain: In Fuyuz-al-Haramain, Shah Wali Ullah depicts one of his
dreams during his stay in Arabia. He describes that the God Almighty chose him as
an intermediary to establish a new order in his time.
Beside the above mentioned works Shah Wali Ullah wrote many other books
on different topics. They include al-Nawadar-Min-al-Hadis, Aqad-al-Jaiyad-fi-Ahkam
writings are produced in Arabic and Persian languages.
4. Social Reforms:
In Shah Wali Ullah's time Muslims were indulged in many non-Islamic
customs because of co-existence with the Hindus. He took following steps to
beware the Muslims of these problems:
1. He struggled to get rid of the Hindu concept about the marriage of the
widows and told the Muslims that it is the Sunnah of The Holy Prophet
(PBUH)
2. He told the Muslims to avoid superstitions, charm wearing and other
such practices.
3. He also struggled against the dowry and other such unnecessary
expanses on the time of marriage.
4. He tried to abolish mourning on death more than three days as it was
against Islamic teachings.
5. He advised the Muslims to work for lawful earning and to avoid (Usury)
interest on loan.
6. He also worked against the unjust distribution of wealth.
7. He preached simplicity.
8. He worked against the sectarianism and grouping.
Madrassa Rahimia:
Madrassa Rahimia and other institutions founded by him, imparted education
in the light of his works. A bunch of religious nationalist was prepared by these
schools who interpreted Islam according to his doctrines. Shah Abdul Aziz, the
eldest son of Shah Wali Ullah led these religious nationalists to wage Jihad for the
liberation of Muslim India and ultimately to build edifice for a Caliph state on the
principles of Islam as described by Shah Wali Ullah‟s doctrines.
Conclusion:
In short Imam-ul-Hind Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah, a great saint, scholar and reformer
is one of those great personalities of Islam who, with his dedicated services had
brought the Muslim society together on the stable foundations. He continued the
work of Hazrat Mujadid Alf Sani and struggled for religious, cultural political and
social revival of the Muslims.
Q3. Write a note on Mujahddin Movements.

Ans. In the history of Sub-Continent Jihad Movement (Tehreek Mujahideen) is
considered a milestone. This movement was not only for the revival of Jihad for the
destruction of British rule in India but also for the purification of Muslim Society.

28
Founder of Mujahideen Movement:
Syed Ahmed Barailvi the founder of this movement was the inheritor of the mantle of
Shah Abdul Aziz. He was born on October 24, 1786 in a respectable family of Rai
Barily.
Beginning of Career:
From the very beginning he had an inclination of becoming a solider rather
than endeavoring to become renowned scholar or mystic as did his predecessors.
Syed Abmed began his career as a Sawar in the service of Nawab Amir Khan, the
ruler of Tonk in 1810. During his service Syed Ahmed learnt military discipline and
strategy which made him a great military commander in the years to come.
Beginning of The Discipleship of Shah Abdul Aziz:
Syed Ahmed left the service when Amir Khan refused to fight after Tonk fell to
the British. Tonk was declared as Dar-ul-harb by Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmed
could no longer serve there and returned to Delhi by walking 318 miles from
Lucknow to Delhi. By now Syed Ahmed had decided to come under the discipleship
of Shah Abdul Aziz. In 1807 he took the oath of allegiance (baia) at the hands of
Shah Abdul Aziz and entered the fold of Naqshbandia, Qadriya and Chistiya sufi
order.
Syed Ahmed as a Preacher:
Syed Ahmed Barailvi was greatly impressed by the preaching and doctrines of
Shah Wali Ullah and was staunch disciple of his son Shah Abdul Aziz. In 1818, Syed
Ahmed wrote Sirat-i-Mustaqim. In this project his two distinguished disciples, Shah
Ismail Shaheed and Maulana Abdul Haye, assisted him in the preparation of the
book. The work is an excellent summary of the philosophies, doctrines and reforms
of Shah Wali Ullah which he had expressed in a number of his famous books. At this
moment Syed Ahmed switched over to the public preaching. He proved a great
success, as a preacher, in spite of the lesser rhetoric in his sermons.
Beginning of Jihad Movement:
Syed Ahmed was extremely dismayed to see the decline of the Muslims in
their religious and ideological commitments. He earnestly desired to see the
restoration of the supremacy of Islam in India. The purpose of his life and struggle
was not confined to the spread of Islam by preaching only, but he believed in taking
practical steps for this purpose. The main objective before Syed Ahmed was the
establishment of a state which was based on Islamic principles. In 1823, he started
Jihad Movement.
Preparation for Jihad against Sikhs:
In the time of Syed Ahmed Punjab was ruled by the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh
who was regarded as an autocratic and tyrannical King. The Muslims heavily
suffered under his tyrannical rule and were denied liberty and freedom to perform
and practice their religion. The N.W.F.P. had also fallen to the Sikh domination and
was included in the Sikh regime. The holy places of the Muslims i.e. mosques
shrines were turned into temples and stables, by the Sikh regime. Azan was
forbidden and the religious practices of the Muslims were interrupted frequently.

29
Syed Ahmed did not confine himself to Delhi but also visited the
neighbouring places. During one of his visits to Rampur, some Afghans complained
to him about the wide-scale persecution of the Muslims by the Sikh regime Syed
Ahmed decided to launch his Jihad movement against the Sikh regime on his return
from Haj. Syed. Ahmed left for Makkah in 1821 along with Maulana Ismail Shaheed,
Maulana Abdul Haye and a large number of followers and admirers to perform Haj.
Syed Ahmed performed haj and remained absent for nearly two years. They
returned to Delhi and the preparation for Jihad against the Sikhs began.
Objectives of Jihad Movement:
Following were the objectives of Jihad Movement:
1. Establishment of Islamic Rule in the Sub-Continent and end of Sikh
Rule.
2. Reformation of Muslim Society.
3. Restoration of Jihad.
4. Advice of Simple Ways of Living
5. End of Innovations in Islam
6. Struggle against the Conspiracies of Christian Missionaries.
Declaration of Jihad:
Syed Ahmed believed that if Punjab and N.W.F.P were liberated of the Sikh
domination, the Muslims would regain their old position. He, therefore, picked up
Punjab to begin his Jihad movement against the Sikhs and selected N.W.F.P. to
begin his operation for the elimination of the non-Islamic forces. He directed Maulana
Ismail and Maulana Abdul Haye to march with a party of six thousand followers from
Rai Baraily. He himself set out via other parts of Punjab and Delhi to muster support
for his movement. Syed Ahmed invited the people to join him in Jihad against the un-
Islamic regime to save the Muslims of the Sikh domination.
Establishment of War Headquarter:
Syed Sahib reached Nowshera in December, 1826 and established his
headquarter. He sent a message to the Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh to embrace Islam or
be ready to face the Muajahideen in the battle-field. Ranjit Singh turned down the
offer scornfully and expressed a high degree of disdain for Islam and the Muslims.
Akora Fight:
Syed Ahmed began his Jihad against the Sikhs by challenging the army at
Akora on 21st December 1826. The Sikhs had gathered a strong force at Akora
under General Budh Singh. The fight at Akora was a night assault when nearly 900
Muslims pounced on the sleeping Sikhs. It was a successful mission and heavy loss
was inflicted on the Sikhs. Budh Singh being extremely demoralized decided to
withdraw from Akora.
Hazro Fight:
In 1827 the Mujahideen fought second battle at Hazro which too was a great
success. This success encouraged the Mujahideens and they became poised to fight
for Islam.
Establishment of Islamic Khilafat:

30
The astonishing success of the Mujahideen in two encounters gave
immense popularity to the Jihad movement. People gathered in large number around
Syed Sahib. Many pathan chiefs joined Syed Sahib and took an oath of allegiance at
the hands of Syed Ahmed on January 11, 1827 and accepted him as Amir-ul-
Momineen. Yar Muhammad the Governor of Peshawar also joined Syed Ahmed in
his movement along with other prominent pathan leaders like Pir Hakrnan Khan.
Gradually the number of the Muslim forces rose to 80,000. The establishment of
Islamic system of Government greatly reduced the influence of the tribal Chiefs. He
also introduced social reforms and asked the local people to abandon their old
customs and life patterns. He urged them to adopt Islamic way of life and be
refrained from taking intoxicants. This Khilafat remained for four years.
Gorilla Activities:
From 1827 to 1831, the Mujahideen started gorilla activities against Sikhs and
inflicted great losses upon them.
Sikh Conspiracy against Syed Sahib:
The Jihad movement went through the early stages of struggle with amazing
success. At this time a conspiracy was hatched against the Jihad movement. Sardar
Yar Muhammad was bribed to betray Syed Sahib and join the Sikhs against
Mujahideen. The Sikhs brought pressure on Yar Muhammad Khan who tried to
poison Syed Ahmed which he survived. In 1829 Yar Muhammad was killed in an
encounter against the Mujahideen.
Occupation of Peshawar:
Syed Ahmed set out for Kashrnir and Peshawar. The Sikhs under the French
General Ventura saved Peshawar and handed it over to Sultan Muhammad Khan
the brother of Yar Muhammad Khan. Syed Ahmed reached Hazara Hills and
attacked the Sikh forces under Man Singh and General Allard. This assault was
repulsed. However, Syed Ahmed made another assault on Peshawar which was
successful. Sultan Muhammad Khan, who was fighting against the Mujahideen was
arrested and pardoned by Syed Ahmed. Syed Ahmed occupied Peshawar in 1830.
In November, 1831, after nearly two months of occupation of Peshawar, Syed
Ahmed withdrew from Peshawar in favour of Sultan Muhammad Khan who promised
to pay a fixed amount to the Mujahideen as tribute.
Balakot Fight and Martyrdom of Syed Ahmed:
After relinquishing Peshawar, Syed Ahmed shifted to Balakot and began his
movement from Rajauri in 1831. Balakot is a small town in the Mansehra division
and falls in the Hazara district. The Mujahideen were attacked by the Sikh army
under the command of General Sher Singh. A fierce battle was fought between the
Sikhs and the Muslims. The Mujahideen fought bravely but could not stand the much
stronger and superior forces. The Muslims were defeated in the battle in which Syed
Ahmed Shaheed, Shah Ismail Shaheed and many other followers of Syed Sahib laid
their lives and died as martyrs while fighting for the cause of Islam.
With the death of Syed Ahmed the Jihad movement could not be carried out
with the old enthusiasm. The Jihad movement did not die after defeat at Balakot.
Some of his disciples struggled to continue the movement and were successful to a

31
certain extent. But the movement extremely lacked in organized leadership after
Syed‟s death and, therefore could not be conducted for a long time.
Causes of Failure:
Although Jihad Movement was a sincere effort for the restoration of Islamic
glory in the Sub-Continent yet it met with failure for the following reasons:
1. Lack of proper training of Mujahideen
2. Lack of funds and Equipment
3. Well equipped and large Sikh Army
4. Deceit of Pathan Chiefs
5. Local Controversies on Implementation of Tax after the Establishment of
Khilafat
6. Sikh Conspiracies and Secret Opposition of The British
7. Lack of Leadership after the Martyrdom of Syed Ahmed and Shah Ismail
Conclusion:
No doubt Jihad Movement remained unsuccessful but it affected the Muslim
Mentality on a large scale. Mujahideen fought for the cause of Islam even
without proper training and sufficient equipment. Their sacrifices not only
inspired the Muslims to think about the renaissance of Islam but also made
them aware of the prevailing political situations in the Sub-Continent. In short
we can say Tehreek Mujahideen paved the way for the Muslim struggle for
freedom.
Q4. Discuss the educational, political, religious, social and literary
services of Aligarh Movement (Sir Syed Ahmed Khan).
Ans. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi. After early education he
joined East India Company in 1835 as a sub clerk in the Court of law. In 1846 he
promoted to Chief Judge. During the war of independence (1857) he was in Bajnor
where he saved British women and children putting himself into the risk. Owing to
this service Sir Syed was asked to work as a Governor but he refused because he
wanted to serve the Muslims.
Back ground:
After the war of independence the Muslims were the target of the revengeful
activities of the British Govt. And the Hindus got an opportunity to make the British
believe that the Muslims were a threat to the British rule. As a result national
recognition of the Muslims was in sever danger. At that crucial time Sir Syed Ahmed
Khan was the first leader to come forward and tried to rescue the national pride of
the Muslims, He started Aligarh Movement.
Objectives of Aligarh Movement:
Aligarh Movement was established to fulfill the following targets:
1. To build confidence between the government and the Muslims.
2. To persuade the Muslims to acquire Modern knowledge and English
language.
3. To hold back the Muslim from the politics. Educational Services:
Educational Services of Aligarh Movement:

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Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wanted the Muslim nation to be educated to keep
pace with the modern advancement. He was of the opinion that honour of the nation
could be achieved only by education. He advised the Muslims to get the most
modern western education. He established educational institutions for the Muslim
youth and guided them both theoretically and practically.
1. School in Muradabad
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the educational institution in Muradabad
1859. That was a Persian school.
2. School in Ghazi Pur
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a school in Ghazi Pur in 1862.
3. Scientific Society:
Sir Syed established a unique institution Scientific Society in Ghazipur in
1863. The Headquarters of this society were shifted to Aligarh in 1876. The purpose
of its establishment was to acquire the books in other languages, and translate them
in Urdu. Sir Syed stressed upon the need for education in English language so that
the Muslim generation could learn the Western are modern knowledge as soon as
possible.
4. Establishment of M.A.O. School Aligarh
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan set up M.A.O. School in Aligarh in 1875; later on (in
1877) it was upgraded to college. This institution became Muslim University Aligarh
in 1920.
5. Muhammadan Educational Conference:
Sir Syed established another organization in 1886 to provide funds to fulfill the
requirements of Aligarh movement. This organization served the Muslim community
in all the fields (social, political and religious). The main aim was to inspire the
Muslims to work in the field of education. It was this movement that laid the
foundations of All India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906 in its annual meeting.
Syllabi:
“Philosophy will be in our right hand, natural science in our left hand and the crown
of Islamic ideology will be on our head” were the thoughts of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
when deciding the syllabi of the institutions. He put every effort to make the syllabus
a good blend of Western, Eastern and Islamic education.
Conclusion:
No doubts s Ahmed Khan up ft the educational s of the Muslims The services
of the English teachers like Arnold, Morrison and Archibold hired. Some versatile
personalities of the sub-continent were appointed as teachers. The Teacher to teach
Sansikrit was a Hindu. Many other institutions were also found following the Aligarh
Movement in various cities of the country. Thus Aligarh Movement was the pioneer
to bring a revolution in the field of education.
Literary Services of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan:
1. Prolific Writer:
Sir Syed himself was a prolific writer. Luckily he was s by a group of
intellectuals, essayists, critics, hi and poets. Ho used itera for the national progress.

33
The Muslims followed the A Movement, and they achieved their objectives.
2. Khutabat-e-Ahmadia:
In 1869 Sir Syad , Khan wrote a book Khutabat-e-Ahma do defend the Holy
Prophet (PBUH) in reply to „A More‟s book.
3. Tabbain-ul-Kalam:
He wrote a commentary on Bible called Tabbian-ul-Kalam
4. Risala Tehzib-ul-lkhlaq:
In 1970 Sir Syed Ahned Khan published a pamphlet, Risala Tehzib-ul-lklhaq
in which he described social problem of the Muslims and he tried to eliminate the
prejudice among the Muslims towards the Non-Muslims.
5. Asar-us-Sanadeed:
For the social welfare of the Muslims he wrote Asar-us-Sanad
6. Translation Works:
Following books were translated:
Ain-akbari, Tuzok-e-Jahangri, & Tarikh-e-Sarkashi Bajnor
In addition to all this Sir Syed also wrote Tafseer-ul-Quran, Loyal
Muhammadan of India & Asbab-e-Baghawat Hind.
7. Works of the other writers:
Maulana Shibli Nomani wrote Seerat-un-Nabi, Al-Farooq, Al-Ghazali, Al-
Mamoon. Deputy NazeerAhmed wrote Mareat-ul-Uroos, Toba-tun-nasuh, lbne-ul-
Waqat. Maulana Altaf Hussairi Hall wrote Mussadas-e-Hali, Diwan-e-HaIi, Moazana
Daber-o-Anees and Hayat-e-Javaid.
Social And Economic Services of Aligarh Movement:
Sir Syed took many steps to regain the lost social and economic status of the
Muslims. The suppressed and ruined community became dynamic.
1. Lost Glory
Sir Syed Ahmed guided the Muslims on every level to regain their lost glory.
2. Risala-e-Asbabe-Baghawat-e-Hind
After the war of independence 1857, he wrote Risala-e-Asbabe-Baghawat-e-
Hind in which he described the actual reasons behind this war.
3. Loyal Muhammadans of India
Sir Syed wrote this book to make the British aware of the services of the
Muslims. Through this book he got sensible behviour of the British for the Muslims of
India.
4. Government Jobs for the Muslims
As a result of Sir Syed‟s campaign, the Muslims of India got remarkable jobs
in Govt. sector on a large scale.
5. Orphanages
He established orphanages for Muslim children so that they may not become
Hindu or Christian. It was really a great service of him. In this way he tried to
construct a bridge between the British and the Muslims. He succeeded in getting
attitude finally changed and the Muslims, once again, joined the main stream.
Political Services of Aligarh Movement

34
Sir Syed advised the Muslims to remain away from politics and he himself
took important steps to educate the Muslims for their socio-economic restoration so
that they might acquire the status equivalent to that of Hindus. He was of the view
that education is the only weapon to keep pace with model advancement.
1. Two Nation Theory
He was no doubt in the favour of Hindu Muslim unity in the beginning but after
Urdu-Hindi Controversy he came to know the nature of the Hindu nation. Then for
the first time in the History he used the word “Nation” for the Muslim in 1867. So we
can say he was the founder of two-nation theory in sub-continent. On the basis of
Two Nation Theory, Sir Syed asked for special safeguards for the Muslims in
different fields.
Special seats for the Muslims in the local councils
2. Quota in services
Started a movement against the open competitive examinations for superior
services
Rejected the government of the majorities because that could lead to the monopoly
of the Hindus
3. Advice to avoid politics
After the war of 1857, he advised the Muslims to remain away from politics
until they would become strong in education.
4. Urdu Hindi Controversy
After Urdu Hindi Controversy in Bin eras Sir Syed understood the mentality of the
Hindus and he pressurized the British to avoid replacing Urdu with Hindi.
5. Behaviour towards Indian National Congress
Sir Syed forbade the Muslims to join the Indian National Congress founded by
A.O. Hume in 1885, as he could understand the objectives of this party.
5. Political Reforms
He restrained the Muslims from joining congress and struggle for special seat
of the Muslims in loc council. He also started a movement against the open
competitive exams to avoid the monopoly of the Hindus.
Conclusion
The services of Sir Syed were highly applaudable, therefore, he is recognized
as one of the founders of Pakistan. Maulvi Abdul Haque appreciated the role played
by Sir Syed and said,
“The first stone of the foundation of Pakistan was laid down by this old man.”
TEHRIK-I-DEOBAND
The basic and foremost aim of the Aligarh movement was the social,
economic and political renaissance of the Muslims. Since the ulema and religious
leaders of the Muslims also took part in the 1857 War of Independence, they too had
to bear British wrath after the war. The British in an outrageously manner had
destroyed Muslim religious institutions and closed down all Madrassahs and
preaching places of the Muslims as a part of their policy of mass elimination against
the Muslims, Consequently the efforts of the spread of Islam were greatly affected.

35
The British did not stop here. After establishing their supreme hegemony
over the sub-continent, the British began preaching Christianity to convert the Indian
people into Christian. The religious education imparted by the local institutions was
discouraged and new educational philosophies were promoted which aimed at
converting the local people into Christians.
Although Aligarh movement did a lot of work for the social, political and
economic uplift of the Muslims it, however, lacked in the religious sphere and could
not work commendably for the religious training of the Muslims. The working strategy
of the Aligarh was based on the co-operation with the British rulers which confronted
it with the orthodox Ulema who did not consider it a reformatory movement for the
Muslims. The orthodox Ulema believed that the Muslim& welfare and renaissance
could only be possible by pursuing Islamic way of life which the Aflgarh glaringly
ignored the lack of stress on the religious aspect of the Muslims in the Aligarh had
brought adverse effects on the spread of Islam which apparently suppressed the
religious tinge in the Muslim way of life.
In order to combat this lethargy in the religious sphere, the ulema decided to
launch a movement for the religious training of the Muslims of India. They believed if
they did not adopt measures to defend the religion the Muslims would ultimately lose
their identity as a nation. For this purpose they began their movement with the
establishment of institutions to impart religious training.
DAR-UL-ULOOM-I-DEOBAND
The Tehrik-i-Deoband was started with the establishment of a Madrassah at
Deoband for religious education. The Madrassah was named as Dar-ul-Uloom-i-
Deoband and was started at Deoband, a small town of Saharanpur. It began
functioning on 14th April, 1866 in a small mosque.
Founders of Deoband
It is believed that a reputed saint and sufi, Haji Muhammad Abid floated the
idea of the establishment of this Madrassah for imparting religious education to the
Muslims. He suggested that funds should be collected and a Madrassah be
established. Haji Muhammad Abid took lot of pains in the collection of funds and
collected a substantial amount. He then informed Maulana Muhammad Qasim of the
results of his efforts and requested him to come and teach at Deoband. A managing
committee including Mdulana Muhammad Qasim, Maulana Fazal-ur-Rehman,
Maulana Zulfiqar Ali and Mulla Muhammad Mahmood was set up. Maulana
Muhammad Yaqub, a leading educatidnist, was appointed as the Headmaster.
Though Haji Muhammad Abid is said to be the original founder of the Dar-ul
Uloom, but the quick development and success of the institution was mainly due to
the sincere efforts of Maulana Muh Qasim Nanautvi who joined it a couple of years
after its establishment. Maulana Muhammad Qasim was appointed its first Principal
and along with his cousin Maulana Muhammad Yaqub, rendered valuable services
for the development of the institution. Maulana Muhammad Qàsim and Maulana
Muhammad Yaqub broughtwith them rich experience in the educational field which
extremely helped in the organizational sector of the Dar-ul-Uloom Maulana
Muhammad Qasim left his government service to join the Dar-ul-Uloom at a paltry

36
salary of Rupees Ten a month. Maulana Muhammad Qasim was a great teacher
and religious preacher. Due to his dedicated services for the institution, the
Madrassah at Deoband, with the time, came to be known as Qasim-al-Uloom-i-
Deoband. Apart from Maulana Muhammad Qasim and Maulana Muhammad Yaqub
and other eminent persons like Sheikh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hassan and
Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Usmani also imparted religious education at the Dar-ul-
Uloom. Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani did not take any remuneration for his
services while Mautana Mabmud-ul-Hasan worked on a monthly pay of Rs. 50 only.
Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi worked day and night to spread the
Tehrik-i-Deoband in every corner of the country. He established a number of other
institutions of religious education. The number of students in Deoband grew with
amazing quickness mainly due to Maulana Qasims efforts. Iii 1931, 900 students
were on the rolls of the Dar-ul-liloom who came from UP Bengal, NW.F.P and
Bukhara.
Activities of Dar--ul-Uloom
The activities of the Dar-ul-Uloom were not restricted to the sub-continent but
it spread the light of religious education to the other parts of the world as well. The
Dar-ul l.Jloom attracted fairly a large number of students from other parts of world
due to its high educational standard. It has been rated as one of the prestigious seat
of Islamic learnings and next to the Azhar University of cairo, the.most respected
theological academy of the Muslim world. Administratively Dar-ul-Uloom was an
excellent set up which provided administrative guidance to other educational
institutions, in the spheres of syllabi, conduct of examinations and imparting of
education in different disciplines.
The Dar-ul-Uluom at Deoband followed Madrassah-i-Rahimiya established by
Shah Wall Ullah‟s father, in the teaching of Hadith and other religious disciplines. But
it also had a number of features of British educational system which were division of
students in regular academic groups maintenance of attendance registers and
written examinations. These characteristics introduced a disciplined conduct in the
working of Madrassah which produced amazing results both in academic and
administrative sectors of the institution. It was all due to the broad vision, saintliness
and great influence of Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi, who put his soul into
the Dar-ul-Uloom to make it an ideal institution of the Muslim world.
As already mentioned the Dar-ul-U.loom started functioning in a small
mosque as it had no building. However, immediately after its establishment, the work
for the construction of a building for the Dar-ul-Uloom began. A huge building was
raised gradually with different departments which included Dar-ul-Hadit and Dar-ul-
Tafsir‟ as the most important and famous departments. Dar-ul-Uloorn has its own
library with a large collection of excellent and rare books on different subjects.
Teachers/Students of Dar-ul-Uloom
Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Deoband has been a place of prestigious learnings where
people with extraordinary qualifications rendered services for the noble task of the
impart of religious education. Deoband produced men of high intellectual status who
worked c for the spread of Islam in the sub-continent. These respected personalities

37
include Shah Abdur Rahim Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Maulana Husain Ahmad
Madni. Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi, Shekkh-ul-Hind Maulana Mahmud-ul-
Hasan, Maulana Abdul Haq. Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Maulana Ubaid Ullah
Sindhi, Multi Kifiyat Ullah, Maulana Ahmad Ali Lahori, Maulana Mufti Muhammad
Shafi, Shams-u Ulema Mau Tajwar Nakibabadi, Madlana Ehtesham-ul-Haq ThaTnvi
as the most famous persons who were benefited from the Deoband. Maulana
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani was the trusted companion of Quaid-i-Azam during the
freedom movement.
Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Deoband got the services of great scholars who served there
as teachers. Maulana Muhammad Qasim Nanautvi was its first Principle who raised
the institution to the pinnacle of glory, and fame with his devotion in the academic
and administrative aspects of the Dar Apart froi him M Muhammad Yaqub, Maulana
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi,, Maulana Ashraf All Thanvi, Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hassan,
Anwar Shah Kashmiri, Maulana Husain Ahmad Madni and Maulana Shabbir Ahmad
(Jsmani, served the Dar-ul-Uloom. They were highly piOus men who inspired their
students with their spiritual and academic qualities.
Political Trends of Deoband
Deoband was influenced by the All India National Congress in its political
trend. However, there was one clear group under Maulana Ashraf All Thanvi and
Maulana Shabbir Ahmad Usmani who differed with Congress in political approach.
The Madni group formed their political organization as Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind and
supported the political hilosophy of the Congress. The Thanvi group set up Jamiat-
uI-Ulema-i-Islam and supported Pakistan movement and extended valuable
assistance to the Quaid-i-Azam. The Madni group which included Maulana Husain
Ahmad Madni and Mufti Kifiyat Ullah was influenced by Maulana Abu-ul-Kalam
Azad. This group worked in collaboration with Congress and was opposed to the
partition of India.
Educational Aspect of the Deoband
The Dar-uI-Uloom-i-Deoband is regarded as a prestigious seat of Islamic
learnings. It imparts education in different disciplines which include education on
Quran, Hadith, Arabic, Islamic Jurisprudence, Philosophy and Iclamic History. The
Ulema of the Deohand are considered as the highly respected personalities in the
religious spheres and their Fatwas carry great authenticity and importance in the
whole of sub-continent.
Maulana Muhammad Qasim remained the head of the Dar-ul-Uloorn till 1880.
He died on 15th April 1880 at a young age of 49 years. Maulana Rashid Ahrnad
Gangohi became the head of the institution after the death of Maulana Qasim.
Maulana Rashid Ahmad was a great theologian, a Sufi and a Muhadis. He was in
favour of Muslims participation in the Congress politics. Maulana Ra Ahmad died in
1905. Alter his death Sheikh-ul-Flind Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hasan wok over the
charge of Deoband who completed his studies in 1873. He joined Dar-ul-Uloom as a
teacher after the completion of his education. He has written a number of books and
has translated the Holy Quran.
DAR-UL-ULOOM- AND ALIGARH
38
The Tehrik-i-Deoband, immediately after its inception did not see eye to eye
with the Aligarh movement due to the working strategy of the Aligarh. The Aligarh
movement was based on the policy of reconciliation with the British whereas the
Tehrik-i-Deoband stressed on the religious aspects of the Muslims and was opposed
to the policy of reconciliation with the British. The completely different approach to
the politics had widened the gulf between the authorities of Deoband and Aligarh.
Maulana Muhammad Qasim, a leading and important personality of the Deoband
remained engaged in the controversy with Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. They had sharp
differences on the political matters of the country. Maulana Qasim and his
companions actively fought against the British and for some time set up their own
government in their own area. On the other hand Sir Syed Ahmad, though very
active during the War of 1857, remained loyal to the British. He bad adopted the
reconciliatory posture shnply because he felt it essential for the protection and
revival of the Muslims after the War.
Maulana Rashid Ahmad Gangohi. Maulana Qasim‟s cQmpanion who
succeeded him as the head of the Dar-ul-Uloom, was put in jail after the war while
his spiritual mentor had to flee to Makkah to avoid British wrath. These events
compelled these gentlemen to adop(a rigid posture against the British. When Sir
Syed Ahmad advised the Muslims to keep away from the Congress politics, Maulana
Rashid Ahmad Gangohi opposed him. The anti-British attitude was a marked feature
of Deoband whereas Aligarh followed the policy of co-operation with the British. The
leaders and Ulema of Deoband emphasised on the religious superiority of the
Muslims and believed that the Muslims must strictly adhere to their religious customs
so that they could easily combat the impact of secularism.
Another glaring contrast between Deoband and Aligarh was their different
approach toward the educational system. Aligarh laid stress on the western and
English education. MAO. College was the centre of English teaching and its main
objective was to prepare a bunch of students well equipped in the western style of
education. On the other side Deoband was a seat of Islamic and religious leanings. It
laid stress on the religious disciplines.
However, despite the differences, the two great institutions, Deoband and
Aligarh, did enjoy some mutuality of thought and action on certain issues. A number
of important leaders of both movements were desirous of Muslim welfare and their
social and economic revival. When Maulana Mahmud-ul-Hasan became the head of
Deoband, he ehcouraged contacts between Aligarh and Deoband. In his time the
sentiments of brotherhood and amity between the two institutions received a fillip.
In 1906 Jamiat-ul-Ansai was established at Deoband. Sahibzada Aftab
Ahmad Khan of Aligarh College attended the meeting of this organization. It was
agreed that the Dar-al-Uloom Deoband would make special arrangements for
teaching religious subjects to the graduates of Aligarh College, while similar facilities
would be extended by the Aligarh College to teach English and western subjects to
the students who had completed their studies at Deoband. In view of this agreement
a central institution, Jamiat Milia was established at Delhi in November, 1920. This
institution included many features of both Aligarh and Deoband.

39
However, the political tension between the two institutions could not be
lessened till 1947. This led to many controversies, but the establishment of a central
institution, combining the features of two movements and imparting education to the
Muslims in religious and western field, did have a healthier and unifying effect.
Nadva-tul-Ulema of Lucknow
The Aligarh and Deoband movements stood apart and worked with glaring
contrasts in their objectives and strategy. Aligarh was not a religious movement and
emphasized on the acquisition of western education by the Muslims. It laid greater
stress on the western education so that the Muslims could get into government
service in order to compete with the Hindus in political and economic spheres of life.
Due to its stress on western education the Aligarh completely ignored the religious
aspect and, therefore, did not make any effort to! strengthen the religious aspect of
the Muslim society. As a result of this policy the graduates of the Aligarh seriously
lacked in religious education and could not cultivate religious leanings.
Tehrik-i-Deoband rendered educational services to the cause of the Muslims,
but it was a purely religious movement and laid greater stress on religious education.
The Deoband seminary was totally incompatible with the modern trends of
education. It prepared great Ulema, Sufis and spiritual leaders who could only take
on the responsibilities of spiritual and religious guidance of the Muslims by becoming
priests and leaders of prayers. They were fiery orators whose primary objective was
the spread of Islam. The students of Deoband were completely oblivious of the
western and modern knowledge and were unable to guide the people in the modem
education.
In these circumstances there was enough room for an institution which could
combine the broad features of both western and religious trends of education so that
the extremist view of Deoband and Aligarh could be minimized.
Establishment of Nadva-Tul-Ulema
In 1892 it was decided in a meeting held at Madrasah-i-Faiz-i-Aam Cawnpore
that a committee should be set up for the guidance of the Muslims. The Nadva
Ulema was established in 1894 as a result of efforts of some religious minded
government servants, Sufis and Ulema who wished to bring the ulema together in
order to remove the sectarian differences. The main objective of this institution, as
mentioned earlier, was to guide and prepare the Muslims well equipped in the
religious and modern knowledge. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, in the beginning, did not
like the idea and was somewhat sceptical of the institution‟s success but later on
welcomed the move.
Founders of Nadva
Maulvi Abdul Ghafoor, Deputy Collector is said to be its earliest founder.
Maulana Shibli Naumani, sometime a close associate of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, was
closely associated with the Nadva. He and Maulana Abdul Haq prepared the rules
and regulations of the Nadva and chalked out a liberal programme which was to put
an end to the extremist elements in order to cater the needs of the prevailing
environments.
Objectives of Nadva

40
The main work of the organization was the establishment of a Dar-ul-Uloom
at Lucknow. The Nadva stood for general reformation of Muslim society by attracting
the Muslims toward religion. It had been established with a view of promoting
religious knowledge, moral uplift and social regeneration of the Muslims of India.
Apart from these objectives the Nadva worked to remove sectariafl differences
among the different groups of Ulema. The Nadva kept aloof from the political activity
and trussed upon separating the political issues from its main objectives.
The establishment of Nadva-Tul-Ulema was widely hailed in the sub It
regularly started functioning on 2nd December, 1898 at Lucknow. The regular
classes began with its establishment. A large number of philanthropists contributed
generously for the Nad However, the establishment of Nadva invited some criticlim
from different quarters. Sir Anthony MacDonal, who was the Governor of UP at that
time lashed out at Nadva and declared it as the centre of political activities
Nadva-Tul-Ulema and Maulana Shibli
Maulana Shibli was born in 1857 at Azamgarh. He received his education in
the old Islamic Madrassah and was deeply influenced by Maulana Muhammad
Farooq who was bitterly oppose.d to Sir Syed‟s movement. Maulaha Shibli‟s fathef,
greatly influenced by Sir Syed‟s vision and foi suggested him that he should acquire
English education. He, however, did not act upon this advice and continued with the
attainment of highest Islamic education.
He joined Aligarh College as Assistant Professor of Arabic - in 1833 after
vainfully trying for several years to seek a government job. Maulana Shibli impressed
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan with his scholarship and devotion as a teacher. Maulana
Shibli was a well-read and keen person who took to his job with utmost sincerity Sir
Syed Ahmad Khan, observing the rich talent in the young Shibli, greatly encouraged
him with the sympathetic approach. Maulana Shibli utilized the opportunity with
enthusiasm and soon became a valuable asset to the Aligarh College.
However, the cordial relationship could not last very long and some serious
differences, mainly due to Maulana Shibli‟s nature, developed between Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan and Maulana Shibli. Shibli vias a highly sensitive and proud person by
nature. He was not very happy with the treatment he received at Aligarh College as
he expected a highly elevated position being an Assistant Professor of Oriental
languages. He disliked the educational pattern of Aligarh and was of the view that
the ideal system of education would be a mingling of theold and the new, a modified
form of the old system and not the new which was being practised at Aligarh. He
openly negated the religious views of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and resigned from the
Aligarh College in 1904.
The establishment of Nadva-Tul-Ulema was a boon from heavcns for the
ambitious Shibli. He saw in it the opportunity he so eagerly desired to capture in
order to experiment his educational philosophies. Maulana Shibli believed that the
Nadva would provide him a chance to become the leader and head of the religious
Ulema and ultimately to acquire the authority and status much higher than Sir Syed
Ahmad Khan. He, therefore, actively took part in the meetings of Nadva-Tul-Ulema
and finally joined it after the death of Sir Syed Ahniad Khan.

41
Maulana Shibli‟s association with Nadva greatly enhanced the prestige of
the institution. He worked very hard to make Nadva a useful institution for the people
because in its success he saw the realisation of his dreams. He was made the
incharge of Madrassah which was maintained by Nadva. He introduced a number of
changes in the curriculum on the basis of his experience he had received at Aligarh.
He also introduced the study of English language as a compulsory subject at the
Madrassah. He gave his special attention to a chosen group of students and took
great pains in training them as his trustworthy disciples who could carry on his work
and spread his message. He gave them training in writing so that they could become
writers and authors to provide intellectual leadership after him. Few of his most
celebrated pupils were Syed Sulaiman Nadvi and Maulana Abu-al-KalamAzad who
ably succeeded him in the political and literary circles. Maulana Shibli‟s efforts
strengthened Nadva‟s financial position to a laige extent. He established an
academy of authors (Dar-ul-Musanifin) at Azamgarh which carries on his message to
this day. He laboriously tried to gather support for his developing institution from all
quarters and maintained friendly relation with Viqar-ul-Mulk and Mohsin-ul Mulk.
However, Maulana Shibli invited criticism from his colleagues at Nadva.
Maulana Shibli suffered because of some personal lapses of character and himself
provided an opportunity of criticism. He was a highly sensitive and touchingman
which made it difficult for others to pull along with him. Moreover, he had posed him
as the champion of the religious group, but his views and personal character lacked
religious tinge which did nOt enhance hi reputation as a leader of a religious
movement. His colleagues at Nadva soon got fed up of his views and especially of
his arrogant style and combined to get rid of him. Maulana Abdul Karim wrote an
article on Jihad in l9 He criticised the views of Maulana Shibh. Maulana Shibli, who
always boasted to be a great advocate of intellectual freedom took disciplinary action
against Maulvi Abdul Karim and removed him from the teaching staff This led to a
strong agitation against him, and Shibli taking him as indispensable tendered his
resignation. The resignation was accepted and all his efforts, later on, to stage a
come-back were foiled by his opponents.
Maulana Abdul Hayee, Nawab Husain Ali Khan and Dr. Syed Abdul A
succeeded Maulana Shibli as administrators of Nadva. The resignation of Maulana
Shihli adversely affected the working of Nadva which could never gain that glory
which Maulana Shibli had brought to it.
The NadvaLTul_Ulema produced men with high academic and intellectual
foresight: Although Nadva could not accomplish its desired aim yet its services for
the promotion of Islamic education are immense. A number of students of Nadva led
the people in the freedom struggle which include Syed Sulaiman Nadvi, Maulana
Abdul Salam Nadvi and Masood Alam Nadvi. Maulana Shibli issued a research
journal Ma‟arif under the auspices of Dar-ul-Musanifin (Academy of Authors) which
occupies a high status in the literary circles.
ANJUMAN-I-HIMAYAT-I-ISLAM, LAHORE
The Aligarh produced amazing results in the educational uplift of the Muslims.
It had created awareness amongst the Muslims which set an incentive for the people

42
of other areas as well. The Province of Punjab was under Sikh domination in those
days. The Sikh regime had cruelly suppressed its Muslim subjects and the
economic, social and educational conditions of the Muslims of Punjab was
deplorable. The Muslims were unable to seek admission in the educational
institutions run Ly the Christian and Hindu missionaries.
The dedicated Muslim leaders of the Punjab were much worried on the
educational decline of their people and sincerely wanted to adopt measures for the
educational advancement of the M of the Punjab. The success of Aligarh educational
reforms had set an incentive for others to follow in the noble task of educational
reforms of the Muslims of the Punjab. Some leading and sincere Muslim leaders
picked up the incentive in order to lessen the influence of Hindu and Christian
missionaries and decided to set up Anjurnan-i-Himayat-i-Islani at Lahore. The
Anjumau-i-Himayat-i-lsiam was established on 24th September, 1884 in a mosque
known as Masjid Bakan Khan inside Mochi Gate, Lahore, where nearly 250 Muslims
decided to set up the Anjuman for the educational guidance of the Muslims of th
Punjab. Khalifu Hameed-ud-Din laid down. the foundation of the Anjuman. He
became its first President. Apart-from Khalifa Hameed-ud-Din Dr. Muhammad Nazir
and Munshi Abdui Rahim were prominent workers of the Anjuman.
The Anjuman faced financial problems in the beginning. The workers of the
An went from door to door to collect funds for the Anjuman. A scheme known as
Math lihar Ata was started to collect funds for the Anjuman. Under this scheme every
housewife was asked to spare a handful of flour at the time-of cooking and
accumulate it in a pot. The Anjuman workers every day collected that flour and sold it
in the market. The money thus collected was deposited, in „the Anjuman funds.
However, with the passage of time the people began to donate generously towards
the Anjuman funds.
Objectives of Anjuman
Following were the aims and objects of the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam:
1. Establishment of the educational institutions where modern „education could
be given to the Muslims.
2. To effectively counter the propaganda of the Christian missionaries.
3. To look after the Muslim orphan children and to give them proper education.
4. To establish the Muslims society on sound and stable foundations.
5. To strive for the social and cultural progress of the Muslims.
6. To organize the Muslim masses politically for the safeguard of Islam.
Educational Services
In order to accomplish its goal the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam served with
devotion. The Anjuman began its struggle&by establishing a primary school for the
girls.
The Anjuman followed the pattern of Aligarh in its educational programme by
setting up a number of educational institutions. Two schools were opened in 1884
which gradually rose to fifteen within ten years. A girl‟s school was opened in 1925
which was upgraded to the level of a high school within one year.

43
The Anjuman began its educational programme simultaneously in the male
and female sector. islamia College, for Women, Cooper Road was established in
1938. The regular classes tor Islamia College, Cooper Road were started in the
Crescent Hostel with 7S girl students. MA. classes in Arabic and Geography were
started in 1942 and 1943 respectively.
In the male sector the Anjuman opened its first institution in 1889 in the
Sheranwala Gate. Lahore. It was a primary school which was called as Madrasab-
Tul Muslimin. It was upgraded to the middle and high school standard. This school is
known as Islamia High School Sheranwala Gate.
In 1892 a male College was established in two rooms of the Islamia High
School, Sheranwala Gate, Lahore where temporarily classes for Islamia College
began. In 1905 50 kanals of land was acquired at Railway Road, Lahore, where
Islamia College. Railway Road, Lahpre, was established. The College building was
completed in 1913 and Amir Habib Ullah Khan of Afghanistan laid down its
foundation stone. Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore and Islamia College, Lahore
Cantt, were also established to cater for the increasing demands of the Muslims.
Himayat-i-Islam Law College was also established which imparted legal education.
Apart from educational institutions the Anjuman also set up orphan houses, Dar-ul-
Aman Tibia College and Centers for adult education.
The Anjuman held its meetings every year which were presided over by
important personalities like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, Nawab Mohsin-ul
Mulk, Maulana Altaf Husain Hali, Sheikh Abdul Qadir and Justice Shah Din. The
Anjuman awoked national spirit among the people and created awareness about the
interests of the people.
Political Services of the Anjunian-i-Himayat-i-Islam
The Anjuman rendered commendable services in organizing the people under
the banner of Muslim League. It worked in a dedicated way during the Pakistan
Movement. The annual meetings of the Anjuman were political gatherings where
resolutions in favour of Pakistan were passed.
The students of Islamia College, Railway Road, Lahore took active part in the
freedom struggle and proved efficient workers of the Muslim League. They took the
message of freedom to every corner of the country. They rendered valuable services
to popularize the freedom movement. The Quaid-i-Azani hoisted the Pakistan flag in
the historic ground of Islamia College, Railway Road. Lahore. The students of
Islamia College were the devoted companions and body guards of the Quaid-i-
Azam. They took active part in making the historic session of Muslim League a
complete success in 1940. The Quaid-i-Azam was escorted to Iqbal Park, the
meeting place of the Lahore Session, by the students of Islamia College, Railway
Road, Lahore.
The students of Islamia College, Railway Road, founded Muslim Students
Federation under the leadership of Hameed Nizami which extended maximum
assistance to the Quaid-i-Azam in the Pakistan movement. The Anjuman organized
political meetings to promote the Two-Nation Theory. Famous leaders of the

44
freedom ruggle like Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Allama Iqbal, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk and
Maulana led the people in the freedom struggle from Anjuman‟s platform.
Sindh Madrasah, Karachi
During the Aligarh movement, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised the Muslims to
set up educational institutions in their areas on the pattern of Aligarh so that the
Muslims need for education could be sufficiently fulfilled The British Government had
put an end td the separate status of the province of Sindh and attached it with
Bombay presidency. The Hindu majority of Bombay did not like to see the Muslims
progressing in the field of education. The British government. in order to please the
Hindu majority, did not pay any attention toward the educational requirements of the
Muslims of Sindh. Consequently there was no mentionable educational institution in
the whole of Sindh which could cater for the needs of education of the Muslims.
Syed Hasan Ali Afandi, a devoted Muslim citizen of Karachi was desirous of
the Muslim educational progress. He was the founder and president of the Central
Mohammadan Association of Karachi, which was established by Syed Ameer Au. He
was a great admirer of Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and highly in favour of the Aligarh
movement. He decided to set up an educational institution in Kar4chi and formed a
committee to look into the possibility of the project.
Syed Hasan A Afandi collected funds for the establishment of the Madrassah.
He laid down the foundation Of the Madrassah in a small building near Bolton Market
in 1885. The Madrassah was known as Sindh Madrassah-tul-Islam. After some time
land was acquired for the construction of the building which was inaugurated in 1886
by Lord Duffrin.
Hasân Ali died in 1896 and his son Wali Muhammad succeeded him as the
administrator of the Madrassah. Wali Muhammad was successful in acquiring
government patronage for the Madrassah. The government allocated annual grant to
the Madrassah but put certain conditions as well which created bad feeling among
the administration of the Madrassah.
The administrative and teaching pattern was drafted on the style of Aligarh.
The first two principals of the Madrassah were Britishers who sincerely worked for
the uplift of the Madrassah. English and religious education was given in the
Madrassah and the students were required to offer prayers regularly.
Wali Muhammad was succeeded by his son Hsasn Ali Abdur Rehman in
1938, after his death, as the administrator. Hasan Ali Abdur Rehman managed to
pull out Madrassah from the Government control. The administrative Board of the
Madrassah decided to make it Sindh Muslim College in 1943. According to the wã4l
of the Quaid-i Azam a sizable portion of his property was surrendered to the Sindh
Muslim College. Quaid-i-Azam received his early education at Sindh Madrassah.
The Sindh Madracsah tul-Islam took active part in the freedom movement and
became a centre of Two-Nation concept. Hasan Ali Afandi took active part in the
freedom struggle as an ordinary worker of the Muslim League.
Islamia College, Peshawar
The Christian missionaries began their educational activities in the N.W.F.P. A
mission was opened in 1868 which became Edward College, Peshawar in 1888. It

45
was known as Municipal High School. This school was made Government
College, Peshawar and Allama Inayat Ullah Khan Al-Mashriqi became its first
principal.
There were no proper arrangements for the religious education in the
N.W.F.P. An acute dearth was felt for the educational institutions in the province
where both religious and modern education could be given to the Muslims. The
Muslim leaders of the N.W.F.P the need of establishing an educational institution in
NWFP which could impart religious as well as modern knowledge to the Muslims.
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was one of those Muslim leaders who took initiative for
the educational uplift of the Muslims of N.W.F.P. and endeavoured a lot for this noble
objective. With his sincere efforts the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Istam was established in
the N.W.F.P. which opened a school in 1902 known as Islamia College, Peshawar.
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum wás‟a great reformer and leader of the N.W.F.P. It
was mainly due to his efforts that the Muslims of the N.W.F.P. were able to progress
in the educational field. Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was born on 12th December,
1863 at Swabi, Distjict Mardan. He received his earls‟ education at Mission High
School and enteied government service in 1887. He rose to the status of political
agent by dint of hard work and honesty of purpose. He rendered valuable services
for the enforcement of constitutional reforms. He died on 4th December, 1937.
Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Islamia
Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum was a staunch follower of Sir Syed Ahmad
Khan and a great advocate of the Aligarh movement. He desired to establish an
educational institution in the N.W.F.P. on the pattern of Aligarh College. He set up a
Committee in 1912 to collect funds for the establishment of an educational institution.
Two hundred acres of land was acquired where the Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Islamia was
established. George Ross Capel, a friend of Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum helped
him in the establishment of Dar-ul-Uloom. Haji Tarangzai, a great leader of Silk
Handkerchief Movement laid down the foundation stone of the Dar-ul-Uloom-i-
Islamia.
In the beginning Dar-ul-Uloom was a high school. Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
worked hard to raise it to the status of a college. The Dar-ul-Uloom-i-Islamia very
„soon developed into a college and was named as Islamia College, Peshawar.
Islamia College.‟ Peshawar became the centre of educational and cultural activities
of .the whole, of the
N.W.F.P. It became an effective source of spreading the‟ knowledge and
awareness among the Muslim youth who fought for Pakistan in „the later stages. It
was entirely due to Sahibzada‟s sincere efforts that the college gained immense
importance in the N.W.F.P. as a prestigious seat of learning. Sahibzada Abdul
Qayyum worked day and night to erect a splendid campus for the College.
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum was responsible for running the administrative
affairs of the College. He remained Secretary of the College Administrative Board till
his death, and made‟ tremendous‟ contributions in enhancing the college‟s academic
prestige. He, was elected as the President of All India Mohammedan Educational
Conference in recognition of his educational services in 1925. „He is regarded as Sir

46
Syed Ahmad Khan of the N.W.F.P. for the educational services he rendered to,
the N,W.F.P.‟
The stud and teachers of Islamia College Peshawar took active part in the
freedom movement. It were the students of Islamia College, Peshawar who made a
maj or contribution in making the referendum of 1947 a complete success. The
Quaid-i-Azam had great liking for the institution. A sizeable portion of Quaid-i-Azam‟s
property was given to Islamia College, Peshawar in accordance with his desire.

47
Chapter # 3
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
Q1. Write the note on the Partition of the Bengal.

Ans. Lord Cur became the Viceroy of India in 1899. He was an able and efficient
administrator. He undertook an extensive tour of the province of Bengal and felt that
the province was too big to be administrated effectively. The provincial Governors
had already complained about the administrative difficulties faced by them in the
large province. They had recommended the partition of the province in view of its
size and big population.
Reasons of Partition of the Bengal
There were a lot of reasons behind the partition of the Bengal in 1905. Some
of them are as under:-
1. Large Population of Bengal:
According to the census of 1901 the population consisted of seven crore
eighty lacs individuals. According to the area and population ratios its division into
two parts was unavoidable.
2. Large Area of Bengal:
According to the census of 1901 the area of Bengal province was one lac
eighty nine thousand square miles that‟s why partition of Bengal was necessary.
3. Destruction of Chittagong Sea Port:
Due to the availability of a sea port in West Bengal in Calcutta no thought was
given to improve and develop the seaport in East Bengal at Chittagong. The division
of Bengal was necessary to save it from destruction.
4. Problem of Language:
The area of Arisa where language, Aryaya Arya was spoken divided into three
provinces Bengal, Assam and U.P. The people and government had to face a lot of
problems due to this. The concerned provincial governments had to do official
formalities in provincial as well as Arya Language. The people also could not remain
separated. Therefore it was necessary to include, Arisa in any one province.
5. Destruction of Industry and Skill:
Even thought jute was produced in large scale East Bengal was not given any
importance in the field industry, because of which the local industries had collapsed
and people were in bad conditions.
6. Economic Backwardness:
The area of the West Bengal was totally ignored by the different government,
so the surrounded areas of Calcutta were economically backward.
Events of the Partition of Bengal:
A number of partition proposals were viewed and discussed which, however,
could not materialize. Lord Curzon decided to divide the province into two provinces.
He prepared a comprehensive plan of the partition of Bengal in 1905 and sent it to
England for approval. The British Crown gave approval to the partition plan and the

48
province of Bengal was divided into two parts on 16th October, 1905 named as
Western Bengal and Eastern Bengal.
1. Province of East Bengal
The area of East Bengal and Assam province was one lac six thousand five
hundred and forty square miles and total population was three crore ten lacs. The
Muslim population in this was one crore eighty lacs. The province included Assam,
Silhit, East and North Bengal meaning Chittagong Dhaka, Commissionaires of
Rajshahi and Maldah division. The centre of the new province was Dhaka and the
seaport was Chittagong.
2. Province of West Bengal
Besides the area of East Bengal and Assam other parts of Bengal were
included in West Bengal. The area of Orissa was also included in it the area of West
Bengal was one lac, forty one thousand five hundred and eighty square miles and its
population was five crore, forty lacs. Muslim population was only ninety thousand.
The centre of the province remained Calcutta. The trade seaport remained Calcutta.
MUSLIM RE-ACTION TO THE PARTITION
The new province of Eastern Bengal brought happier prospects of political
and economic life for the Muslims. The Muslims overnight turned into majority by the
creation of the new province. The Muslims were 18 million out of the total population
of 31 million in the new province. The partition of Bengal .provided chances of great
progress to the Muslims who formed the majority group in the new set up. In the
combined province of Bengal the Muslims were a suppressed and dominated class
of society. The Hindus had monopolized trade and Government services which
aggravated the economic condition of the Muslims. The partition of Bengal provided
them with a chance to rehabilitate their social position. They hoped that their social
status would get a tremendous boost in the new province. The Muslims, therefore,
expressed their utmost happiness over the partition of Bengal. They offered their
gratification in a loyal way to Government for taking a step for their social, economic
and political uplift.
HINDU RE-ACTION TOWARD PARTITION
The Hindus reacted toward the partition of Bengal in a hostile and violent m
The Hindus could never support a move which was to bring prosperity and
happiness to the Muslims. The reasons for Hindu opposition to the partition were as
follows:
1. The Hindus believed that they would com under the domination of the Muslim
majority in the new province and their superior position „would be downgraded
to the inferior status.
2. As the provincial High Court and other judicial bodies were to be shifted to
Dacca, he Hindu lawyers feared that their legal practice would be affected.
3. Since Dacca was to become the centre of journalistic and other academic I
activities, the Hindu Press and media believed that from now onward the
Muslim point of view would be projected in the newspapers and magazines.
They also feared that their income would seriously be lessened.

49
4. The Hindu landlords, capitalists and traders did not like the partition as it
was to put an end to their exploitation of the poor Muslims.
5. Before the partition of Bengal the Hindus enjoyed dominant position in the
political sphere of the province over the Muslims. The new set up was to put
an end to their superior political position and their political dominance over the
Muslims will end.
The Hindu agitation soon turned into a violent reaction. The people disobeyed
government orders by refusing to pay taxes and rentals. Communal clashes erupted
at a. number of places which aggravated the law and order situation in the country.
Bombs were thrown and attacks were made on the lives of the British people.
Swadeshi movement was organized by which the foreign goods were boycotted. The
train carrying the Governor of the Eastern Bengal was derailed and an attempt was
made on Viceroy‟s life which failed.
Cancellation of Partition of Bengal
The vigorous Hindu agitation rocked the Government which could not
withstand the extreme pressure of the movement. .The Hindus threatened the
Government to boycott the forthcoming tour of India of the King George. The threat
proved successful and the British Government succumbed to the Hindus agitation.
The partition of Bengal was ultimately annulled on 12th December, 1911 at a Royal
meeting known as Delhi Darbar where the King George announced the decision of
annulment to the extreme dismay of the Muslims of Bengal.
Affects of Cancellation of Partition of Bengal
1. Start of Extremism in Politics
The Division of Bengal was called as cutting apart pieces of motherland and a
danger to the unity and the steps they took to reunite it were extremists. The
extremism started after division of Bengal remained till the division of India which
was a big problem for British.
2. Unveiling of Congress True Face
The Congress supported the Hindus of Bengal in annulment of division of
Bengal. This made it quite clear that Congress was not an organization for all Indians
but only and only representative party of Hindus.
3. Promotion of Muslim’s Political Awakening
The Hindus opposition on the decision of Division of Bengal promoted political
awakening in Muslim. On 1st Nov. 1906, 35 member‟s delegations of Muslims
headed by Sir Agha Khan met Viceroy Lord Minto at Simla and play an important
role for the protection rights and interests of Muslims. Two months after the Simla
delegation All India Muslim League was formed on 30th December 1906. Pakistan at
last came into being from this platform.
4. Establishment of Dhaka University:
After the annulment of division of Bengal the British government compensated
the hurt feelings of Muslims by establishing a Muslim University in Dhaka. Islamiat
was included for the first time in the syllabus in this university.
Conclusion:

50
The Hindus agitation against the partition reinforced the feelings of the
Muslim about Hindu designs. They realized that the Hindus would never allow the
Muslims a prosperous and happy life. The Hindu agitation against the partition
furthered the Two- Nation Theory. This agitation also convinced the Muslim leaders
of the need for a separate Muslim political organization which could safeguard the
interests of the Muslims of India and which could counter the Hindu and Congress
propaganda.
Q2. Write a note on the Simla Delegation.
Ans. Liberal Party of England had won the general elections under the leadership
of Lloyd George in 1905. It believed in giving adequate safeguards to the Indian
people by introducing constitutional reforms. The Liberal Party announced that it
would soon introduce constitutional reforms in India. The Muslim leaders decided to
avail this opportunity in order to apprise the Viceroy of the Muslims demands. A
delegation of prominent Muslim leaders, from all over the country was forriied under
the leadership of His Highness Sir Agha Khan.
Formation of the Delegation:
The Viceroy was vacationing at Simla. The Muslim leaders asked for the
assistance of Mr. Archbold, the Principal of Aligarh College, to get an appointment
with the viceroy. Mr. Archbold got in touch with the Private Secretary of the Viceroy
Col. Dunlop Smith and requested him to get an appointment with the Viceroy and
inform Mr. Archbold. The Muslim delegation comprising 35 Muslim leaders known as
Simla Deputation, called on the Viceroy on 1st October, 1906 at Simla.
Demands of Simla Delegation
The deputation apprised the Viceroy of the Muslim demands. They expressed
the need for the protection of the Muslim interests if representative form of
government was to be introduced in India by the following ways.
1. Demand of Separate Electorate:
The Muslims should be given the authority to elect their representatives in the
elections of the councils. For this reason the Muslim constituencies should be
reserved meaning the Hindu and Muslim constituencies should be separated, so that
Muslim voter could vote for Muslim representatives and Hindu voters for Hindu
representatives.
2. Demand for More Seats than Population:
Muslims should be given more seats than their population because of their
historical and political importance.
3. Demand for Share in Government Service:
Muslims should be given employment according to a special proportion in all
the government & semi-government organizations.
4. Membership of Judges and Executive Council:
Muslims should be made judges of High courts and Supreme Courts, besides
they should be nominated for the membership in executive council of the Viceroy.
5. Representation in the Senate and Syndicate of Universities:
Muslims should be given representation in the syndicate of the universities
and senate.

51
6. Making of Muslim Universities:
Mohammedan Anglo Oriental College Aligarh should be given the status of a
University.
Response of Viceroy Lord Minto:
Lord Minto gave a patient hearing to the demands of the Muslims presented
by the simla deputation. Minto expressed his complete agreement with the principle
of separate electorate. He promised to give sympathetic consideration to the
demands and assured the deputation that he would do all what was possible to
accept the demands and Viceroy said:-
I am aware of the injustices and aggression inflicted upon the Muslim
and I am also trying to compensate them. I will definitely take these
demands to the committee which will come to India to implement
constitutional reforms and will compile the recommendations.
Importance of Simla Delegation
Simla delegation was successful because the Viceroy gave the positive
response to the member of the delegation. The importance of Simla Delegation is as
follows:-
1. Basis of Pakistan Movement
The formation and demands of Simla delegation are like a milestone in the
history of Muslims of sub-continent. The positive and encouraging answer of the
Viceroy of India created a sense of political awareness and confidence amongst the
Muslims.
2. Source of Establishment of Muslim League
Successfulness of Simla Delegation motivated and encouraged the Muslims
to establish the separate Muslim Political Part y for the Muslim in 1906.
3. Security for Islamic Ideology:
The demand for separate electorate by the delegation was an effort to free the
Muslims from slavery of Hindus formed by British domination. Because of this
demand the representation of Muslims in the councils and other elected offices was
to be handed to Muslim leaders.
3. Protection of Muslim Rights and Interests:-
The demand for more seats than the population was an effort to make the
golden era of Islamic rule and organizational and political abilities of the Muslims,
prominent.
4. Freedom from Economic Exploitation:-
The demand for getting employment in government departments was an end
to economic exploitation of Muslims.
5. Representation in Administration and Judiciary:
The demand for appointing Muslims in High Courts and Supreme Courts as
judges and membership in the administrative council of Viceroy was a cause of
creating a sense of security among the Muslims.
6. Educational Development of Muslims:-
The demand for representation in the Senate and Syndicate of Universities
and the status of University to be given to Aligarh Mohammadan Anglo Oriental

52
College was unavoidable for the educational development and awakening of
political administrative consciousness.
Conclusion:
It was a great achievement of the Simla Deputation to have convinced the
Viceroy about the genuineness of the Muslim‟s demands. The Muslims were now
convinced that organized efforts were essential to press for the acceptance of the
demands. The most important demand of separate electorate was accepted by the
government and incorporated in the Minto-Morley Reforms of 1909. At this time the
Muslims had left the Congress and had no political platform to project their demands.
They badly needed a forum for the projection and safeguard of their interests to
counter the false propaganda of the Congress.
Q3. Why Muslim League was brought in to existence explain objectives
of the Muslim League?
Ans. After the war of independence 1857, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advice the
Muslims not to join the congress and also tried to keep them away from the politics.
Till his death in 1898 he worked for the Muslim Political Interest itself but after the
death of the Sir Syed Ahmad Khan the Muslim felt that their will be a separate
political party of the Muslims which worked for the Muslim interest only.
Establishment of Muslim League:
To meet the political needs of the Muslims of India It was decided in the
annual meeting of the Muhammdan Education Conference in Dhaka in 1906, that a
political party of the Muslims should be established.
1. Founders of the Muslims League:
Nawab Saleern Ullah Khan, Maulana Zafar All Khan, Hakeem Ajmal Khan,
Nawab Waqar ul Mulk, Sir Agha Khan and Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar were the
founders of the All India Muslim League.
2. First President of Muslim League:
On 30th December, 1906 Muslim League was established. Sir Agha Khan was
the first President of the Party. Syed Ameer Au was made the President of London
Branch.
3. Head Office:
The Head Office was decided in Aligarh
4. First Annual Session of Muslim League:
First Annual Session of Muslim League was established in Karachi in 1907 in
which it was decided that the membership will be given to the Muslims of the sub-
continent.
Causes of the Establishment of Muslim League:
All India Muslim League was found keeping in mind the following factors:
1. Establishment of Indian National Congress:
Indian National Congress was hi jacked by the Hindus and the Muslims were
compelled to form their own party to guard their rights and to face the challenges of
Indian National congress.
2. Communalism:

53
After the war of independence (1857) the Hindus got an opportunity and the
communal riots started. The Hindu proved prejudiced against the Muslims.
The extremist organizations like Sanghtan, Shudhi, Aryc Sdrnaj and Hindu
Mahasaba endangered the life of Muslims. The Muslims were scared of all their
activities and they decided to form All India Muslim League.
3. Partition of Bengal:
The partition of Bengal (1905) on administrative grounds was in the favour of
the Muslims, created new situation in politics. The partition proved a blessing for the
Muslims. Therefore, Hindus strongly opposed the partition and asked for its
annulment. This opposition also became the cause of the establishment of political
party of Muslims.
4. Urdu Hindi Controversy:
Urdu Hindi Controversy (1867) made it clear that the Hindus were prejudiced
and the culture of the Muslims is in danger. Defense of Urdu and Muslim culture was
the need of time. So All India Muslim League was founded to meet the challenges.
5. Political Reforms:
In the start of the 20 century, The Liberal Party won the elections in England
and announced the implementation of certain political reforms. The chances of the
reformation of political institutions provided an opportunity for the Muslims to form a
political party to protect their representation.
6. Simla Deputation:
A deputation of Muslim leaders called on Lord Minto, the Vicroy. on 1s1 October,
1906 at Simla. Sir Agha Khan, the Head of the Deputation, presented a
memorandum and requested for basic political, economic, cultural and other rights
for the Muslims. One of the important demands was to introduce a system of
separate electorate for the Muslims. The response of Viceroy was encouraging. On
the way back the members of Deputation seriously felt the need of a Muslim political
party. So all India Muslim League emerged on the scene.
7 The British attitude:
Another important thing in this regard was the fact that the British snatched
power from the Muslims and joined hands with the Hindus to persecute them. The
Muslims were economically deprived and some of them turned against the British
and the Hindus because of their mode of thinking. According to the Act of 1892, the
British gained more powers and they gave the Hindus a share in the government.
This further became the cause of frustration for the Muslims.
8 Deprivation of the Muslims:
After the war of independence of 1857, the British and the Hindus jointly victimized
the Muslims politically, socially and economically. After the war of independence the status
of the Muslims as a nation was changed and they became minority in the same country.
Doors of new jobs for the Muslims were closed. The Hindus started music before mosques
and started a movement against slaughter of cow. And a lot of political and economical
pressure was raised after the war of independence on the Muslims.
9. Ignoring the Political Life:

54
According to the Act of 1892, the British gained more powers and gave the
Hindus a share in the government and neglected the Muslims. The Muslims were the
second big nation of the sub-continent but no political rights were given to the
Muslims. The Hindus and the British did not accept the separate identity of the
Muslims as a nation and no share was given to the Muslims in the government. In
spite of that a large political pressure was raised on the Muslims by the Hindus and
the British. Due to this pressure the Muslims of the sub-continent started thinking
about their own league.
10. Negative Role of Hindu Sectarian Parties and Movements:
The Slogan of the Hindu Sectarian parties formed in the eighteenth century
was:
India is only for Hindus all other are foreigners. There are only
two choices for them that they should either accept Hinduism or
leave India.
To give effective answer to the Hindu organizations a political platform was
necessary for Muslims.
11. Problem of Slaughtering Cow:
The Hindu sectarian organization Arya Samaj formed Gao Raksha Sabah for
the protection of cows in 1883 whose goal was to stop Muslims from sacrificing
cows. Under these circumstances unity of Muslims was unavoidable to stop the
intrusion of Hindus in religious affairs and for that formation of an organized party
was necessary.
Objectives of All India Muslim League:
1. To create an understanding between the government and the Indian Muslims,
and to promote the feelings of loyalty among them.
2. To co-ordinate with other nations and political parties for general welfare of
the people.
3. To protect the rights of the Muslim nations, and to interact with the
government and other agencies for this purpose. In 1913 two amendments
were made in the preliminary objectives of the Muslim League
4. Achievements of the self-government suitable to the circumstances of the
sub-continent.
5. Social welfare through Hindu-Muslim Unity.
Achievements of Muslim League:
After the establishment of the Muslim League it worked for the Muslim
interests and raised the pressure on the British Government:
1. The first achievement of Muslim League was the attainment of right of
separate electorate for the Muslims in 1909.
2. Muslim League answers to the Congress and the British Government on
their Propagandas against the Muslims.
3. In the leadership of Sir Agha Khan the Muslims League signed and
agreement with Congress in 1916 at Lukhnow.

55
4. In 1920 Muslim League was successful to become first Muslim Aligarh
University.
5. In a very short period time Muslim League became the single
representative party of the Muslims of the sub-continent.
6. It also worked for the Muslim interests only.
7. In 1930 Allama Iqbal gave the concept of separate states for the Muslims
in Allahabad‟s address while addressing the 21st annual session of the
Muslim League.
8. In 1940 in the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam it also demanded Pakistan.
9. Finally we can say All India Muslim League created Pakistan on 14 th
August, 1947.
Conclusion:
All India Muslim League met with early success the; government accepted the
demand of separate electorate in 1909. In 1916 Muslim League signed a Pact with
Indian National Congress and got significant concessions for the Muslims, Muslim
League under the leadership of Agha Khan, Wiqar-ul-Mulk and Quaid-e-Azam
worked very hard. Muslim League in its annual Session at Lahore passed an historic
resolution in 1940 demanding a separate homeland for Muslims. It was in 1947 that
Muslim League succeeded in getting Pakistan for Muslims after a struggle of seven
years.
Q6. Why was the Khilafat Movement started? Explain its three
objectives.
Ans. Khilafat movement was a milestone in the struggle for freedom:
Background:
The World War I broke out in 1914. UK, USA, France, Russia and Italy went
into an alliance against German y, Austria nd Turkey. Turkey was the centre of
Islamic world in those days, and the Khalifah of Turkey was owned as Khalifah of the
whole Islamic world. The centre of Muslim world was in serious danger. Hijjaz-e-
Muqqadas was in Turkish domain. In case of defeat of Turkey both sacred cities,
Makkah and Madina, could go into the possession of Christian allied forces. Keeping
all the apprehensions in view, the Indian Muslims organized a big movement called
the Khilafat Movement.
Leaders of the Movement:
Maulana Muhammad All Jauhar, Maulana Shaukat All, Maulana Zafat All Khan,
Hakim Ajmal Khan, Dr. Ansari, Maulana Hasrat Mohani, Syed Salman Nadvi and
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad were the nain leaders. Gandhi, Moti Lal Nehru and
Madan Mohan halvia also joined this movement as a result of the Lacknow Pact.
Objectives of the Movement:
The movement was a multi-purpose one. It organized and assembled the
Muslims of the sub-continent on one platform. The Muslims, for the time being, kept
all India Muslim League aside and came under the banner of Khilafat Committee.
Following were the objectives of the Movement.
To keep the institution of Khilafat institution and Khalifah to carry out the
business of government usual.

56
Restoration of Turkey‟s grace as it possessed before and during World
War-1 and no change to occur in the boundaries of Turkey.
The sanctity of Makkah and Madina should be maintained and non-Muslim
forces should not be allowed to enter in these two sacred cities.
Activities of Movement:
Khilafat Movement took following steps to make their demands known to the
entire world:
Delegations:
Delegations were sent to U.K. and other European countries to convey the
feelings of the Muslims to the governments.
Medical Aid:
Doctors, nurses arid medicines were dispatched to Turkey for the treatment of
wounded Turkish soldiers.
Financial Aid:
A large amount of money, gold and silver was collected in the general
meetings to give financial aid to Turkey.
Processions:
Large processions were arranged, protest meetings were held and strikes
were observed in all big and small cities in the sot-continent. The Muslim volunteers
presented themselves to the police for arrests. All leaders were sent behind the bars
but the momentum of movement could not be diminished.
Role of Press:
The role of Muslim journalism was tremendous. Zarnindar of Zafar AU Khan, al-Hilal
of Azad and Comrade and Hamdard of Jaunar played vital roles in the movement.
They inculcated a sense of sacrifice among the Muslims.
Role of Gandhi:
Gandhi got a golden chance to exploit the Muslim power for his own
purposes. He supported the Khilafat Movement and participated in the meetings of
the Muslims. Indian National Congress also expressed solidarity with Khilafat
Movement. It was again as per Gandhian policies, Indian National Congress itself
tried to bring the British government to its knees before his own movements like,
Civil Disobedience Movement, Non-Co-operation Movement and Swedeshi
Movement. By supporting the Khilafat Movement he secured cooperation of the
emotional Muslims for his own purpose.
Gandhi advised Muslims to Surrender the titles awarded by the government.
Resign from the government jobs
Come on the streets against the government by getting the educational
activities
Present themselves for arrests
Refrain from paying the taxes
Refuse to receive financial grants from the governments
Migrate to Iran, Afghanistan and other Muslim countries
The Muslims leaders could not comprehend the conspiracy of Gandhi and
followed his guidelines. it affected the economy, education and social conditions of

57
the Muslims very badly. Millions of Muslim families migrated to Afghanistan after
selling their properties to the Hindu Afghan government refused entry to them, On
their return poverty, helplessness, shortage of food and humiliation troubled them.
Now they fully realized the real face of Gandhi, but it was of little use as they were
already ruined.
The End of Movement:
In 1924 Gf3azi Mustafa Kamal Pasha became a force. He signed a pact with
the Allied forces at Laus. The sovereign position of Turkey survived. The Hijaz-e-
Muqqadas was handed over the Sharif Hussain of Makkah and the control of Turkey
on the Middle east, North Africa and Eastern Europe was lost. However, all the
objectives of the Khilafat Movement were achieved.
Conclusion:
Though Khilafat Movement was a complete failure yet it affected the struggle
a lot. The Muslims came to know the actual mentality of the Hindus and the British.
They also understood the real way of agitation. That is why Khilafat Movement is
called a milestone in the Struggle for Independence.
Q15. What was the Pakistan Resolution? Write down its three points
and what was the Hindu reaction after it had passed in the
meeting?
Ans. Quaid-e presided over the Historic annual session (27t of All India Muslim
League, held in Minto Park (now called lqbal Park) in Lahore (22 to 24 March, 1940).
A resolution, presented by Maulvi Fazal-ul- (Sher-e- Bengal) a renowned Bengali
leader was passed. The Muslims set the clear goal on that historic day.
Background of Pakistan Resolution:
The Muslim leaders were worried about national future, ever since the
Muslims lost the war of Independence 1857. The only goal before the leaders was to
provide peaceful, safe and graceful environment to the Muslim nation. The future
looked bleak and unsatisfactory. The presence of Hindu majority on the soil of British
India was the root cause of their worries. Different leaders presented different
suggestions.
C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Ral, John Wright and the iron man of Russia, Joseph
Stalin, anticipated the division of India.
Allama lqbal in his presidential address at the annual session of All India
Muslim League in 1930, declared that the establishment of a separate state in the
North West of the sub-continent for the Muslims, the goal of the Muslim nation, As a
student of Cambridge University, Chaudhry Rehmat All, distributed a pamphlet
among the participants of Round Table Conference in 1932. The title of the pamphlet
was „Now or Never‟, in which he suggested the division of the sub-continent into a
few states.
The Sindh Muslim League passed a resolution in its annual Session of 1938
and demanded partition into Hindu India and Muslim India.
Syed Hassan Riaz wrote that the Quaid had made up his strong mind to have a
separate state for the Muslims in 1930 and till 1940 he kept on preparing the minds

58
of the Muslims.
Presidential Address of Quaid-e-Azam
The Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address clearly indicated the direction of
Muslim struggle. He said,
Muslims, by any definition of the word, are a nation and possess their
separate culture, social and religious system and sound traditions.
The sub-continent is not one country and Hindu Muslim issue is an
international issue. It is not an issue of communal nature. The solution of the
problem lies in the creation of more than one state in South Asia.
The rights of the Muslims will be un-safeing undivided India.
Partition of a land into two or more than two states is not an unprecedented
idea. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into Spain and Purtagal, Ireland was
separated from United Kingdom and Czechoslovakia came into existence, because
of partition. Referring to all such examples, he asked for the partition of British India.
He termed it logical and just.
Basic point of the Resolution:
The contiguous units in different areas to be redemarcated as such that
Muslim majority areas of North East and North West be established as independent
Muslim states.
No scheme other than partition of the Sub-continent will be accepted.
After the partition the rights of the Muslim minority will be protected, and
suitable arrangements will be made for this purpose.
Hindu Reaction:
Immediately after the passing of the resolution, the Hindu journalists and
leaders expressed their resentment. They rejected the demand and they ridiculed it.
It was declared impracticable. Gandhi and Nehru, in particular, criticized it and
turned it down in harsh words.
The Muslim League called it the Lahore Resolution but the Hindu press
ironically termed it as the P Resolution. The Muslim leaders adopted the new term.
The resolution was, later on, called the Pakistan Resolution in all quarters.
Reaction of The Muslim Theologists:
A large number of theologists were, reluctant to support the demand for
partition. Only a few of them Uke Maulana Shabir Ahmed Usmani, Maulana Zafar
Ahmed Ansari, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and some others supported the leaders of
the Muslim League.
Reaction of the British:
The British press did not pay much attention.
Conclusion
This was the first decisive step towards the achievement of a separate
homeland. After this firm decision, only in sovot yours the Muslims got a separate
state of their own. That is why we can say this resolution was the height of the
struggle.
Q16. Write a note on Cripps Mission.

59
Ans. The government of Great Britain took an important step to solve the
problems in India in 1942.
Background
In the 2 World War, The Japanese forces were heading towards South Asia.
The war seemed to be going in Japanese favour. The preliminary successes of
Japanese encouraged the Indian National Congress. The movements against the
government by Congress were troublesome for the Britishers. Congressites were
confident that Japanese would hand over the power to the Indians after Britain‟s
defeat. The Muslims had already been demanding a separate state of their own and
had passed the resolution of 1940. To cope with this situation the government of
Great Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps to find a suitable solution for the circumstances
in the sub continent.
The Cripps Mission arrived but could not get any support from the Congress.
Cripps brought a few proposals for discussions with the major political forces in the
sub-continent.
Cripps Proposal:
Cripps announced his proposal on 29 March 1942 following are its main
points:
Status of Domain
The sub-continent will be given the status of a dominion after the war.
Independence of The Indians In All Departments
All government departments will be handed over to the Indian Ministers
including Defense, Foreign Affairs and Communications.
Central Constitutional Assembly
A central constituent Assembly will be formed to formulate a constitution. The
Constituent Assembly will be elected by the members of the Provincial Assemblies.
Rights of Minorities
Special steps will be taken to provide safeguards to the minorities.
Provincial Autonomy
After the formulation of the constitution by the Constituent Assembly, it will be
sent to the provinces. The provinces who do not endorse the constitution will be
empowered to create a separate and free status for themselves.
Reaction of Political Parties:
Muslim League
The Quaid-e-Azam and All India Muslim League expressed thanks to Cripps
and the Government of Great Britain for the promise to the Muslim majority
provinces free and independent status. The hint was a clear indication of the creation
of Pakistan.
All India Muslim League expressed thanks for the proposed steps for the
protection of the rights of minorities. All India Muslim League discussed the
proposals in the meeting and after long discussions; it decided not to approve the
Cripps proposals as the demand for Pakistan was not accepted in clear cut terms.
Congress

60
Gandhi and his political party, Indian national Congress, absolutely rejected
the Cripps proposals. They ridiculed the proposals: A post dated cheque of a bank
that is going to be bankrupt. The Congress criticized the right of veto, given to the
provinces. It opposed the idea of partition. It expressed its displeasure for providing
protection to the minorities.
Conclusion:
The British government under American pressure prepared the Cripps
proposals. The government was not willing to agree to the demands of Indian
national Congress. On the other hand Congress could not support the proposals
when the Japanese were looking to be in strong position. The effort proved futile but
from Muslim point of view, it was a step towards partition.
Q17. Write a note on Simla conference.
Ans. The Viceroy, Lord Wavell, to have a dialogue with the major political parties in
1945, called Simla conference. The following politicians were invited to participate in
the Conference at Simla, a summer resort, and capital of the Federal government in
the summer season.
Congress: Pandit Nerhru, Beldev Singh and Azad
Muslim League: Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and Abdu Rub Nishter
Chief Ministers: All provinces
Unionist and other parties‟ representatives
Background:
The Indian National Congress kept on pressurizing the British government to
quit India. The failure of Cripps Mission encouraged the Congress leaders. Gandhi
was not prepared to tolerate British Raj anymore. His “Quit India Movement‟ gained
momentum. Gandhi wanted immediate transfer of power to the majority party. He
tried to blackmail the government, and gave the boycott call to the workers. Civil
disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement, Swedeshi Movement and other
methods were used to force the British to quit India. Processions and protest
meetings were arranged in all the cities. Gandhi and his party was expecting the
defeat of the Allied Forces at the hands of the Japanese, therefore, the Hindus
continuously built up the pressure against the government. In all such activities the
All India Muslim League was ignored.
The expectations of Gandhi were not fulfilled. The Allied Forces gained the
ground. The desperate Gandhi changed his tactics and turned toward the Muslim
League. Gandhi Jinnah dialogues were arranged. The former wanted to entrap the
later. Gandhi was now ready to give some concessions to the Muslims in order to
start a joint struggle of the two parties. The Quaid very well understood his mind. He
did not agree to enhance the strength of the Ghandian movements. The Quaid did
not budge an inch from his demand for Pakistan. The situation demanded some sort
of government initiative. So the Viceroy gave his plain in the Simla Conference.
Wavell Plan:
The Vicroy of India Lord Wavell chalked out a plan to settle the political issues
with political parties to introduce a frame work order, under which the elections to
federal and provincial legislative assemblies could be conducted for the formation of

61
future government. The plan was a s under:-
The future constitution will be framed with the consent of all major political parties.
An Executive Council will be made and representatives of all major political
parties will be included in the Council. The council will consist of six Hindus, five
Muslims and one British.
The Vicroy will preside over the meetings of the Executive Council. The Commander-
in-Chief will be ax-officio member of the Executive Council. All the members of the
Council will be nominated by the Viceroy.
Provincial Executive Councils will also be organized. Governor of the province
will be the Chief of the Council, in each province.
Failure of the conference:
The conference had to decide the political infrastructure, the formation of
assemblies and governments at central as well as provincial level. The move was
encouraging for Congress. What so ever was the situation, the Congress was going
to form the government on the basis of its majority. Congress joined the conference
proceedings with high hopes. It had also declared before holding a conference that it
would not accept partition in any case.
The meeting started to discuss the first point on agenda. The point related to
the nomination of five Muslim ministers of the Vicroy‟s executive Council. The Quaid-
e-Azam vehemently argued that all the five would be nominate don the
recommendations of All India Muslim League. No other party had a right to send
even a sin member. The Vicroy and Indian National Congress wished to nominate
Maulana Azad as, Muslim minister. The Quaid did not agree to this proposal. Now
Vicroy asked the Quaid to accept Malik Khizar Hayat Tiwana, the leader of Unionist
party. The Quaid-e-Azam rejected this name as well and insisted that all the five
ministries should be given to All India Muslim League. The very first point created a
fuss and further discussion was futile, therefore, the Simla Conference failed in
getting any objective.
Responsibility for Failure:
The Indian National Congress held the Quaid-e-Azam responsible for the
failure.
Lord Wavell also critized the inflexible attitude of the Quaid-e-Azam.
Quaid-e-Azam refuted the blame and disclosed the trap prepared by Lord Wavell
and Gandhi to entrap the Mus1ir It was their joint venture. Had Muslim league
accepted the plan, it would never have a separate state in the shape of Pakistan.
Conclusion
Simla Conference was a step to make a possible understanding between the
British Govt. and the Indian Political Leaders but the formula of the nomination of
Muslim members unwrapped the mentality of lord Wavel and Congress. It was the
foresight of the Quaid-e-Azam that rescued the Muslims. On the whole, the Wavel
Plan was a symbol of weakness of the British Rulers.
Q18. Why were 1945-46 general elections arranged? What was the gain
of the Muslims in these elections?

62
Ans. General elections were held in the sub-continent in 1945-46. The World
War II was over and the USA emerged as a super power. It looked forward to get its
share from the colonies of UK, and it was asked to hand over the power to the
people.
Purpose of Elections
General elections were imperative in the sense that the government intended
to know the real political force of every political party.
The future of the sub-continent was to be decided in the light of the people‟s
mandate in the elections.
The failure of Simla Confe and it responsibility was the important issue in
those days. The elections could clarify the situation, which political party was holding
the just stand.
To know the people‟s mind, the government announced the election schedule.
The elections of Federal Assembly and all provincial assemblies were to be held in
late 1945 and early 1946, respectively. All political parties welcomed the decision.
Manifestos of Different Parties
Following were the programmes of different parties:
Congress:
Congress gave the following points as its manifesto:
Freedom of India
United India (Akhand Bharat)
Representation of the Hindi and all the minorities of India
Muslim League:
Liberation of India from British Rule
Partition of India (Achievement of a separate Homeland for the Muslims)
Muslim League as the representative of All the Indian Muslims
The Muslim League highlighted partition in his manifesto. The Quaid-e-Azam
termed the elections as referendum on one issue, and the issue was „Pakistan or no
Pakistan‟. He made it clear that the defeat of Muslim League would mean burial of
the idea of the creation of Pakistan. And if the Muslims supported All India Muslim
League, no power on earth would be able to stop the creation of Pakistan.
Election Campaign:
All political parties campaigned during the elections. The two major political
parties stood against each other.
Congress:
Congress wanted to check the intentions of Muslim League at every cost. The
leaders traveled from North to South and East to West. People‟s contact campaign
went on full swing. Congress compromised with Majlis-e-Jamiat and Unionist Party.
A big election alliance of four parties was formed against Muslim League.
Muslim League:
The Muslim League did not make any compromise with any other party and
contested all the important seats single handedly. The elections were a matter of life
and death for Muslim League. The Quaid-e-Azam toured throughout the sub-
continent and pursued the Muslims to• get realized the importance of the elections.

63
The Quaid-e-Azam openly challenged that the Muslim League would prove the
demand for Pakistan as the only option left for Muslims.
BAN KE RAHE GA PAKISTAN
LEY KE RAILIEN GAY PAKISTAN
Were the slogans raised by the Muslims in the streets, bazaars, processions
and electoral meetings.
Results of Election
Following were the results of the elections:
Federal Assembly:
The election of Federal Assembly were held in December, 1945 on the basis
of separate electorate. 30 seats were allocated to the Muslims. The Muslims League
won all the seats.
Provincial Assemblies:
The provincial elections were held in January, 1946. The Muslim League
defeated its rivals on 434 seats out of 495 Muslim seats.
Muslim League came out victorious. The claim of the Quaid- proved true and the
absolute majority of the Muslims supported demand for Pakistan. Now no power on
earth could stop Pakistan from coming into being.
Conclusion:
The results proved that the Muslim League was the sole Muslim political
party, and further that the stand of the Quaid in Simla Conference was absolutely
just. Now no one could fix responsibility on him for the failure of Simla conference.
These elections paved an easy way for the creation of Pakistan
Q19. Write down a comprehensive note on Cabinet Mission Plan 1946.
Ans. The World War-Il was over. In the general elections war hero of the
conservative party, Mr. Churchill was defeated and Mr. Attlee succeeded him as
Prime Minister. The victorious Labour Party had made a commitment, in its
manifesto, to settle the future of the sub-continent. He sent a high powered Mission
to India to bring round all the political parties to an amicable formula for the freedom.
Members of the Cabinet Missions
The Mission consists of.
1. Sir Stafford Cripps
2. E.V. Elaxander
3. Sir Pathick Lawrence
Dialogue With Parties
The members of the Mission had separate meetings with the major leaders of
the political parties. They also tried to know the points of view of the Governors and
Chief Ministers of different provinces. Governor General was also taken into
confidence. Both the major political parties were very much clear about their
opinions. The Muslim League was emphasizing that partition and creation of
Pakistan was the only solution of all political problems. The Indian National Congress
vehemently opposed it. It could never accept a formula based on the division of the
sub-continent into two or more than two independent states. Congress out-rightly

64
rejected the demand for Pakistan and the two Nation Theory on which the
Muslims‟ stand was based upon.
Tension arose during the discussions. The Prime Minister, before sending the
Mission, declared in the Parliament that no minority would be given veto power; and
the hindering of the political process by any party would not be tolerated. The Quaid-
e-Azam vehemently criticized the statement hut Congress expressed its pleasure.
The Quaid categorically stated that the Muslim League was performing the duty of
protecting the rights of the Muslims. He further explained that Muslim League was
trying to resolve the problems on the basis of Two Nation Theory. During his meeting
wit!-. the members of the Mission, the Quaid made it clear that the sub-continent was
neither a country nor inhabited b\ one nation. The Muslims have a separate identity
and, they have every right to determine their future course as a separate nation.
Cabinet Mission Proposals
Cabinet Mission presented the following proposals before the political parties:
i. Indian Union
The sub-continent vil1 be given the status of a union. The union will consist of
man\ provinces and princely states. The system will be federal. The centre will deal
with Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications. All other departments will be
handed over to the provinces. All taxes will be levied by the centre.
ii. Groups of Provinces
The provinces will be grouped as under:
Group „A‟ Bombay, Madras, U.P. Urisas and C.P, Bihar
Group „B‟ Punjab, Sindh and NWFP
Group „C‟ Bengal and Assam
Nature of the federation was unique in which three tiers were to exist, centre,
group of provinces and province. Three different organizations at all these three
levels would be formed. One point was quite strange that the powers of central and
provincial organizations were specifically mentioned in the Cabinet Mission Plan but
the powers of „Group of Provinces” were not defined. This matter was left to the
provincial and group organizations to solve them.
The provinces will get representation in the Federal Assembly and Federal
Cabinet as per their respective population.
iii. Constituent Assembly
The members of all provincial assemblies will the Constituent Assembly. The
Constituent Assembly will formulate a constitution for the whole sub-continent. After
that three provincial groups will frame their respective constitutions.
iv. Interim Government
The Interim government will immediately he installed and it will run the system
of government till the formation of the constitution. The representatives of major
political parties will be included in the interim government. No Britisher will be the
minister. The cabinet will be powerful in administrative matters.
v. Separation from the Group
If a province likes, it will be authorized to quit the group to which it is being
attached. Such a province would be free to join any other group of choice.

65
vi. Separation from Indian Union
One or two groups of provinces will be authorized to quit the Indian Union
after ten years. It means that group „B‟ or „C‟ or both will be able to maintain their
sovereignty. The two groups were of Muslim majority provinces. Possibility of the
creation of Pakistan was just N) years away, and this was the demand of Pakistan.
vii. Veto Power
The option to reject the Cabinet Mission Plan was given to every political party
but that party would not be able to join the interim government. The right to join the
interim government was given only to the parties who supported the plan. Congress
was pleased to see, this condition as the Muslim League „was not allowed to veto the
Plan. In case it vetoes, it would be kept away from the government.
REACTION OF POLITICAL PARTIES
Indian national congress
The immediate reaction of Indian National Congress was extremely
positive. The party leaders welcomed it. The Hindu journalists expressed their
satisfaction and congratulated one another. „The plan was a defeat of the Muslim
League.
All Indian Muslim League
The party workers were totally disappointed from the Cabinet Mission Plan. They
considered the plan a victory of he Opponents of Pakistan. They felt that the „idea of
Pakistan was totally ignored and the demand of the Muslim League was rejected.
The Quaid-e said, “I am sorry to see that the demand for Pakistan has been
ignored by the Mission Plan. We still believe and say with full confidence that the
solution of political problems lies in the creation of two
Independent sovereign states.”
Gandhi
Gandhi in his press statement talked about the supremacy of the Parliament
and expressed his opinion that Parliament would be empowered to bring changes in
the system, introduced by the government on the basis of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
It means that Hindu majority in the Parliament would dictate its terms. The safeguard
provided by the Cabinet Mission to the Muslims could be withdrawn by the Hindu
majority Parliament. The statement of Gandhi further aggravated the frustration of
the Muslim nation.
Final Decision
The first reaction of the two political parties was totally different. It looked clear that
Congress was going to give its consent and the decision of the Muslim League
would be contrary to it. The matter was widely discussed in the general councils of
both the parties. The council of Muslim League gave full mandate to the Quaid-e-
Azam to declare the policy. He, contrary to the expectation of all the political circles,
declared to accept the plan and Congress was put to an embarrassing situation. The
Quaid declared the he accepted the plan with the idea that the demand for the
creation of Pakistan would be in a position to establish their own independent
sovereign state comprising of Assam,

66
Britishers were about to leave the sub-continent, and could play havoc with
the Muslim nation.
The Quaid-e-Azam exchanged views with his party leaders and then
discussed the forthcoming problems of the Muslims with the Viceroy. On his
repeated requests, the Quaid-e-Azam honoured his invitation and joined the
government. Pundit Nehru had also appealed to the Muslim League but the Quaid-e-
Azam gave the whole credit to the Viceroy.
The Muslim League withdrew its call for the Direct Action. The five members
of the Muslim League who took the oath of office as Minister were:
Q20. Write a note on 3rd June 1947 Plan.
Ans. Both Simla Conference and Cabinet Mission Plan failed to produce an
amicable solution of the constitutional and political problem India. I Lord Wavell could
not unite the parties, and the British government had to replace him with Lord
Mountbatten. Half of the Cabinet Mission Plan could be implemented but hardships
were there. The grouping of the provinces was abandoned. The Muslim League
joined the Interim government but did not participate in the constitution making
process, therefore, the dream of making a constitution could not be realized. The
whole system was suspended. The joint venture of Gandhi and Wavell miserably
failed. Now the British government decided to test another option. The British Prime
Minister declared on 20t11 February 1947 that British rule in South Asia would come
to an end by June 1948. The whole process of transfer of power was to be
conducted by the new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten who immediately took the charge.
Meeting with political Leaders
Soon after taking over the charge, the last Viceroy started meeting with the
leaders of the political parties. In his meeting with the Viceroy, the Quaid-e-Azam
told him in clear cut terms that the Muslim League would never accept any formula
except the partition of India. The 1945- 46 elections had strengthened the position of
the Muslim League. The Viceroy got fully convinced that he could in no way stop the
creation of Pakistan. He was now clear that the dream of independent Indian Union
would never be fulfilled. The Lord began to persue the leaders of Indian National
Congress for the partition. After a series of meetings he was successful in his
mission. It was because he promised them to create a weak and moth-eaten
Pakistan that would never be able to survive for a long time. He stood by his words
and fulfilled his promise but it was because of the blessings of Allah Almighty that
Pakistan emerged on the map and remained an independent sovereign state.
Inshallah the state of Pakistan will survive forever. The bad intentions of Indian
National Congress were bound to fail. The joint conspiracy of British government and
Congress could not stop the creation of Pakistan.
Lord Mountbatten prepared a plan to leave the sub continent. He managed to
get the consent of both the parties and sent the plan to London for the approval of
the British Cabinet.
Important Points of the Plan
The June 3, 1947 Plan was an elaborate one. It covered the whole of the sub-
continent. The government took final decision to divide it into two independent

67
states. The principle of partition was approved. Now the details were laid down to
decide the future of the provinces and small states.
i. Competent Leadership:
C.P., U.P., Urrisa, Bombay, Madras and Bihar were non-Muslim majority
provinces. All these provinces were to be included in Bharat.
ii. Province of the Provinces
The decision was taken to divide Punjab province into two parts. The Muslim
majority area would go to Pakistan and non-Muslim majority area to Bharat,
respectively. A Commission was created to draw the line of demarcation between
Pakistani Punjab and Bharati Punjab.
iii. Province of Bengal:
The principle approved For Pun jab was also approved for Bengal. The
province was to be divided into East Bengal and West Bengal. East Bengal was pre-
dominantly a Muslim area while Hindus were in majority in West Bengal. A Boundary
Commission for the demarcation of the boundary was created by the British
government.
iv. Province of Sindh
The members of the Sindh Provincial Assembly got the right to join Pakistan
or Bharat by a majority vote.
v. Balochistan
Balochistan had not yet been given the status of a full fledged province. It was
decided that Shahi Jirga and Municipal Committee Quetta would decide the future of
Balochistan by the majority votes of their members.
vi. Sylhet
Sylhet was one of the districts of Assam. A very large majority of the district
was Muslim. The people living in the District, Sylhet had to decide their own future
through a referendum. They had to opt either for Pakistan or Bharat.
vii. North Western Frontier Province
The people of NWFP had to decide their fate by a referendtim. They could
either join Pakistan or Bharat.
viii. States
There were 635 states in the sub-continent where Nawabs and Rajas were
ruling over their areas and people with internal sovereignty. The external sovereignty
was lying with the British government. Each state was given the right to join Pakistan
or Bharat, keeping its geographical position and special circumstances in view.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN JUNE 1947
 The non-Muslim majority provinces were included in Bharat. In the district
Sylhat the people took part in a referendum. A very large majority favoured
Pakistan and Sylhet was included in Pakistan. Sylhat became a district of
East
 The members of the Sindh Assembly voted for Pakistan and Sindh became a
province of Pakistan.
 The Shahi Jirga and Quetta Municipality voted for Pakistan and Balochistan
became a part of Pakistan.

68
 A referendum was held in NWFP the people had to choose either of the
two, Pakistan or Bharat. A dominating majority voted for Pakistan and N\VFP
joined Pakistan.
 The Provinces of the Punjab and Bengal were to be divided into two parts. Sir
Radcliffe, a British lawyer. Was appointed the Chairman of the Boundary
Commission. Two members each were nominated by the Congress and
Muslim League to help the Chairman. The two provinces were divided into
two parts. Sir Radcliffe was in contact with Nehru and Lord Mountbatten.. He
conspired and did injustice
 With Pakistan. Many Muslim majority areas were given to Bharat and
Pakistan was deprived of its right share. As the Muslim League had accepted
Sir Radcliffe as arbitrator so the Quaid-e-Azam did not raise any objection to
the decision of the Boundary Commission.
 The princely states themselves decided in favour of either Pakistan or Bharat.
While taking the decision, every state kept its geographical position and
special circumstances in view. Disputes erupted in the states of Hyderabad
Daccan, Junagarh, Manavadar and Jammu and Kashmir. The majority of first
three states was non-Muslim and the u1ers were Muslims, by faith. All three
Muslim rulers thought either to maintain their independent states or to join
Pakistan. Bharat invaded all the three states one by one and forcibly brought
them into its own fold. The position of state c Jammu and Kashmir was just
the Opposite. Here the ruler was a non-Muslim and a large majority of
Kashmiris was Muslim. Pakistan supported the right of self-determination of
the Kashmiris Geographically the state seems to be a natural part of Pakistan
All the elements favoured the Pakistani stand but Bharat committed
aggression and sent its forces to bring Jammu and Kashmiris under her
control, So far both the countries have fought three wars to resolve the
dispute of Kashmir but it proved all in vain. The wars were fought in 1948,
1965 and 1971. Pakistan has been persistently supporting the right of self of
Kashmiris and Kashmiris themselves are fighting for their liberation. About
nine million Kashmiris have been martyred by Bharati forces to crush the
struggle of the Kashmiris.
THE LUCKNOW PACT 1916
Background:
After joining the Muslim League in 1919 the Quaid-e-Azam started clearing
the path for Hindu Muslim unity. In 1915, the annual meetings of Congress and
Muslim League were held together at Bombay because of his efforts. This lead to
quick clearing of the path for Hindu Muslim unity, at last in 1916 once more the
meeting of both parties was held together at Lucknow where a written agreement
was signed between the two parties at Baradai of Qassai Bagh, which in the history
of sub-continent is called the Lucknow Pact.
Conditions of the Pact:
The conditions of Lucknow pact 1916 are as follows:-

69
1. Approval of Separate Electorate:
Congress will accept the separate electorate
2. One Third Muslim Representation:
The number of elected Muslim members in the central council will be one
third.
3. Nomination of Members:
The proportion of elected and nominated members of councils 1/5 will be
nominated members and ¼ will be elected members of the councils.
4. Proportion of Muslim Presentation in the Provinces:
In Muslim majority provinces that is Bengal and Punjab the number of Muslim
representatives was reduced to 40% in Bengal and 50% in Punjab whereas in
Muslim minority areas that is Bombay, Madras and U.P was increased than
their population ratio 33% to and in other provinces e.g. C.P to 15%.
5. Agreement on Unanimous Law:
No suggestions for constitution making will be considered which will be
rejected by ¾th of any nations chosen members.
6. Conditions for Approval of Demands from the Government:
For conditions were decided for approval of following demands from British
Government.
a. Increase in the Autonomy of Provinces:
Provinces should be given appropriate internal autonomy. The control
of the centre should be decreased from the provinces, besides the
powers of provincial councils should be increased and they must have
full authority over the budget.
b. Freedom of Determination:
The members should have the right of ask questions and sub-
questions and to present a movement of adjournment.
c. Separation of Judiciary from Administration:
The judiciary and administration should be separated in the country,
and the judiciary of every province should be under the High Court of
that province.
Result of Lucknow Pact:
Historical results were achieved from Lucknow Pact; an overview of these is
as follows:
1. Approval for Separate Electorate:
The British had accepted the long awaited demand of separate electorate of
the Muslims of India by giving it a legal status in the Act of India 1909.
Anyhow the Hindus always were against this. This demand was accepted by
British and Hindus in 1916, which resulted in the historical and political
success of Muslims.
2. Security of Muslim Rights and Interests:
According to the Lucknow pact the acceptance of Congress to give more
representation to Muslims than their population in the Muslim minority

70
provinces and in the centre, protected the rights and interests of Muslims.
This removed a lot of fears from the Muslims of India.
3. Muslim League’s Separate Status:
The Congress practically proved the importance of Muslim League in the sub-
continent by accepting the Muslim League as the representative party of
Indian Muslims in Lucknow agreement. This made it obvious that Muslim
League was the representative party of Muslims.
4. Increase in the Fame of the Quaid-e-Azam;
The fame and capability of the Quaid-e-Azam spread because of Hindi
Muslim Unity. Mr. Sirojani Naido while paying his tribute to the Quaid declared
him the ambassador of Hindu Muslim unity.
5. Hind Muslim Unity, First and Last Time:
Hindus tried to take revenge from Muslims in the Khilafat Movement generally
and in Nehru Report especially according to a planned conspiracy while
neglecting the written agreement of Lucknow Pact in 1916. This sent the
Lucknow pact to the waste paper basket. This way the first and last Hindu
Muslim unity came to an end without any historical achievement.
DEHLI MUSLIM SUGGESTION
Background:
In 1927, Pandit Moti Lal Nehru said to the Quaid-e-Azam in a meeting:
If Muslims withdraw from separate electorate, then congress will
accept thick other demands.
The Quaid-e-Azam called a meeting of all parties at his residence to accept
his proposal. In that conference that 30 Muslim parties participated and out of these
with the acceptance of 28, some decisions were made which are famous by Dehli
Muslim Suggestions. These were published on March 20, 1927.
Important Points of the Suggestions:
Following are the important points of the suggestion:-
1. Separation of Sindh from Bombay:
Sindh should be separated from Bombay and should be made a separate
province.
2. Reformation in NWFP and Balochistan:
Like other provinces in NWFP and Balochistan, reformations should be
implemented.
3. One Third Muslim Representation in the Central (Assembly):
In the Central assembly at least 1/3 seats should be reserved for the Muslims.
4. Provision of Hindu Muslim Facilities:
In NWFP, Sindh, Punjab and in Balochistan, Hindu should be given some
facilities are Muslims.
5. Proportional Representation in Muslim Majority Provinces:
In Punjab and Bengal, Muslims should be given representation according to
their population.
6. Approval of Way of Script of Law:

71
Apart of religious freedom the guarantee should be given that no law would
have weight age which is not supported by ¾ members of the council about
sectarian matter.
Hindu Reaction on Dehli Muslim Suggestions:

Hindus were stunt on the suggestions. They did not even think that Muslim
world withdraw from separate electorate. That was the reason that some Hindu
parties started to criticize them. At last, on March 20, 1947 the Hindu members of
central assembly presented their points which were not acceptable for the Muslim.
Comments:
Delhi Muslim suggestions were a clear-cut proof of the wisdom of the Quaid-
e-Azam. In these suggestions the interests of Muslims were secure. That was why;
Nehru presented his report in August 1928. In reply to that the Quaid-e-Azam
presented his fourteen points.
SIMON COMMISSION
Background:
After ten years of the reformation of 1919, new reformations were to be
implemented. The British government started working on it before time, for these
reformation the Viceroy announced on 8th November, 1927. On that announcement,
a committee of six members was made. All the members of that committee were
Britishers. The head of that committee was Simon John. So it was named as Simon
Commission.
Suggestion of Simon Commission:
At the time of Simon Commission Muslim League had already been divided
into two parts i.e. Jinnah League and Shafi League due to Dehli Muslim Suggestion.
At that occasion, Jinnah League approved the commission and Shafi League
supported that. But all the political parties gave heir comments to the commission. At
last that commission presented its report in May 1930.
Part One:
Simon Commission gave its suggestions about the social and political
conditions of the subcontinent in the first part.
Second Part:
It gave its suggestion about the constitution reformation in its second parts.
1. Federal Way of Government:
Should be implement in the sub continent
2. Provincial Autonomy:
In the provinces the dual system would be finished and autonomy would be
given.
3. Separation of Sindh from Bombay:
Sindh would be separated from Bombay
4. Implementation of Reformation in N.W.F.P:
In N.W.F.P some constitutional reformation should be implemented.
5. Continuation of Separate Electorate:

72
The system of separate electorate would be continued.
6. More Muslim Representation in the Minority Provinces:
In the Muslim minority provinces, Muslims would be given more
representation than their population.
7. In Punjab and Bengal No Muslim Reserved Seats:
No reserved seats would be their in Punjab and Bengal.
8. Rejection if 1/3 Muslim Representation:
The demand of ½ Muslim representations in the central council should be
rejected by giving him representation according to their population.
9. Accepting Minorities Representation:
In al the provincial ministries all the minorities would be given proportional
representation.
10. Status of Central Administration:
The status of Central Administration should be continued and it should not be
changed.
Comments:
Up to some extent the Simon commission was acceptable to Muslims. That is
why Congress, rejected the suggestion. In contrast to that some suggestions were
against the Muslim interest. So Muslim League and other parties rejected it. In short
not only Hindus but also Muslims no body was satisfied. Its failure broadened the
constitutional crises which caused the Round Table Conference.
NEHRU REPORT 1928
Background:
After the failure of Simon Commission in 1927 the Minister for India Lord
Berken head challenged the Indians by saying:
If they have any political capability and competence then
they should form a unanimous constitution and present it
to us and we will implement it.
To answer the challenge of Lord Berkenhead the first and second All Parties
Conference was held at Delhi on 12th February 1928, and 19th May 1928,
respectively. A seven member‟s constitutional committee was formed in the
conference. It has only two Muslim representatives namely Mr. Ali Imam and Mr.
Nehru. His son Jawahar Lal Nehru was also a member of the committee. After
staying at Allahabad fro 3 months, the committee prepared a report. This report was
called the Nehru report.
Suggestions of Nehru Report:
The anti Muslim suggestions of Nehru Report were as follows:
1. Ending of Separate Electorate:
The right of separate electorate for Muslims should be ended. This is a cause
of sectarianism.
2. Finding of More Seats than the Population:
The right of protection of seats according to population proportion should be
ended. Protection of seats means accepting sectarianism which is as bad as
separate electorate. With that justification the suggestion was made that the

73
demand for representation according to the proportion of population of
Punjab and Bengal was rejected. The Muslims majority in these provinces can
easily protect its interests.
3. Ending of More Muslim Seats than Population:
The Muslims should be given representation according to their population
proportion in Muslim minority provinces and the method of giving more seats
than population should be stopped.
4. Refusal to give one third Representation to Muslims in the Centre:
The Muslims should not be given one third representation in the Central
Assembly, rather according to the proportion of their population 25 seats
should be reserved fort them.
5. Separation of Sindh Province from Bombay:
The division of provinces should be carried out once again one two basis,
firstly the language should be common secondly the people of that area must
have a desire to get separated. As the province of Sind covers both these
terms therefore it should be separated from Bombay.
6. Suggestion for Reforms in N.W.F.P and Avoidance from Balochistan:
Constitutional reforms should be implemented in N.W.F.P Balochistan was
not mentioned in this suggestion. The justification was given that it was not
mentioned by mistake.
7. Demand of Strong Central Government:
A central type of government must be implemented in India under which the
centre should have more power than the provinces besides not discussed
authorities should be given to the centre so that it can become strong.
8. Demand of Ordering the Colonial Rule:
Instead of giving complete freedom India should be made a colony in which
Defense and Foreign Affairs should remain with the British.
Reaction of Muslim League:
The anti Muslim suggestion of Nehru Report shattered the Lucknow pact and
Delhi suggestions. Different Muslim leaders expressed their views and feelings on
the reports which are as mentioned.
1. Comments of Maulana Shaukat Ali Khan:
Maulana Shaukat Ali Khan said:
From my childhood I am fond of keeping hunting dogs
and I have never been them treat a rabbit like the Hindus
have treated the Muslims in Nehru Report.
2. Comment of Sir Agha Khan:
Sir Agha Khan said:
Any sensible person cannot think that Muslims will accept
these insulting conditions.
3. View of Quaid-e-Azam:
The Quaid-e-Azam on 22nd December 1928, at the failure of Calcutta
convention and due to the Hindus Stubbornness commented on the Nehru Report.
From now the paths of Hindus Muslims are separate.

74
In short all Muslim leaders expressed great dislike to the Nehru Report but
it did not have any effect on Hindus. As a result it was accepted in All Parties
Conference because of majority of Hindu Parties.
Comments:
The Suggestions of Nehru Report was based on Muslim enmity and were
against the constitutional interests and rights of Muslims. Under these suggestions
the Hindus had altogether forgotten about the terms of Lucknow Pact. Besides two
things because clear by the suggestions of Nehru Report. First that Hindus are
severe enemies of Muslims and do not want progress of Muslims. Secondly the
Hindus are breakers of promise and chance seekers thereof they are not a trust
worthy nation. This is why Quaid-e-Azam answered the Nehru Report on 25th March,
1929, with his fourteen points in which he protected the rights of Muslims. Whereas
next year on 29th December 1930, Dr. Allama Iqbal gave the idea of a separate
Islamic State for the Muslims of India in his Allahabad Address, which led to the
creation of Pakistan.
Q.9 Write down the 14 points of the Quaid-e-Azam?
Ans. The Nehru Report showed the prejudiced attitude of the Congress. The right
of separate electorate which the Muslims considered essential for the preservation of
their identity and progress was rejected. This served the last blow to the cooperation
established between the Hindus and the Muslims for the first time in the Luck now
Pact.
The Quaid-e-Azam refused to accept the Nehru Report. In 1929, he
presented the fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azm.
FOURTEEN POINTS OF GREAT QUAID:
Fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam are as under:-
(1) Federal Type of Constitution:
The form of the future constitution should be federal with the powers vested in
the provinces.
(2) Provincial independence:
A uniform measured autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
(3) Effective Representation of Minorities:
All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on
the definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every
province without reducing the majority or even equality.
(4) Muslims representation in Central Legislature:
In the central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one
third.
(5) Separate Electorate:
Representation of communal group shall continue to be means of separate
electorate as at present, provided it shall be open to any community, at any time to
abandon its separate electorate in favour of joint electorate.

75
(6) Protection of Provinces in Majority:
And territorial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not, in
any way, affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and NWF Province.
(7) Religious Liberty:
Full religious liberty, i.e. liberty of belief, worship and observance,
propaganda, association and education, shall be guaranteed all communities.
(8) Bill/ Resolution about Communities:
No bill or resolution of any part thereof shall passed in any legislature or any
other elected body if three fourth of the members of any community in that particular
body oppose such a bill, resolution a part thereof on the ground that it would be
injurious to the interests of that community or, in the alternative, such other method
is devised as may be found feasible and practicable to deal with such cases.
(9) Separation of Sindh from Bombay:
Sindh should be separated from the Bombay presidency.
(10) Reforms in Balochistan and NWFP:
Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and Balochistan on the same
footing as in other provinces.
(11) Share of Muslims in services:
Provinces should be made in the constitution giving Muslims an adequate
share along with other Indians, in all the services of the state and in local self-
governing bodies having due regard to the requirements of efficiency.
(12) Religious and cultural protection for the Muslims:
The constitution should embody adequate safeguard for the protection of
Muslim culture and for the protection and promotion of Muslim charitable institutions
and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the state and by the self-
governing bodies.
(13) Muslims Representation in Ministries:
No cabinet, either central or provincial, should be formed without there being
a proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers.
(14) Central constitution and agreement of provinces:
No charge shall be made in the constitution by the central Legislature except
with the conference of the states constituting the Indian Federation.
IMPORTANCE OF FOURTEEN POINTS:
Thus we can say that the Quaid-e-Azam not only protected the political rights
of the Muslims, but also provided the structure of the constitutional reforms in India.
Had this been admitted, perhaps the history of the sub-continent would have been
different. The Congress could not assess the foresightedness of the Quaid-e-Azam.
This led to the Round Table Conferences in 1930 at Allahabad. The Act of 1935 set
the Hindus and the Muslims in different directions.
Q.10 Write a note on Allahabad Address of Allama Iqbal 1930:

76
Ans. The main leadership of Muslims including the Quaid-e-Azam was in London
for the first roundtable Conference in 1930. In the absence of main leadership from
the sub-continent, Allama Iqbal was asked to preside over the annual session of the
Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930.
HISTORICAL ADDRESS OF ALLAMA IQBAL:
In the session of Muslim League at Allahabad Allama Iqbal proposed that the
Muslims should have their own state. It was the desire of the Muslims of India. That
they should be acknowledged as a separate identity. Allahabad address clearly
reveals this fact. Therefore they demanded a separate homeland.
1. Concept of Separate States:
Allama Iqbal said in his Allahabad Address:
“I would like to see the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and
Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self government within the British
Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West
Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of
North-West India.”
2. Sep. Recognition of Muslims
lqbal made it clear,
“India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings belonging
to different languages and practicing different religions. Muslim nation
has its own religious and cultural identity.”
3. Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts:
lqbal was strongly against the western concept of Democracy. Despite
flourishing all over the world, this system cannot provide solution of the problem
of Islamic world. Iqbal was of the view that all social and political problems can
be solved with the help of Islamic system.
He said,
(Western democracy is devoid of depth, it has merely an attractive out look.)
4. Idea of Single Nation is Impractical:
In March, 1909 when lqbal was asked to address a meeting by Raj Amritsar,
he refused the single Nation theory and said,
“I remained the supporter of this idea but now I am of the view that
preservation of separate nationhood is useful for Hindus and Muslims
birth. To have the concept of single nation in India is no doubt poetic
and beautiful but impractical regarding present circumstances.”
5. Two Nation Theory:
Iqbal said explaining the two nation theory.
“Despite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims
have their own individual ideologies so the only solution of
political conflict in India is to have a separate independent
parliament for each nation.”
6. Eradication of Racial & Regional; Prejudices:
Once lqbal said,

77
“Concept of nation and homeland is confusing the Muslims.
That is why Islamic humane objects are becoming dim. It is also
possible that these concepts may destroy the real concepts of
Islam.”
7. Islamic is not separate form politics:
Iqbal was in the favour of basic Islamic concept that politics is a part of
religion and religion specially Islam provides complete guidance about it,
“Islam does not consider matter and soul separate from each other.
Allah, Universe worship and state all are the basic elements of single
unit. Man is not so alien that he should leave worldly affairs for the
sake of religion.”
REACTION OF THE HINDUS AND THE BRITISH:
The Hindus and the British criticized a lot on Iqbal‟s address. The Hindus
declared it the dream of a mad man or a poet, not that of a sensible man. They said
that this was an illegal solution and could not be practiced in the sub-continent.
IMPORTANCE OF ALLAHABAD ADDRESS:
It was the desire of the Muslims that they should be acknowledged as a
separate identity. Allama Iqbal‟s Allahabad address clearly reveals this fact. The
Muslims could not tolerate that their religious, political and social rights should be
denied to them.
1937 Elections
The government announced to hold elections to the provincial legislative
assemblies in 1936-37. There were 1771 seats of the provincial assemblies which
were to be filled by these elections. Although both Muslim League and the Congress
had rejected the Act of 1935, still they decided to contest the elections.
Both Muslim League and Congress issued their manifestoes. The Muslim
League laid down two main principles on which its elected representatives would
work:
1. The present provincial constitution and proposed central constitution should
be replaced by a system of self-government.
2. In the meantime the representatives of Muslim League would sincerely work
to get the maximum benefits out of the present constitution.
The Congress too, came forward with somewhat similar slogans of public
welfare, freedom and liberty and for the release of the political prisoners.
The results of the ejections were shocking for the Muslims of India and
Muslim League as well, which could not get mentionable support from, the voters.
Congress achieved a big victory and managed to get clear majority in five provinces.
It, however manoeuvered to form coalition governments in few other provinces to
term its ministries in eight provinces, Congress got clear majority in Madras, Bihar,
Orissa, United Provinces and Central Provinces. In Bombay the Congress won some
independent groups to form a coalition ministry. The Muslim League managed to get
few seats in the Muslim „minority provinces but failed in the Muslim majority areas.
Formation of Congress Ministries

78
Congress adopted rigid attitude after winning elections in majority. The
Congress leaders behaved in a dictatorial manner and imposed their own will on 1st
April 1937 the Governors of Bombay. Madras, Central „Provinbes, United Provinces,
Orissa and Bihar invited the leaders of the Congress parliamentary groups in thejr
respective provinces to form ministries. In reply to these invitations the Congress
leaders put a condition on the government to give assurance that the Governors
would not use their special powers of interference granted by the constitution for the
protection of the minorities rights. This otherwise meant asking the government
functionaries not to perform their duties. The government clearly expressed their
inability to give such an assurance. However, Lord Linlithgow, the Viceroy, issued a
statement on 21st June, 1937 in which he clarified that the Governors would use
their special powers in matters of utmost urgency and that the ministers would be
allowed to work freely. After this statement the congress working committee on 7th
July, 1937 passed a resolution permitting the Congress to, accept the office.
Congress took office in eight provinces. In Punjab „the Unionist Party of Sir
Sikander Hayat formed ministry. Muslim ministry was formed in Sindh which was
dissolved because of the Congress conspiracies. A coalition was formed in Bengal
with Maulvi Fazal-ul-Haq of Krishak Praja Party as the leader of the coalition. Muslim
League could not form Ministry in any province. Congress formed its ministry in
N.W.F.P. as well which brought the number of Congress ruled provinces to six. In
„Bombay and Bengal the Congress „formed coalitions with other groups.
„As Muslim League had got sizeable success in the Muslim minority provinces
it was hoped that the Congress would include Muslim League in the government in
the Muslim minority provinces. But the Congress was reluctant in sharing the power
with Muslim League and laid down degrading conditions for the Muslim League to be
included in the Ministry. Discussions were held between Congress and Muslim
League leaders. Maulana Abu-al-Kalam Azad, a member of Congress high
command communicated to Chaudhri Khaliq-uz-Zaman, the leader of the Muslim
League, the following terms on which the Congress was prepared to let the Muslim
League enter the provincial government:
1. The Muslim League group in the U.P. legislative assembly shall be dissolved.
2. The members of the Muslim League in the U.P. assembly shall join the
Congress and would come under the party discipline.
3. The Muslim League members who wilt join the Congress shall carry out the
instructions issued by the Congress Party leaders pertaining to their work in
the assemblies.
4. The Muslim League parliamentary board shall be dissolved.
The above-conditions proposed by the Congress clearly exhibited the rigid
and dictatorial attitude which the Congress had adopted after winning the elections.
N with a slightest feeling of self-respect would have accepted these degrading terms.
The Muslim League therefore rejected these terms and a pure Congress ministers
was formed in the United Provinces.
CONGRESS ATROCITIES ON THE MUSLIMS

79
Congress had formed its ministries in eight provinces. The Muslims living in
these provinces under congress rule, were subjected to most inhuman treatment and
made to bear the oppressive and tyrannical rule of the Congress for two and a half
years. Congress adopted every means to completely obliterate the Muslim
population of the provinces under its rule.
Congress had adopted an unconstitutional method to rule the provinces and
its administration did not conform to the parliamentary system as laid down in the Act
of 1935. The Congress ministries were not accountable to the Parliament. They
received all instructions from the Congress high command and were answerable to it
for all matters. The Congress High command made and removed the ministers. A
parliamentary sub committee was set up by Congress to deal with the work of
legislatures in all provinces. This committee was to guide and advise the legislatures
in their functions. It consisted of Mau Abu-al-Kalam Azad, Rajendra Prasad and
Sardar Vallabhai Patel. The provinces were distributed amongst the three members
of the committee, Maulana and was given the charge of Bengal, United Provinces,
the Punjab and the N.W.F.P. Rajendra Prasad got Bihar. Orrissa and Assam.
Vailabhai Patel was allotted Bombay, Madras, the Central Provinces and Sindh. This
sub-committee was given enormous authority to deal with all matters in the
Congress ruled provinces. The Congress regime was an absolutist rule and was in
fact an oligarchy dominated by Mr. Gandhi.
With the installation of Congress ministries the Hindus came out to impose
Hindu nationalism on the Muslims. Congress began its rule by imposing its will on
the Muslim minorities in the provinces under its rule. The Muslims were forbidden to
eat beef. Severe punishments were awarded to those who slaughtered the Mother
Cow% Every effort was made to humble and humiliate Is the religion of Muslims. A
systematic policy was framed by the Congress to erase Muslim culture. Hindi was
enforced as the official language in all the provinces under the Congress rule. Azan
was forbidden and organized attacks were made on Muslim worshippers busy in the
mosques. Noisy processions were organized to pass near the mosques at prayer
times. If a Muslim had to kill a cow for sacrifice, hundreds of Muslims including their
children and women were to be killed as a reprisal. Pigs were pushed into the
mosques and Azan was frequently interrupted.
Hindu-Muslim riots were maneuvered in various places to make a pretext for
severe action against the Muslims. The Muslims were openly and freely mauled and
molested. The government agencies offered no protection to the Muslims who tell a
prey to Hindu domination and high-handedness. If the Muslims lodged complaints
with the authorities the decisions were always against the Muslims.
1. Bande Matram
Bande Matram was a song in which degrading verses were used against
Muslims and their religion Islam. The song was written by a Bengali novelist Bankim
Chatterjee in his novel Anadamath and urged all the non-Muslims to wage war
against the Muslims in order to expel them from Hindustan which meant for the
Hindus only. In order to strengthen the Hindu nationalism, the Congress members in
the Assemblies, under the instructions from the Congress High Command, insisted

80
on commencing the day‟s beginnings by the recitation of the song Bande Matram.
Bande Matram was also adopted as a national anthem and was to be recited before
the start of official business every day.
2. Wardha Scheme
The Wardha Scheme was the outcome of Gandhi‟s philosophy. It preached
Hindu nationalism and principles of non-violence. It aimed to develop a high respect
among the young minds about the Hindu heroes and religious leaders. .The Wardha
and Widdia Mander schemes sought to isolate the young generation of the Muslims
from their religion, . culture and civilization. The Muslims, therefore, rightly feared
that the education policies introduced under these schemes, were completely
segregated from their religion, tradition and culture and would subvert all what they
(Muslims) loved so much. The main objective of these schemes was to destroy the
Muslim culture and secure perpetual domination of Hindu culture. It aimed at
injecting the political ideas of one political party, the Congress, into the minds of the
Muslim children. It completely ignored religion and favoured Hindi at the cost of
Urdu;
3. Hoisting of Three-Coloured flag
Congress, after taking over the government in the provinces, immediately
ordered the hoisting of three-coloured flag with the British Union Jack to prove that
there were only two powers in Ii which were the British and the Congress.
4. Widdja Mander Scheme
Another attempt was made to erase the Muslim culture by introducing a new
educational system. The education policy was known as Widdia Mander Scheme
and meant to convert the non-Hindus to Hinduism. It was introduced in all schools,
colleges and educational institutions. Under this scheme the students were asked to
pay respect and homage to Gandhi‟s picture every day in their assemblies in the
schools. The students were asked to bow before Gandhi‟s picture and sing hymns in
his praise. Dr. Zakir Husain, a Congress Muslim, was the author of this scheme.
5. Hindu-Muslim Riots
Hindu-Muslim riots were usual during the Congress rule. Organized attempts
were made on the honour property and lives of the Muslims by indulging in the
communal and religious feuds. The Hindus were free to assault the innocent
Muslims in any area. The Muslim houses and property were set on fire and their
women and children abducted. Muslim massacre and plundering of their localities
were the scenes of the day.
6. Muslim Mass Contact Campaign
Congress started a Muslim mass contact campaign. The main objective of this
campaign was to damage the popularity of Muslim League amongst the Muslims. It
was Nehru‟s imagination to destroy the image of Muslim League as the only
representative party of the Muslims. The campaign began by directly contacting the
Muslim masses with a view to win them over to the Congress.
MUSLIM LEAGUE’S ROLE DURING CONGRESS RULE
Muslim League remained very active during the atrocious rule of the
Congress. It continued drawing attention of the masses, through its resolutions, to

81
anti-Muslim policies of the Congress and appealing to the Congress to change its
biased attitude towards the Muslims. The Muslim League protested against anti-
Muslim policies of the Congress and openly condemned its various steps like the
recitation of Bande Matram as the national anthem. Wardha Scheme, Widdia
Mander Scheme and Congress‟s attitude against Islam. The Muslim League
expressed its grave concern over the communal riots in the United Provinces, Bihar,
the Central Provinces and Bombay. Quaid-i-Azam criticised the Congress rule and
declared it as Hindu Raj which worked and existed to annihilate every other
community. He said that the Congress rule was a fascist and authoritarian set up
which uprooted all norms of democracy.
End of the Congress Rule
The Second World War began in 1939. Britain declared war against Germany
the government appealed to all political parties for help and assist in this hour of
need.
Congress convened its meeting to consider government‟s appeal and put the
following conditions for assistance in war:
1. The British Government should explain the objective of the war.
2. The government should announce that the elected legislature would draft the
constitution of India.
3. The members of the Viceroy‟s Executive Council should be those only who
enjoy the support of the central ass
The acceptance of these demands would have meant the transfer of power to
the Congress as these demands clearly showed that the Congress was asking for
the right of constitution making. The government could not accede to these demands
as it wanted to pacify both Congress and the Muslim League. Viceroy declared that
due consideration would be given to the point of view of every party and that
dominion status would be given to India after the war.
Congress did not believe the promises of the government. Congress leaders
expressed their utter disappointment on the decision of the government. Congress
with a view of putting more pressure on the government, refused to extend co-
operation to government in the war activities and announced to resign from the
ministry. The Congress High Command asked its ministers to tender resignations in
protest against the decision of the government. In November, 1939 the Congress
ministries resigned from their office. The poor Muslim population took a sigh of relief
as they have been relieved of the most tyrannical and oppressive rule of the
Congress.
Day of Deliverance
With the resignation of the Congress ministries the Muslims of India were
relieved of the most dreadful domination of the Congress and Hindu majority. The
two and half years of the Congress rule was a bitter and painful experience for the
Muslims Of India who had seen the real Hindu mentality. The Quaid-i-Azam
appealed to the people to observe the Day of Deliverance on 22nd December, 1939
and bow their heads before Almighty Allah who relieved them from the yoke of
Congress. The Quaid-i-Azam appealed that the day should be observed with peace.

82
The Muslims of India,. in accordance with the appeal of the Quaid-i-Azam
celebrated the day with happiness. Public meetings were held and thanksgiving
prayers were offered in token of relief from the tyranny, oppression and high-
handedness of the Congress regime.
CHAUDRI REIIMAT AL AND PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
The name of Chaudri Rehmat A will always go in history with utmost esteem
and reverence for the dedicated services which he rendered to the cause of the
Muslims of India. He played a commendable role in the establishment of a Muslim
state in the sub-continent. He is known as the architect of the idea of Pakistan in the
history of Muslim India.
Chaudri Rehmat A was born in 1893 in the district of Hoshiarpur. He joined
Islamia College, Lahore from where he took his Bachelor Degree. He joined service
in a newspaper known as Kashmir. He then switched over to the teaching profession
and joined Aitchison College, Lahore as a lecturer. Chaudri Rehmat Mi went to
England for higher studies and obtained his Master‟s degree from the Cambridge‟
University and later on did his Bar-at-Law from the University of Dublin.
Chaudri Rehmat Ali, a great and fiery orator, was full of nationalist sentiments.
He had his firm belief in the separate identity of the Muslims and considered them a
distinct nation. He was very much in favour of a separate homeland for the Muslims
of India and considered it the ultimate destiny of the Muslims. In 1915 while
addressing a meeting of Bazm-i-Shibli, he said, “The western part of India is a
Muslim majority area which we will make an independent Muslim State. This can
only be possible when we separate ourselves from the common nationality and
sever our relations from the rest of India.”
During his studies at Cambridge, Chaudri Rehmat Ali and his three other
comrades issued a pamphlet in 1933 entitled as Now or Never. In this article Chaudri
Rehmat Ali extremely criticised those Muslim leaders who were advocating the
federal system in India. He declared in Now or Never that the Indian federation was
not suitable to the Indian Muslims. He said that the Muslims were a separate nation
with their own culture and civilization distinct from the Hindu culture and civilization.
He said that to yoke together two different and distinct nations in one political system
would lead to utter confusion and bitterness. He pleaded that the only solution to this
dilemma was to divide the sub-continent to establish a separate Muslim state
consisting of Punjab, Balochistan, N.W.F.P. Kashmir and Sindh. He suggested the
name of PAKISTAN for the new Muslim state.
Chaudri Rehmat A set up Pakistan National Movement in England in 1933.
He launched a vigorous movement of Pakistan from the platform of this organization.
Pakistan National Movement was extremely opposed to the idea of making India a
federation and did not like the Muslims to have any connections with India. This
movement gave a clear explanation and clarification of the Two-Nation theory and
expressed its firm belief in it. The Pakistan National Movement extended its
endeavor to other parties of Europe and America. This organization cultivated
awareness among the Muslims about their national image. Chaudri Rehmat Ali
issued an from the platform of Pakistan National Movement entitled as “Objectives of

83
Pakistan National Movement.” In this article the aims and objects of the Pakistan
National Movement were discussed and the name of South Asia was proposed for
the Indian Sub-Continent. In 1937 Chaudri Rehmat Ali demanded a Muslim State
comprising of Bengal and Assam and proposed the name of Bang-i for it. He also
suggested the name of Usmanistan for the Muslim state of Hyderabad.
Chaudri Rehmat Ali intensified his efforts during the Round Table Conference
and urged the Muslim participants of the conference to reject the ptoposal of Indian
federation. Chaudri Rehmat Ali was a great benefactor of the Muslims of India. His
ideas and thoughts aroused hope among the Muslims of India. His scheme of a
separate Muslim state created anguish among the Hindus and British who
vehemently negated his ideas. Chaudri Rehmat A not only coined the name of
Pakistan but also launched an effective movement for the accomplishment of
Pakistan. His ideas gained wide range popularity among the Muslim youth of India. It
was Chaudri Rehmat Ali who declared the Lahore Resolution as Pakistan Resolution
which was finally accepted by the Quaid-i-Azam and all the Muslims of India.
Q9. What was the Pakistan Resolution? Write down its three points
and what was the Hindu reaction after it had passed in the
meeting?
Ans. Quaid-e presided over the Historic annual session (27t of All India Muslim
League, held in Minto Park (now called lqbal Park) in Lahore (22 to 24 March, 1940).
A resolution, presented by Maulvi Fazal-ul- (Sher-e- Bengal) a renowned Bengali
leader was passed. The Muslims set the clear goal on that historic day.
Background of Pakistan Resolution:
The Muslim leaders were worried about national future, ever since the
Muslims lost the war of Independence 1857. The only goal before the leaders was to
provide peaceful, safe and graceful environment to the Muslim nation. The future
looked bleak and unsatisfactory. The presence of Hindu majority on the soil of British
India was the root cause of their worries. Different leaders presented different
suggestions.
C.R. Das, Lala Lajpat Ral, John Wright and the iron man of Russia, Joseph
Stalin, anticipated the division of India.
Allama lqbal in his presidential address at the annual session of All India
Muslim League in 1930, declared that the establishment of a separate state in the
North West of the sub-continent for the Muslims, the goal of the Muslim nation, As a
student of Cambridge University, Chaudhry Rehmat All, distributed a pamphlet
among the participants of Round Table Conference in 1932. The title of the pamphlet
was „Now or Never‟, in which he suggested the division of the sub-continent into a
few states.
The Sindh Muslim League passed a resolution in its annual Session of 1938
and demanded partition into Hindu India and Muslim India.
Syed Hassan Riaz wrote that the Quaid had made up his strong mind to have a
separate state for the Muslims in 1930 and till 1940 he kept on preparing the minds
of the Muslims.
Presidential Address of Quaid-e-Azam

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The Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address clearly indicated the direction
of Muslim struggle. He said,
Muslims, by any definition of the word, are a nation and possess their
separate culture, social and religious system and sound traditions.
The sub-continent is not one country and Hindu Muslim issue is an
international issue. It is not an issue of communal nature. The solution of the
problem lies in the creation of more than one state in South Asia.
The rights of the Muslims will be un-safeing undivided India.
Partition of a land into two or more than two states is not an unprecedented
idea. The Iberian Peninsula was divided into Spain and Purtagal, Ireland was
separated from United Kingdom and Czechoslovakia came into existence, because
of partition. Referring to all such examples, he asked for the partition of British India.
He termed it logical and just.
Basic point of the Resolution:
The contiguous units in different areas to be redemarcated as such that
Muslim majority areas of North East and North West be established as independent
Muslim states.
No scheme other than partition of the Sub-continent will be accepted.
After the partition the rights of the Muslim minority will be protected, and
suitable arrangements will be made for this purpose.
Hindu Reaction:
Immediately after the passing of the resolution, the Hindu journalists and
leaders expressed their resentment. They rejected the demand and they ridiculed it.
It was declared impracticable. Gandhi and Nehru, in particular, criticized it and
turned it down in harsh words.
The Muslim League called it the Lahore Resolution but the Hindu press
ironically termed it as the P Resolution. The Muslim leaders adopted the new term.
The resolution was, later on, called the Pakistan Resolution in all quarters.
Reaction of The Muslim Theologists:
A large number of theologists were, reluctant to support the demand for
partition. Only a few of them Uke Maulana Shabir Ahmed Usmani, Maulana Zafar
Ahmed Ansari, Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi and some others supported the leaders of
the Muslim League.
Reaction of the British:
The British press did not pay much attention.
Conclusion
This was the first decisive step towards the achievement of a separate
homeland. After this firm decision, only in sovot yours the Muslims got a separate
state of their own. That is why we can say this resolution was the height of the
struggle.
Q10. Write a note on Cripps Mission.
Ans. The government of Great Britain took an important step to solve the problems
in India in 1942.
Background

85
In the 2 World War, The Japanese forces were heading towards South
Asia. The war seemed to be going in Japanese favour. The preliminary successes of
Japanese encouraged the Indian National Congress. The movements against the
government by Congress were troublesome for the Britishers. Congressites were
confident that Japanese would hand over the power to the Indians after Britain‟s
defeat. The Muslims had already been demanding a separate state of their own and
had passed the resolution of 1940. To cope with this situation the government of
Great Britain sent Sir Stafford Cripps to find a suitable solution for the circumstances
in the sub continent.
The Cripps Mission arrived but could not get any support from the Congress.
Cripps brought a few proposals for discussions with the major political forces in the
sub-continent.
Cripps Proposal:
Cripps announced his proposal on 29 March 1942 following are its main
points:
Status of Domain
The sub-continent will be given the status of a dominion after the war.
Independence of The Indians In All Departments
All government departments will be handed over to the Indian Ministers
including Defense, Foreign Affairs and Communications.
Central Constitutional Assembly
A central constituent Assembly will be formed to formulate a constitution. The
Constituent Assembly will be elected by the members of the Provincial Assemblies.
Rights of Minorities
Special steps will be taken to provide safeguards to the minorities.
Provincial Autonomy
After the formulation of the constitution by the Constituent Assembly, it will be
sent to the provinces. The provinces who do not endorse the constitution will be
empowered to create a separate and free status for themselves.
Reaction of Political Parties:
Muslim League
The Quaid-e-Azam and All India Muslim League expressed thanks to Cripps
and the Government of Great Britain for the promise to the Muslim majority
provinces free and independent status. The hint was a clear indication of the creation
of Pakistan.
protection of the rights of minorities. All India Muslim League discussed the
proposals in the meeting and after long discussions; it decided not to approve the
Cripps proposals as the demand for Pakistan was not accepted in clear cut terms.
Congress
Gandhi and his political party, Indian national Congress, absolutely rejected
the Cripps proposals. They ridiculed the proposals: A post dated cheque of a bank
that is going to be bankrupt. The Congress criticized the right of veto, given to the
provinces. It opposed the idea of partition. It expressed its displeasure for providing

86
protection to the minorities.
Conclusion:
The British government under American pressure prepared the Cripps
proposals. The government was not willing to agree to the demands of Indian
national Congress. On the other hand Congress could not support the proposals
when the Japanese were looking to be in strong position. The effort proved futile but
from Muslim point of view, it was a step towards partition.
Q11. Write a note on Simla conference.
Ans. The Viceroy, Lord Wavell, to have a dialogue with the major political parties in
1945, called Simla conference. The following politicians were invited to participate in
the Conference at Simla, a summer resort, and capital of the Federal government in
the summer season.
Congress: Pandit Nerhru, Beldev Singh and Azad
Muslim League: Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and Abdu Rub Nishter
Chief Ministers: All provinces
Unionist and other parties‟ representatives
Background:
was not prepared to tolerate British Raj anymore. His “Quit India Movement‟ gained
disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement, Swedeshi Movement and other
methods were used to force the British to quit India. Processions and protest
meetings were arranged in all the cities. Gandhi and his party was expecting the
not budge an inch from his demand for Pakistan. The situation demanded some sort
of government initiative. So the Viceroy gave his plain in the Simla Conference.
Wavell Plan:
The Vicroy of India Lord Wavell chalked out a plan to settle the political issues
with political parties to introduce a frame work order, under which the elections to
federal and provincial legislative assemblies could be conducted for the formation of
future government. The plan was a s under:-
The future constitution will be framed with the consent of all major political parties.
An Executive Council will be made and representatives of all major political
parties will be included in the Council. The council will consist of six Hindus, five

87
Muslims and one British.
The Vicroy will preside over the meetings of the Executive Council. The
Commander-in-Chief will be ax-officio member of the Executive Council. All the
members of the Council will be nominated by the Viceroy.
Provincial Executive Councils will also be organized. Governor of the province
will be the Chief of the Council, in each province.
Failure of the conference:
the nomination of five Muslim ministers of the Vicroy‟s executive Council. The Quaid-
e-Azam vehemently argued that all the five would be nominate don the
even a sin member. The Vicroy and Indian National Congress wished to nominate
Responsibility for Failure:
failure.
Lord Wavell also critized the inflexible attitude of the Quaid-e-Azam.
Quaid-e-Azam refuted the blame and disclosed the trap prepared by Lord Wavell
and Gandhi to entrap the Mus1ir It was their joint venture. Had Muslim league
accepted the plan, it would never have a separate state in the shape of Pakistan.
Conclusion
Simla Conference was a step to make a possible understanding between the
British Govt. and the Indian Political Leaders but the formula of the nomination of
Muslim members unwrapped the mentality of lord Wavel and Congress. It was the
foresight of the Quaid-e-Azam that rescued the Muslims. On the whole, the Wavel
Plan was a symbol of weakness of the British Rulers.
Q12. Why were 1945-46 general elections arranged? What was the gain
of the Muslims in these elections?
Ans. General elections were held in the sub-continent in 1945-46. The World War II
was over and the USA emerged as a super power. It looked forward to get its
share from the colonies of UK, and it was asked to hand over the power to the
people.
Purpose of Elections

88
General elections were imperative in the sense that the government
intended to know the real political force of every political party.
The future of the sub-continent was to be decided in the light of the people‟s
mandate in the elections.
The failure of Simla Confe and it responsibility was the important issue in
those days. The elections could clarify the situation, which political party was holding
the just stand.
To know the people‟s mind, the government announced the election schedule.
The elections of Federal Assembly and all provincial assemblies were to be held in
late 1945 and early 1946, respectively. All political parties welcomed the decision.
Manifestos of Different Parties
Following were the programmes of different parties:
Congress:
Congress gave the following points as its manifesto:
Freedom of India
United India (Akhand Bharat)
Representation of the Hindi and all the minorities of India
Muslim League:
Liberation of India from British Rule
Partition of India (Achievement of a separate Homeland for the Muslims)
Muslim League as the representative of All the Indian Muslims
The Muslim League highlighted partition in his manifesto. The Quaid-e-Azam
termed the elections as referendum on one issue, and the issue was „Pakistan or no
Pakistan‟. He made it clear that the defeat of Muslim League would mean burial of
the idea of the creation of Pakistan. And if the Muslims supported All India Muslim
League, no power on earth would be able to stop the creation of Pakistan.
Election Campaign:
All political parties campaigned during the elections. The two major political
parties stood against each other.
Congress:
Congress wanted to check the intentions of Muslim League at every cost. The
leaders traveled from North to South and East to West. People‟s contact campaign
went on full swing. Congress compromised with Majlis-e-Jamiat and Unionist Party.
A big election alliance of four parties was formed against Muslim League.
Muslim League:
The Muslim League did not make any compromise with any other party and
contested all the important seats single handedly. The elections were a matter of life
and death for Muslim League. The Quaid-e-Azam toured throughout the sub-
continent and pursued the Muslims to• get realized the importance of the elections.
The Quaid-e-Azam openly challenged that the Muslim League would prove the
demand for Pakistan as the only option left for Muslims.
BAN KE RAHE GA PAKISTAN
LEY KE RAILIEN GAY PAKISTAN

89
Were the slogans raised by the Muslims in the streets, bazaars,
processions and electoral meetings.
Results of Election
Following were the results of the elections:
Federal Assembly:
The election of Federal Assembly were held in December, 1945 on the basis
of separate electorate. 30 seats were allocated to the Muslims. The Muslims League
won all the seats.
Provincial Assemblies:
The provincial elections were held in January, 1946. The Muslim League
defeated its rivals on 434 seats out of 495 Muslim seats.
Muslim League came out victorious. The claim of the Quaid- proved true and the
absolute majority of the Muslims supported demand for Pakistan. Now no power on
earth could stop Pakistan from coming into being.
Conclusion:
The results proved that the Muslim League was the sole Muslim political
party, and further that the stand of the Quaid in Simla Conference was absolutely
just. Now no one could fix responsibility on him for the failure of Simla conference.
These elections paved an easy way for the creation of Pakistan
Cripps Mission
A mission was sent to the sub-continent in 1942 by the Government of Great
Britain under the leadership of Sir Stafford Cripps. The Indian Muslims, through the
Pakistan Resolution, had already demanded the creation of Pakistan. The Japanese
forces were heading towards South Asia. The war seemed to be going in Japanese
favour. The preliminary successes of Japanese encouraged the Indian National
Congress. The movements against the government by Congress were trouble-some
for the Britishers. Congressites were confident that Japanese would hand over the
power to the Indians after Britain‟s defeat. The Cripps Mission arrived but could not
get any support from the Congress. Cripps brought a few proposals for discussions
with the major political forces in the sub-continent.
Cripps Propsals
1. The sub-continent will be given the status of a dominion after the war.
2. All government departments will be handed over to the Indian Ministers
including Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications.
3. A Central Constituent Assembly will be formed to formulate a constitution. The
Constituent Assembly will be elected by the members of the Provincial
Assemblies.
4. Special steps will be taken to provide safeguards to the minorities.
5. After the formulation of the constitution by the Constituent Assembly, it will be
sent to the provinces. The provinces who do not endorse the Constitution will
be empowered to create a separate and free status for themselves.

90
 The Quaid-e-Azam and expressed thanks to Cripps and the Government of
Great Britain for the promise to the Muslim majority provinces free and
independent status. The hint was a clear indication of the creation of Pakistan.
protection of the rights of minorities.
 All India Muslim League discussed the proposals in the meeting and after long
discussions, it decided not to approve the Cripps proposals as the demand for
Pakistan was not accepted in clear cut terms.
 Gandhi and his political party, Indian National Congress, absolutely rejected
the Cripps proposals. They ridiculed the proposals: A post dated cheque of a
bank that is going to be bankrupt. The Congress criticized the right of veto,
given to the provinces. It opposed the idea of partition. It expressed its
displeasure for providing protection to the minorities. The Cripps proposals
were prepared by the British government under American pressure. The
government was not willing to agree to the demands of Indian National
Congress. On the other hand Congress could not support the proposals when
the Japanese were looking to be in strong position. The effort proved futile but
from Muslim point of view, it was a step toward partition.
SIMLA CONFERENCE
Simla Conference was convened by the Vicroy, Lord Wavell, to have a
dialogue with the major political parties in 1945. The following politicians were invited
to participate in the Conference at Simla, a summer resort, and capital of the Federal
government in the summer season.
Congress: Pundit Nehru, Beldev Singh and Azad
Muslim League: Quaid-e-Azam, Liaquat Ali Khan and Abdur Rub
Nishtar
Background
was not prepared to tolerate British raj anymore. His „Quit India Movement‟ gained
Disobedience Movement, Quit India Movement, Swedeshi Movement and other
methods were used to force the Britishers to quit India. Processions and protest
meetings were arranged in all the cities Gandhi and his party was expecting the

91
not budge an inch from his demand for Pakistan. The situation demanded some
sort of government initiative. So the Vicroy gave his plan in the Simla Conference.
Wavell Plan
The Vicroy of India, Lord Wavell chalked out a plan to settle the political
issues with the political parties to introduce a frame work order, under which the
elections to federal and provincial legislative assemblies could be conducted for the
formation of future government. The Plan was as under:-
1. The future constitution will be framed with the consent of all major
political parties.
2. An Executive Council will be made and representatives of all major political
parties will be included in the Council. The Council will consist of six Hindus,
five Muslims and one British.
3. The Vicroy will preside over the meetings of the Executive Council.
4. The Commander-in-Chief will be an ex-officio member of the Executive
Council.
5. All the members of the Council will be nominated by the Viceroy.
6. Provincial Executive Councils will also be organized. Governor of the
province will be the Chief of the Council, in each province.
Failure of the Conference
the nomination of five Muslim ministers of the Vicroy‟s Executive Council. The Quaid-
e-Azam vehemently argued that all the five would be nominated on the
even a single member. The Vicroy and Indian National Congress wished to nominate
Responsibility for Failure
failure. Lord Wavell also criticized the inflexible attitude of the Quaid-a-Azam. He
refuted the blame and disclosed the trap prepared by Lord Wavell and Gandhi to
entrap the Muslims. It was their joint venture. Had Muslim league accepted the plan,
it would never had a separate sate in the shape of Pakistan.
The new elections were held in 1945-46 and the Muslim League won all the
Muslim seats of the Federal Assembly. These elections further strengthened the

92
Quaid‟s position. The Muslim masses gave their clear cut verdict in favour of the
Muslim League, and it came out victorious as the only Muslim political party.
CABINET MISSION PLAN 1946
The World War-Il was over. In the general elections war hero of the
conservative party, Mr. Churchill was defeated and Mr. Attlee succeeded him as
Prime Minister. The victorious Labour Party had made a commitment, in its
manifesto, to settle the future of the sub-continent. He sent a high powered Mission
to India to bring round all the political parties to an amicable formula for the freedom.
The Mission consists of.
Q25. Write down the names of member of Cabinet Mission Plan 1946.
1. Sir Stafford Cripps
2. E.V. Elaxander
3. Sir Pathick Lawrence
Dialogue With Parties
The members of the Mission had separate meetings with the major leaders of
the political parties. They also tried to know the points of view of the Governors and
Chief Ministers of different provinces. Governor General was also taken into
confidence. Both the major political parties were very much clear about their
opinions. The Muslim League was emphasizing that partition and creation of
Pakistan was the only solution of all political problems. The Indian National Congress
vehemently opposed it. It could never accept a formula based on the division of the
sub-continent into two or more than two independent states. Congress out-rightly
rejected the demand for Pakistan and the two Nation Theory on which the Muslims‟
stand was based upon.
Tension arose during the discussions. The Prime Minister, before sending the
Mission, declared in the Parliament that no minority would be given veto power; and
the hindering of the political process by any party would not be tolerated. The Quaid-
e-Azam vehemently criticized the statement hut Congress expressed its pleasure.
The Quaid categorically stated that the Muslim League was performing the duty of
protecting the rights of the Muslims. He further explained that Muslim League was
trying to resolve the problems on the basis of Two Nation Theory. During his meeting
wit!-. the members of the Mission, the Quaid made it clear that the sub-continent was
neither a country nor inhabited b\ one nation. The Muslims have a separate identity
and, they have every right to determine their future course as a separate nation.
Cabinet Mission Proposals
Cabinet Mission presented the following proposals before the political parties:
i. Indian Union
The sub-continent vil1 be given the status of a union. The union will consist of man\
provinces and princely states. The system will be federal. The centre will deal with
Defence, Foreign Affairs and Communications. All other departments will be handed
over to the provinces. All taxes will be levied by the centre.
ii. Groups of Provinces
The provinces will be grouped as under:
Q6. What were the groups of provinces formed the cabinet Mission plant.

93
Group „A‟ Bombay, Madras, U.P. Urisas and C.P, Bihar
Group „B‟ Punjab, Sindh and NWFP
Group „C‟ Bengal and Assam
Nature of the federation was unique in which three tiers were to exist, centre,
group of provinces and province. Three different organizations at all these three
levels would be formed. One point was quite strange that the powers of central and
provincial organizations were specifically mentioned in the Cabinet Mission Plan but
the powers of „Group of Provinces” were not defined. This matter was left to the
provincial and group organizations to solve themselves.
The provinces will get representation in the Federal Assembly and Federal
Cabinet as per their respective population.
iii. Constituent Assembly
The members of all provincial assemblies will the Constituent Assembly. The
Constituent Assembly will formulate a constitution for the whole sub-continent. After
that three provincial groups will frame their respective constitutions.
iv. Interim Government

The Interim government will immediately he installed and it will run the system
of government till the formation of the constitution. The representatives of major
political parties will be included in the interim government. No Britisher will be the
minister. The cabinet will be powerful in administrative matters.
v. Separation from the Group
If a province likes, it will be authorized to quit the group to which it is being
attached. Such a province would be free to join any other group of choice.
vi. Separation from Indian Union
One or two groups of provinces will be authorized to quit the Indian Union
after ten years. It means that group „B‟ or „C‟ or both will be able to maintain their
sovereignty. The two groups were of Muslim majority provinces. Possibility of the
creation of Pakistan was just N) years away, and this was the demand of Pakistan.
vii. Veto Power
The option to reject the Cabinet Mission Plan was given to every political party
but that party would not be able to join the interim government. The right to join the
interim government was given only to the parties who supported the plan. Congress
was pleased to see, this condition as the Muslim League „was not allowed to veto the
Plan. In case it vetoes, it would be kept away from the government.
Indian national congress
The immediate reaction of Indian National Congress was extremely
positive. The party leaders welcomed it. The Hindu journalists expressed their
satisfaction and congratulated one another. „The plan was a defeat of the Muslim
League.
All Indian Muslim League

94
The party workers were totally disappointed from the Cabinet Mission Plan. They
considered the plan a victory of he Opponents of Pakistan. They felt that the „idea of
Pakistan was totally ignored and the demand of the Muslim League was rejected.
The Quaid-e said, “I am sorry to see that the demand for Pakistan has been
ignored by the Mission Plan. We still believe and say with full confidence that the
solution of political problems lies in the creation of two
Independent sovereign states.”
Gandhi
Gandhi in his press statement talked about the supremacy of the Parliament
and expressed his opinion that Parliament would be empowered to bring changes in
the system, introduced by the government on the basis of the Cabinet Mission Plan.
It means that Hindu majority in the Parliament would dictate its terms. The safeguard
provided by the Cabinet Mission to the Muslims could be withdrawn by the Hindu
majority Parliament. The statement of Gandhi further aggravated the frustration of
the Muslim nation.
Final Decision
The first reaction of the two political parties was totally different. It looked clear that
Congress was going to give its consent and the decision of the Muslim League
would be contrary to it. The matter was widely discussed in the general councils of
both the parties. The council of Muslim League gave full mandate to the Quaid-e-
Azam to declare the policy. He, contrary to the expectation of all the political circles,
declared to accept the plan and Congress was put to an embarrassing situation. The
Quaid declared the he accepted the plan with the idea that the demand for the
creation of Pakistan would be in a position to establish their own independent
sovereign state comprising of Assam,
Britishers were about to leave the sub-continent, and could play havoc with
the Muslim nation.
The Quaid-e-Azam exchanged views with his party leaders and then
discussed the forthcoming problems of the Muslims with the Viceroy. On his
repeated requests, the Quaid-e-Azam honoured his invitation and joined the
government. Pundit Nehru had also appealed to the Muslim League but the Quaid-e-
Azam gave the whole credit to the Viceroy.
The Muslim League withdrew its call for the Direct Action. The five members
of the Muslim League who took the oath of office as Minister were:
Q27. Write the name of representatives of Muslim leaye for interim Govt.
1946.
i. Liaquat Ali Khan
ii. Abdur Rab Nishtar
iii. I.I. Chundrigar
iv. Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
v. Jogindar Nath Mandal
The last one belonged to the minority: The Muslim League actually wanted to
show that it was looking after the interests and rights of all the minorities. This step
was taken to counter the decision of the Congress that had nominated Maulana

95
Azad as one of the six ministers, to prove that Congress was also representing the
Muslims.
3RD JUNE 1947 PLAN
Appointment of Mountbatten
Both Simla Conference and Cabinet Mission Plan failed to produce an
amicable solution of the constitutional and political problem India. I Lord Wavell could
not unite the parties, and the British government had to replace him with Lord
Mountbatten. Half of the Cabinet Mission Plan could be implemented but hardships
were there. The grouping of the provinces was abandoned. The Muslim League
joined the Interim government but did not participate in the constitution making
process, therefore, the dream of making a constitution could not be realized. The
whole system was suspended. The joint venture of Gandhi and Wavell miserably
failed. Now the British government decided to test another option. The British Prime
Minister declared on 20t11 February 1947 that British rule in South Asia would come
to an end by June 1948. The whole process of transfer of power was to be
conducted by the new Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten who immediately took the charge.
Meeting with political Leaders
Soon after taking over the charge, the last Viceroy started meeting with the
leaders of the political parties. In his meeting with the Viceroy, the Quaid-e-Azam
told him in clear cut terms that the Muslim League would never accept any formula
except the partition of India. The 1945- 46 elections had strengthened the position of
the Muslim League. The Viceroy got fully convinced that he could in no way stop the
creation of Pakistan. He was now clear that the dream of independent Indian Union
would never be fulfilled. The Lord began to persue the leaders of Indian National
Congress for the partition. After a series of meetings he was successful in his
mission. It was because he promised them to create a weak and moth-eaten
Pakistan that would never be able to survive for a long time. He stood by his words
and fulfilled his promise but it was because of the blessings of Allah Almighty that
Pakistan emerged on the map and remained an independent sovereign state.
Inshallah the state of Pakistan will survive forever. The bad intentions of Indian
National Congress were bound to fail. The joint conspiracy of British government and
Congress could not stop the creation of Pakistan.
Lord Mountbatten prepared a plan to leave the sub continent. He managed to
get the consent of both the parties and sent the plan to London for the approval of
the British Cabinet.
Important Points of the Plan
The June 3, 1947 Plan was an elaborate one. It covered the whole of the sub-
continent. The government took final decision to divide it into two independent
states. The principle of partition was approved. Now the details were laid down to
decide the future of the provinces and small states.
i. Competent Leadership:
C.P., U.P., Urrisa, Bombay, Madras and Bihar were non-Muslim majority
provinces. All these provinces were to be included in Bharat.

96
ii. Province of the Provinces
The decision was taken to divide Punjab province into two parts. The Muslim
majority area would go to Pakistan and non-Muslim majority area to Bharat,
respectively. A Commission was created to draw the line of demarcation between
Pakistani Punjab and Bharati Punjab.
iii. Province of Bengal:
The principle approved For Pun jab was also approved for Bengal. The
province was to be divided into East Bengal and West Bengal. East Bengal was pre-
dominantly a Muslim area while Hindus were in majority in West Bengal. A Boundary
Commission for the demarcation of the boundary was created by the British
government.
iv. Province of Sindh
The members of the Sindh Provincial Assembly got the right to join Pakistan
or Bharat by a majority vote.
v. Balochistan
Balochistan had not yet been given the status of a full fledged province. It was
decided that Shahi Jirga and Municipal Committee Quetta would decide the future of
Balochistan by the majority votes of their members.
vi. Sylhet
Sylhet was one of the districts of Assam. A very large majority of the district
was Muslim. The people living in the District, Sylhet had to decide their own future
through a referendum. They had to opt either for Pakistan or Bharat.
vii. North Western Frontier Province
The people of NWFP had to decide their fate by a referendtim. They could
either join Pakistan or Bharat.
viii. States
There were 635 states in the sub-continent where Nawabs and Rajas were
ruling over their areas and people with internal sovereignty. The external sovereignty
was lying with the British government. Each state was given the right to join Pakistan
or Bharat, keeping its geographical position and special circumstances in view.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN JUNE 1947
 The non-Muslim majority provinces were included in Bharat. In the district
Sylhat the people took part in a referendum. A very large majority favoured
Pakistan and Sylhet was included in Pakistan. Sylhat became a district of
East
 The members of the Sindh Assembly voted for Pakistan and Sindh became a
province of Pakistan.
 The Shahi Jirga and Quetta Municipality voted for Pakistan and Balochistan
became a part of Pakistan.
 A referendum was held in NWFP the people had to choose either of the two,
Pakistan or Bharat. A dominating majority voted for Pakistan and N\VFP
joined Pakistan.
 The Provinces of the Punjab and Bengal were to be divided into two parts. Sir
Radcliffe, a British lawyer. Was appointed the Chairman of the Boundary

97
Commission. Two members each were nominated by the Congress and
Muslim League to help the Chairman. The two provinces were divided into
two parts. Sir Radcliffe was in contact with Nehru and Lord Mountbatten.. He
conspired and did injustice
 With Pakistan. Many Muslim majority areas were given to Bharat and
Pakistan was deprived of its right share. As the Muslim League had accepted
Sir Radcliffe as arbitrator so the Quaid-e-Azam did not raise any objection to
the decision of the Boundary Commission.
 The princely states themselves decided in favour of either Pakistan or Bharat.
While taking the decision, every state kept its geographical position and
special circumstances in view. Disputes erupted in the states of Hyderabad
Daccan, Junagarh, Manavadar and Jammu and Kashmir. The majority of first
three states was non-Muslim and the u1ers were Muslims, by faith. All three
Muslim rulers thought either to maintain their independent states or to join
Pakistan. Bharat invaded all the three states one by one and forcibly brought
them into its own fold. The position of state c Jammu and Kashmir was just
the Opposite. Here the ruler was a non-Muslim and a large majority of
Kashmiris was Muslim. Pakistan supported the right of self-determination of
the Kashmiris Geographically the state seems to be a natural part of Pakistan
All the elements favoured the Pakistani stand but Bharat committed
aggression and sent its forces to bring Jammu and Kashmiris under her
control, So far both the countries have fought three wars to resolve the
dispute of Kashmir but it proved all in vain. The wars were fought in 1948,
1965 and 1971. Pakistan has been persistently supporting the right of self of
Kashmiris and Kashmiris themselves are fighting for their liberation. About
nine million Kashmiris have been martyred by Bharati forces to crush the
struggle of the Kashmiris.
Q. Write a note on Right of Separate Electorate.
Ans:
After the war of independence (called MUTINY by the British), the Muslims became
a slave nation and the British tried to make them eternal slaves by introducing
Combined Electorate in the name of political reforms. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan then
demanded for the separate electorate. At last the Muslims were given the right of
separate electorate in the Act of 1909 (Minto Marley Reforms) after discussing it with
the Muslim Delegation at Simla in 1906.
Separate Electorate:
Separate Electorate is a political term. It means an electoral system in which the
rights and interests of different nations are protected by fixing their separate seats in
the legislatures according to the proportion of their population. In this system the
voters of that nation can vote for the contestant of their own nations particularly.
Combined Electorate:
Combined Electorate is another political term. It means an electoral system in which
the rights and interests of different nations are not protected by fixing their separate
seats in the legislatures but the candidates of any nation can win one seat by the
majority of votes. In these electorates minorities are dependents on the will of
majorities.

98
Importance of Separate Electorate for the Muslims in the Sub-
Continent:
Without the right of separate electorate the Hindu Majority could dominate the
Muslims in the British Democratic System. The separate identity of the Muslims was
in danger because of combined electorate system and the political rights of the
Muslims were being ignored. That is why the Muslims of the Sub-Continent
demanded the Separate Electorate.
Muslim Struggle for the Separate Electorate:
The Combined Electorate System was implemented in India after the war of
independence. The Muslims raised their voice against it through out the struggle for
freedom. Following are the various aspects behind the Muslim Struggle for the
Separate Electorate.
1. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Separate Electorate:
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim Leader who opposed the combined
electorate system when it was implemented. He explained the intensity by pointing
out the differences in Meerut on 16 January 1888. He said,
"This thing is confirmed that the population of Hindus is four times more. We can
calculate that the Hindu candidate will get four votes and Muslim candidate will get
only one vote. Therefore, it is necessary that separate electorate should be
implemented and Hindu Muslim constituencies should be marked so that Hindu
votes will elect Hindu candidates and Muslim voters will elect Muslim candidates."
2. Act of 1892 and Combined Electorate:
Combined electorate was implemented in India under the Act of 1892 in central and
provincial levels. The candidates and the voters were given different terms of
property, income and education. These terms affected majority of the Muslims.
3. Muslim Reaction on Combined Electorates:
Sir Syed criticized the combined electorate system and other Muslims strongly
reacted against it. Syed Mahmud, son of Sir Syed and Mr. Beck, The Principal Ali
Garh College sent a memorandum to the British Government demanding:
"The Muslims would always be deprived of leadership due to combined electorate.
As the Muslims are a separate nation, they should be given the right to the separate
electorate."
4. Simla Delegation and Separate Electorate:
On 1st October, 1906 a delegation of 35 Muslim leaders under the headship of Sir
Agha Khan met the Viceroy Lord Minto and demanded the right of separate
electorate for the Indian Muslims in the following words:
"Separate electorate should be implemented in the Sub-continent. The Muslim
constituencies should be marked for this. So that Muslim voters may vote for Muslim
candidates and the Hindu voters may vote for the Hindu candidates."
5. Efforts of Muslim League for Separate Electorate:
After its establishment, Muslim League started efforts for separate electorate. A
delegation of London Branch under the headship of Syed Ameer Ali met John
Marley, the minister for India and emphasized the approval of separate electorate.
Later on another delegation of the Muslims met the Viceroy Lord Minto and reminded
him his promise with Simla Delegation. At last John Marley and Lord Minto approved
the demand.
6. Reaction of Hindus on the Demand for Separate Electorate:
Congress and prominent leaders of Hindus opposed the Muslim demand for the
separate electorate. They declared it communal system of electorate and branded

99
the Muslim league a communal party and its objectives against the interests of
India. They also forced the British to withdraw this approval.
7. Minto Marley Reforms and Separate Electorate:
In 1909 Minto Marley Reforms were introduced in the Sub-Continent. In these
reforms the demand for separate electorate was approved. The Muslims were
allotted five seats in the Central Legislature and 18 out of 284 seats from the
provincial Legislature though in Punjab and C.P separate electorate was not
promulgated.
8. Lucknow Pact and Separate Electorate:
Hindus opposed the approval of separate electorate in Minto Marley Reforms. With
the efforts of Mr. Jinnah a pact was signed between Muslim League and Congress in
Lucknow in 1916. in this Pact Congress agreed to the separate electorate for the
Muslims. This is the only occasion in the history of the struggle for the freedom that
Congress accepted the Muslims as a separate nation.
9. Lord Chelmsford Reforms and Separate Electorate:
In 1919 Lord Chelmsford introduced reforms in the Sub-continent. As Congress has
accepted this right of the Muslims, he did not disapprove separate electorate.
10. Delhi Proposals and Separate Electorate:
Moti Lal Nehru offered Quaid-e-Azam to accept all the demands of the Muslims if the
Muslims were ready to withdraw from the right of separate electorate. Quaid-e-Azam
called a meeting of the Muslim leaders in Delhi in 1927. They prepared some
suggestions called Delhi Proposals as a substitute for the right of separate
electorate. These suggestions were not accepted by the Hindus so Quaid-e-Azam
withdrew these proposals and the Muslims remained firm at the separate electorate.
11. Nehru Report and Separate Electorate:
In August 1928 under the headship of Moti Lal Nehru a seven member committee
presented its report. In this report separate electorate was strongly opposed in the
following words:
"Separate electorate is a cause of communal violence therefore combined
electorates should be implemented."
12. All Parties Muslim Conference and Separate Electorate:
All parties Muslim Conference was held in Delhi. In this conference all the Muslim
leaders including Quaid-e-Azam strongly supported separate electorate.
13. Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam and Separate Electorate:
Quaid-e-Azam presented a resolution as an answer to the Nehru Report in the
annual meeting of All India Muslim League on 25 March, 1929. The resolution
consisted of fourteen points was accepted unanimously. Later on this resolution
became popular with the name of "Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam". In one point
Quaid-e-Azam said,
"The present system of separate electorate should remain as such but each sect
should be given the permission to adopt combined electorate on its wish."
14. Communal Award and Separate Electorate:
Indian Leaders failed to find a solution for the communal problems in three Round
Table Conferences (1930- 1932). After these Conferences, The British Government
issued an award known as "Communal Award". In this award The British
Government announced the right of separate electorate not only for Muslims but for
Sikhs, Christians and Achuts also.
15. Government of India Act 1935 and Separate Electorate:

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British Government promulgated Government of India Act 1935 to end the
constitutional crises in India keeping in view the reports of three Round Table
Conferences. Separate electorate system remained a part of this law.
Conclusion:
The separate electorate was not merely a demand but was a matter of great
importance for the Indian Muslims. Under this election system Muslim League won
434 out of 492 Muslim Seats in the Provinces and 30 out of 30 Muslim seats in the
Center. Thus separate electorate system proved strength for the establishment of
Pakistan. At last Indian Muslims succeeded in achieving their free homeland.

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4
CHAPTER #
EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKISTAN

Q1. What do you know about the dispute of the state of Jammu &
Kashmir?
Ans. During British rule in the Sub-continent 635 princely states were
internally ruled over by Nawabs and Rajas. The states did not possess
external sovereignty. Foreign affairs and defense were under direct British
control. The total population of such states was one fourth of the total
population of the Sub-continent, while one third of the total area belonged to
the princely states. When freedom struggle was going to succeed, the future
of princely states also came under discussion.
On 20 February 1947, the British government promised to lift its control from
India and Indian princely states. The states, immediately declared their
affiliations either with Pakistan or India. The following states remained
reluctant and did not join either of the two countries. The Indian forces forcibly
annexed them with India.
1. The State of Hyderabad Daccan:
The ruler of the state was a Muslim, called “Nizam” while the majority of
the people belonged to Hindu religion. Nizam was very popular among his
people. The social and economic conditions of the state were satisfactory. The
benevolent ruler was properly safeguarding his people. Nizam, being the
Muslim, never liked annexation with India but the Indian government
pressurized him. Lord Mountbatten, as First Governor General of India, also
pressurized him to annex his state with India, on the basis of geographical
situation. Nizam did not agree with them and resisted all the pressures. He
had another option in his mind and that was to have absolute sovereignty for
his state. The Indian government forced him to sign the document of
annexation but he refused. Nizam appealed to the United Nations for help and
protested against the conduct of India. The matter was under consideration
when the Indian forces invaded Hyderabad Daccan. On 17th September
1948, the army of Nizam surrendered to the Indian forces. India got control of
the state forcibly.
2. The State of Junagarh:
Just like Hyderabad Daccan, the Nawab of Junagarh was a Muslim and
the Hindus were in majority in the state. The distance of the state from Karachi
was 480 kilometer. The population was around 7 Lac and total area comprised
3337 square kilometers. Nawab announced the annexation of Junagarh with
Pakistan. The Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten, favoured the

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annexation with India. Pakistan government issued a letter after accepting
the declaration of annexation by the Nawab. A copy of the letter was sent to
the Governor General, as well. India considered the action of Pakistan as
interference in its internal affairs. The state was surrounded by Indian army
from all sides and blockade continued for indefinite period. The food and other
things were checked at the borders. Finally the army entered in the territory
and got hold of the state. The Nawab found it advisable to migerate to
Pakistan. He also sent a protest to the United Nations but it was in vain. No
action was taken. Pakistan too, lodged a protest with the Security Council.
The matter is still lying there, indecisive.
3. State of Manavadar:
Another state, Manavadar, was predominantly a non- Muslim state and
the ruler was a Muslim. The Muslim ruler declared his decision of annexation
with Pakistan. The Indian army repeated the same action and invaded
Manavader, as was done in Junagarh. It was another action of forcible
annexation. Lord Mountbatten, as Governor General, ordered the attack on
Manavadar and Junagarh.
4. State of Jummu and Kashmir:
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the North of Pakistan
and was the largest state in the Sub-continent. The state is contiguous to
Pakistan, China, Tibet and Afghanistan. The total population of the state was
4 million as per Census of 1941. The area of the state was 84471 sq. km. It is
predominantly a Muslim state. The British government sold the whole area of
the state to a Dogra Raja, Gulab Singh. for Rs. 75 Lac only in 1846. Muslims
agitated in 1930 and the struggle for independence from Dogra control started
Movement. The Raja used iron hand against the freedom fighters with the
help of British government. The freedom struggle was going on when the Sub-
continent was partitioned. The Kashmiris are mostly Muslims. They aspired for
annexation with Pakistan; “Kashmir Bane Ga Pakistan” was the main slogan
of Kashmiri people.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is, culturally, geographically and
religiously very close to Pakistan. Most of the rivers flow from Kashmir to
Pakistan and irrigate the lands of Pakistan. The Kashmir is have been
emotionally attached with Pakistan. Therefore, they pressed the Raja to join
Pakistan. The Hindu ruler did not appreciate the idea. Seeing no hope of
liberation, the Muslims started a freedom movement. Raja did every thing to
crush the activities of the Muslim Kashmiris. Millions of Kashmiris were forced
to migrate to Pakistan. The forces of Raja slaughtered more than 2 Lac
Kashmiris. The oppression made the movement to get greater momentum
with the passage of time. Raja found he helpless, therefore, he appealed to
Indian government to come to his rescue. The Indian government, on the

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other hand, kept on pressuring Raja to sign a document of annexation. He
utterly refused and the government prepared a fake document and declared
the annexation of Jammu and Kashmir with India.
Now the people of Kashmir took the weapons in their hands and started
fighting against the Indian forces. The retired army officers of Jammu and
Kashmir came forward to lead the struggle and volunteers also joined the
liberation movement. The Indian army could not check it. The Kashmiris got
liberated a large area. This area is called Azad Kashmir now-a-days. The
freedom movement seemed to be successful. The Hindu forces were pushed
back. When the situation became grim, the Indian government sought the help
of the Security Council of the United Nations.
The Security Council passed two resolutions. Both the parties were
advised to accept cease fire. It was also decided that future of the state of
Jammu and Kashmir would be decided according to the aspirations of the
people. To ascertain the will of the people, a plebiscite was to be held. On the
promise of the Indian government the freedom fighters co-operated with the
Security Council. The armed struggle stopped and the Kashmiris waited for
the next move from the Security Council. Unfortunately the interests of major
powers did not allow the plebiscite. Kashmiris were deprived of their basic
right. Pakistan was a party in the Security Council but it was denied justice.
The unfair dealing led to two wars between. The Security Council passed
more resolutions but could not do anything practically.
The Kashmiris, once again, resolved to fight for freedom; they have
been fighting for their birth right from the last two decades. The matter is still
pending on the agenda of the United Nations. India, inspite of the world
pressure, is reluctant to sit on the negotiating table. The dispute demands
more sacrifices from Kashmiri Muslims.
Q2. What were the early problems faced by the Country after its
creation? Discuss in detail.
Ans. With the help of Allah Almighty, Islamic Republic of Pakistan came into
being on 14th August 1947 but Indian National Congress did not accept
the creation of Pakistan from the core of its heart. Lord Mountbatten and
Sir Radcliff conspired with the Hindu leaders to create a weak moth
eaten Pakistan that would ultimately confederate with Indian Union. The
people of Pakistan, who faced all the problems and difficult
circumstances, showed their determination to defend the freedom.
EARLY PROBLEMS OF PAKSITAN:
1. Unjust Award by Sir Radcliff:

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rd
According to the 3 June 1974 Plan the Provinces of the Punjab and
Bengal were to be divided into Muslim and non-Muslim majority areas. The
Muslim majority areas would become a part of Pakistan. A commission was
assigned the duty to demarcate the boundaries of Muslim majority and Hindu
majority areas of the Punjab and Bengal. The conspiracy was hatched and
Pakistan was deprived of its true claims. Three Tehsils of District Guurdaspur
namely Pakistan Kot, Batala and Gurdaspur and the Tehsil Zeera of District
Ferozpur were included in India. Sir Radcliffee provided a land route to India
to move into the valley of Jammu and Kashmir. The Two Head Works
Ferozepur head works and Madhopur head works constructed on the land of
West Punjab were also handed over the India.
2. Administrative Problems:
The Hindus working in offices situated in the areas of Pakistan migrated
to India and the offices became empty. Furniture, stationery, typewriters and
other necessary items were also not available in the offices. Most of the
offices started their work under the open sky with no shelter. The Hindu
officers had destroyed the records before going to India. The Government of
Pakistan began its work under miserable conditions. How could it be done
without experienced and trained officials? The nation accepted the challenge
and performed the duties under odd circumstances. Pakistan had to take a
new start form the scratch.
3. Arrival of Refugees:
Millions of Muslim families migrated to Pakistan. On the way to
Pakistan, a very large number of Muslims were massacred and the properties
were looted with the help of British forces. The number of the Muslims who
finally crossed the border was more than 1,25,00,000. The oppressed and
depressed Muslims were temporarily provided accommodations in camps.
To rehabilitate the refugees in Pakistan was a very big task for the
administration. The provision of shelter, clothing and food for them was a
great responsibility.
4. Division of Assets:
The Indian National Congress took every step to crush the withering
economy of the new state. When the question of division of assets between
the two separated countries was raised, the Hindus once again did not do
justice with Muslims. The India government remained reluctant to pay the
share of Pakistan out of the cash balance of four billions. The share of
Pakistan was 750 million rupees. First installment of 200 millions issued at
once but remaining amount was delayed illegally. India inspite of world
pressure became ready to pay the amount if Pakistan would surrender
Kashmir Valley to India. Gandhi interfered in the matter and partial payment of
500 millions was released. The balance of 50 million has not been paid by

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India so far. A meeting was held in November 1947 in this context. The
representatives of the two states signed a treaty but India took no action.
5. Division of Armed forces:
It was imperative that the military assets were also to be divided
between the two countries after the partition of the Sub-continent,
proportionately. Here again the norms of justice were ignored and India
refused to give the due share. Actually India wanted to keep Pakistan weak.
The Chief of the Joint Forces of the Sub continent, Commander-in-chief field
Marshall “Auchinluck” favoured the principle of no division of military assets.
He wanted to continue them in joint command. All India Muslim League did
not agree and pressurised for the division of military assets. It was decided
that all military assets would be divided between the two states at the ratio of
64% and 36%. Sixteen ordinance factories were producing weapons in the
sub-continent at the time of partition. Not a single factory was situated in the
area of Muslim majority. Indian Cabinet refused to shift any of the 16 factories
to Pakistan. It was decided after long discussions and deliberations that India
would make payment of 60 million rupees to Pakistan.
The formula finalized for the division of military assets was not
practically implemented due to stubborn attitude of Indian government. Field
Marshal Auchinluck resigned from his office because of the negative and non-
cooperative attitude of the Indian government. The resignation further
complicated the issue. This is how Pakistan was deprived of her legal and just
share in military hardware. Any way all the soldiers were given the option to
join either of the two for The Muslims expressed their desire to join Pakistan
Army.
6. Canal water Problems:
The natural flow of rivers in the province of Punjab was affected by the
partition of the province. No state can change the course of the river and
deprive another state of its water. The canals and barrages may be built but
with the consent of the concerned state or states. India planned to build up
dams and barrages and checked the flow of water to Pakistan in April 1948.
This step affected the agriculture and economy of the West Punjab. The rivers
Ravi, Sutlaj and Bias enter the territory of Pakistan from Indian side and they
have been the major sources of irrigation in the area. Sir Radcliffe, in his
unjust Award handed Ferozpur and Madhupur Head- works to India inspite of
the fact that the project was working in Muslim majority area.
The matter was sorted out and the two countries were brought on the
negotiation table. World Bank visualized the whole situation and promised to
help Pakistan in the hours of crisis. A huge amount was allocated to solve the
issue. Indus Basin Treaty was consequently signed in 1960, between the two

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countries. Pakistan conceded three rivers (Ravi, Sutluj Bias) to India and
reciprocally India left its claim on the waters of rivers Jhelum, Chenab and
Sindh.
7. Problem of States:
At the time of creation of Pakistan there were 635 small and big states.
These states had given an open option to join Pakistan or India or remain
independent. There were four states on which India take control by force and
problem was arise because these state wanted to join Pakistan these state
over Kashmir, Hayderabad, Junagargh and Monarader.
8. Problem of Transfer of Government Servants
At the time of partition, the government employees were given the
option to choose between the two countries. But in practice, this option
became a formality as all government servants decided their future on
religions considerations. The result was that Pakistan had to face enormous
difficulties to evolve administrative machinery because to shift government
personnel from Indian territories to Pakistan became a huge problem. Initially,
special trains were run to bring them form Delhi to Pakistan but on 8th August,
such a special train was blown up by dynamite. Three compartments were
ripped into pieces while three were derailed. In this way, the transfer of
employees through rails became difficult.
Therefore, the government started to transport the employees to
Karachi by air. Tata Orient Airways had managed only 18 flights when the
Government of India nationalized the company started this work on
September 4 with 26 aeroplanes and named this exercise “Operation
Pakistan”. A transfer office in India and a reception office in Karachi were set
up for these employees. The administrative structure was thus completed with
much difficulty.
9. Constitutional Problems
At the time of establishment of Pakistan there was no constitution.
Necessary amendments were made in the 1935 constitution of India and it
was implemented so that government could be run. Due to lack of constitution
the problems of power became more complexes. Because of this in December
1971, East Pakistan was separated and became Bangladesh. Rest of
Pakistan started bringing the fire of prejudice and sectarianism and is still
burning.
10. Economic problems
At the time of demarcation of sub-continent there were 400 different
industries or factories but un-accidentally only 14 factories given to Pakistan a
lot of agricultural plain area of Punjab and Bengal was also given to India by
the unjust Red Cliff Award. A lot of important mineral producing areas were
also given to India so that‟s why Lord Mount Batten and his team including

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Congress created multi economic problems to weaken the Pakistan
economically.
11. Geographical Problems
When Pakistan came into being, Pakistan was consisted of two major
parts East Pakistan & West Pakistan. East Pakistan was consisted of one
province while West Pakistan comprises of four provinces i.e. Punjab, Sindh,
NWFP & Balochistan. There was no any Road link between East & West
Pakistan. There was 1750Km Indian Areas between the two parts of the
country. That is the reason there is a great cultural difference between the two
parts of the country, which create a lot of problem for Pakistan in future.
12. Problem of Kashmir
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is situated in the North of Pakistan
and was the largest state in the Sub-continent. The total population of the
state was 4 million as per Census of 1941. The British government sold the
whole area of the state to a Dogra Raja, Gulab Singh for Rs. 75 Lac only in
1846. Muslims agitated in 1930 and the struggle for independence from Dogra
control started Movement. The state of Jammu and Kashmir is, culturally,
geographically and religiously very close to Pakistan. The Kashmir is having
been emotionally attached with Pakistan. Therefore, they pressed the Raja to
join Pakistan. The Hindu ruler did not appreciate the idea.
People of Kashmir took the weapons in their hands and started fighting
against the Indian forces. The freedom movement seemed to be successful.
The Hindu forces were pushed back. When the situation became grim, the
Indian government sought the help of the Security Council of the United
Nations. The Security Council passed two resolutions. Both the parties were
advised to accept cease fire. It was also decided that future of the state of
Jammu and Kashmir would be decided according to the aspirations of the
people. To ascertain the will of the people, a plebiscite was to be held. The
armed struggle stopped and the Kashmiri‟s waited for the next move from the
Security Council. Unfortunately the interests of major powers did not allow the
plebiscite. Kashmiri‟s were deprived of their basic right.
13. Enmity of India
First of all congress leaders were against the creation of Pakistan
before the partition of sub-continent. But on the assurance of Lord Mount
Batten congress agreed on the plan that Pakistan cannot survive more than
10 years. That is why after the creation of Pakistan congress leader like
Shankar Acharia & Pandith Nehro comment on the creation of Pakistan.
“Neither the Congress nor the nation has given up its claim of a united India”.
So they created 100 of problems and they started enmity against Pakistan as
a result first war between Pakistan and India was fought in 1948. Other two
main wars in 1965 and 1971 also fought between two countries later on.

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14. Problem of Pukhtunistan
After the creation of Pakistan, Afghanistan Government claims that
Pushto speaking areas of Pakistan were the part of Afghanistan earlier. A lot
of leaders of NWFP like Sarhadi Gandhi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan also
started enmity of Pakistan and they create a problem of Pukhtunistan for
Pakistan.
15. Death of Quaid-e-Azam:
By the grace of God and by the untiring efforts of Quaid-e-Azam
Pakistan created on 14th August 1947. Great Quaid-e-Azam became
Governor General of Pakistan. Unfortunately Quaid had died on 11th
September 1948, after only 13 months. Death of Quaid-e-Azam created a lot
of problem for Pakistan.
Q3. Write down the Services of Quaid-e-Azam for the

Consolidation of Pakistan.
Ans. The Quaid-e-Azam survived for 13 months after independence but in
this short spell, he showed great confidence upon his people and put
them on the track to progress and prosperity.
Services of Quaid-e-Azam for the Consolidation of Pakistan
The Services of the Quaid-e-Azam for the Consolidation of Pakistan are
as under:
1. Rehabilitation of Refugees:
The government of Pakistan under the trusted leadership of the Quaid-
e-Azam fixed the priorities, and at the top was the problem of rehabilitation of
the refugees. The influx of refugees was causing multidimensional issues. The
plight of refugees was torturing the leader. He shifted his Headquarters from
Karachi to Lahore to supervise the activities being carried out by the
government and voluntary associations. Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund for the
Refugees was set up and invited the philanthropists to donate as much as
they could. His appeal deeply influenced the people and even the common
man did not lag behind. The social workers sincerely provided a very huge
quantity of foodstuff, clothing, medicines, blankets, tents and other things.
Gradually the refugees were shifted to different cities and towns and
permanent accommodations were managed. The evacuee properties were
distributed among the refugees, according to their claims.
The Quaid-e-Azam inspired the people, advised them to be courageous
to face the circumstances with determination and boldness. He addressed
many public gatherings and prepared the minds of the Muslims for the
forthcoming eventualities. His message to the nation was:-
“There are many examples of the history of young nation buildings.
They themselves went up by sheer determination and force of character. You
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have to develop the spirit of „Mujahids‟. You are a nation whose history is
full of tales of heroism and bravery.”
2. Advice to the government officials:
On October 11, 1947 Quaid-e-Azam advised the civil servants.
“This is a challenge for us. If we are to survive as a nation, we will have
to face these difficulties with a stern hand, our people are disorganized and
worried because of the problems they are facing. We have to encourage them
to put the responsibility on the administration and the people look to you for
guidance.”
3. Advice to Eliminate Provincialism & Racialism:
The Quaid-e-Azam was fully aware of the dangerous menace of
provincialism and racialism. He warned the people and advised them not to
indulge in provincialism and racialism. Such prejudices, he knew, could lead to
disunity, and harm national integration. He emphasized the need to adopt
national outlook instead of provincial, linguistic, racial and territorial
differences. The enemies of Pakistan did every thing to stop the creation of
Pakistan. When it emerged on the map, they did their best to flare up the
sentiments of provincialism to paralyze the administration and economy. On
15 June 1948 he said to the people of Pakistan, “so long as we are united, we
will emerge victorious and strong. If we are not united we shall become weak
and disgraced. We are all Pakistanis. None of us is Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi,
Pathan or Bengali. Every one of us should think, feel and act, as a Pakistani
and we should feel proud of being Pakistani alone.
4. Consolidation of Economy:
At the time of partition, the economy of Pakistan was damaged by the
Hindus; due share in assets was not paid to Pakistan; millions of refugees
were pushed across the border to create chaos and confusion. The Quaid-e-
Azam boldly faced the challenges and he overcame the situation with the help
of the people. Steps were immediately taken to create a viable economy. For
that matter he involved the trade community and advised them to play there
role, required for progress of the nation. The economy was improved and
nation made it viable under the guidance of its leadership.
5. Establishment of State Bank of Pakistan:
The Quaid felt the dire need of a central bank of Pakistan. Reserve
Bank of India could not deliver the required services for the progress of
economy of Pakistan as it was monopolized by Hindus. The great leader
established the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948. He delivered his
inaugural address and said,
“The Bank symbolized the sovereignty of our people in the financial
sphere. The Western economic system has created many problems for the
humanity. It will not help us in setting up a workable economic order. We

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should evolve an economic system based on Islamic concept of justice and
equality.”
Mr. Zahid Hussain was the first Governor of State Bank of Pakistan who
was entrusted with the responsibility to build up the economic fiber of
Pakistan.
6. Reforms in Administration:
The administrative machinery, at the time of partition, was facing
tremendous difficulties. The Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India and the
number of experienced and educated Muslims was not enough to run the
system. The Indian government used tactics to delay the arrival of
experienced refugees to Pakistan. The resources were inadequate, office
equipments were not available, buildings were insufficient and the record was
spoiled by the Hindu employees before they left for India. The Quaid-e-Azam
took remedial measures and inspired the Workers to work very hard. Very
soon workable machinery was restored. Every one served it with a national
spirit.
Chaudhry Muhammad Ali was a bureaucrat. Later on, he held the office
of the Prime Minister of Pakistan. He presented a plan before the Quaid to
organize the Civil Service. Foreign Service, Accounts Service and Defense
Service were established.
7. Headquarters of Armed Forces:
The Headquarters for Navy, Air Force and Army were made. The
Quaid-e-Azam erected the whole system within one year and removed all
difficulties. Civil Secretariat started functioning in the capital in 1948.
8. Establishment of Embassies:
In many countries of the world Pakistan embassies and mission houses
were established to start relations with other countries. Quaid-e-Azam very
quickly introduced Pakistan all over the world. Special instructions were given
to the diplomats to work very hard like a missionary. He advised them to
achieve the national objectives related to political, diplomatic, military,
commercial and economic affairs.
9. Membership of United Nations:
Pakistan emerged on the map of the world and got the membership of
the United Nations on 30 September 1947. Pakistan decided to play its role in
the world, and to continue following the decisions of the UNO. Islamic
countries welcomed Pakistan with great fervor with the hope that Pakistan
would work for the development, prosperity and welfare of Islamic world.
10. Special Relations with Muslim States:
To establish good relations with all other countries is the basic principle
of the foreign policy of Pakistan. However, the special relations with Muslim
countries were the preference. Pakistan was the biggest Islamic country at the

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time of its establishment that became a source of power for Muslim
countries. Pakistan openly favoured the Muslim countries.
11. Establishment of Capital and Cabinet:
Quaid-e-Azam established first capital of Pakistan in Karachi. He also
formed his cabinet; Liaqat Ali Khan was nominated as first Prime Minister of
Pakistan.
12. Relations with India:
Pakistan came into being in spite of the negative tactics of Hindus. India
made many moves to weaken and damage Pakistan. The problems of water,
demarcation of boundaries, refugee‟s arrival and many other problems were
created. India hesitated to give the due share of assets to Pakistan.
Kashmir issue cropped up immediately after the independence. India
used brute force and invaded the valley of Jammu and Kashmir. Junagarh,
Manavadar & Hyderabad Decean. Pakistan had to strive hard to keep its
existence. Quaid-e-Azam started negotiations with Indian leaders and also
advocated the cause of Kashmiris on the forum of the United Nations. The
ignoble role of India in the states like Junagarh, Manavadar, Hyderabad
Daccan and Jummu and Kashmir was exposed by Pakistan government.
13. Advice to students:
The Quaid-e-Azam was fully aware of the effectiveness of youth force.
He always termed them as the future architects of Pakistan. The young
student‟s constantly future architects of Pakistan. The young students
constantly remained at the back and all call of their great Quaid. During
freedom movement they went in groups to villages, towns and cities and
conveyed the message of the Muslim League. After the emergence of
Pakistan, the Quaid-e-Azam appealed to the students to concentrate fully on
their studies. Addressing the All Pakistan Educational Conference on 27th
November 1947, he asked the Muslim youth to be serious in their studies to
make immediate progress.
The Quaid-e-Azam continuously encouraged the students because he
was confident of their positive role they were going to play. The students were
responsible for strong and secure future of the nation. He advised the
students to refrain from politics and use all energy in getting the education.
The Muslim students followed the advice and concentrated on studies after
the success of freedom struggle.
14. Parameters for the Economic Development of Pakistan:
At the opening ceremony of the State Bank on 1st July 1947, the Quaid-
i-Azam said:
“The western economic system has created infinite problems for
humanity. A western type of economic system cannot bring about
progress in our country. Therefore we have to present an economic

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system to the world whose foundations are based on Islamic equality
and social justice. By doing so we as a Muslim state and nation will
succeed in giving, the world an economic system which will be a
message of peace for all humanity. Remember that survival and
prosperity of humanity is based on peace.”
15. Reorganization of Civil Service:
The importance which civil service enjoys in an administrative set-up is
well known. Quaid-i-Azam diverted his attention towards its reorganization and
invited proposals from various high officials in this connection. Ultimately, the
set-up proposed by Chaudhri Muhammad Ali was accepted. The post of
Secretary General was created to maintain liaison between the secretaries of
various departments and Ch. Muhammad Ali was appointed against this post.
The administration of the newly established government was in
miserable state. Ch. Muhammad Ali records that sometimes six officers had to
sit in single room. “The challenge which this start from scratch presented to
the administration was met with a splendid display of energy. It aroused
immense enthusiasm and strong determination to overcome all difficulties. It
evoked ingenuity and resource fullness in improvising solution to problems.”
16. Establishment Pakistan Fund:
At the time of the birth of Pakistan, everybody could see that Pakistan
was to start its life from a scratch. To solve the impending economic problems,
Quaid-i-Azam set up a “Pakistan Fund” on June 16, 1947. The masses and
especially Muslim traders donated generous by to this Fund and it was mainly
because of the Pakistan fund that India did not succeed in its design to
destabilize Pakistan by withholding Pakistani share of assets.
17. Advice to Eliminate Bribery and Corruption:
Quaid-i-Azam knew that the stability of Pakistan was not possible
without eradicating social evils. In his address to the Constituent Assembly on
August 1947, he declared to launch a crusade against these evils. He said:
“One of the biggest curses from which India is suffering in bribery and
corruption, that really is a poison. We must put that down with an iron hand
and I hope that you will take adequate measures as soon as it is possible for
the assembly to do so.”
Unfortunately, this evil could not be eliminated and Pakistan society is
still suffering from this malaise.
18. Guidance from the Holy Quran:
The fact of the matter is that from the beginning of Pakistan movement
till the last days of his life, Quaid-i-Azam remained a true believer. In 1941,
while explaining the features of Pakistan, he made it quite clear that in an
Islamic state, sovereignty belonged to Allah and the foundations of our
political and social sciences and been elucidated in the Holy Quran and we

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were under obligation to base our system of government on these Quranic
principles.
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah had once said:
“I am neither a Maulvi nor Maulana nor am I to say that I am a learned
scholar of morality but I have some knowledge of faith. And I profess a true
faith”.
19. Establishment of Federal Court
At the time of creation of Pakistan there was no any system of justice in
Pakistan. Quaid-i-Azam decided to establish the department of the Justice in
Pakistan so Federal Court and Provincial Courts were established in the
country. Later on federal court called Supreme Court of Pakistan.
20. Enforcement of Interim Constitution
Pakistan was a new state on the map of the world so there was no any
constitution in Pakistan. According to that run the affairs of the state. Quaid-i-
Azam enforced the all India Act 1935 in Pakistan with some compulsory
amendments. This Act remained in practice in Pakistan till enforcement of the
first constitution of Pakistan (1956).
Conclusion
The founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was not
only a great politician but also the best organizer. The way he took steps for
the stability of Pakistan in such short time after its creation is was indeed only
his achievement. The national interests remained safe only because of his
superior virtues and capabilities. In very short time the newly formed state of
Pakistan was on the path of progress. Defense of Pakistan became
unconquerable.
Q. Describe the services of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali
Jinnah for the establishment of Pakistan.
Ans:
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born in a trader family of Gujrat Kathiawar. He got his
early education from Sindh Madrasatulislam, Karachi. After completing his higher
education from Lincoln's Inn London, he started his practice as a lawyer in Bombay.
He remained with Dada Bhoy Noroji as a secretary and afterwards joined Congress.
In the beginning he was a staunch believer of Hindu Muslim Unity. Congress built
Jinnah Hall in Bombay as a memorial to his efforts for Hindu Muslim Unity. Sirvajni
Nydo called him "The Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity" in 1916. A brief
description of his services for the establishment of Pakistan is as under:
1. Joining Muslim League:

Quaid-e-Azam joined All India Muslim League in 1913 with the efforts of Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar. Thus he became the member of Congress and Muslim
League at the same time.

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2. Quaid-e-Azam and Lucknow Pact:

As he was a member of both major political parties and was also a staunch
supporter of Hindu Muslim Unity, he continued his efforts. In 1916 he succeeded in
arranging a historic agreement that is called Lucnow Pact, between Hindus and
Muslims in Lucknow. This is the only pact when Hindus agreed to the right of
separate electorate.
3. Resignation from Congress:

He worked hard for Hindu Muslim Unity but narrow-mindedness of Hindu leaders
and rigid attitude of Congress did not allow his efforts to be successful. At last he got
fed up and realized that Hindu Muslim Unity was impossible. So he left congress in
1920 and decided to work for Muslim cause only.
4. Quaid-e-Azam and Delhi Proposals:

Moti Lal Nehru offered Quaid-e-Azam to accept all the demands of the Muslims if the
Muslims were ready to withdraw from the right of separate electorate. Quaid-e-Azam
called a meeting of the Muslim leaders in Delhi in 1927. They prepared some
suggestions called Delhi Proposals as a substitute for the right of separate
electorate. These suggestions were not accepted by the Hindus so Quaid-e-Azam
withdrew these proposals and the Muslims remained firm at the separate electorate.
5. Quaid-e-Azam and Nehru Report:

In August 1928 under the headship of Moti Lal Nehru a seven member committee
presented its report. In this report separate electorate was strongly opposed. Quaid-
e-Azam strongly reacted against this report and said,
"Hindu India and Muslim India have become separate entities now onward"
6. Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam:
Quaid-e-Azam presented a resolution as an answer to the Nehru Report in the
annual meeting of All India Muslim League on 25 March, 1929. The resolution
consisted of fourteen points was accepted unanimously. Later on this resolution
became popular with the name of "Fourteen Points of Quaid-e-Azam". These
fourteen points were a golden proof of Mr. Jinnah's political approach and became a
guide line for further political struggle for the Muslims.
7. Quaid-e-Azam and Round Table Conferences:
Quaid-e-Azam presented Muslim League in the first two round table conferences in
London. It was because of his struggle and political approach that no anti-Muslim
resolution could be passed in these conferences.
8. Boycott of Politics:
In 1931 Quaid-e-Azam got fed up of the attitude of Gandhi, other Congress leaders
and cold behaviour of the Muslim leaders. He decided to say good bye to politics and
to be in London for residence.

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9. Quaid-e-Azam as a President of Muslim League:

1n 1934 Quaid-e-Azam came back to India because of the efforts of Allama Iqbal
and other Muslim Leaders. He was made life time President of All India Muslim
League. He reorganized Muslim League and made it an active movement.
10. Role of Quaid-e-Azam during Congress Ministeries (1937):

Congress ministries after 1937 elections proved that under Hindu Government, the
rights of the Muslims were not secure. Quaid-e-Azam not only criticized their wrong
policies but also made Muslim League alive to accept the future challenges.
11. The Day of Deliverance:

The Movement of Muslim League against Congress ministries succeeded and
Congress ministries had to resign. Quaid-e-Azam advised Muslims to celebrate the
day of deliverance on this occasion to show the British that Muslims knew the
importance of their rights.
12. Quaid-e-Azam and Lahore Resolution:

The resolution passed in the annual meeting of All India Muslim League in Lahore
was a result of the efforts of Quaid-e-Azam. This resolution was called "Pakistan
Resolution" by the Hindus. His presidential address on the occasion proved that he
had recognized the pace of the Indian poltics.
13. Quaid-e-Azam and Cripps Mission:

Cripps mission of 1942 is one of those efforts of the British government that they did
to save their rule in India. If this mission were successful the British Rule would be
longer on India. Quaid-e-Azam not only refused to cooperate with the mission but
also refused to accept any formula other then the division of India.
14. Gandhi Jinnah Talks (1944):

Gandhi Jinnh Talks in 1944 was a plan of Congress to get the Muslims involved in
Civil Disobedience Movement began by Gandhi but Quaid-e-Azam got the point and
refused to compromise on the demand for Pakistan.
15. Quaid-e-Azam and Simla Conference:

The failure of Simla Conference called by Lord Wavel was also because of the
foresightedness of Quaid-e-Azam. He refused to accept any of the plans other than
division of India. The result were the elections of 1945-46 that paved the way for the
establishment of Pakistan.
16. Quaid-e-Azam and Elections 1945-46:

On the eve of Elections 1945-46 Quaid-e-Azam toured the whole India and gave a
slogan, "MUSLIM HAY TO MUSLIM LEAGUE MAEN AA JAA". It was the miraculous

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personality of Quaid-e-Azam that led the Muslim League to the success of vast
proportion and made it clear that All India Muslim League was the only
Representative political party.
17. Quaid-e-Azam and Cabinet Mission Plan:

The last effort to save British Rule in India was the Cabnit Mission Plan. Quaid-e-
Azam accepted this plan and got a plus point over Congress. Quaid-e-Azam made it
clear to the Mission that the Muslim Majority areas should be grouped together to
make a sovereign and independent Pakistan. He said,
"India had never been a symbol of Hindu Muslim civilization. It is not possible
for the British Government to create homogeneity between Hindus and
Muslims cultures and civilization as two systems are distinctively opposed to
each other."
18. Quaid-e-Azam and the Interim Government:

In September 1946 Nehru was invited to form a government. This was totally unjust.
Nehru invited Quaid-e-Azam also. Quaid-e-Azam intelligently decided to be the part
of the government and thus tried to defeat the conspiracies of the Hindus. The
interim government could not go long way and collapsed. The British government
had to accept the demand of Muslim League.
19. Quaid-e-Azam and 3 June Plan:

Owing to Quaid-e-Azam's intelligence the British government had to decide 3 june
Plan. Quaid-e-Azam toured India in spite of his weak health. He also refused to
accept common Governor General and saved Pakistan from the enemies.
20. Quaid-e-Azam and The Creation of Pakistan:

0n 14 August 1947 was the day when the dreams of the Indian Muslims came true.
Intelligence of Quaid-e-Azam succeeded and the conspiracies of Hindus and British
defeated. Creation of Pakistan was a historic incident that came into existence only
because of Quaid-e-Azam's intelligence.
In short Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the man behind the successful
demand for Pakistan. The establishment of Pakistan was not possible without the
magical personality of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

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CHAPTER # 5
CONSTITUTIONS OF ISLAMIC
REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Q1. Discus important provisions of Objective Resolution (1949).
Ans. Pakistan came into being on 14th August 1947. At the time of creation of
Pakistan There was no any constitution in Pakistan. So Quaid-e-Azam
enforced All India Act 1935 with certain amendments in the country for the
smooth functioning of the state.
Objective Resolution (1949)
The first prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan presented the Objective
Resolution in the First Constituent Assembly, which was passed on March
12th 1949.
Salient Features of the Objective Resolution
The salient features of Objectives Resolution are as follows:
1. Sovereignty of Allah
Sovereignty belongs to Allah Almighty alone, but He has delegated it to the
state of Pakistan, and through its people to be exercised as sacred trust within
the limits imposed by Him.
2. Islamic Democracy
State will exercise its power and authority through the elected representatives
of the people and Islamic democracy will be exercised in the century.
3. Islamic Principles
The Islamic principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance and social
justice shall fully be followed.
4. Islamic ways of living
The Muslims shall be enabled to live individually and collectively in
accordance with the teaching of Quran and Sunah.
5. Protection to Minorities
Adequate provisions shall be made for the minorities to profess, propagate
and practice their religions and develop their cultures and traditions.
6. Federal from of Government
Pakistan shall be a federation, in which provinces will enjoy autonomy within
the constitutional limits.
7. Fundamental Rights
Fundamental rights of freedom, equality, and property, expression of thought,
belief, worship and association shall be guaranteed to all the citizens of
Pakistan.
8. Free Judiciary
Judiciary shall be independent and will work without any political and
economic pressure.
9. National language

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Urdu will be the national language of the country.
10. Protection of Boundaries of Pakistan
Protection of water, land and Air boundaries will be protected. It will be the
responsibility of the Government the take suitable steps for this purpose.
11. Source of law
It was mentioned in the Objective Resolution that source of law in Pakistan is
Holy Quran and Sunnah. No Law can be formed in Pakistan which is against
Holy Quran and Sunnah.
12. Development of Backward Areas
It was mentioned in the Objective Resolution in 1949 that remote or backward
area should be developed equally to other developed areas of the country.
13. Answerable Government

It was mentioned in the Objective Resolution in that Pakistan would be free &
independent state. Government of the Pakistan would be bound to make the
decisions according to the public opinion and answerable to the people.
14. Democratic System of Government
In 1949, it was declared that democratic system of Government would be
established in Pakistan according to the Islamic concepts.
15. National Development
It was also declared in 1949 that the people of Pakistan would be completely
independent. Government should provide equal opportunities to the people,
for economic and social development of the people. Government will take all
possible steps in this regard.
Importance
i) The Objective Resolution is one of the greatest steps after independence. The
objective of establishment of Pakistan has been achieved by the Muslims of
South Asia through this resolution.
(ii) The Objective Resolution has attained the status of Magna Carta in the
constitutional history of Pakistan. It was included as preamble in all the three
constitutions, and its Islamic principles were incorporated in all the
constitutions of Pakistan.
(iii) The approval of Objective Resolution led the representatives of Muslims to
adopt the golden principles of democracy instead of theocracy. They built up
an Islamic state above all the geographical, racial and national limitations.
(iv) In 1985, President General Zia-ul-Haq made it permanent part of constitution
by an amendment in Constitution.
(v) Objective Resolution rejected the different concepts of secularism in the
country which were present at that time and clarified that Pakistan will be an
Islamic State.
(vi) In Objective Resolution it was declared that minorities should be protected.
Conclusion
Objective Resolution was the first step towards Islamization in Pakistan. No-
doubt Objective Resolution has a great importance in the constitutional history

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of Pakistan because all the questions related to the rights of the minorities,
basic rights of the people and nature of constitution were described in it.
Q2. Write down the Islamic Provisions of constitution of 1956.

Ans. After the approval of Objective Resolution in 1949, the “Constituent Assembly
formed many committees including Basic Principles Committee headed by the
Prime Minister. The Committee, under the chairmanship of Liaquat Ali Khan
presented the interim report on September 28, 1950, which was criticized due
to its incompleteness, and was asked to be revised. Second report of basic
principle committee presented to Khawaja Nazim-ud-Din in 1952 but this
report was also rejected. Later on Ch. Muhammad Ali started the
constitutional process in Pakistan, when he became Prime Minster.
Constitution of 1956
After taking the charge, Ch. Muhammad Ali started the working on
constitution-making. The draft of a federal parliamentary Constitution was
passed by the Constituent Assembly in 1956 which was enforced on March
23, 1956 in the country. This constitution contained of 234 articles.
The Islamic provisions of the Constitution (1956)
Islamic provisions of constitution of 1956 are as under:
1. Country‟s name
In the constitution of 1956, the name of country was declared an Islamic
Republic of Pakistan.
In the constitution of 1956, Objective Resolution was included in the preamble
of the Constitution, and Sovereignty over the whole world belongs to Allah
Almighty.
3. Islamic ways of living
It is mentioned is the constitution of 1956, that Islamic ways of livings will be
introduced in the country. Full opportunities will be given to Muslim to spend
their live according to Islam.
4. Muslim President
According to the Constitution of 1956, the president of the country will be a
Muslim.
5. Protection of Islamic Values
System of Islamic values will be implemented in the country. In-Islamic values
will be banned in Pakistan
6. Islamic laws
No law will be enforced, which is repugnant to the teachings of Quran and
Sunnah and the existing laws will be brought into conformity with Islam.
7. System of Zakat and Aquaf
System of Zakat and Aquaf will be introduced in Pakistan.
8. Organization of Islamic Research
According to the Constitution of 1956, it was declared organization of Islamic

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Research will be established, which will do research for the legislation and
enforcement of Islamic principles.
Rights of Minorities will be protected in the country. They can spend their lives
according to their own religion ad culture.
10. Elimination of Riba (Usury)
Riba will eliminated from the country as soon as possible.
11. Relation with Muslim Countries
Pakistan will establish good relations with other Islamic countries for the Unit
of Muslim World.
Pakistan will establish good relations with other Islamic countries for the Unity
of Muslim World.
13. Welfare State
Pakistan will be a welfare state and the government will try its best to
eliminate the poverty & illiteracy from the country. And basic facilities like
food, shelter & cloth shall be provided to the people.
14. End of Racial & Provincial Discriminations
The government will try to eliminate Racial, Provincial, Communal and other
discriminations from the country.
15. End of Illiteracy
The Government will take certain steps to eliminate the illiteracy from the
country & education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan.
Government will also take suitable steps for the adult education in the country.
16. Compulsory Teachings of Holy Quran
In the constitution of 1956, it was declared that the government should take
steps for the compulsory education of Holy Quran in Pakistan.
17. Separate Electorate
It was declared in the constitution of 1956 that separate electorate would be
provided to the minorities.
18. Free Judiciary

economic pressure.
Urdu & Bengali will be the national languages of the country.
Cancellation of Constitution of 1956
Constitution of 1956 was constituted after the hard struggle of the 9 years
from 1947 to 1956 but Chief of Army Staff General Ayub Khan dismissed the
constitution of 1956 on 7th October 1958. Constitution of 1956 was
implemented in Pakistan only for 2 years & 7 months. General Ayub Khan
dismissed the government and later on the President of Pakistan Sikandar
Mirza. He imposed First Martial Law in Country on 7th October 1958.

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Q3. Write down the Islamic provisions of constitution of 1962.
Ans. General Ayub Khan abrogated the Constitution of 1956 and proclaimed
Martial Law on October 7, 1958 in the country due to the political disaster.
Later on he became President of Pakistan.
President Ayub Khan constituted a Commission for constituting the
constitution in February 1960. This commission was headed by Justice
Shahb-ud-Din. The Commission prepared a draft and presented to Mr.
President on 6th May 1961 in which all powers were given to President. After
certain amendments from the President Ayub Khan, the new Constitution was
enforced on June 8, 1962 in the country. This constitution contained 250
clauses and Federal Presidential in nature.
Islamic Provisions of Constitution of 1962

Islamic Provisions of the constitution of 1962 are as under:-
Objective Resolution was also included in the preamble of the Constitution,
according to which sovereignty belongs to Allah and He delegates the
authority to the Muslims, who exercise it as a sacred trust.
2. Formation of Islamic Society
It is mentioned in the constitution of 1962 that Islamic Society will be
established in the country.
3. Country‟s name
The name of the country was proposed as “Republic of Pakistan”, which was
later on amended as “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”.
4. Islamic ways of livings
Such an environment will be provided to the people that they live freely
according to Islam.
3. Source of law
No law will be enforced, which is against to the Islamic teachings. All the
existing laws will be brought into conformity with Islamic teachings.
6. Islamic Principles
Pakistan will be a welfare state. Principles of Democracy, Freedom, Equality,
Tolerance and Social justice will be implemented in the country.
7. Muslim President
It was declared in the constitution of 1962 that the president of Pakistan would
be a Muslim.
It was mentioned in the constitution that Government would be given special
intention towards the unity of Islamic World.
Rights of Minorities will be fully protected in the country.
10. Teachings of Holy Quran
The Quranic and Islamic teachings will be made compulsory for the Muslims.

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11. Islamic Organizations
The Government will establish the organizations for proper maintenance of
Zakat, Auqaf and Masjids.
12. Islamic Ideology Council
The Islamic Ideology Council will be established to recommend to both central
and provincial governments to take measures to encourage the Muslims to
live in accordance with the principles of Islam.
13. Islamic Research Institute
The government will establish the Islamic Research Institute to give its opinion
regarding the Islamic principles.
14. Elimination of Riba (Usury)
Riba will eliminate from the country as soon as possible.
15. Free Judiciary
economic pressure.
The government will try to eliminate the Racial, Provincial, Communal and
other discriminations from the country.
country & education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan.
18. System of Zakat and Aquaf
System of Zakat and Aquaf will be introduced in Pakistan.
19. Welfare State
Pakistan will be a welfare state and the government will try its best to
eliminate the poverty & illiteracy from the country. Basic facilities like food,
shelter & cloth shall be provided to the people.
Urdu & Bengali will be the national language of the country.
Cancellation of Constitution of 1962
President Ayub Khan resigned on 25th March 1969 in the regard of Public
Movement against his government. Commander in Chief General Yayah Khan
imposed Martial Law in the country and took over the government. That was
the 2nd Martial Law which was imposed in the country. All the provincial and
federal governments were dismissed and announced elections in the country.
Q4. Write down the Islamic Provisions of Constitution of 1973.

Ans. General Yayah Khan took over the country on 25th March 1969 and General
Elections were held in the country in 1970. After the General Elections the
situation became violent. East Pakistan separated from the federation and
became Bangladesh on 16th December 1971.

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After the separation of East Pakistan in 1971, the Military Regime
transferred the power to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on December 20, 1971, who
imposed interim Constitution in the country on April 12, 1972. Then a draft of
permanent Constitution was presented before the Assembly and it was
approved in April 1973. The constitution was enforced on August 14, 1973.
This constitution was consisted of 280 clauses, which was Federal
Parliamentary in nature.
Islamic Provisions of Constitution of 1973
All the Islamic provisions of the previous constitutions were included in the
Constitution of 1973. Some more Islamic provisions were also added, which
are as under:
The Objective Resolution was included in the preamble of the Constitution of
1973. According to which sovereignty- over the whole world belongs to Allah.
The people of Pakistan will exercise the sovereignty within the limits as a
sacred trust of Allah.
2. Country‟s Name
The country‟s name will be Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
3. Official Religion of the State
The official religion of the country will be Islam.
4. Muslim President and Prime Minister:
The President and Prime Minister of Pakistan will be Muslims, who believe in
oneness of Allah and the finality of the Prophet Hood of Muhammad (SAW).
5. Definition of a Muslim
For the first time, the definition of a Muslim was included in the Constitution of
1973. A person who does believe in oneness of Allah, the absolute finality of
Prophet Hood of Muhammad (PBUH), the day of Judgment and divine Books
of Allah, is a Muslim‟.
6. Protection of Islamic Laws
All the existing laws will be brought into conformity with Islamic principles and
no law will be enforced, which is repugnant to the teachings of Islam.
7. Compulsory Islamic Teachings & Quran
The teaching of Quran and Islamic studies will he made compulsory in
schools and colleges.
8. Teaching of Arabic and printing of Quran
The teaching of Arabic will be compulsory from 6 to 8 classes in schools and
printing of Quran will be made error free.
9. Islamic Values
Islamic values for example, democracy, equity, liberty and equality will be the
main objectives of the Constitution.
10. Islamic Society
The Muslims will be allowed to lead individually or collectively in accordance
principles of Islam to form an Islamic society.

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11. Zakat and Usher
According to the Constitution of 1973, the government will establish the
system of Zakat and Usher by establishing the Zakat & Usher Councils.
12. Elimination of Riba (Usury or Interest)
The government will eliminate Riba and make the economy of the country free
from Riba.
13. Islamic Ideology Council
The Islamic Ideology Council will be established, which will guide the
legislature to make the laws in accordance with Islamic teachings and bring
the existing.
14. Unity of Islamic World:
Government will give full intension towards the unity of Muslim world.
Government will provide full right to the Minorities they spend their lives
according to their own religion and culture.
The government will try to eliminate Racial, Provincial, Communal and other
discriminations from the country.
country. Education will be declared free & compulsory in Pakistan.
18. Welfare State
Pakistan will be a welfare state. Government tried its best to eliminate the
poverty & illiteracy in the country. And basic facilities like food, shelter & cloth
shall be provided to the people.
Urdu will be the national language of the country.
20. Free Judiciary

economic pressure.
21. Protection of Ideology of Pakistan
It is mentioned in the constitution of 1973 that President, Prime Minister,
Federal Minister, Speaker, Deputy Speaker, Chairman Senate, Deputy
Chairman Senate, Provincial Governors, Chief Minister, Provincial Speakers,
Provincial Deputy Speakers & Provincial Minister will take Oath to be loyal
with the ideology of Pakistan and the Islamic Ideology.
22. Objective Resolution as the Permanent Part of the Constitution
In 1985, General Zia-ul-Haq made an amendment in the constitution and
Objective Resolution declared the permanent part of the constitution.
Importance of Constitution of 1973

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Constitution of 1973 has a great importance in the constitutional history of
Pakistan because a lot of Islamic Clauses are added in the constitution as
compared to the previous constitutions. This constitution cannot be dismissed
(Cancelled or abrogated), any persons who will dissolve it will be hanged till
death.
Suspension of Constitution of 1973
Constitution of 1973 was suspended by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977 and he
imposed the 3rd Martial Law in the country. General Zia-ul-Haq re-activated
this constitution in 1985. Later on this constitution again suspended by
Pervaiz Musharaf in his regime twice partially in 1999 and 2007.
Q5. Discus the Process of Islamization in Pakistan in detail.

Ans. Pakistan is the Single State which was obtained on the base of Islam in the
world.
Steps Towards Islamization before the Martial Law Government 1977
The process towards the enforcement of Islam in Pakistan is as under:-
1. Objective Resolution (1949)
The Objective Resolution was passed on 12th March, 1949, it laid down the
basis for future constitution. A lot of Islamic clauses like supremacy of Allah,
National Language Urdu, Protection to Minorities, Free Judiciary and Islamic
Laws etc were included in it.
2. Constitution of 1956
In 1956 Ch. Muhammad Ali Prime Minister enforced first constitution in
Pakistan that constitution was also Islamic because a lot of Islamic Clauses
were included in it like Supremacy of Allah, End of Usury & in-Islamic Values,
Protection to Minorities, Free Judiciary and Islamic Laws etc.
In 1962 President General Ayub Khan enforced 2 nd constitution in Pakistan
that constitution was also Islamic because a lot of Islamic Clauses were
included in it like Supremacy of Allah, End of Usury & in-Islamic Values,
Protection to Minorities & Judiciary, Islamic Laws etc.
The Islamic reflection in the Constitution of 1973 is prominent and many
Islamic provisions are added in it. The complete sovereignty of Allah over the
world, Islam as official religion and definition of a Muslim are the specific
examples. The efforts for Islamization also continued in the country in forth
coming periods:
Steps Towards Islamization by the Martial law Government From
1977 to till
Zeneral Zia-ul-Haq took over the country in 1977. He took some steps
towards Islamization in Pakistan which are as follows:
1. Enforcement of Hadood
The Hadood Ordinance was issued on February 10, 1979, under which the

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offences against property, the rape, the Zina and Qazf were considered
grievous crimes and their punishments were imposed.
2. System of Zakat and Usher
On June 20, 1980, the system of Zakat and Usher was imposed under which
the Government was empowered to deduct 2.5 percent from the bank
deposits in saving accounts on 1st Ramadan. The Zakat collection will be
distributed by the Zakat Councils among the deserved. The collection of
Usher started in 1983 under which ten percent at the specific amount of
agricultural yield is liable to be realized.
3. Elimination of Interest
For the elimination of interest, on 1 January 1981, the profit and loss sharing
accounts were opened. All the saving accounts were converted into PLS
accounts with effect from 1 July, 1984. Moreover, all the financial institutions
under the control of government started giving loans on sharing basis.
4. Shariat Courts
Shariat Benches in all High Courts were established on 10 February 1979
through an ordinance, in which Ulama were included as Judges. In May 1980
through an ordinance Shariat Benches were converted into Shariat Courts,
which hear appeals from the subordinate courts and interpret Islam. The
Shariat Bench of Supreme Court hears the appeals against the decisions of
the Federal Shariat Court, and can declare void any law and step, which is
repugnant to Islam.
5. Compulsory Education of Islamiat
Islamic Studies was made compulsory for all classes for bringing educational
system in conformity with Islam.
6. Ehtram-e-Ramadan Ordinance
An Ehtram-e-Ramadan Ordinance was issued which provided the complete
sanctity for Ramadan and any contravention to this Ordinance was liable to
three months imprisonment or a fine of Rs. 500 or both.
7. Observation of Salat (Namaz)
Arrangements for observing salat of Zuhar in the government and se in semi-
government offices, schools and colleges were made. Salat committees were
constituted to motivate people for salat.
8. Compulsory Arabic Teaching
Arabic teaching was made compulsory from class 6th to 8th.
9. Establishment of International Islamic University
An Islamic University at Islamabad started functioning from 2 January 1981,
which makes research in every field of Islamic law.
10. Patronage of Madarus
Deni Madarus were patronized and annual financial assistance was given to
them, and the Sanad (Degree) of Dars-e-Nazami was made equivalent to
degree of M.A.
11. Reforms in Electronic Media

127
In 1979, Government also introduced reforms in the Electronic media
following steps were being taken in this regard:
i) Bane on in-Islamic programmes
ii) Introduction of Izan on T.V.
iii) Teaching of Holly Quran and Islamic teachings started on T.V.
iv) Live coverage of Hajj and Mahafil-e-Shabina
v) Doputa Policy was introduced on T.V for Female anchors and actress.
12. Laws of Qisas and Diyat
In 1979 according to the Presidential Ordinance Laws of Qisas and Diyat
were enforced in the country according to Islamic concepts.
13. Revolution in Judiciary
According to ordinance of 1979 some revolutions also introduced in Judiciary,
dress code of the Judges was changed and Shalwar & Sherwani was
introduced in place of dress of the judiciary of the British period. Words like
My Lord and your Lordship were replaced by Sir and Madam.
14. Reorganization of Islamic Ideology Council
Islamic Ideology Council was reorganized in the regime of General Zia-ul-
Haq. More powers were given to Judges and Members of the Islamic Ideology
Council also increased up to 20.
15. Masjid Maqtib Schemes
In 1984, government introduced Masjid Maqtib Schemes in the country.
According to this scheme 4182 Masjid Maqtib were opened in the country the
main objective of this scheme was to provide the basic educational facilities in
the areas where there was no primary institutions. According to this scheme
the education provided to the students up to class three.
16. Objective Resolution as the Permanent Part of the Constitution
In 1985, General Zia-ul-Haq made an amendment in the constitution and
Objective Resolution declared the permanent part of the constitution.
17. Respect of Ulmas (Religious Scholars)
For the formation of Islamic Society in Pakistan the government issued an
ordinance in the country in which the government declared the Ulmas will be
given due respect.
18. Respect of Companion of Holy Prophet (PBUH)
According to the ordinance of 1979, it was declared that the four caliph of
Islam and other companions of Holy Prophet (PBUH) will be respected. The
person who will not give due respect to the companions of Holy Prophet
(PBUH) he will be punished for three years imprison and fine.
19. Facilities of Hajj
According to the Presidential ordinance of 1979, it was declared that the
government should provide suitable and compulsory facilities to the Hajaj-ul-
Ikram. Department of Khadam-ul-Hajaj established for the solution of the
problems of Hajjis and provides them suitable facilities.
20. Reorganization of Society

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According to the ordinance of 1979, illegal and in-Islamic literature was
declared completely ban from the country. Provincialism, racialism and other
discrimination on basis of colour caste religion and creed etc. were totally
banned. Transportation and Production of illegal goods like Wine, Visky and
others were banned. In 1984 Qadiani‟s or Ahmedies were declared Non-
Muslim in Pakistan.
21. Shariat Bill
In 1991 Shariat Act was passed. According to that it was declared that Shariat
ordinance would be enforced in the country step by step.
Conclusion
Pakistan is an ideological state, it is only a single state which was created in
the name of Islam. But there are a lot of problems in the way of Islamization in
Pakistan. We know that the Muslims can make progress only by implementing
Islamic Rules & Regulations. So there will be a need of planning for the
enforcement of Islamic Rules and Regulations in the country. This is the only
way to make our image better in the world in this modern age.

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Ch # 6
LAND OF PAKISTAN
Q1. Describe the importance of Location of Pakistan.
Ans. Pakistan is a new state. It came into being one 14 August 1947. It is a
traditional society with a low literacy rate trying to acquire modern technology. It is a
developing country with a high rate of population growth. It has in the recent past
been heavily burdened with foreign debt. It has an unfavourable balance of trade,
although the manufacturing sector is growing. The past 9/11 events have coincided
with marco-stability and an economic breakthrough.
Pakistan is the Land of Pure, is strategically placed all the crossroads of Asia.
The official name of the state is Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Capital of Pakistan is
Islamabad but the first capital of Pakistan was Karachi from 1947 to 1959. Then
President of Pakistan Ayub Khan shifted the capital from Karachi to Islamabad in
1959.
LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is located between 23½ degree North to 37 degree North and 61
degree East to 77 degree East as far as the latitudinal and longitudinal extents are
concerned.
Geo-Strategic Position:
Pakistan is surrounded by various countries:
East… ................................................... India
West & North West ............................... Afghanistan
South West Iran ................................... Iran
North .................................................... China
South................................................... Arabian Sea
AREA OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan came into being on August 14, 1947. Its official name is Islamic
Republic of Pakistan. It has an area of 7,96,096 square kilometers. Area of Pakistan
is four times as larger as UK and one fourth of the size of India. 58% area of
Pakistan is consists of Mountains and plateaus, while 42% area of Pakistan consists
of plains and deserts.
POPULATION
According to censes of 1998 total population of Pakistan was 14 Crore 23
Lacs & Eighty Thousand and the current population is more than 15 Crore. 98% of
the total population is Muslim while 2% Christians, Hindus, Parisis and Ahmadis also
live in this country and density of population in Pakistan is 164 persons per sq. km.
IMPORTANCE OF LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
1. Pakistan and China:
China is situated in the north of Pakistan. Length of common border between
Pakistan and China is 600km. Silk route connects these two countries. These
countries have warm relations, and their friendship is stronger than Himalayas.

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China has helped Pakistan in the development of many projects including the
defence projects.
2. Pakistan and India:
In east of Pakistan is India, which is demographically second to China in the
world. Length of common border between Pakistan and India is about 1600km,
cease fire line between Pakistan and India of Kashmir is not including in it. India
has emerged as an agricultural, industrial and military power in the region. Since
independence, India and Pakistan have never felt themselves at ease with each
other. Moreover, four wars have been fought between these two countries until now.
As a result, no progress could be made in the region. Both countries have been
spending the major part of their budget on their defence. These countries have gone
too far away in the race of nuclear weapons and missile technology. The dispute of
Kashmir between these two countries is still pending in the UNO. Now once again
they are trying to resolve it peacefully. The earlier the peaceful solution is found the
better it is for them.
3. Pakistan and Iran:
Iran is in the West of Pakistan. The common border between Pakistan and
Iran is 900 KM long. Pakistan and Iran have very close brotherly relations. The two
countries united together by the bonds of Islam for fourteen centuries and they have
always been cooperating with each other in the fields of diplomacy, economy, culture
and education.
4. Importance for Afghanistan and Central Asian States:
Afghanistan lies in West of Pakistan common border between Pakistan and
Afghanistan is called Durand line which is 2552Km long which was marked in 1893.
Afghanistan and Central Asian countries are too far away from coastal areas and
they are land locked countries. These countries have to go through the land of
Pakistan to reach the sea. They are famous for their oil and gas fields. They are
included among the agriculturally high productive countries. Thus they are important
in regard to our future needs.
The total population of Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan is even less than Pakistan through they are six times
larger in area. If we join these countries with a motor way, it will definitely open the
door of fortune for them as well as for Pakistan.
5. Importance of Coastal Area of Pakistan:
The industrial progress of most of the Western countries depends on the oil of
the Gulf countries. Geographically, Pakistan is located in the South Asia. Persian
Gulf is located in the south-west of Pakistan. Persian Gulf has a geographic
importance and countries like Iran, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain,
Oman, United Arab Emirates etc are located along it. These Muslim countries
possess the wealth of oil, which has enhanced their importance. Pakistan has cordial
relations with these countries.
6. Religious Cultural and Trade Importance of Pakistan:
In the north west of Pakistan, there is a narrow strip of the Wakhan Valley (9 –
14 km wide) that separates Pakistan from Central Asian Islamic countries. These

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Central Asian countries are land locked but rich in natural resource. Pakistan has
religious, cultural and economic relations with these countries.
7. Trade Rout between East and West:
On the southern side of Pakistan lies the Arabian Sea, which is the part of the
Indian Ocean. Pakistan links the east with the west. Most of the trade between east
and west is through Indian Ocean. So Pakistan lies on an important trade route of
the world. Pakistan through Arabian Sea is linked with the Muslim countries of
Persian Gulf. All of them are rich in oil. The Persian Gulf has always been the center
of the big power‟s politics. Karachi, Bin-Qasim and Gawader are important sea ports
of Pakistan.
8. Relations with Islamic Countries:
Pakistan has good relations through Indian Ocean with the Islamic countries.
In this respect South-East Asian Muslim countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Buruni-
Daruslam) and South Asian Muslim countries (Bangladesh and Maldives) are
important. So Pakistan has an important strategic position in the Islamic world.
9. Importance of Pakistan from Defence Point of View:
Pakistan is situated in the region of great political, economic and military
importance. Among its neighbouring countries, People‟s Republic of China and
Russia are recognized as super powers of the world‟s politics. India is another
atomic power, which is also a neighbouring country of Pakistan.
10. Center of the Muslim World:
Pakistan is situated in the center of the Muslim World. To the west of Pakistan
starting from Afghanistan and Iran, stretches a long chain of Muslim countries.
11. Position in the Third World:
Pakistan is a great supporter of the unit of the third world countries. The
organization of non-aligned countries provides great importance for its useful role in
the third world.

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12. Economic Cooperation Organization (E.C.O)
In 1964 Regional Cooperation Development was signed among Pakistan, Iran
and Turkey. While in 1984 it was renamed as E.C.O. Later on its number of
members was also increased from 3 to 10. Now Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Tajikistan,
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are member of
this organization. The main object of the ECO is to promote trade among Pakistan,
Iran and Turkey and other member countries.
13. Fortress of Islam:
Pakistan is an ideological country which was obtained on the basis of Islamic
ideology, where roots of Islam are very strong. Many Islamic countries follow
Pakistan. Many Islamic leader call Pakistan the “Fortress of Islam”.
14. Pakistan is an atomic power:
Pakistan became an atomic power in 1998 when Pakistan made atomic blasts
at Chaghi. Pakistan is also the first Islamic Power in the region where the Pakistan is
situated with India, China and Russia also other atomic powers.
Q.2 Define Natural Resources and describe the importance of

Natural Resources for the National Development of the
Country.
Ans. Those resources which Allah has created for every type of life are called
natural resources. These natural resources are Waters, Forests, Minerals,
Soil and Mountains etc.
Important Natural Resources:
Important Natural Resources are as under:
i. Soil ii. Mountains iii. Forests
iv. Minerals v. Water (Rivers & Oceans)
(i) Soil:
Fertile Plains and deserts are also important part of natural resources. How
many fertile plain a country has, the agricultural department will be more developed.
We cultivate different kind of crops to fulfill the food requirements of the human
beings. Allah has gifted many fertile plains to Pakistan.
(ii) Mountains:
Mountains are the gift of the nature. They protect Pakistan from the cool
winds from the South Asian states and the Indian Oceans. These mountain provide
water to our rivers. These mountains are rich in minerals especially the Western
Mountain Ranges.
(iii) Forests:
Forests are the important part of the natural resources. These are very helpful
to moderate the climate as well as their wood is also used for energy purposes,
furniture making and other purposes. Forests are also the gift of the nature. Forests
are also very essential for the survival of the human and wild life too.
(iv) Minerals:
Minerals are also the important part of the natural resources. Minerals affect
the economy of the country directly. How much the mineral, a county has, it means

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its economy will also be stronger. Human beings allocate the minerals and use
them for the welfare of the human beings.
(v) Waters:
The underground water, rivers and oceans are natural resources because
water is created by the nature (God) for the Human beings as well as the other living
things. We use water for drinking purposes and store the water of the rivers and use
it for different purposes like irrigation, for hydroelectricity etc. This water is also
essential for water creatures. Pakistan is a lucky country because there is several
rivers which Allah as gifted us.
IMPORTANCE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Pakistan is a vast country and Allah has gifted all kinds of resources. The
progress of a country or a nation totally depends upon the utilization of the available
resources.
(1) Source of National Development:
Natural Resources are very important because they are the source of National
Development and prosperity if a country has much resources, its economy will be
stronger and due to strong government paid a lot attention to increase the literacy
rate and improve the health, recreational, communication and transportation system.
(2) Positive effect of National Income:
Due to the Natural resources, National Income also increases. It means that
National Income depends on the natural resources directly. If a country has fewer
resources its national economy will not be much stronger.
(3) Reward from God:
Natural resources are the reward from God because we only allocate the
Natural resources and use them for the welfare of the human life but can‟t be
created.
(4) Increase in Individual Income:
Due to the natural (Revise this caption) resources, individual income of the
people also increases because, more services or job opportunities are present in the
country. Salary packages are also better so we can say due to the increase in
natural resources individual income of the people also increases.
(5) Completion of Necessities of life:

Due to Natural resources necessities of life are also fulfilled. We utilize these
resources for the welfare of the human life. Mineral oil, Gas, Copper, Gold etc are
used to fulfill the necessities of life. Fertile plains and water are used for irrigation
purposes and we obtained different kinds of crops to fulfill our food necessities.
(6) Balance of Payment:
Due to the increase in National Income through natural resources, the
balance of payment also occurred, because natural resources increase the foreign
exchange in the country.
CONCLUSION:
The population of Pakistan is increasing rapidly. It is very important that the
people should work hard sincerely for its development. In recent years, some of the

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nations, with their hard work have got the status of developed countries. So we
should have to exploit the natural and human resources to the maximum to develop
our country.
Q.3 Describe the importance of forests?

Ans. The climate of Pakistan is relatively dry. It is not suitable for the forests.
Pakistan is a forest deficit country with 4.2 million hectors, which covers 4.8 percent
of the total area of Pakistan. Forests provide 1/3 of the total energy requirements of
Pakistan. For balanced economy, a country must have forests on about 20-25
percent of area.
TYPES OF FORESTS:
Pakistan has various types of forests due to variation in climatic conditions.
(1) Forests of Northern & North Western Areas:
North Western areas consist of evergreen forests of Deodar, Firs, Blue Pine,
Spruce and Chalghoza. These forests have broad leaves & tall trees. These forests
are found up to the height of 1,000 meters and more. These forests includes oak,
chestnut and walnut are also important. Murree, Abbotabad, Mansahra, Chitral, Swat
and Dir are parts of them.
(2) Forests of Foot Hill Areas:
In the foot-hill areas, the forests consist of Phulai, Kao, Jand, Acacia, Wild
Olive, Black Berry etc. The districts of Peshawar, Mardan, Kohat, Attock, Rawalpindi,
Jhelum and Gujrat are important in this respect.
(3) Dry Hill Forests:
The dry hill-forests are in the divisions of Quetta and Kalat of Balochistan.
Other than thorny forests, Mazoo, Chalghoza, Poplar Junipers are important trees.
(4) Plain Areas Forests:
In the plains, some of the forests are found in the river valleys. Shisham,
Poplar, Tamarind, Prosopis and Babool are the important trees. They are found in
the reserves of Chhanga Managa, Chichawatni, Khanewal, Tobatake Singh,
Burewala, Thal, Shorkot, Bahwalpur, Taunsa, Sukkur, Kotri and Guddu. Other
important trees are Mulberry, Sumbal, Dhrek and Eucalyptus.
5) Forest of the Coastal Plains
These forests are found along the coastal area of Pakistan from Karachi to
Coastal of Makran. These forests also found in the delta of River Indus and River
Hub. These forests are also known mangrove type of forests. These are found in
Pakistan on the area of 3,000 hectors.
IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS
Forests are very important natural resource. Forests play a dominant role in
the development of a country. Let us see how much forests are important in the
economy of any country.
(1) A Source of Water:
The climate of Pakistan is generally arid and semi-arid. Water is available for
the irrigation of agriculture. The northern mountainous areas of Pakistan receive
more rain and snow. These areas are the main source of water for rivers. The forests

135
on the slopes of hills stop soil erosion. They also slow the speed of the flow and
irrigate the plains regularly.
(2) A Source of Energy:
In Pakistan energy resources are limited. The forest wood is used as fuel and
meets the deficiency of coal.
(3) A Source of Wood & Timber:
Forests provide timber, fire wood, gum and other useful articles which are
very important for the trade of a country.
(4) A Source of Pleasant Climate:
Forests make the climate of an area very pleasant. They lessen the intensity
of heat.
(5) A Source of Rain Fall:
Forests cause, to a great extent, rainfall in a region. The presence of forests
measures the amount of water vapours that cause rainfall.
(6) Protection from soil erosion:
The roots of the trees keep the soil intact. It stops the soil erosion and the
layer of fertile soil does not wash away and soil fertility remains unaffected.
(7) Advantages of Forests:
Due to lack of forests the rivers carry huge amount of sand and silt that fill our
dams and artificial lakes and destroy hydroelectric power projects.
(8) Protection from Water Logging and salinity:
Forests are very useful in water logged and salinity affected areas. Trees
absorb water from the soil and lower water level of underground reserves.
(9) Attainment of Herbs:
Forests, herbs are used for the preparation of medicines.
(10) Promotion to Tourism:
Forests promote tourism. There are many places in the northern and
northwestern mountainous area of Pakistan, which are covered with forests
and known for recreations.
(11) Importance for wild life:
Forests are very important for wild life (animals and birds).
(12) Source of Employment:
Forests provide employment to a large number of populations in Pakistan.
(13) Sour of Fruits and fodder:
Forests provide different kinds of fruits and fodder to animals.
(14) Importance in National Economy:
Forests have an important role in the economy of Pakistan. About 5 million
people have been directly or indirectly engaged in this sector.
FACTORS FOR PROMOTION OF PLANTATION IN PAKISTAN

The government has taken different steps for the promotion of development in
Pakistan. Some of them are as under:-
1. Forest Department

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Government had established forests department in Pakistan, which is
responsible for the plantation in Pakistan, across the roads, railway lines, rivers and
other artificial forests like changa manga, Cheehawatni, Toba Tek Singh etc. This
department is also responsible to create the awareness among the people for the
plantation in Pakistan.
2. Forest College Peshawar:
For the training of the workers of the forest department government
established a forest college in Peshawar. This college trained a lot of workers of the
forests department which are working in the different part of the country for the
development of the forest. It also provides the research facilities on the plants.
3. Forest Research Laboratory Bahawalpur:
The government of Pakistan established a forest research laboratory at
Bahawalpur, which provide the research opportunities to the people of the different
deceases of plants and provide consultation to the people on the base of their
research for the protection of plants from the strong winds and heavy rainfalls.
4. Conferences:
Forest department also held different conferences in the different part of the
country to create awareness among the people and motivate the people for
plantation. In these conferences a lot of experts of the forest department of the
Pakistan and the other countries provide consultation and suggestion to the people.
5. Plantation Campaign:
The government also motivate the people for the plantation in Pakistan, in this
regard the government start campaign for the plantation twice in a year. Government
also provide the plants to the people on a very cheep rates during this campaign.
6. Plantation in Thal & other Desert Areas:
Government also provides opportunities to the people for the plantation in the
Thal and other desert areas of the country to minimize the desert like characteristics
of these areas.
Q4. Write a note on the important minerals of Pakistan.

Ans. In Pakistan there is wide scale availability of mineral resources, but these
resources remained unexploited for years. It is due to lack of technical skill, finance
and technology.
Types of Minerals:
There are three types of Minerals:
 Metallic Minerals
The minerals in which electricity can pass through easily are
called metallic minerals. These are good conductor of heat & electricity.
For example iron ore, chromate, copper, gold, silver etc.
 Non-Metallic Minerals
The minerals in which electricity cannot pass through easily are
called non-metallic minerals. These are not good conductor of heat &
electricity. For example mineral salt, gypsum, marble, china clay, fire
clay, limestone etc.

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 Power Resource Minerals
Power resource minerals are those minerals which are used to
generate electricity or power. These minerals include coal, mineral oil
and natural gas.
IMPORTANT MINERALS OF PAKISTAN
Important minerals of Pakistan as under:-
(1) COAL:
The annual coal production of Pakistan is 3.2 million tones.
Uses of Coal:
The coal produced in Pakistan is used in brick kilns, for producing thermal
electricity house hold purposes.
Areas of Coal:
 The biggest coal reserve was discovered at Lakhra (Sindh). The following
areas are important for coal production in Pakistan.In Salt range, the main
coal mines are at Dandot, Padh and Makarwal. The NWFP has only Hungo
coal mine.
 In North-east of Balochistan Khost, Sharing, Harmai are important coal mines.
Others are Sor range and Daigari, Shirin-ab areas and Mach Bolan coal
mines.
 The Sindh coal mines are at Thar, Jhimpir, Sarang and Lakhra.
(2) MINERAL OIL:
Mineral oil is an important source of energy in Pakistan.
Areas of Mineral Oil:
The main oil producing areas are mostly located in the Patwar Plateau. The
Khaur, Dhulian, Jayamair, Balkassar, Karsal, Tut, Sarang and Mial, Dakhni, Adhi,
Qazian (Distnict Attock and Rawalpindi), Dodkhak (Dera Ghazi Khan) Khaskhali,
Aghari (Badin) and Tando Allah Yar (Hydrabad). These oil fields play an important
role in meeting the oil needs of the country.
Refineries:
Four oil refineries are working in Pakistan, the Attock Refinery, Pakistan
Refinery, National Refinery and Pakistan-Arab Refinery.
(3) NATURAL GAS:
Natural gas is the cheapest good means of getting the energy. The natural
gas was discovered in 1952 at Sui (district Sibbi in Balochistan). This gas field is
considered the biggest reserve not only of Pakistan but of the world.
Uses:
This gas is being used for domestic use, power generation and industrial
purposes.
Areas:
In Pakistan, a number of gas-fields are also located in Patwar Plateau and
Salt range. Production has been started in Dodkhak, Pirkoh, Dhulian and Mial
(Punjab), Uch, Zin (Balochistan) Khairpur, Mazarani, Marri, Kandhot and Sarang
(Sindh).

138
(4) IRON ORE:
In Pakistan, the production of iron ore was started in 1957. Total reserves of
iron ore in Pakistan is 500 million tons.
Areas:
The iron ore deposits were discovered in many areas of the country. Among
them Kalabagh (District Mianwali) has the biggest deposits of iron ore, but the quality
is not good. The Dammel-Nissar (Chitral) deposits have good iron ore content. Other
important iron ore producing areas are Langrial (District Haripur), Chilghazi (District
Chagai), Mazari Jang, Marri Bela etc.
(5) COPPER:
Pakistan has rich deposits of copper.
Uses:
Copper is used in the production of electric goods especially wire networks.
Areas:
The deposits of copper have been discovered in Balochistan and NWFP. In
Balochistan copper reserves are in District Ghagai, Sandak and other areas.
(6) CHROMITE:
Pakistan has rich deposits of Chromite.
Uses:
Chromium obtained from chromite is used in making high speed machines,
stainless steel, aeroplanes and tools of photography.
Areas:
Chromite was discovered in Muslim Bagh District Zhobe, Chagai, Khraran
(Balochistan), Mala-Kand and Mehmend agencies of NWFP.
(7) ROCK SALT:
Pakistan has a vast reserve of food salt (rock salt) in the Salt range. The
annual production is 1275 thousand tones. The total estimated reserves are 4 million
tones.
Areas:
 Khewra (District Jhelum) has thick deposits of rock salt.
 Other important areas of production are Warchha (District Khushab).
 Kalabagh (District Mianwali)
 Bahadar Khail and Khark.
 Salt is also available in Maripur (Karachi) and near the Lasbela and
Makran coast.
 The salt is also obtained from lakes.
Uses:
It is used for food and in chemical industries.
(8) LIME STONE:
Limestone is a useful raw material of cement industry. The annual production
of limestone is 9.9 thousand tones.
Areas:

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Limestone is found mostly in the northern and western mountain areas of
Pakistan. The thick deposits are located in Daudkhel, Wah, Rohri, Hyderabad and
Karachi.
(9) GYPSUM:
The annual production of Gypsum is 358.5 thousand tones.
Areas:
Gypsum is mostly available in the Salt range and western mountainous areas
of Pakistan. The important mines are in Khewra, Dandot, Daudkhail, Rohri and
Kohat.
Uses:
Gypsum is used in cement industry, Plaster of Paris, Sulphuric Acid and
Ammonium Sulphate.
(10) MARBLE:
Marble is available in different colors and varieties in Pakistan. The annual
marble production is 586.6 thousand tones.
Areas:
Marble found in Pakistan in Mulla Ghori (Khyber Agency), Mardan, Swat,
Noshara, Hazara, Ghagai (Balochistan and Gilgit). Black and white marble is
available in large quantity in Kala-Chitta hills (District Attock). Other important areas
of marble are District Muzzaffarabad and Mirpur of Azad Kashmir.
(11) CHINA CLAY:
China clay is available in Mangora (District Swat) and Nagar Parkar (Sindh).
Uses:
China clay is used in chemical industries, ceramics, pots of china clay and
decorations tiles.
(12) FIRE CLAY:

Fire clay deposits are available in Salt range and Kala-Chitta hills. Fire clay is
used for making bricks for use in steel melting furnaces.
Uses:
Fire clay is used for making bricks which are used in fire kilns.
(13) SULPHER:
Sulpher is found in Province of Balochistan from District Chaggi (Koh-e-
Sultan) and District Khichi.
Q5. Describe the importance of agriculture in Pakistan and write

down the causes of the industrial backwardness in Pakistan.
Ans. Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of Pakistan. Agriculture
contributes 23 percent to GNP of the country. Over the last one decade, agriculture
grew at an annual average rate of 4.5 percent. Pakistan is among those few
developing countries, where the growth rate in agricultural production is high.
CROPING SEASONS OF PAKISTAN

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Pakistan is an agricultural country. It has four seasons that are suitable for
agriculture. There are two cropping seasons in Pakistan. 50 percent of the total
cultivated area lies in Punjab while one third of the total cultivated area in Sindh:
(i) Rabi Season:
Rabi season starts from the month of October and ends in the month of
March. This season is also known as winter season. Wheat, Barley, Oil seeds and
Tobacco etc. are the Rabi Crops.
(ii) Kharif Season:
Kharif season starts from the month of April and ends in the month of
September. This season is also known as summer season. Rice, Maize, Cotton,
Sugarcane, Jawar, Bajra are Kharif Crops.
FOOD CROPS & CASH CROPS:
In Pakistan, both food and cash crops are very important.
Food Crops:
Food crops are those crops which are cultivated to fulfill the food necessities
of the people. Food crops like wheat, rice, maize, bajra, jawar etc. are important for
the food requirements of the increasing population in the country.
Cash Crops:
Cash crops are those crops which are not used as food items and we export
to other countries to earn the foreign exchange. These are cotton, rice, tobacco etc.
VEGETABLES & FRUIT:
Pakistan is also an important producer of different types of cereals and fruits.
Pakistan is famous in producing good quality of fruit. All the provinces of Pakistan
are important for fruit production. Important fruits are mango, orange, grapes, apple,
date, apricot, peaches etc. NWFP also produces dry fruit. Pakistan exports a large
quantity of fruits to other countries.
IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE
To meet the requirements of the growing population of Pakistan a lot of
attention has been paid to develop the agriculture sector. The production of food
grain has increased to save the foreign exchange for its imports. Cultivated areas
have increased. About 25% of the total area is under cultivation in Pakistan.
Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy of Pakistan. The detail of the
utility and development of this sector is given below:
1. Availability of Food Grain
Pakistan is an agriculture country. The important crops are wheat, rice, maize,
barley and oats etc. They fulfill the needs of growing population of the country.
Pakistan is self-sufficient in the production of food grain.
2. Availability of Cash Crops
The cash crops are cotton, sugarcane, rice and tobacco etc. They are
valuable for our country. Major portion of foreign exchange is earned from their
export. They are also an important source of industrial raw material. The industry of
textile, sugar and cigarette depends upon these crops.
3. Availability of Fruits

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Our country is famous for fruits. Major portion of fruit is produced in the
provinces of Punjab, Serhad and Balochistan. Mango, orange grapes, apple, p1um
and peachs etc. are the important fruits. Dry fruits are mostly produced in Serhad.
Pakistan earns a lot of foreign exchange from the export of fruits.
4. Source of Employment
Agriculture is both a profession and an obligation. About 55% of population is
attached with agriculture directly or indirectly. 37% of the national production is
provided by agriculture.
5. Source of Increase in National Income
In agriculture sector the government provides loans to farmers on easy terms
so that the maximum number of people may get employment, and the migration from
villages to cities may remain low. It increases, the national income, and the country
becomes prosperous.
6. Source of Economic Development
The industrial and commercial development of Pakistan depends upon
agriculture. In these days agriculture is being mechanized according to the modern
needs.
7. Promotion of international Trade
Agriculture Promotes international Trade which earn foreign exclude for the
country.
8. Availability of Live Stock and Dairy Products
Live stock or dairy forming is included in agriculture. We obtain meat, Milk,
Ghee, Cheese, Butter and other Dairy Products from live stock.
9. Promotion of Agricultural industries
Agriculture also promotes industries related to agriculture, live Sugar Mills,
Rice factories, latter industries, Dairy Product Producing industries, which erects
industrial revolution in the country.
10. Availability of Raw Material
We also obtain raw material for industries from agriculture. Cotton is a raw
material for Textile industry, Leather is a raw Material for Later industries, Rice and
Wheat is also raw Material for Rice factories and flour Mills .
11. Control on Economic Crises
If we increase the production of agricultural crops, we increase the National
income. In this way we can control the economic crises.
12. Better Living standards
If we increase the production agricultural crops, so income of farmers also
increases, that why living standard of the farmers and the people attached with
agriculture will also become batter.
PROBLEMS OF AGRICULURE SYSTEM IN PAKISTAN

They are a lot of problems which are facing by our agricultural sector. Some
of them are as under:-
i. Water logging & Salinity

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Pakistan has an extensive and comprehensive canal system. The canal
system of Pakistan and rivers are the source of water logging and salinity. Due to
and estimation one lac acre area is facing this problem every year.
ii. Lack of Mechanism
In Pakistan in this modern age the farmers of Pakistan are using old and
outdated methods of the cultivation. Due to the poor economy and illiteracy,
the farmers are unable to use latest agricultural machines in the agriculture
sector.
iii. Floods & Strong winds
Heavy rains, strong winds and floods damage the crops on a very large area
every year. Due to this reason a lot of crops destroy every year.
iv. Soil Erosion
Due to heavy rainfalls and floods the transportation of the soil is started. Due
to this reason a lot of cultivated area is unable to cultivate for the different type of
crops.
v. Limited Cultivable Land
Pakistan is an agriculture country but only 25% area is under cultivation. Due
to increase in population this area is reducing day by day.
vi. Less use of Fertilizers, Better Seed, Pesticides & Insecticides
In Pakistan mostly the farmers have small peace of land for agriculture. There
economy is very limited. They are unable to use fertilizer better seeds, pesticides &
insecticides to overcome to the diseases of the crops and increase the every yield
per hector.
vii. Lack of Agriculture Research
In Pakistan agricultural department is established for agricultural research on
different crops for the discovery of high yielding variety of different crops.
Unfortunately the trend of agriculture is very limited.
viii. Illiteracy
Education of the farmer plays a vital role in the agricultural process but in
Pakistan mostly the people which are attached to the agriculture sector are not
educated properly so they can not plain and try to increase the average yield per
hector.
ix. Non-Availability of Agricultural Loans
Due to the poor economy of the country the availability of agricultural loans is
very limited. Due to this reason farmers cannot purchase latest machines & tools
which are used in agriculture and they cannot increase the production of their crops
by using pesticides and fertilizer.
x. Feudalism
Another problem of the agriculture department in the Pakistan is feudalism.
Only the few families in Pakistan have owned large cultivated area.

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SUGGESTIONS OR GOVERNMENT STEPS FOR THE
IMPROVEMENT AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN PAKISTAN
(1) Use of Fertilizers:
The use of fertilizer also contributes to the growth of per acre yield, and
overall increases the agricultural production.
(2) Control over Diseases of Crops:
The climate of Pakistan is helpful for the growth of pests and insects that
attack the crops and reduce the yield. The government has to import the insecticides
and pesticides to save the crops from them and to increase the production.
(3) Use of Improved Seed:
Seeds play an important role in boosting agricultural production. Some
improved seeds are imported from other countries. So the improved seeds increase
the per acre yield of the crops.
(4) Mechanization:
Mechanization has played an important role in increasing agricultural
production. This reduces pre and post harvest losses and helps in achieving self-
sufficiency in agricultural production.
(5) Agriculture Reforms:
Agriculture reforms have also played an important role in increasing
agricultural production in Pakistan. The agriculture reforms of 1959, 1972 and 1977
are important in this sector. The scattered lands of the farmerg were consolidated to
enable them to manage them well. This increased the per capita agricultural income
of the farmers and facilitated the farm holdings. It improves the relationship both
between the landowner and the tenant.
(6) Control over Water-logging and Salinity:
The canal irrigation has created the twin problems of water logging and
salinity. The government has taken the steps to tackle them in the province of
Punjab and Sindh. It increased the area of cultivated land. Tube wells and drains
played the key role in reclamation. About 60 reclamation schemes has been
completed. The 18 million acres of land have been reclaimed. It increased not only
the cultivable land but increased the agricultural production. But the reclamation
schemes still have a long way to go.
(7) Improvement of Roads:
Means of transportation especially roads have an important role in carrying
the production from field to the market, the raw material to the industries and their
products to the markets. The government of Pakistan has done a lot to improve the
network of roads especially in linking the far flung areas of the country.
(8) The Education of Farmer:
The education of a farmer is essential. The education in all respects is the key
to success in life. Most of the farmers are uneducated and face lot of problems due
to their ignorance. The government has taken practical steps to improve the
educational standard of the rural areas and taught them the improved methods of
cultivation to increase the production in agriculture.
(9) Planning:

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The pressure of population on agriculture is great. The population is
increasing day by day but resources especially food production is not going up
according to the demand. We have to decrease the growth rate of population, and
increase the production. The government should encourage the cottage and small
scale industries in the rural areas so that the farmers may remain engaged in their
spare time.
Q6. Write the note on Canal System of Pakistan.

Ans. In Pakistan mostly canals are used to fetch the river water to the
agricultural fields. Pakistan has a very extensive developed canal network in
the world. It is about 150 years old. This canal system consists of small and
large dams, barrages and link canals. About 43 small and large canals are
used for irrigation. Pakistan depends upon the water of rivers Indus, Jhelum
and Chenab. These rivers have maximum quantity of water during summer
but minimum in winter season, about 84 percent of the total water flows in
these rivers.
TYPES OF CANALS
Different types of canals are present in Pakistan depending upon the
supply of water from rivers.
1. Perennial (Permanent) Canals
Those canals in which water flows throughout the year are called
Perennial or Permanent Canal. These canals supply the water to the areas
where the underground water is salty like District of Jhang, Toba Tek Singh
and Faisalabad etc.
2. Non-Perennial (Non-Permanent) Canals
Those canals in which water cannot flows throughout the year are
called Non-Perennial or Non-Permanent Canals. In these canals the water
flows for almost six months. These canals supply the water to the mostly
Districts of Punjab and Sindh.
3. Flood Canal
Those canals in which, the water flows only in the rainy season.
4. Link Canal
Link canal are those canals which use to connect the water of rivers.
These canals are dug in Pakistan according to the Indus Water Treaty in
1960. These canals putted the water of three main rivers of Pakistan (Indus
Jhelum & Chenab) into the two rivers (Ravi & Sutluj).
IMPORTANT CANALS OF PAKISTAN

(1) The Canals of River Ravi:
Important canals of River Ravi are:
i) Baloki-Sulmanki link Canals 1

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ii) Baloki-Sulmanki link Canals 2
iii) Upper Bari Doab Canal
iv) Lower Bari Doab Canal
The Upper Bari Doab is an old canal which was constructed in 1861,
these canals provides the water to Lahore, Dipalpur, Qasoor, Shaiwal,
Pakpattan Vihari and Khaniwal.
(2) The Canals of River Chenab:
Important canals of River Chenab are:
i) The Upper Chenab Canal
ii) Lower Chenab Canal
iii) Ringpur Canal
These canals irrigate the area of Rachna doab. The Haveli system of
canals if also located in this doab that comes from Trimmu Head Works, these
canals irrigates the area of Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala, Shaikhupura,
Faisalabad Muzafargargh, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh and Multan.
(3) The Canals of River Jhelum:
Important canals of River Jehlum are:
i) The Upper Jhelum Canal
ii) Lower Jehlum canal
These canals are important canals of Chaj Doab. The Upper Jhelum,
Upper Chenab and Lower Bari Doab are a part of the Triple Canal Project.
Rasool Qadarabad, Qadarabad Baloki and Baloki Sulemanki link canals link
the western rivers with eastern rivers. These canals irrigate the areas of Mandi
Bahawaldin, Jhelum, Gujrat, Sargodha and Khoshab.
(4) The Canals of River Sutlaj:
In this area Sutlej Valley Project has been started. Four headworks
have been built, three on river Sutlaj at Ferozpur, Sulemanki and Islam.
Whereas fourth on the Punjnad. These canals irrigate the areas of Nili Bar and
Bahawalpur. Important canals of River Sutluj are as under:
i) Canal Depalpur ii) Canal East Sadiqia
iii) Canal Bahawal iv) Canal Melsi
v) Canal Pakpattan vi) Canal Abbasi
vii) Canal Qaimpur viii) Canal Punjnad
ix) Canal Forawdeh
(5) The Canals of River Indus:
Important Barrages and canals of River Indus are as under:
i. Jinnah Barrage:
Jinnah Barrage was constructed in 1947 near Kalabagh. The
canals from this barrage irrigate the desert areas of Thal.
ii. Chashma Barrage:

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A barrage has been constructed at Chashma, from where a
link canal irrigated the districts of D.G. Khan and D.I. Khan.
iii. Taunsa Barrage:
The Taunsa Barrage was constructed in 1958. It irrigates the area
of D.G.Khan, Rajanpur & Muzafargarh.
iv. Guddu Barrage:
The Guddu Barrage was constructed in 1962, which is 150 miles
north of Sukkar. Three canals from this barrage, irrigate cultivated areas
of this region that increases the agricultural production.
vi. Sukkar Barrage:
Sukkar Barrage was constructed in 1932 at river Indus. It is
largest Barrage of Pakistan. Seven Canals are dug from this Barrage
which irrigates the areas Sindh.
vii. Kottri Barrage:
Another Barrage of Pakistan is Kottry Barrage. Four canals are
dug from Kottri Barrage. It irrigates the area of Hyderabad, Sanghar,
Nawab Shah, Badin, Mir Pur Khas & Thatta.
(6) Canals of River Sawat:
The canals from Swat river irrigates the Peshawar, Mardan and
Charsada area. The upper Swat canal starts from Malakand and lower Swat
canal starts at Abazai.
(7) Warsak Project OR Canal of River Kabul:
In 1961 a project was started in the north 20km west of Peshwar at
Warsak. It is important for the local requirements of vale of Peshawar. Two
Canals are dug from here. This project also produces electricity.
(8) Canal of River Kurrum:
The Kurrum-Garhi project on Kurrum river was started near Bannu. The
canals from this project irrigate the adjoining areas of Bannu. It also produces
electricity.
(9) Canal of River Bollan:
At Narri one Cannal is dug from River Bollan in Balochistan, which
irrigates the area of Quetta.
(10) Canal of River Gomal:
A canal is dug from River Gomal and River Zhob at Kjhore Kuch near
D.I.Khan. It irrigates the area of D.I.Khan.
(11) Canals of Tanda Dam:
In NWFP at Tanda Banda a canal is dug to irrigate the area of district Kohat.
(12) Canals of River Hub:
In Balochistan a canal is dug from River Hub 35Km away from Karachi.
It provides the water to the industrial area of Karachi and Hub.
(13) Rawal Dam:

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Rawal Dam is constructed near Rawlpindi on River Korang. It
provides water to Rawalpindi and Islamabad Districts.
(14) Construction of Link Canals:
Seven link canals have been constructed, which are as follow:
(i) Rasul – Qadirabad Link Canal
(ii) Qadirabd – Balloki Link Canal
(iii) Balloke – Sulaimanki Link Canal
(iv) Chashma – Helum Link Canal
(v) Trimmu – Sidhnai Link Canal
(vi) Sidhnai Mailsi – Bahawal Link Canal
(vii) Taunsa – Panjnad Link Canal
The total length of these link canals is 590 km. These canals shift the
water of three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab) to eastern rivers
(Ravi and Sutlaj), to meet the shortage of water.
(15) Extension and Construction of Barrages:
The extension of the barrages has been made and new projects are
started in which Ghazi Bharotha project has been completed and Kalabagh
dam is planned. Present government has started a number of new projects to
increase reservoir which include Gomal zam Dam, Greater Thal Canal, Rainy
Canal, Merani Dam, Subakzi Dam, Satpara Dam and extention of Mangla
Dam.
The Government of Pakistan has taken steps for the development of
agriculture, especially to increase the production. In this regard, the ground
water and surface water are being used for agriculture. So, it has increased
not only food crops but also cash crops which are necessary to earn foreign
exchange.
Q6. Define industry, write down the different types of industries

and also explain the causes of the industrial backwardness in
Pakistan.
Ans. The industry of country is essential for the economic development. In this
modern age Pakistan can‟t totally depend on agriculture. Agriculture provides
food grain and raw material. Industry provides more jobs in a small area. It
fulfills our needs by producing various industrial goods and industrial raw
material, and supply new products for marketing.
DEFINITION OF INDUSTRY
Industry is such a place where the entrepreneur (Capitalist) and labour
through the machines and tools convert the shape of capital, raw material and
natural resources in a way that their utility may increase to fulfill the needs of the
people to a large extent; and may fetch maximum price in the market and maximum
profit for the entrepreneur.

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Types of Industries
There are four types of Industries of Pakistan which are as under:-
1. Handicrafts or cottage industry
It means that industry or productive work which is done at the home of the
workers. Manual workers purchase the raw material by themselves, use their own
tools and utilize the efforts of their family to produce things which are a part of our
culture and tradition. They sell their products in the market to fulfill the needs of their
family. Tools are very common and simple whereas the work is very technical. It is
usually done at home. The cost is low and it helps the poor to enhance their income.
Industries included in Handicrafts industry
In handicraft industry woodwork, ironwork, hand made carpets and rugs,
goods made of leaves and cane for daily use, stone work, clay pots, embroidery and
toys etc. are included.
2. Small-scale Industry
Small-scale industry has always been praised in different ways in various
countries. In Pakistan this industry is that one which after employing 2 to 9 workers,
produces different goods for the market on small scale. Every industry is included,
whether it produces goods at home, or by setting up few machines on a rented place
and employing few workers to produce various goods.
Industries included in Small Scale Industries:
Majority of the workers are attached with small scale industry. In our small
industry poultry farms, dairy farms, honey making industry, carpet industry, pottery,
sports, goods, fans and electric motors and iron goods of daily use are included.
3. Heavy Industry
Usually heavy industry is that industry which not only produces goods on
large scale but also produces machines and raw material for other industries, for
example Pakistan Steel Mill and Shipyard in Karachi. In Pakistan the large scale
industries are those which produce major parts of industrial products for the
consumers.
Industries included in Heavy Industry:
The percentage of industrial progress is 13.1% in 2003-04. In large scale
industry 11 types of industries have progressed rapidly including
(1) The petroleum and petroleum products industry,
(2) Automobile industry,
(3) Cement and chemical fertilizers producing industry,
(4) Vehicle manufacturing Industries,
(5) Electrical Appliances Manufacturing Industries,
(6) Sugar industry,
(7) Food products, i.e., ghee, cooking oil, etc, tobacco and cigarette,
(8) Textile and textile related industries,
(9) Leather and leather goods industry,
(10) Paper and paper products industry, Cosmetics and chemical materials,
(11) Rubber and plastic goods industry,
(12) Tires and tubes

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4. Defence Industry
Ordinance and allied products producing industry is called defence industry.
Texila Engineering Works manufacture missiles whereas Khota Laboratories
promote our nuclear program. Some other industries have been set up by Fauji
Foundation in which retired army personnel work to produces uniforms of army and
various other goods.
Factors of Industrial Development
The factors of industrial development are as follow:
1. Survey of the local and foreign markets for the sale of local products.
2. Adequate exploitation of labour and capital e.g. there are more workers and
less capital in Pakistan.
3. The capacity of industrial units.
4. The analysis of the factors effects the industrial development in the country
e.g. the study of the employment opportunities.
5. Availability of type of labour, skilled or unskilled in respective fields.
6. Analysis of the productivity of national income.
7. Quantum of the balance of payments in international trade.
8. Nature of exports of the country.
Hurdles in the way of industrial development in Pakistan

Pakistan is basically an agricultural country. It is mostly depend upon
agriculture crops. Govt. is not taking much interest in the development of Industries
in Pakistan.
1. Foreign Loans
Te major portion of national income is consumed for making the payments of
foreign loans.
2. Deficit in Budget
Pakistan is basically a developing country. It faces deficit in Budget of
payments in Pakistan.
3. Deficit in balance of payments.
There is a negative balance of payments in Pakistan, due to increase in
imports and less export.
4. Shortage of capital.
Pakistan has low economy and huge population govt. can not issue loans on
easy conditions to the people.
5. Preface of agricultures
Pakistan has less dependence on the industrial development and more on
agriculture.
6. Rapid growth of population
Rate of increase of population is very high in Pakistan. But resources of
Pakistan are limited.
7. Huge Military Expense

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Pakistan has to consume a lot of money on defense and maintenance of
active army on borders that requires huge military expenditure.
8. Political instability
Although Pakistan is a democratic country but from the last 60 year mostly
under control of dictatorship that is way there is political instability in Pakistan.
Due to the change of Governments with in short period of time there industrial
policies also change that is a great problem for industry.
9. Lack of Technology
There is a lack of latest Technology in Pakistan. By using Technology in
industries we can increase the production of the goods and produce standard
good that is way Pakistan is facing a lot of problems in indusial sector.
10. Miss Management and corruption
Another hurdle in the way of industrial progress in Pakistan is Miss
Management and corruption.
11. Black marketing and Tax aversion
Industrial sector facing another great problem that is Black Marketing and Tax
aversion Industrialists are not paying their full Taxes to the Govt. So Govt. is
not facilitating to the industrialists.
12. Slack ness in international Markets
Pakistan goods are not better in Standard on to international level. So the
demand of Pakistan goods is decreases day by day.
13. Problem of power Recourse
In Pakistan a lot of areas having no facility of electricity, other areas are facing
problem of load shedding and power facility. And electricity is very expensive
in Pakistan. So Pakistan is Backward in Industrial Sector.
14. Illiteracy
Mostly people of Pakistan are uneducated and Standard of education in
Pakistan is very low. So we are not producing personally and Technically
better workers, Manger, Machine operators and betters skilled people.
15. Lack of Speedy means of Transportations
Means of Transportation play a vital role in progress of industry. Unfortunately
Means of Transportations in Pakistan are not up to the Mark. So industries
are backward in Pakistan.
STEPS TO PROMOTE INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS IN PAKISTAN

If we want to promote industrial progress in Pakistan, we have to take
following steps in this regard.
1. Improvement of means of transportation & Communication:
If we want to promote the industrial progress in Pakistan, we have to
constructed better roadways, railways and motorway in the country. We have to
supply better air and water transportation facilities and communication facilities to the
industrialist.
2. Access to the International markets:
If we want to increase the ratio of industrial development in the country, we

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have to supply the better facilities to the people to access the international
markets, and held industrial exhibitions inside & outside the country for the Pakistani
goods.
3. Availability of banking Facilities:
Industry is a sector in which a large capital and better banking facilities are
required. Without provide the easy loan facilities to the people we cannot increase
the ratio of industrial progress in Pakistan.
4. Availability of cheap energy resources:
In Pakistan electricity and other energy resources are very expensive. Due to
power failure & load shading industry suffers a lot, so if we want to increase the
industrial progress ratio in the country. We have to provide cheap electricity to the
industries.
5. Political Stability:
Unfortunately there is no political stability in Pakistan. That why the local
investors as well as the foreign investor are not invested their money in Pakistan. So
if we want to increase the industrial progress in Pakistan we have to adopt the
permanent industrial policies that can be happen only if the Pakistan will be political
stable.
6. Availability of skilled labour:
Educated, trained, experienced and hard-worker people are required for the
industrial progress in country. Because in Pakistan there is lack of skilled and train
labour.
7. Centers of Industrial Research:
For the promotion of the industries we have to established different industrial
research center in the country. In 1953 the government established industrial
research center in Pakistan but this council is not working efficiently. So there is a
need of establishment of proper and effective industrial research center in the
country.
8. Establishment of Industrial Zone:
The government already declared industrial zone and industrial states in the
different parts of the country where all the facilities of electricity, water, natural gas
and better means of transportations, but there is the need of establishment of more
industrial zones and industrial states in the country.
9. Exemption in Taxes:
Exemption in taxes for a particular period for the new industries is very
helpful. In this way we can maximize the industrial progress ratio in the country. We
should lower the tax ratio on the raw materials and industrial machinery.
10. Industrial Development Corporation
The government established different organization like Pakistan industrial
corporation, Pakistan Development Corporation and small industries corporation in
the country for the promotion of industries. There is a need of make these
corporations efficient and effective.

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Q8. What are the problems of the education department in
Pakistan and give proposal to overcome these problems? (OR)
Also Describe Government Steps for the betterment of education
department in Pakistan?
Ans. Education is the basic necessity of man. It is a lifelong process. It is not a
general process of reading and teaching but it is a constant process through which a
man is introduced to environment and culture to develop an association with them.
Knowledge is the wealth that is not decreased by its use rather it keeps on
increasing.
Importance of Education in Pakistan
Education is very important for the industrial, social, economic, agricultural
and mineral development of the country. Education is an obligation of the Muslims.
Pakistan is the country in which only the 54% of the people are educated. This ratio
is very low as compared to the develop countries as well as the neighbouring
countries so we have to the increase the literacy rate in Pakistan. Then we can
increase the national economy and provide the better living standard to the people.
Types of Education in Pakistan
There are two types of education in Pakistan:
i. Formal education. ii. Informal education.
Formal education:
Education which is acquired by going regularly to some institute, school,
college, university, is called formal education. Every society establishes such
educational institutions where the education is given to achieve specific objectives.
PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN
There are a lot of problems of education in Pakistan but some of them are as under:
(1) Low Literacy Rate:
The problem is that a major part of population of Pakistan is not formally
educated. The literacy rate is very low in 1951 literacy rate was only 16% but in 1998
only the 45% people of Pakistan were literate. According to the economy survey of
Pakistan 2003 the literacy rate was 54%.
(2) Low Standard of Education:
The second problem is low standard of education. There are many reasons
for it, for example:
 The appointment of teachers with average abilities.
 Appointments of teachers on the basis of political quota.
 Shortage of training institutes to develop the better teaching skills.
 Use of unfair means to pass an examination.
(3) Lack of Quality Textbooks:
Third problem is the non-availability of quality books and necessary reference
material. The curriculum is changed to make necessary changes in the courses to
meet the challenges of changing times but the books are either unavailable or so
much expensive.
(4) Limited Extra Curricular Activities:

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Another problem is the limited facilities of healthy extra curricular and
social activities. This unavailability gives birth to student politics and other destructive
activities.
(5) Lack of Guidance in the Selection of Subjects:
There is a lack of student counseling facility. There is no guidance for the
students to make selection of suitable subjects to acquire professional skills to meet
their future need.
(6) Poor Economy of the People:
Pakistan is a developing country where the economical resources are very
limited. Due to the lack of resources, education department faces a lot of problems
and people are unable to afford the huge expenses of the education of their children.
(7) Lack of Educational Institutions:
Lack of educational institutions especially in the rural areas is another
problem that results in low literacy rate. In Pakistan there is the shortage of
institutions of professional and technical education.
(8) Un-Employment:
After getting education, a lot of people fail to achieve job. This lack of job
opportunities in the country motivates the people to send their children to some jobs
in their school going age.
(9) Insufficient Educational facilities:
In the major parts of the country there are insufficient education facilities like
libraries, laboratories and other facilities.
(10) Defective Examination System:
Examination system is defective there is a lot of problems in this system like
cheating, use of unfair means, selection of studies and corruption.
(11) Aimless Education:
The objects of education are not fixed to meet national needs rather the
„international obligation‟ is kept in view. Most of the schemes are imported from USA
which does not suit Pakistan and her people. Already existing system was devised to
provide workers for foreign rulers. The necessary changes to meet the needs the
free nation have not been made.
(12) Repugnant to the ideology of the Country:
Our system of education, specially the modern reforms, is devised to spread
the secularist ideas in the name of modernism. Its hard fact that existence of Muslim
ummah lies in the force of convection and readiness to sacrifice live for it.
(13) Insufficient Education of Science and Modern Knowledge:
The education is Pakistan has failed to grow creative spirit in the field of
science even. The Systems of Objective Type Questions develop cramming
tendencies and discourages deep understanding and innovation.
(14) Weak Educational Base:
The education standard at primary level is not kept constant in Pakistan. So
the educational base of students remains weak.
(15) Character Building Ignored:

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Pakistanis are talented people with good health and enormous working
capacity. What we lack is character, honesty and firm will. Unfortunately our
educationists do not impart any importance to character building. This is highly
injurious to over future.
(16) Political Trends in the Educational Institutions:
Politics in the educational institutions has done a great harm to the education
system of Pakistan. The college and universities have become centers to
demonstrations and protests. The students are divided in opposite‟s camps. The
political parties, in this way, are directly damaging the future of the next generation.
SUGGESTIONS:
If we want to promote our education sector so we have to keep in mind the
following suggestions:
1) Standard Educational Syllabus:
The institutions of text book board should be improved and made functional
for making a standard educational syllabus for all classes.
2) Improvement in Examination System:
The examination method should be formulated once again and the mental
level of students by improved. The students should be discouraged morally form use
of dishonest means and memorization. Besides the examination method should be
molded on scientific and modern bases and then the intelligence of students should
be tested.
3) Improvement of Primary Education:
The primary education should be made compulsory and of standard so that
students become interested in gaining education.
4) Increase in Educational Budget:
An increase in the national budget for education department should be made
and the salaries and allowances of teachers should be increased so that they can
devote all their attention on building of students, besides arrangements should be
made to give scholarships to intelligent and hardworking students. Resources should
be increased and new education institution should be formed so more and more
students can get education.
5) Better Education Policy:
The educational policy should be improved for ending the educational
backwardness and solution of problems. Education should be made compulsory up
to matriculation level and later according to the trends of the students they should be
given education in concerned fields.
6) Religion and Moral Training:
An organized arrangement for religious and moral training should be made in
all educational institutions. Students should be made aware of their real aim of life
students should be often lectured on religious and moral subjects.
7) Political Stability:
The political instability should be ended and the government machinery
should be put to work for educational improvement. The administrative machinery

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should keep a vigilant eye on performance of educational institutions and the
annual promotion of teachers should be attached to their performance.
8) Increase in Literacy rate:
Government should take steps to increase the literacy rate in the country
and government should provide facilities in this regard. Government should also
motivate the private sector too.
9) Availability Standardized Books:
Government should provide the standard books to the students. Government
should also take suitable steps for the error free printing of the books. Government
should encourage the people who write standard books.
10) Student Counseling:
Government should arrange for student counseling in the institutions.
They should be a close coordination teachers, parents and students. Government
should open new educational institutions especially in rural areas. Government
should make the policies to enhance the education in the country on the permanent
basis.

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Chapter 7
PAKISTAN AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Q1. What is meant by Foreign Policy? Explain the basic principles &
objectives of the Foreign Policy of Pakistan.
Ans. Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on 14th August 1947 and it
inherited the foreign policy from British India. After independence, Pakistan
made some changes in British policy according to the ideology and the
objectives of Pakistan Movement.
Definition of Foreign Policy
The foreign policy is to establish and develop relations with other countries to watch
the national interests by taking appropriate steps at international level.
PRINCIPLES OF FOREIGN POLICY
Every country established its foreign policy according to own ideological,
historical, political and geographical circumstances. Foreign Policy of Pakistan was
established by Quaid-e-Azam itself. Foreign policy of Pakistan is based on the
following basic principles:
1. Peaceful Co-existence
Pakistan believes in peaceful co-existence and respects the liberty, freedom
and sovereignty of other countries, and expects the same from others.
Pakistan is always disinterested in the internal affairs of others, and opposes
imperialism and aggression of every type.
2. Non-Alignment
Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its
foreign policy. Pakistan has not shown alignment with any bloc, and has
established good relationship with all the countries. Therefore, now Pakistan
is trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China,
United Kingdom France and other countries and expects the same from
others of significant importance. At present Pakistan is also a regular member
of Non-aligned Movement (NAM).
3. Unite Nations Charter
Pakistan wants to develop its relations with all countries on the basis of
bilateralism. Pakistan also wants to solve its conflicts with neighbouring
countries on the basis of bilateralism. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India
many times to solve the Kashmir dispute by negotiation.
4. United Nations Charter
Pakistan is a member of United Nations and follows its charter strictly.
Therefore, Pakistan has supported every action of the United Nations and
provided military assistance to implement its decisions.
5. Support to Right of Self-Determination
Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations.
Pakistan believes that every nation must have the right of self-determination.
Therefore, Pakistan has supported the demand of abolishing the colonialism
and every movement for the exercise of the right of self-determination in

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Europe, Africa and Asia. Pakistan has played very important role in the
struggle of independence of Kashmir, Palestine, Bosnia, Namibia and
Vietnam. It has also opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by Russia, and
helped the Afghanis to get the liberation from foreign rule.
6. Unity of Islamic World
Pakistan is the supporter of the unity of Islamic world, and is following the
policy to establish good relations with Muslim countries. Pakistan has always
tried to solve the conflicts of Islamic world and played very important role in
Iran – Iraq war, Palestine‟s and Afghanistan‟s liberation. Pakistan is an active
member of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC). Pakistan has
provided a platform for Muslim countries of Central Asia to solve their
economic problems by establishing Economic Cooperation Organization
(ECO).
7. De-weaponisation
Pakistan is the main supporter of de-weaponisation and supported all
international efforts to de-weaponise the world. Therefore, Pakistan is not in
the race of weaponisation. Pakistan uses atomic energy for peaceful
purposes. Pakistan tries to avoid the danger of nuclear war. In the world
Pakistan has repeatedly suggested for the de-weaponisation of South Asia,
but India has not responded it accordingly.
8. Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world.
Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa, Namibia and
Rodeshia. There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities in
Pakistan have equal rights.
9. Establishment of Peace
Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world. Pakistan has
also protested against aggressive powers desires, and supported the
oppressed nations for getting the peace. Pakistan has repeatedly invited India
to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected every move.
10. Good Relations with Neighbours
Pakistan wants good relationship with all neighbours including India. Pakistan
also wants to solve all the issues with neighbouring countries including
Kashmir issue with India peacefully. Therefore, Pakistan has invited India for
talks at any time, at every level and at every place.
11. International and Regional Cooperation
Pakistan is an active member of international and regional organization i.e.
United Nations, Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), Organization of Islamic
Conference (OIC), Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and SAARC.
Pakistan always cooperates with all these organizations for the security of
world peace.
OBJECTIVES AND DETERMINANTS OF FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

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According to Lord Parmesan:
“In the International Relations, There is no any permanent friend and

enemy but the preference is given only to the national interest any
state form its foreign policy on the base of National Security & Interest.”
The main objectives of the foreign policy of Pakistan are as under:-
1. National Security
The main objective of foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or
independence. Pakistan was a new born state, and there was a need to make
arrangements for its security. So Pakistan formulated its foreign policy on the
basis of national security. It gave due importance to the national security,
while establishing external relationships with other countries. Pakistan
respects the national integrity and the political independence of other
countries, and expect from others the same.
2. Economic Development
Pakistan is a developing country and inspires for its economic development. It
needs to establish and maintain cordial relations with those states with whom
it can maximize its trade relations or from whom it can obtain maximum
economic benefits. Pakistan has made changes in its foreign policy keeping in
view the new economic trends. It has adopted particularly free trade, free
economic policy, and policy of privatization.
Pakistan is an ideological state and its foreign policy is based upon the
ideology of Pakistan or Islam. The foreign policy is meant to protect the
ideology. The stability of Pakistan is also dependent upon ideology.
4. Better Relations with Islamic Countries
Pakistan can protect its ideology by developing good relationship with Muslim
countries. All the constitutions of Pakistan emphasized on establishing good
relations with Muslim countries.
5. Non-Alignment
Pakistan has adopted the policy of non-alignment by making changes in its
foreign policy. Pakistan has not shown alignment with any bloc, and has
established good relationship with all the countries. Therefore, now Pakistan
is trying to establish good relationship with Russia, United State, China,
United Kingdom, France and other countries and expects the same from
others of significant importance. At present Pakistan is also a regular member
of Non-aligned Movement (NAM).
Pakistan supports the right of self-determination of all the suppressed nations.
Pakistan believes that every nation must have the right of self-determination.
Therefore, Pakistan has supported the demand of abolishing the colonialism
and every movement for the exercise of the right of self-determination in
Europe, Africa and Asia. Pakistan has played very important role in the
struggle of independence of Kashmir, Palestine, Bosnia, Namibia and

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Vietnam. It has also opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by Russia,
and helped the Afghanis to get the liberation from foreign rule.
7. Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Pakistan wants to eliminate the racial discrimination throughout the world.
Pakistan has protested over racial discrimination in South Africa Namibia and
Rodeshia. There is no racial discrimination in Pakistan and all the minorities in
Pakistan have equal rights.
8. Establishment of Peace
Pakistan wants establishment of peace throughout the world. Pakistan
has also protested against aggressive powers desires, and supported the
oppressed nations for getting the peace. Pakistan has repeatedly invited India
to negotiate peace in South Asia but it has rejected every move.
DETERMINANTS OF THE FOREIGN POLICY OF PAKISTAN

The following are the determinants of the foreign policy of Pakistan:-
1. Administrative Troika
Administrative Troika comprises the President of Pakistan, the Prime Minister
and Chief of Army Staff. It plays very important role in formulating foreign
policy. It can approve or disapprove the foreign policy of Pakistan or can
make any change in it. However, it is very difficult to deviate from the previous
foreign commitments made by Troika.
President
Army Chief Prime Minster

2. Ministry of Foreign Affairs
The ministry can play very important role in formulating the foreign policy. It
comprises the specialists and experts of foreign policy and the bureaucrats of
high level. They prepare foreign policy, keeping in view the basic objectives
and principles of the policy. They formulate the policy, plans and programmes
regarding the priorities of foreign policy, and fully cooperate with Troika for its
preparation. In accordance with new constitutional amendment, the Troika
has been replaced by the National Security Council.
3. Intelligence Agencies
Pakistan‟s intelligence agencies also play very effective role in the formulation
of foreign policy by providing full information about the objectives of other
countries foreign policies. Keeping in view these information‟s, Pakistan
formulates its foreign policy.
4. Political Parties and Pressure Groups
The political parties and pressure groups have deep impacts on the

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formulation of foreign policy. The political parties include the priorities of
foreign policy in their manifestoes, and after their success in the election, they
force the government to change the priorities of foreign policy according to the
changing scenario in the light of their view points. Likewise the pressure
groups can also influence the foreign policy.
5. Parliament
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs usually prepares the foreign policy according to
the directions of executive and puts it before the Parliament for approval. After
discussion and debate the parliament gives approval to it or suggests some
change in it.
Q2. Discuss the Relations between Pakistan & China.

Ans. Pakistan and China are neighbouring countries. They have common boundary
of about 600 km long. Their bilateral relations depend upon the glorious
traditions and close friendship. Pakistan recognized China on its birth in
October 1949 and developed good relationship with it.
1. Start of Pak China Friendship
The Prime Minister of the both countries met in Bandung Conference in 1955,
and after that the series of visits continued up till now. The heads of
governments and states of both countries have made many visits.
2. Settlement of Boundaries
In 1961, the efforts to resolve the boundary issue were started and it was
completed in 1963. Which strengthened the good relationship, and trade pact
was signed by them. Pakistan Air Line started its flights to Beijing in early
sixties.
3. Support at Indo-Pak Wars
The President of Pakistan visited China in February 1964, and China
supported the claim of Pakistan to solve Kashmir issue peacefully. In the
Indo-Pak war of 1965 China supported Pakistan and provided arms.
4. Economic & Technical Aid
China gave economic and technical aid to Pakistan is establishing industries,
which included Texila Industrial Complex and its affiliated plans, setting up the
heavy tools factory at Landhi and Sports Complex at Islamabad.
5. Construction of Silk Route
The Silk-route of Karakaram was completed in 1969 that connected Pakistan
with China by road. It helped in frequent exchange of delegations and
establishment of close relationship. The air contact was also established
between both the countries.
6. Defense Pacts
Many defense pacts were concluded between Pakistan and China in 1985,
according to which China provided economic and technical assistance in
building the Kamra Complex and Ordinance Factory at Wah. Likewise China
provided the assistance of Rs. 273 million for setting up Heavy Electric
Complex in NWFP.

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7. Support to China
Pakistan also sided, China and supported it for its permanent membership of
Security Council of United Nations. Pakistan played an important role in
establishing the close relations of United States with China. Pakistan
supported China on the issue of the presence of foreign troops in Kampochia,
and China supported Pakistan on the issue of the Russian intervention in
Afghanistan.
8. Bilateral Relation between Two Countries
The bilateral relations between Pakistan and China were established and
Chinese Prime Minister, Defense Minister and Chairman Peoples Congress
visited Pakistan in 1987, February 1999 and April 1999 respectively. Again
the Chinese Prime Minister visited Pakistan in 2001 and President of Pakistan
visited China in 2001 and 2002. The mutual strong relationship of both
countries has helped them to come closer.
Q3. Explain the relations between Pakistan and India.

Ans. India is a neighbouring country of Pakistan. Its 84% population is consisted of
Hindus and 10% of Muslims and 6% are other minorities. Its total area is
twelve lac twenty nine thousand seven hundred and thirty seven sq. mile.
Common border between Pakistan and India is 1600km and cease fire line on
Kashmir is not included in it.
The relation between Pakistan and India could not be developed on better
lines from the inception of Pakistan.
1. Kashmir Dispute
Kashmir is a dispute between both the countries and three wars i.e. 1948,
1965 and 1971 have been fought on the dispute of Kashmir. From the
emergence of Pakistan India created many problems for Pakistan.
2. Indus Water Treaty and India
Pakistan and India signed Indus-Water-Treaty in 1960 to solve the water
dispute between them. The project was completed with the help of World
Bank and other countries but India refused to give its due share.
3. Separation of East Pakistan and India
India helped the separatist elements in East Pakistan in 1971 and created
Bangladesh. After it Simla Agreement was signed between Pakistan and
India, by which both the countries agreed differences through negotiations.
SAARC AND INDIA
By signing the Simla Agreement, the relationship between Pakistan and India
improved to some extent and trade and travel of passengers started on limited scale.
Moreover, both the countries began to increase cooperation within the jurisdiction of
South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) from the year 1980,
which gave positive result. Pakistan has invited India for talks to resolve all the
issues but India remained reluctant to give positive response.
The Prime Ministers of Pakistan and India met on the occasion of SAARC

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Conference in 1988 and signed a pact. Both the countries agreed not to attack
the nuclear centers of each other.
FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN KASHMIR
In 1989, the Kashmiri‟s freedom fighters started struggle against India in the
decade of 1990. Mutual trade and travel of passengers increased but it remained
limited because India was reluctant to solve the Kashmir dispute peacefully. Pakistan
is determined to solve the Kashmir issue in accordance with the UN resolutions
through the right of self-determination of Kashmiri‟s. Now there is hope for the
improvement of relations between both the countries.
AGRA CONFRENCE AND INDIA
The Agra Conference from July 14 – 17, 2001 between the President of
Pakistan, General Pervaiz Musharaf and India Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpai was
the first important meeting of its type between the two leaders, and the world felt a
sigh of relief. The President of Pakistan presented his view-point boldly and nicely,
and it was appreciated by the whole world but the meeting ended fruitless after three
days.
MEETINGS OF OFFICERS OF BOTH COUNTRIES
During the SAARC Conference of January 2004 (Islamabad) the President of
Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India held meetings and agreed upon many
pacts, and resolved upon the continuation of dialogue. On the occasion of session of
UN, General Assembly, held in September 2004, the President of Pakistan and New
Prime Minister of India met, and resolved upon the continuation of negotiation, which
resulted in the series of meetings of foreign ministers and secretaries of both the
countries.
Q4. Discuss the relations of Pakistan with Islamic World.

Ans. Before the creation of Pakistan the Muslims struggle hard to establish better
relations with Islamic Countries but also the creation of Pakistan developed good
relations. Even organization of Islamic Countries also established in 1969 with the
efforts of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia which shows that Pakistan wanted to
established better relations with the Islamic countries.
PAKISTAN & IRAN
In West of Pakistan is Iran. Iran is an Islamic country. Pakistan shares 900

Km border with Iran. Pakistan has close relation with Iran till his creation.
1. Background
We have close religious, cultural and trade relations with Iran since long. Iran
was the first country that recognized Pakistan on its emergence, and
ambassadors wee exchanged.
2. Mutual Visit of Leaders
The Prime Minister of Pakistan visited Iran in 1949 and in response to this

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visit the Shah of Iran also visited Pakistan in 1950, and trade relations
were established.
3. R.C.D
Pakistan and Iran along with Turkey established Regional Cooperation for
Development (RCD) in 1964 for the development and close cooperation with
one another in the fields of economic, industry, trade, culture and tourism,
which was later on, annulled in 1979.
4. Indo-Pak Wars and Iran
Iran supported Pakistan, during the Indo-Pak war of 1965. It provided
economic and military assistance to Pakistan. Likewise Iran supported
Pakistan during the war of 1971. Pakistan paid due regard to Iran for this help.
5. Iranian Revolution and Pakistan
Pakistan extended recognition to new region, which was established after
Iranian revolution in 1979. the Islamic Republic of Iran also improved relations
with Pakistan in every field. Delegations of both countries were exchanged to
improve the trade.
6. E.C.O
In 1985, a new organization for the close cooperation among Pakistan, Iran
and Turkey was established by replacing RCD, named as Economic
Cooperation Organization (ECO). It is working to achieve the objectives of
RCD and is taking steps to boost up the cooperation in the fields of economic,
industry, trade, education and cultural promotion among the member
countries. Presently all the Muslim countries of Central Asia have also
become the members of it.
7. Industrial and Technical Cooperation
The Chambers of Commerce of Pakistan and Iran exchanged visits of both
countries and offered mutual cooperation for economic development. The
President of Pakistan Gen. Perviaz Musharaf paid a visit to Iran is 2000 and
offered his cooperation for the programme of setting up of gas pipeline from
Iran to India.
PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN

Durand Line divides the borders of Pakistan and Afghanistan, which is about
2252 km long. Both countries are connected through Hilly-passes. Darra-e-Khyber is
very famous among them.
1. Improvement in Relations
In the early decade of 1970, the relations between both the countries began to
improve. The Prime Minister of Pakistan and President of Afghanistan visited
each other‟s country, and signed a pact of regional sECOrity and non-
intervention.
2. War of USSR and Afghanistan
But their relations began to strain by the Military revolution in April 1978 and
entering of Russian army in Afghanistan in December 1979. The new
government of Afghanistan began to persecute its opponents, which resulted

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in emigration of 3 million Afghan refuges into Pakistan. Pakistan provided
protection to refugees on the humanitarian ground and Islamic feelings.
3. Geneva Pact and Pakistan
When the Afghan people started their Jihad to oust the Russain army,
Pakistan supported them. On the other hand, Pakistan also tried to solve the
problem diplomatically. In 1988 Geneva Pact between Russia Pakistan and
Afghanistan was signed also the Russian Army was withdrawn in 1989 under
the auspices of United Nations.
4. Government of Mujahideen and Pakistan
In April, 1992 government of Mujahideen was formed in Afghanistan and
Pakistan recognized the new government. Unfortunately the differences
among Mujahideen emerged and a group of Mujahideen i.e. Talaban
occupied a major part of Afghanistan and established an Islamic government.
The Government of Pakistan again recognized the Talaban government.
5. Permanent Joint Commission
In May 2000 a permanent Joint Commission between Pakistan and
Afghanistan was set up to regulate cross border movement of refugees and to
check the production and smuggling of narcotics.
6. Attack of USA on Afghanistan
After the incident of 11th September, 2001 United States attacked Afghanistan
and Government of Pakistan favour America. The Talaban government came
to an end, and a pro-American government was installed in Afghanistan. The
Government of Pakistan again recognized the new government. It provided
promised to give more aid.
7. Now Democratic Government in Afghanistan and Pakistan
After the installation of new democratic government in Pakistan a pact of Gas-
pipeline between the Prime Minister of Pakistan and the President of
Afghanistan was signed in early 2003 and the promised to help each other to
complete the project, in 2004 after the election of Hamid Karzai as democratic
President of Afghanistan. There is hope of starting of new era of relationship
between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
PAKISTAN AND SAUDI ARABIA
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have special relationship because there are Holy
places of Muslims in Saudi Arabia, and lacs of Pakistani Muslims visit Saudi Arabia
for performing Hajj every year. Moreover, the principle of Muslim world unity is the
common factor in foreign policies of both the countries.
1. Emergence of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
Before the emergence of Pakistan, Saudi Arabia supported the Pakistan
Movement. After independence Saudi Arabia also recognized Pakistan. The
first pact was signed between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia in 1951, which
strengthened the friendly relationship of both the countries.

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2. Shah Faisal visit of Pakistan
In 1954 Shah Abdul Aziz of Saudi Arabia visited Pakistan and provided
sufficient aid for the rehabilitation of agencies. In 1966, Shah Faisal visited
Pakistan on official tour and declared Pakistan his second home, and
announced, economic aid for Pakistan. Saudi Arabia established a Bank in
Pakistan for economic support.
3. Economic Aid
Saudi Arabia provided one billion rupees in aid to install cement and other
factories in Pakistan. Pakistan provided technical assistance to Saudi Arabia
in defense and re-organized Saudi Army on modern lines. Shah Faisal also
provided economic aid to construct Faisal Masjid in Islamabad.
4. Indo-Pak Wars and Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan during the Indo-Pak-wars of 1965 and 1971
and provided economic aid. Saudi Government supported Pakistan on
Kashmir issue. Shah Faisal helped Pakistan in convening of Second Islamic
Conference in 1974 in Lahore.
5. Support on Issues
Saudi Government supported Pakistan‟s policy of Afghanistan, and Pakistan
supported Saudi Arabia during the Middle East crisis of 1991 and sent its
army for the protection Holy lands of Saudi Arabia.
6. Pak-Saudi Economic Commission
Pak-Saudi Economic Commission was established in Riyadh in 1998, which
initiated 155 projects in Pakistan and provided economic assistance for their
completion.
7. Visit of Government Official
Chief Executive of Pakistan Gen. Pervaiz Musharaf visited Saudi Arabia on
official tour and signed many pacts for mutual cooperation. The new Prime
Minister of Pakistan also visited Saudi Arabia in 2003 and strengthened the
relations of both the countries by signing many pacts.
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia have special bilateral relationship through which
they trusted upon each other. The time also proved the close friendship of
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.
PAKISTAN AND BANGLADESH
Ideologically Pakistan and Bangladesh were two parts of the same country.
Present Bangladesh was the former Eastern Pakistan before 16th December 1971
when Bangladesh emerged as an independent and sovereign State. The two wings
of Pakistan were situated at 1,750Km from each other with the Indian Territory lying
in between the two parts. There were glaring contrasts in the way of living and
cultural values of the two parts of the country. Islam was the only common factor
which could keep the two provinces together. Unfortunately since the independence
no sincere endeavor was made to cement the two wings into one whole. No one

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tried sincerely to enforce Islam, the only bond, which could keep the two parts
together.
When the hostilities ended, the two countries, Pakistan and Bangladesh, sat
down and reviewed all the available facts and urged each other to restore the broken
bonds of brotherhood between the people of the two countries. The Government of
the Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto accomplished the desired objective of restoration of
brotherly links between the two people and extended its recognition to the creation of
Bangladesh in 1974 during the O.I.C. Summit a Lahore. Prime Minister Z.A. Bhutto
extended the recognition to the newly-born Government of the Bangladesh on the
explicit desire of the Muslim world which had assembled at Lahore to attend the
Second O.I.C. Summit Conference. Consequently the first Prime Minister of
Bangladesh Sheikh Mujib-ur Rehman, leading his country‟s delegation, came to
Lahore to participate in the O.I.C. Summit Conference.
After restoring relations with Bangladesh, Pakistan‟s Prime Minister Mr. Z.A
Bhutto paid a visit to Bangladesh. He was warmly welcomed wherever he went
which confirmed the sentiments of brotherhood existing amongst the people of
Bangladesh for the people of Pakistan. However, Sheikh Mujib-ur-Rehman the Prime
Minister of Bangladesh, on the behest of India was not sincere in cultivating friendly
relations with Pakistan. The Government of Bangladesh demanded the division of
assets and refused to accept any liability. The stubborn attitude of Mujib‟s
Government proved a hurdle in the way of fostering friendly relations between the
two countries and the process of development of understanding and cordiality
suffered heavily.
An agreement between Pakistan and Bangladesh was concluded on 23rd
January, 1976 by which telecommunication links were established. .Telephone and
tele-printer services were instituted between Rawalpindi and Dhaka on 13th
February, 1976 on experimental basis. These agreements brought the two countries
closer to each other. Another agreement was reached between the two countries
after talks in Dhaka on 24th July, 1976, by which it was agreed upon to exchange
delegations on Banking and Shipping. Further measures were announced to
promote trade between the two States.
The Government of Khondekar Mushtaq could not last long and was replaced
by General Zia-ur-Rehman in 1977. General Zia-ur-Rehman was a shrewd person
who quickly got his stronghold on the issues. General Zia-ur-Rehman paid an official
visit o Pakistan which cemented the ties between the two countries. General Zia-ur-
Rehman was assassinated in July 1981. Justice Abdus Sattar ascended the throne
that too was replaced by General Husain Muhammad Irshad.
On 21st July, 1979, a Joint Economic Commission was established between
Pakistan and Bangladesh in order to promote economic collaboration. Mr. Ghulam
Ishaq Khan, the then Finance Minister of Pakistan signed on behalf of his
Government while Mr. Saif-ur-Rehman represented Bangladesh. It was decided to
hold the meetings of the Commission on yearly basis in Pakistan and Bangladesh by
rotation. The first meeting of the Commission was held on 21st July 1979
immediately after its formation. Bangladesh had extended its full support to

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Pakistan‟s point of view on International political issues. When the Soviet troops
entered Afghanistan in December, 1979, Pakistan raised voice against this illegal
and unethical occupation of Afghan territory. Bangladesh played an important role in
this connection. President Zia-ur-Rehman convened an emergent meeting of the
Foreign Ministers of Islamic Countries. In this meeting sentiments of solidarity and
homogeneity were expressed for the freedom struggle of the Afghan people.
By 1980 bilateral relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh were
established on broader perspective and mutual understanding. Several delegations
were exchanged between the two countries. The Secretary, Foreign Affairs of
Pakistan. Mr. Riaz Piracha toured Bangladesh on 24-25th October, 1980 and held
discussions with the officials of Bangladesh. In result of these discussions a group of
experts was set up to se the division of assets between the two countries.
Bangladesh had demanded 2,130 m. dollars as its share from the joint assets from
Pakistan.
The two countries also decided to extend co-operation to each other in the
field of education. Pakistan has fixed a quota of seats in its Engineering and Medical
institutions for the students of Bangladesh. Similarly Bangladesh has also fixed the
quota of seats for Pakistani students in its educational institutions.
The meeting of the Joint Ministerial Committee between the two countries was
held on 8th September, 1984 at Islamabad. Negotiations for promotion of trade
between Bangladesh and Pakistan were held in this meeting. Bangladesh offered to
export Jute, tea and carpets to Pakistan and will import rice, pig iron, railway
carriages and other steel items from Pakistan.
PAKISTAN AND INDONESIA
Indonesia has been a colony of Holland till March 1942. From 1942 to 1945 it
remained under Japanese rule. When Japanese forces were defeated in South East
Asia after dropping of Atom Bomb at Nagasaki and Hiroshima in 1945, the
Nationalists of Indonesia under the leadership of Dr. Ahmad Seokarno and Dr. Hatta
declared Indonesia as a Republic on 17th August, 1945.
The relations between Pakistan and Indonesia existed even before the
establishment of Pakistan. The cordial relations between the two nations were
initiated when the prominent leaders of Indonesia sent messages for help in the
freedom struggle of Indonesia to the President of All-India Muslim League, Quaid-i-
Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Congress leaders.
President Seokarno came to Pakistan on an official visit in February, 1950. He

was accorded a warm welcome by the government and people of Pakistan. He
exchanged views with the Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan
and expressed his thanks to the people of Pakistan for showing great hospitality to
him. The first Afro-Asian conference was held in April 1955 in Bandoung (Indonesia),
where the leaders of both Pakistan and Indonesia got an opportunity of meeting
each other. A Cultural Association was formed in April 1955 between Pakistan and
Indonesia to further the Cultural bonds between the two nations. A trade pact was

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agreed upon between the two countries in 1959 ii Karachi. By this agreement it
was decided to promote trade and commerce between Indonesia and Pakistan.
Indonesia came out with maximum support to Pakistan during 1965 War. The
Government of Indonesia and the people by their most sincere support to Pakistan‟s
cause during the 1965 War won the hearts of the people of Pakistan. President
Seokarno openly condemned Indian aggression and offered all Sorts of help and
assistance to Pakistan in her hour of need.
Indonesia and Pakistan concluded an air pact on 14th January, 1966 by which
the two countries agreed on bilateral air travel. On 18th February, 1988 a trade pact
was signed by which Pakistan agreed to provide goods worth Rs. 8 crores to
Indonesia.
In May 1971 General Suharto, President of Indonesia advocated Pakistan‟s
point of view on East Pakistan issue and condemned outside interference in
Pakistan s internal matter. Indonesia put lot of pressure on India to release
Pakistan‟s prisoners of war after Bangladesh had come into existence. Indonesia
deeply condemned Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and advocated Pakistan‟s
point of view on Afghan problem Indonesia stressed on the Islamic countries to
condemn the Soviet aggression in Afghanistan.
Pakistan and Indonesia agreed to exchange nuclear technology by an
agreement concluded on 19th April 1980 at Djakarta President Suharto came to
Pakistan in 1980 and expressed his desire to maintain peace in the region. He held
discussions with President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq on matters of mutual co-
operation, regional and international issues. He also visited Afghan camps near
Mardan.
The 10th meeting of the IPECC was held on 20th May, 1981 in Islam review
the progress in the economic cultural and other spheres of co-operation between the
two countries, so that further ways and means may be adopted. President
Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq went to Indonesia on an official visit on 2nd November, 1982
where he was accorded warm welcome. President Mohammad Zia-ul Haq held
discussions with President Suharto on bilateral issues.
PAKISTAN AND LIBYA
Libya, so important and oil rich State of North Africa, in 1951 it gained
independence from the foreign domination and Shah Idrees‟s kingship was
established. Pakistan profoundly advocated Libya‟s freedom struggle which brought
the peoples of both countries closer to each other.
A young army officer, Col, Moammar-al-Qaddafi, dethroned Shah Idrees in
September, 1969 after a successful army coup. Col. Gaddafi is a brave revolutionary
who became very popular amongst his people. He is held in highest esteem and
veneration in Pakistan being a dainties and brave Muslim soldier. Col. Gaddafi came
to Pakistan as the Head of his delegation to attend Second Summit Conference of
the O.I.C. held in Lahore in 1974. He addressed a huge gathering at the Lahore
Stadium which was named as Gaddafi Stadium as a mark of respect and love for
him from Pakistani people.

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Since then Pakistan and Libya have been enjoying cordial relations. A
Ministerial Commission was set up in 1974 by an agreement concluded between the
two brotherly countries. Joint ventures in Banking, insurance and Shipping have also
been alliance by agreement. Islamic centres have been established in both
countries. A joint Pak-Libyan Company was set up in the meeting of the Ministerial
Commission held in Libya. This Company would implement the projects aimed at the
development and progress of the two countries.
President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq paid a visit to Libya in November 1977 and

held discussions with Col. Gaddafi on bilateral issues. The Libyan Vice-President
Abdus Salam Jalood also paid a visit to Pakistan and declared Pakistan as the Heart
of Islamic World in view of the importance of Pakistan for the Islamic world. In
October, 1979 a Joint Pak-Libya Holding Company was set up. Libya has expressed
its interest in balancing first ventures with Pakistan in several spheres of
development. Pak-Libya Chamber of Commerce has been set up by an agreement
which will explore ways and means for joint programmes of commerce and trade
between the two countries. Libya extended massive financial aid to Pakistan during
1971 War against India. It has openly advocated Pakistan‟s stand on Kashmir issue
and other political matters.
PAKISTAN & TURKEY
The relations between Turkey and Pakistan, the two brotherly, countries, are
deep rooted and based on the similarity of Islamic culture. The people of the two
countries are closely associated with each other. Both countries maintain their
relations at all levels and regularly exchange views on matters concerning the mutual
and bilateral relations between the two Muslim States.
After independence Turkey extended its recognition to the new State of
Pakistan as a sovereign and independent country. Both countries concluded trade,
economic and cultural agreements to link together on stable grounds. The first
agreement between Turkey and Pakistan was concluded in 1951 by which both
countries gave scholarships to the students of each other‟s countries for pursuing
studies. Another agreement was reached between the two countries which
emphasized the defense matters between Turkey and Pakistan. Turkey and
Pakistan were the members of CENTO. Pakistan and Turkey are linked together by
agreement of R.C.D. which has now been converted into E.C.O. R.C.D. is an
agreement aimed at promoting regional development in various aspects of social life
of the three member States of Pakistan, Turkey and Iran.
The leaders and Heads of States of the two countries have been exchanging
goodwill visits to each other country. Former Turkish President Jalal Bayar ard the
late Prime Minister Adnan Mandres paid visits to Pakistan during early days of
Friendship between Pakistan and Turkey. Prime Minister Sulaiman Daimeral also
paid visit to Pakistan.

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Turkey had always supported the view point of Pakistan of several political
issues like Kashmir and Afghanistan. It has extended its support to the right of self
determination of the people of Kashmir. Turkey came with material and moral
support to Pakistan during the Wars of 1965 and 1971. Pakistan reciprocated by
lending support to Turkey on the Cyprus issue. Pakistan expressed great concern in
1974 on the efforts of unification between Cyprus and Greece. Pakistan openly
supported Turkish decision to send its troops in Cyprus. It sent medical supplies to
Turkey and offered to send volunteers for providing all sorts of help and assistance
to the Turkish Govt.
Pakistan participated regularly in the Izmir Trade-fair and organized the
exhibition of its goods in Islamabad in 1984. Turkey agreed to invite Pakistani
teachers for teaching English in Turkish schools. Pakistan and Turkey decided to
expand trade and economic co-operation. Later a few more fields like tractor
manufacturing and solar energy were also included. An agreement for co-operation
in tourism was signed during President Kennan Everne‟s visit to Pakistan in
February 1989.
Turkey and Pakistan had identical views on Afghanistan problem and called
for its political settlement. Turkey highly appreciated Pakistan‟s view on Afghan
Crisis and landed its humanitarian assistance to the displaced Afghan refugees. An
agreement on defense production and technical services was signed between
Pakistan and Turkey on 11th March, 1987. The Turkish Defense Minister
represented his country for signing this accord in Islamabad. The Governments of
Turkey and Pakistan, by this agreement, have agreed to co-operate in the fields of
defense production and services through procurement, joint production and mutual
assistance in research and development. The agreement is valid for five years and
further extendable to any length of period & through mutual consultations.
PAKISTAN AND EGYPT
Egypt is an important country of the continent of North Africa. Although Egypt

is a Muslim country, yet it could not develop cordial relations with Pakistan. The
Egyptian Government did not extend its support to the demand of Pakistan during
Pakistan Movement and expressed its soft corner for the Indian point of view. When
General Najib put an end to the Egyptian kingship and took over the reins of the
Government he initiated the development of friendly relations between Pakistan and
Egypt. The process of friendship began between the two countries with considerable
swiftness from both sides.
The relations between Pakistan and Egypt have suffered heavily during
President Nasser‟s regime He advocated Indian point of view during 1965 War
between Pakistan and India. On Kashmir issue Egypt adopted a passive attitude and
abstained from voting on Kashmir in U.N.O. in 1962. The Egyptian Government
continued with its antagonistic attitude towards Pakistan till 1970s. It did not allow a
passage through the Suez Canal to the ships which were carrying arms for Pakistan
during 1971 War against India. On the other hand, Pakistan had always extended

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co-operation and friendly attitude to Egypt in spite of the unfriendly behaviour of
the Egyptian Government and President Nasser. Pakistan recognized Egypt‟s rights
on the Suez Canal and strongly advocated Egypt‟s point of view during Arab-Israel
war. Pakistan condemned British, French and Israeli aggression on Egypt in 1956
and offered all possible assistance.
The relations between the two countries slightly improved when President
Ayub Khan came to power in 1958. President Nasser paid a visit to Pakistan in 1960
which gave a boost to friendly relations between Pakistan and Egypt. President Ayub
also paid an official visit to Cairo and clarified Pakistan‟s stand on Suez Canal to
remove Egyptian suspicions because of a statement made by Pakistan‟s
representative in U.N.O. on the Suez Canal. President Sadaat was assassinated in
1981. Pakistan expressed its profound grief and sorrow over this national tragedy of
Egypt. In fact the relations between Pakistan and Egypt were affected due to Egypt‟s
close relations with U.S.S.R. and India. President Nasser was a close ally of
U.S.S.R. and India and always adopted an unfriendly stance towards Pakistan in
order to please U.S.S.R. and India. Late President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq of
Pakistan played a prominent role in bringing Egypt back to the O.I.C. Egypt‟s
membership of O.I.C. had been suspended since Israeli-Egypt accord at Camp
David. President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq praised Egypt, during Fourth Summit
Conference of O.I.C. at Casablanca in 1984 and requested the O.I.C. to restore
membership of the O.I.C. to Egypt.
There has been an exchange of delegations between Pakistan and Egypt in
different spheres. The Egyptian naval ship El-Nazer, sailed into Karachi harbour on
3rd April, 1987 on a three-day goodwill mission to Pakistan. The Commander of the
Ship, Rear-Admiral Hasham Ahmad Abdul Fattah discussed matters of mutual
interest with his Pakistani counterparts. A three member delegation of the Egyptian
Committee for Afghan refugees offered 5,000 blankets to the Chief Commissioner
Afghan Refugees for distributing to the Afghan refugees. Egypt has also offered
other kinds of assistance to the Afghan refugees.
Q5. Write the comprehensive note on Economic Cooperation

Organization (ECO).
Ans. ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization) is the new name of the RCD
which was formed established in 1964 at Istanbul between three Muslim brother
countries Iran, Turkey and Pakistan. The RCD, however, could not achieve its
objectives due to certain political events befalling the member countries. In 1979
RCD suspended due to Islamic Revolution in Iran. In 1985 Iran requested Pakistan
and Turkey to the re-active the RCD finally RCD replaced by ECO and member
countries of the ECO also became ten.
Objectives of RCD:
The formation of RCD was an agreement aimed at promoting regional
development in various aspects of social life of the three member states. RCD was

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set up on 21st July, 1964, when the Heads of State of Pakistan, Turkey and Iran
assembled in Istanbul to sign the agreement known as Istanbul Accord.
The main objectives of the RCD were as follows:
1. To promote trade between the member countries and free movement
of goods by all practical means of transportation.
2. Closer coordination shall be established amongst the Chambers of
Commerce of the three countries and to finally establish a joint
Chamber of Commerce.
3. Postal rates, between the three countries, shall be reduced to the
extent to bring them on the level of internal rates.
4. Air transport services within the region shall be improved and a joint air
company shall be established.
5. Close cooperation in shipping shall be established by setting up a joint
maritime line.
6. Efforts shall be made to improve and construct rail and road links
between the three countries.
7. Cooperation in educational, scientific and cultural aspects shall be
promoted by the exchange of delegations.
8. Visa formalities shall be abolished for travel purposes between the
three countries.
9. The member countries shall provide technical assistance to each other
by the exchange of experts and by extending training facilities.
Members Countries of the ECO
When ECO was established in 1985, it had three members Pakistan, Iran and
Turkey but now the member countries of the ECO are ten which are as follows:
1. Pakistan 2. Iran 3. Turkey 4.
Afghanistan
5. Tajikistan 6. Kazakhstan 7. Uzbekistan
8. Turkmenistan 9. Kyrgyzstan 10. Azerbaijan
Objectives of the ECO

This organization has the following objectives:
1. Promotion of Mutual Trade and Freely Transportation between the
Member Countries.
2. To Develop Close relations with the Aiwane-e- Commerce & Industries
3. Promotion of Industries
4. To better the mail systems between the member countries
5. To plan for National Interests of the member countries.
6. Establishment of Common Air & Shipping Services
7. Promotion of Minerals & Establishment of Oil Refineries
8. Promotion of Tourism
9. Promotion of Land Transport between the Member Countries

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10. To Develop better programs for the technical training of the people of
the member countries
11. To raise the interaction in the history culture & civilization
12. To raise the educational opportunities among the member countries
Organizational Structure of ECO
With the approval and finalizing of the Charter of the ECO, its organizational
structure is now in place. The organizational structure consists of
1. The Council of Ministers
This Council consists of Foreign Minister of the Member Countries this
Council is very strong and has an important role in policy making and other
decisions.
2. Council of Deputies
This Council consists of Economist and other experts. This Council has seven
permanent committees.
3. Secretariat of ECO
The head of this organization is Secretary General. There are Deputy
Secretary General and other official also present to help the Secretary
General.
Important Meetings of ECO
1. Islamabad Meeting-1986 (Heads Meeting)
First Annual Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries
was held in Islamabad (Pakistan) in 1986. In which following decision
were made:
i) Promotion of Trade
ii) Promotion of Industry
iii) Cooperation in Education Sector
After this meeting Pakistan exported Rice & Cotton Textile to Iran and
Import Petroleum from Iran.
2. Islamabad Meeting-1990 (Foreign Minister Meeting)
First Annual Meeting of Foreign Minister of the Member Countries was
held in Islamabad (Pakistan) in 1990. In which following decision were
made:
i) Establishment of ECO Bank
ii) Reduce the Custom Duty between the member countries up to
10%
iii) Cooperation in Economic, Commerce, Trade, Tele
Communication, Agriculture, Technology & Power Sources
3. Tehran Meeting-1992 (Heads Meeting)
Another Meeting of Heads of the State of the member countries was
held in Tehran (IRAN) in 1992. In which Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan and Turkmenistan become the member of ECO and
following decision were made:
i) Establishment of Drug Control Committee

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ii) To maximize the cooperation in mutual trade
iii) Establishment of eight committees for the cooperation in
different sectors between the member countries.
4. Islamabad Meeting-1992 (Foreign Minister Meeting)
In 1992 meeting of the Foreign Minister of the Member Countries was
held in Islamabad (PAKISTAN). In which Afghanistan and Kazakhstan
became the member of ECO and finalize the committees which were
establish in Tehran Meeting.
5. Quetta Meeting-1993 (Foreign Minister Meeting)
In 1993 meeting of the Foreign Minister of the Member Countries was
held in Quetta (PAKISTAN). In this meeting Quetta action plan was
approved.
6. Istanbul Meeting-1993 (Heads Meeting)
In 1993 meeting of the Heads of States of the Member Countries was
held in Istanbul (Turkey). In this meeting it was suggested that
cooperation in economic & cultural sector will be raised and the
cooperation in the minerals and agriculture sector will also increased.
7. Islamabad Meeting-1995 (Heads Meeting)
Another Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries was
held in Islamabad (Pakistan) in 1995. In which following decision were
made:
i) Cooperation in the economic sector
ii) Support of Kashmiri for their right of self determination
iii) Establishment of peace in South Asia
8. Ashqabad Meeting-1996 (Heads Meeting)
Another Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries was
held in Ashqabad (Turkmenistan) in 1996. In which following decision
were made:
i) To laid down the railway track between the member countries
ii) To construct the motor-way between the member countries
iii) To laid down the pipe line between the Pakistan and
Turkmenistan for oil and gas.
9. Ashqabad Meeting-1997 (Heads Meeting)
An important Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries
was held in Ashqabad (Turkmenistan) in 1997. In which following
decision were made:
i) To increase the air services between the member countries
ii) To increase the trade
iii) To avail the nearest see trade routes to the South Asian States
10. Almatti Meeting-1998 (Heads Meeting)
Important Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries was
held in Almatti (Kazakhstan) in 1998. In which following decision were
made:
i) Establishment of peace in Afghanistan

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ii) To request the International community for the solution of
problem of Kashmir
iii) Promotion of trade
11. Tehran Meeting-2000 (Heads Meeting)
An Important Meeting of Heads of the States of the Member Countries
was held in Tehran (Iran) in 2000. In which following decision were
made:
i) Establishment of Peace in Afghanistan
ii) Sovereignty of Azerbaijan
iii) Establishment of Peace in South Asia
iv) Promotion of Agriculture Industry & Power Sources
12. Istanbul Meeting-2002 (Heads Meeting)
In 2002 important meeting of Heads of the States of the Member
Countries was held in Istanbul (Turkey) in which the following decision
were made:
i) To maximize the cooperation between the member countries
ii) To resolve the mutual problems with dialogue
iv) Promotion of Industry
v) Cooperation in culture, tourism and Educational sectors
13. Doshumbay Meeting-2004 (Heads Meeting)
Countries was held in Doshumbay (Tajikistan) in which the following
decision were made:
i) To maximize the cooperation between the member countries
ii) To resolve the mutual problems with dialogue
iv) Promotion of Industry
v) Cooperation in culture, tourism and Educational sectors
14. Baako Meeting-2006 (Heads Meeting)
Countries was held in Baako (Azerbaijan) in which the following
decision were made:
i) Oil and gas pipe line between Pakistan and Tajikistan
ii) Attainment of Nuclear Technology for peaceful objective
iii) To support the Kashmiri People for their right of self
determination
iv) Promotion of trade
v) Promotion of Industry
vi) Cooperation in culture, tourism and Educational sectors
Potential and Performance of the ECO
The ECO is a big challenge to our analysts and economists. With Iran, Turkey
and Pakistan as original members, the expanded ECO has the potential to become a
politically and economically powerful bloc. Spanning over South, Central and West

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Asia, ECO members have the advantage of territorial contiguity, cultural
homogeneity rich resources, shared faith and absence of any major territorial
conflict. ECO is a vast market for our traders and a wonder-land for travelers.
1. A new Asian trade block is in the offing which holds great economic and trade
possibilities for the region.
2. The Central Asian states are bestowed with tremendous natural resources
like cotton and oil, together with minerals, such as gold and iron.
3. Cotton is grown in abundance in Uzbekistan which used to produce 73
percent of the former Soviet Union‟s cotton crop.
4. The ECO states have immense potential for development and are destined to
regain their historical importance and glory.
5. To promote economic inter-linkages, the vital requirement is that of
communication infrastructure like roads, rail, shipping, airlines and
telecommunications.
6. With regional economic integration being the objective, the ECO can move
forward by promoting trade on a preferential basis in the region.
7. The member countries have agreed to set up a Trade and Development Bank
(TDB) which would help in the exchange of commodities in order to
encourage economic Cooperation at the non-governmental level.
The establishment of ECO is a highly significant event, not in the history of

Pakistan alone, but also for the whole region covering the entire Central Asia. The
governments in the region deserve to he applauded for their swift endeavors regional
and collective Cooperation. However, such a collective measure as ECO must not
cover one aspect of the human activity, but must he encompassing all dimensions of
human development. It must cover the requirements of polity, economy, defense and
society at large.
Q6. Write a note on the organization of Islamic Conference.

Ans. After the establishment of Pakistan the basic principle of Pakistan Foreign
Policy was decided. Pakistan will not leave any stones unturned for the sake of
Muslim Unity but the circumstances were not suitable at that time. Most of the Arab
Countries were thinking of Arab Nationalism. They consider themselves Arab first
and then Muslims. After works cold behaviour of Super Powers made Muslim
Countries to be united. By and by Muslim Countries became united on the base of
Islam. In this way path was paved for the establishment of the OIC. Pakistan
rendered remarkable services for the establishment of the OIC.
Establishment of the OIC

In August, 1969 establishment of OIC was unavoidable when the Jews
attempted to burn Masjid-e-Aqsa and demolished some of its parts. This was not the
problem of only Arabs. The Arabs Foreign Ministers suggested to call an Islamic
submit conference for looking into crucial matter. So first meeting of the heads of

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Islamic countries was held in Rabat, a city of Morocco in September, 1969. Then
the organization of Muslim Conference was founded.
Organization
OIC is an International Organization. About 46 Islamic Countries are its
members. Its head-office is in Jeddah. The first Chairman was Shah Hussain of
Morocco and the first Secretary General was Sharif-uddin Perzada, the then Foreign
Minister of Pakistan.
IMPORTANT INSTITUTIONS
Islamic Summit:
The most institution of OIC is Islamic Summit. All the heads of Islamic
Countries are its members. According to the decision of 1981 Islamic Summit
Conference is held of after three years.
Conference of Foreign Minister
The Second Institution of OIC is the Conference of Foreign Minister. Its
meeting is held at least once annually.
General Secretariat
General Secretariat is another important Institution of OIC. This is presided
over by the Secretary General who prepared agenda per every conference in a
meeting of high level officers. He also looks after the holding and proceeding of
conferences.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Following are the aims and objectives of the OIC:-
1. Steps for defending Muslims States from Nuclear Dangers.
2. Peaceful solution of conflicts of the Muslim Countries
3. Protection of the Muslims territories from Jewish aggression and protection
of holy places in Jerusalem.
4. Establishment of Islamic Development Bank and Islamic Stability Fund for
the sake of economic development of Muslim Countries.
5. In the case of Foreign Aggression, Defense of Muslim Countries.
6. The restoration of occupied Muslim Territories and especially struggle for
the liberty of Palestine.
7. Protection of Muslim Minorities in Non-Muslim Countries.
8. Establishment of Islamic Commission for cultural & social activities to
promote Islamic Culture.
9. Establishment of Muslim Universities for the Promulgation Islamic
Ideology.
10. Establishment of impartial policies.
11. To save the Muslim Countries from being toadies to the Super Powers.
IMPORTANT MEETINGS OF OIC

1. First Summit of OIC (Rabat Morocco 1969)
First Summit of OIC was held in the city of Rabat (Morocco) in September,
1969. This Summit was inaugurated by Shah Hussain. In this meeting General

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Muhammad Agha Yaya Khan represented Pakistan. Twenty-five heads of the
Muslim Countries and eleven joint this session of OIC, so total number of Muslims
Countries who joint this session was 36. Following decisions were made in this
summit.
i. End of the poverty and illiteracy from the Muslim Countries
ii. To work for the economic prosperity of the Muslim Countries
iii. To eliminate the mutual difference of the Muslims
iv. Solution of the Palestine‟s Problem
2. Second Summit of OIC (Lahore-Pakistan 1974)
Second Summit of OIC was held in Lahore-Pakistan in 1974 in which 36
Muslim Countries were participated important Islamic Leader like Shah Faisal, Col.
Qazafi President Anwar Sadaat also joined this session. In this meeting the following
decision were made.
i. Suggestions were presented for the solution of the Palestine‟s problem.
ii. End of the poverty and illiteracy from the Muslim Countries
iii. To work for the economic prosperity of the Muslim Countries
iv. Establishment of Islamic Universities
v. Establishment of Islamic News Agency
vi. In this conference Pakistan recognized Bangladesh
3. Third Summit Conference of the OIC (Taif-Saudi Arabia 1981)
Third Summit of the OIC was held in Taif Saudi Arabia in 1981. In which 38
Muslims Countries were participated and the following decisions were made in this
meeting.
i. Put back the Russian forces from Afghanistan
ii. To stop the war of Iraq and Iran
iii. Establishment of common shipping organization among the member
countries
iv. Establishment of Islamic Welfare Associations
v. To solve the mutual problems by negotiations of the Muslims
4. Fourth Summit Conference of the OIC (Casablanca, Morocco 1984 )
Fourth Summit of the OIC was held in Casablanca, Morocco in 1984. In which
43 Muslims Countries were participated and the following decisions were made in
this meeting.
i. Solution of the problem of the Palestine‟s Problem
ii. To provide the rights to the people of the Bosnia, Herzegovina
iii. Solution of the problem of the Kashmir
iv. To stop the Iran, Iraq war
v. To favour the Afghan Mujahddin against the Russian Forces
5. Fifth Summit Conference of the OIC (Kuwait 1987 )
Fifth Summit of the OIC was held in Kuwait in 1987. In which 43 Muslims
Countries were participated and the following decisions were made in this meeting.
i. Unity of the Muslims World
ii. Solution of the problem of the Palestine‟s Problem
iii. Solution of the problem of the Kashmir

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iv. To stop the Iran, Iraq war
v. To favour the Afghan Mujahddin against the Russian Forces
6. Sixth Summit Conference of the OIC (Dakar Senegal 1991 )
Sixth Summit of the OIC was held in Dakar Senegal in 1991. In which 24
Muslims Countries were participated and Iraq boycotted this meeting. The following
decisions were made in this meeting.
i. End of the poverty and illiteracy from the Muslim Countries
ii. To work for the economic prosperity of the Muslim Countries
iii. To eliminate the mutual difference of the Muslims
iv. Solution of the Palestine‟s Problem
vi. Solution of the Problem of Kashmir
7. Seventh Summit Conference of the OIC (Casablanca, Morocco 1994 )
Seventh Summit of the OIC was held in Casablanca in 1994. In which 51
Muslims Countries were participated. The following decisions were made in this
meeting.
i. To end the terrorism from the world
ii. Solution of the problem of the Kashmir
iii. Establishment of Islamic News Agency
iv. Suggestions were presented for the solution of the Palestine‟s problem.
8. Eighth Summit Conference of the OIC (Tehran, Iran 1997 )
Eighth Summit of the OIC was held in Tehran, Iran in 1997. In which 53
meeting.
i. To work for the Muslim Unity
ii. To maximize the trade among the member countries
iii. Cultural economic and political relations among the member countries
iv. To resolve the problems of the Muslims countries
9. Ninth Summit Conference of the OIC (Doha, Qatar 2000)
Ninth Summit of the OIC was held in Doha, Qatar in 2000. In which 56
meeting.
i. To favour the Afghanistan Government to over come the civil war in
Afghanistan
ii. To raise the funds for the Afghan Refugees
iii. To work for the establishment of peace in Bosnia
iv. To favour the Right of Self Determination of the Kashmiri‟s
v. Solution of the Problem of the Cyprus
10. Tenth Summit Conference of the OIC (Patrajiya, Malaysia 2003 )
Tenth Summit of the OIC was held in Patrajiya, Malaysia in 2003. In which 57
meeting.
i. To work for the Unity of the Muslim World
ii. To end the terrorism in the world after the incident of 9/11
iii. Solution of the problem of the Afghanistan

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iv. Solution of the problem of the Kashmir
11. Eleventh Summit Conference of the OIC (Dakar, Senegal 2008 )
Eleventh Summit of the OIC was held in Dakar, Senegal in 2008. In which 39
meeting.
i. To raise the funds for the Afghan Refugees
ii. To work for the establishment of peace in Bosnia
iii. To favour the Right of Self Determination of the Kashmiri‟s
iv. Solution of the problem of the Palestine
No-doubt organization of Islamic Countries is a largest organization of the

Muslim Countries which tries to resolve the problems of the Muslims Countries but
impact this conference is totally failed to achieve its objectives.

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SHORT QUESTIONS
Chapter # 1
IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Q1. What did Quaid-e-Azam say while inaugurating the state bank of
Pakistan?
Ans. “The economic system of West is creating an unsolvable problems and
failed to do justice with the people. We have to present an economic
system which should be based on the true concepts of Islam and State
justice.”
Q2. What is meant by Ideology of Pakistan?
Ans. The ideology of Pakistan was the consciousness of the Muslims in the
separate nation on the basis of the Islamic ideology.
Q3. When and who founded first regular Muslim Empire in the sub-
continent?
Ans. Qutab-ud-Din founded the first regular Muslim empire in the sub-
continent in 1206.
Q4. What did Quaid-e-Azam say about Nationality?
Ans. Quaid-e-Azam said “The Muslims are a nation by every right to
establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any mean to
promote and protect their spiritual, moral, economic, social political and
cultural interests”.
Q5. What did Allama Iqbal say in his famous address at Allahabad in
1930?
Ans. In 1930, at Allahabad, Allama Iqbal said:
“I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan
amalgamated into a single state, self-government within or without the British
Empire. Consolidated formation of north-west Indian Muslim state appears to
be the final destiny of Muslims, at least of north-west India.”
Q6. Define ideology?
Ans. Collection of concepts or universal concepts which according to its
universality engulfs all aspects of life and time of planning is also
including in it is called ideology or Nazria.
Q7. Explain the concept of Islamic Sovereignty?

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Ans. The Islamic concept of sovereignty means the power and authorities
exercised by the ruling class is from Allah. Man is not having absolute
power. He can make laws within the limits laid down by Allah. The laws,
which are against the Quran and Sunnah, are not allowed in Islamic
society.
Q8. What are the basic elements of the ideology of Pakistan?
Ans. (1) Islamic beliefs
(2) Prayers
(3) Supremacy of law in the light of Quran and Sunnah.
(4) Justice
(5) Fraternity and equality
Q9. Write down four aims & objectives are creation of Pakistan.
Ans. 1. Protection of Muslim Language & Culture
2. To get rid from Hindus & the British
3. Social Economic and Religious Protection of the Muslims
4. To get rid congress and his cruelties
Q10. Describe the importance of Ideology of Pakistan.
Ans. 1. Attainment of right of self-determination for the Muslims
2. Protection of Muslim rights
Q.11 What is meant by “Two Nation Theory?
Ans. In the historical perspective of the sub-continent Two Nation Theory
means that despite living together in the same country for centuries the
Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations. This theory was the
foundation of the establishment of Pakistan.

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CHAPTER # 2
HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Q1. What were the objectives of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan‟s Aligarh
Movement?
Ans. (1) To build confidence between the government and the Muslims
(2) To persuade the Muslims to acquire knowledge and learn English
language.
(3) To hold back the Muslims from the politics.
Q2. Name the educational institutions set by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan?
Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan Set Up:
(1) Persian School at Muradabad in 1859
(2) Scientific Society at Ghazipur in 1863
(3) Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886
(4) Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental School at Aligharh in 1875 which
became college in 1877 and Muslim ali Gargh University in 1920.
Q3. When and where was Shah Wali Ullah born?
Ans. Shal Wali Ullah was born on 2nd February, 1703 in Delhi.
Q4. When and where was Sir Syed Ahmed Khan born?
Ans. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born on 17th October 1817 in Delhi.
Q5. When was Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam established and by whom?
Ans. Anjuman-e-Himayat-e-Islam was established in 1884 in Punjab. The
founder of this movement was Munshi Chiragh Din.
Q6. What are the religious services of Shah Wali Ullah?
Ans. Shah Wali Ullah not only tried to unite the Muslims politically but also
rendered religious services.
(1) He translated the Holy Quran into Persian, which was known as
Fateh Rehman Fi Tarjama-al-Quran.
(2) He was a well versed teacher of Hadith.
(3) He had a command on a book of Hadith known as “Mau‟ta‟.
(4) He wrote a commentary on “Mau‟ta” in Arabic and in Persian
known as “Almos-ul-Mostafa”.
(5) He tried to remove social evils from society and established
Madressa Rehmania.
Q7. What were the objectives of Faraizi Movement?

184
Ans. This movement was founded by Haji Shariat Ullah in Bengal. The
objectives of this movement were:
(1) The Muslims should practice the commandments of religion known
as Faraiz e.g. Namaz, Fasting, Hajj and Zakat,
(2) To support the Muslim peasant against the Cruel Hindu Landlords.
(3) To eradicate the innovations and bad customs from the Muslim
society.
Q8. What was the advice of Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi to the Muslims?
Ans. (1) Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi declared Congress as a Hindu party and
advised the Muslims not to join it.
(2) He issued Fatwa against Band-e-Mataram and the three coloured
flag.
(3) He kept in touch with the Quaid-e-Azam through correspondence.
Q9. Why Sindh is called Babul Islam?
Ans. Sindh is called Babul Islam or the door of Islam because:
(1) Islam entered in the sub-continent through Sindh.
(2) Many religious scholars and Ulemas were born in sindh who
spread Islam in the Sub-continent.
Q10. Who proposed the name PAKISTAN and when?
Ans. Ch. Rehmat Ali proposed the name “Pakistan” in 1933.
Q11. When Muhammad Bin Qasim take over Sindh?
Ans. Muhammad Bin Qasim attacked on Sindh in 712 & defeated Raja Dahir
and take over Sindh.
Q12. When and how many attacks were made by Sultan Mahmood
Ghaznvi on Sub-Continent?
Ans. Sultan Mahmood Ghaznvi attacked on Sub-Continent 17 times and
conquered Punjab, Sindh & Multan.
Q13. When and who founded First Muslim Regular Empire in the Sub-
Continent?
Ans. Qutub-ud-Din Abiak founded first Muslim Regular Empire in the Sub-
Continent in 1206.
Q14. When did The Great Mughals take over Sub-Continent?
Ans. Zaheerudin Babar the Great Mughal Ruler defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in
1526 at Pani Patt and founded the Great Mughal Empire in Sub-
Continent.
Q15. When and where Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani was born?
Ans. Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani (Sheikh Ahmad Sarhandi) was born in 1564 at
a well known Sarhand.
Q16. When did Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani die?

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Ans. Hazrat Mujadid Alif Sani died in the age of 60 in 1624.
Q17. Write down the Four Religious Services of Hazrat Mujadid Alif
Sani.
Ans. 1. Preaching of Islam
2. Wahdat-ul-Wajood and Wahdat-ul-Shahood
3. Favour of two nation theory
4. Social Reforms
Q18. When Shah Wali Ullah had died?
Ans. Shah Wali Ullah had died in 1762.
Q19. What was the actual name of Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah & what was
name of his father?
Ans. The actual name of Shah Wali Ullah was Qutub-ud-Din Ahmad. He was
born in 1703 at Delhi. The name of his father was Shah Abdul Raheem.
Q20. When Aurangzeb Aalamgir had died?
Ans. Aurangzeb Aalamgir had died 1707.
Q21. Who translated the Holy Quran in the Persian First?
Ans. Shah Wali Ullah translated the Holy Quran in to Persian First.
Q22. Who translated the Holy Quran in the Urdu First?
Ans. Shah Abdul Qadir & Shah Rafiuddin Sons of Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah
translated the Holy Quran into Urdu First.
Q23. When and where did Syed Ahmad Baralvi born?
Ans. Syed Ahmad Baralvi was born in 1786 in Rai Barali near Lucknow.
Q24. When Syed Ahmad Baralvi did started Mujahdin Movement?
Ans. Syed Ahmad Baralvi started Mujahdin Movement in 1823.
Q25. When Sir Syed Ahmed Baralvi attacked on Akora Khatak?
Ans. Syed Ahmad Baralvi attacked on Akora Khatak in 1826 and defeated
Sikhs.
Q26. When Syed Ahmed Baralvi did established his Head Quarter at
Peshawar?
Ans. Syed Ahmed Baralvi established his Head Quarter in Peshawar in 1826.
Q27. When and where did Syed Ahmed Baralvi Martyr?
Ans. Syed Ahmed Baralvi and his companion Shah Ismail Martyred in 1831
at Balakot.
Q28. Why Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advised the Muslim to abstain from
congress?
Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan thinks that Congress is only the single
representative party of the Hindus. Congress is not the representative
party of the Muslim that‟s why he advised the Muslim not join congress.
Q29. When did Anjaman-e-Hamiyat-e-Islam establish and who was the
founder of it?

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Ans. Kahlifa Hamid-u-Din founded Anjaman-e-Hamiyat-e-Islam in 1884 in
Lahore. The other important leader of this organization was Munshi
Chirag Din, Munshi Abdul Raheem, Mir Shams-u-Din and Dr.
Muhammad Din Nazir.
Q30. When did Sir Ahmad Khan use the term “nation” for the Muslims?
Ans. Sir Ahmad Khan used the word nation for the Muslims of the sub-
continent first time in the history in 1867.
Q31. Write down the objectives of Dar-ul-Uloom Deo Band.
Ans. 1. Preaching of Islam
2. To get rid from innovations
3. Spiritual and Ethical reforms of the Muslims.
Q32. Write down four objectives of Nadwa-Tul-Ulmae.
Ans. 1. Reforms in Curriculum
2. To eliminate the differences among the Religious Scholar
3. To guide the Muslims from religious point of view
4. Teaching of Modern & Religious Knowledge
Q33. Write down four objectives of Anjuman-e-Hamiyat-e-Islam.
Ans. 1. Establishment of Educational Institution
2. To effectively counter the propaganda of the Christian
Missionaries.
3. To Look after and educate the Muslim Orphan Children
4. To established Muslims Society on the sound and stable
foundations.

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CHAPTER # 3
PAKISTAN MOVEMENT
Q1 How many seats Muslim League won in Punjab province in the
election of 1945-46?
Ans. Muslim League won 75 seats initially out of 86 Muslim seats of the
Punjab Provincial Assembly but four members included later on and
total seats became 79.
Q2. What were the steps taken by the Quaid-e-Azam as Governor
General for the improvement of the administrative structure of
Pakistan?
Ans. (1) Karachi was made the capital of Pakistan.
(2) The Civil Secretariat was established.
(3) Ch. Muhammad Ali was appointed as the Secretary General.
(4) Civil Services were reorganized and Civil Service Academy was
established.
(5) Headquarters for Army, Navy and Air Force were set up.
Q3. Who established Muslim League in Balochistan and when?
Ans. In 1939 Muslim League was established in Balochistan. Qazi
Muhammad Esa made it effective and functional.
Q4. Write down the names of the rive nominees of Muslim League for
the interim Govt. in 1946?
Ans. Five ministries were given to the Muslim League.
(1) Liaqat Ali Khan Finance Minister
(2) I. I. Chandrigar Minister for Commerce & Trade
(3) Joginder Nath Mondal Law Minister
(4) Raja Gazanfar Ali Khan Health Minister
(5) Sardar Abdul Rab Nishtar
Minister for Communication & information
Q5. Write down the objectives of the non-co-operation movement‟?
Ans. (1) None cooperation with the British Government.
(2) Resignation from government services.
(3) Boycott recruitment in the Armed forces.
(4) Boycott of English products.
(5) Boycott of the government educational institutions.
Q6. When and why was the „Indian National Congress‟ formed?

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Ans. In 1885, an English-man named A.O. Hume, established a political
party, the Indian National congress. The Object of the establishment of
this party was that the people should have a political platform to express
their feelings instead of indulging in open confrontation with the English.
Q7. When was Muslim League established and what were its main
objectives?
Ans. All India Muslim League was established on 30th December, 1906 in
Dhaka. The basic objectives of the establishment of Muslim League
were:
(1) To develop the feelings of loyalty towards the British among the
Muslims and to remove all sorts of misunderstanding about an
action of the Govt.
(2) To safeguard the Political rights of Muslims and to convey their
demands and wishes to the govt.
(3) To develop friendly relations with all the nations of the sub-
continent without hardily the above objective of Muslims League.
Q8. What was the „Lucknow Pact‟?
Ans. Due to the efforts of the Quaid-e-Azam, Muslim League and Congress
party both agreed to a political settlement in 1916, which is called
„Lucknow Pact‟. According to this pact the Congress recognized the
separate position of the Muslims and accepted the Muslims‟ demand for
separate electorate.
Q9. What do you know about Nehru Report?
Ans. The publication of Nehru Report in 1928 proved the prejudiced attitude
of the Congress. In his report all those clauses of Lucknow Pact were
rejected which were earlier accepted to protect the rights of the
Muslims. Nehru Report rejected the principle of separate electorate
along with the guarantees, which were considered essential by the
Muslims for the preservation of their national identity.
Q10. What was the attitude of Congress Ministries towards the Muslims
after winning the election of 1937?
Ans. Just after the establishment of the Congress government in 8 provinces,
(1) indirectly a ban was put on the religious traditions of the Muslims.
(2) The Muslims were refused from government jobs.
(3) Urdu was replaced by Hindi in schools.
(4) The students were forced to sing Bande Mataram which showed
hatred towards the Muslims.
Q11. Why the Quaid-e-Azam advised the Muslims to observe a Day of
Deliverance on 22nd December, 1939?

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Ans. On the resignation of Congress government the Muslims of India got
rid of oppressive, brutal and unjust rule of the Hindus. So the Quaid-e-
Azam advised the Muslims to observe a “Day of Deliverance” on 22nd
December, 1939.
Q12. What were the Proposals made by Sir Stafford Cripps?
Ans. According to Cripps‟ Proposals:
(1) No constitution would be introduced in the Sub-continent, which
was not acceptable to all the political parties.
(2) After war the sub-continent would be treated as a dominion under
the British crown but the British Government would not interfere in
the external and internal affairs of it.
a. Minorities would be given complete protection.
Q13. What was the proposal made by Lord Wavell in the Shimla
Conference?
Ans. (a) All the political parties would be represented proportionality. It
meant that the number of seats of the Muslims and the upper caste
Hindus would be equalt.
(b) The administrative council would all be consisted of the Indian
members.
Q14. Who were the members of Cabinet Mission Plan?
Ans. This mission consisted of three members.
(i) Sir Stafford Cripps.
(ii) Sir Pathic Lawrence.
(iii) Sir A.V. Alexander.
Q15. What were the motives which led to the establishment of Muslim
League?
Ans. In the formation of the Muslim League the following factors played an
important role.
(1) The partition of Bengal and the Hindu reaction
(2) The British attitude.
(3) Deprivation of the Muslims.
(4) Non active participation in the political life.
(5) Successfulness of Shimla Deputation.
(6) Urdu Hindi conflict 1867.
Q16. Write down the four points of cabinet mission plan?

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Ans. (1) A union would be made in the sub-continent which would be
responsible for the foreign affairs, defense, communication and
transportation.
(2) All the powers, except of the central affairs, would be given to the
provinces.
(3) The provinces would be free to form a group and every group
would frame its own constitution.
(4) The provinces would be free to form a group and every group
would frame its own constitution through the majority of opinion
after every 10 years.
Q17. What are the objectives of Khalafat Movement?
Ans. (1) Turkish Khilafat should remain intact.
(2) The Holy places of the Muslims should remain in protection of the
Turks.
(3) The Turkish boundaries should remain the same as they were before
the war.
Q18. Write name of the nominees of Pakistan in Redcliffe Award for the
demarcation of the boundaries of Punjab and Bengal?
Ans. For the Demarcation of Punjab:
Pakistani representatives:
Mr. Justice Munir and
Mr. Justice Din Muhammad
For the demarcation of Bengal:
Pakistani Representatives:
Mr. Justice Abu Salah Muhammad Akram and
Mr. Justice S.A Rehman
Q19. What is meant by the plan of 3rd June, 1947?
Ans. Mount Batten worked out a partition plan which is known as June 3rd
plan.
(1) A clause was incorporated in the 3rd June Plan that separate
sessions of Muslim and Hindu members of the assemblies of
Punjab and Bengal will be held. The new boundaries of Punjab and
Bengal will be decided by the Boundary Commission.
(2) Sindh Assembly would decide the future status of province through
their majority of vote.

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(3) The people of NWFP, Sylhet (Assam) will decide through
referendum.
(4) The future of province of Balochistan will be decided by Shahi
Jirga.
Q20. When and where did Muslim League establish?
Ans. Muslim League established on 30th December 1906 at Dakkha. The
main founders of the Muslim League were Maulana Muhammad Ali
Johar, Maulana Shoukat Ali, Sir Agha Khan, Nawab Saleem Ullah Khan
etc.
Q21. Write down the motives of establishment of Muslim League.
Ans. 1. Shimla delegation
2. Reaction of Congress
3. Negative British & Hindu Attitude
4. Political ignorance of Muslims
Q22. How many seats Muslim League won of central and Provincial
Assemblies in the Elections of 1945-46?
Ans. Muslim won all the seats (30 out of 30) of central assembly and 434
seats out of 495 of the provincial assembly.
Q23. When did partition of Bengal take place and when it was reversed?
Ans. Partition of Bengal was held in 1905 and it was reversed in 1911.
Q24. How Red-Cliff damaged Pakistan?
Ans. 1. Red-Cliff deprived Pakistan from a lot of Muslim majority areas of
Tehsil Ferozepur, Gurdaspur, Battala, Zeera etc.
2. He deprived Pakistan from the water of reverse Ravi, Bias & Satluj.
Q25. When and who suggested the name of Pakistan?
Ans. Name of Pakistan was suggested by Ch. Rehmat Ali in 1933.
Q26. When and where did Pakistan resolution pass?
Ans. Pakistan resolution was passed on 23rd March 1940 at Lahore.
Q27. When and who did establish Jamiat-ulmai-Islam?
Ans. Jamiat-Ulmai-Islam was established by Allama Shabir Ahmad Usmani in
1945.
Q28. Write down the founder of Khilafat Movement.
Ans. Maulana Muhammad Ali Johar, Maulana Shoukat Ali, Maulana Hasrat
Mohani, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and
Hakeem Ajmal Khan were the prominent leader of Khilafat Movement.

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Q29. When did Pakistan become the member of UNO?
Ans. Pakistan became the member of UNO on 30th September, 1947.
Q30. When did Shimla Delegation met with Viceroy Lord Minto?
Ans. Shimla Delegation met with Viceroy Lord Minto in 1906 at Shimla in the
leadership of Sir Agha Khan.
Q31. Write down two demands of Shimla Delegation.
Ans. 1. Demand of separate electorate for the Muslims
2. One third seats in the central legislature
Q32. When did Lucknow Pact sign and write two important points of
Lucknow pact?
Ans. Lucknow pact was signed in 1916:
1. Hindus accepted the right of separate electorate of the Muslims
2. Hindus accepted the demand of one third seats in the central
legislature.
Q33. What do you know about migration movement?
Ans. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad gave the idea of migration on the advised of
Mr.Gandhi in 1920. In which he advised the Muslims to migrate towards
Afghanistan or Iran.
Q34. When Quaid-e-Azam did present his fourteen points?
Ans. Quaid-e-Azam presented the fourteen points in 1929.
Q35. When did Allama Iqbal gave the idea of separate state for the
Muslims and where?
Ans. Allama Iqbal presented the idea of separate state for the Muslims in
1930 at Allahabad.

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CHAPTER 4
CONSOLIDATION OF PAKISTAN
Q1. What is meant by unity, faith and discipline?
Ans.
i. Unity means to get united or to eliminate the differences and
became a unit to whole nation for achieving a national purpose.
ii. Faith means strong and the firm belief that leads to the sincerity
of struggle.
iii. Discipline means to follow the rules and regulation and remain
within the limits of rules and regulation. The national freedom,
sovereignty and honour depend upon these three.
Unity, faith and discipline are the motto given by the Quaid-e-Azam to
Pakistani Nation.
Q2. What was the advice of the Quaid-e-Azam to the students?
Ans. The Quaid-e-Azam called the students the most precious asset of the
nation and depended upon them during the time of crisis. He was very happy
to see the students in the front ranks. Once he said,
“The students are the architects of the future. The nation expects discipline
and unity from them so that they may confront the challenges of the time.”
Q3. How was the river water dispute resolved between Pakistan and
Bharat?
Ans. The Indus Basin Treaty was signed between the two countries in 1960
with the cooperation of World Bank. Pakistan conceded three rivers
(Ravi, Bias & Satluj) to Bharat and reciprocally Bharat left its claim on
the water of rivers, Jhelum, Chenab and Sindh.
Q4. Why did Bharat not pay the share of assets to Pakistan?
Ans. India took every stop to crush the economy of Pakistan. When the
question of division of assets between the two separated countries was
raised, the Hindus once again did not do justice with the Muslims. The
Bharat government remained reluctant to pay the share of Pakistan out
of the cash balance of four billions. The share of Pakistan was 750
million rupees.
Q5. Discuss the administrative problems which the country faced after
the partition?
Ans.
1. The Hindus working in offices situated in the areas of Pakistan
migrated to Bharat and the offices became empty.
2. Furniture, stationery, typewriters and other necessary items were
also not available in the offices.
3. The Hindu officers had destroyed the records before going to Bharat.

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4. There was a lack of experienced and trained officials.
Q6. How did Bharat occupy the State of Jammu and Kashmir?
Ans. The state of Jammu and Kashmir is, culturally, geographically and
religiously very close to Pakistan. Therefore, people pressed the Raja to join
Pakistan. The Hindu ruler did not appreciate the idea. Raja did every thing to
crush the activities of the Muslim Kashmiris. The oppression made the
movement get greater momentum with the passage of time. Raja found
himself helpless, therefore, he appealed to Bharti government to come to his
rescue. So the Indian forces entered the Kashmir and occupy the whole stage
illegally & illogically.
Q7. What did the Quaid-e-Azam say to the civil servants on 11th
October 1947?
Ans. On October 11, 1947 Quaid-e-Azam advised the civil servants.
“This is a challenge for us. If we are to survive as a nation we will have
to face these difficulties with a stern hand our people are disorganized and
worried because of the problems they are facing. We have to encourage them
to put the responsibility on the administration and the people look to you for
guidance.”
Q8. Why did the Quaid-e-Azam inaugurate the State Bank of Pakistan?
Ans. The Quaid felt the dire need of a central bank of Pakistan. The Reserve
Bank of India could not deliver the required services for the progress of
economy of Pakistan as it was monopolized by Hindus. The great leader
established the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948.
Q9. What is meant by provincialism & racialism?
Ans. Racialism means to be prejudiced about own race and consider other
races mean and inferior.
Provincialism means to be prejudiced about own province and to be proud of
own province while considering the other provinces inferior racialism and
provincialism are harmful for the national integrity and unity.
Q10. Why did the State of Junaharh not join Bharat?
Ans. Nawab of Junagarh announced the annexation of Junagarh with
Pakistan. The Governor General of Bharat, Lord Mountbatten, favoured the
annexation with Bharat. Pakistan government issued a letter after accepting
the declaration of annexation by the Nawab. A copy of the letter was sent to
the Governor General, as well. Bharat considered the action of Pakistan as
interference in its internal affairs. The state was surrounded by Indian army
from all sides and blockade continued for indefinite period finally India
occupied the whole state
Q11. What did Quaid-e-Azam say on the eve of inauguration of State
Bank of Pakistan?

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Ans. The Quaid-e-Azam established the State Bank of Pakistan on 1st
July 1948. He delivered his inaugural address and said,
“The Bank symbolizes the sovereignty of our people in the financial sphere.
The Western economic system has created many problems for the humanity.
It will not help us in setting up a workable economic order. We should evolve
an economic system based on Islamic concept of justice and equality.”
Q12. How did India occupy the state of Hyderabad Decon?
Ans. Nizam-e-Hyderabad being the Muslim, never liked annexation with
Bharat but the Indian government pressurized him. Lord Mountbatten, as Fist
Governor General of India, also pressurized him to annex his state with
Bharat, on the basis of geographical situation. Nizam did not agree with them
and resisted all the pressures. The Bharti government forced him to sign the
document of annexation but he refused. On 17th September 1948, the army of
Nizam surrendered to the Bharti Forces. Bharat got control of the state
forcibly.
Q13. What was the problem of assets at the time of creation of
Pakistan?
Ans. The Indian National Congress created multiple problems for Pakistan. It
took every step to crush the withering economy of the new state. The share of
Pakistan was 750 million rupees out of 4 billions. Partial payment of 200
millions was released and second installment of 500 millions was released
after a long time. The balance has not been paid by Bharat so far.
Q14. When and who established the State Bank of Pakistan?
Ans. Quaid-e-Azam established State Bank of Pakistan on 1st July 1948 at
Karachi.
Q15. What steps were been taken by Quaid-e-Azam for the
rehabilitation/ settlement of the Refugees?
Ans.
1. Quaid-e-Azam shifted his Headquarters from Karachi to Lahore to
supervise the activities being carried out by the government and voluntary
associations.
2. Quaid-e-Azam Relief Fund for the Refugees was set up.
3. The social workers sincerely provided a very huge quantity of foodstuff,
clothing, medicines, blankets, tents and other things.
4. Gradually the refugees were shifted to different cities and towns and
permanent accommodations were managed.
Q16. Describe the administrative services of Quaid-e-Azam.
Ans. Quaid-e-Azam to organize the:
1. Civil Service.
2. Foreign Service,
3. Accounts Service and

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4. Defense Service
5. The Headquarters for Navy, Air Force and Army were made. The
Quaid-e-Azam erected the whole system within one year and
removed all difficulties.
6. Civil Secretariat started functioning in the capital in 1948.
Q17. What steps were been taken by the Quaid-e-Azam for the
betterment of foreign policy?
Ans. 1. Quaid-e-Azam established embassies in different country of the
world.
2. He made Pakistan member of United Nations on 13th September, 1947
3. He established good relations with the Muslims & the neighboring
countries.
Q18. Describe the importance of Unity Faith & Discipline.
Ans. If a nation wants to lead an honorable life in the community of nations, it
should be firm on unity, faith and discipline. The national freedom, sovereignty
and honour of a nation mainly depend upon the attitudes of the people. The
Quaid-e-Azam desired to build a strong and confident nation by the force of
unity, faith and discipline. The motto infused a new spirit among the Muslims
and they stood like a solid rock and got historic success.
Q19. What are the disadvantages of provincialism & racialism?
Ans. The Quaid-e-Azam was fully aware of the dangerous menace of
provincialism and racialism. He warned the people and advised them not to
indulge in provincialism and racialism. Such prejudices, he knew, could lead to
disunity, and harm national integration. He emphasized the need to adopt
national instead of provincial, linguistic, racial and territorial outlooks.
Q20. How Radcliff damages Pakistan?
Ans. Radcliff deprived Pakistan from a lot of Muslim majority and fertile areas
of the Punjab. Three Tehsils of District Gurdaspur namely Pathan Kot, Batala
and Gurdaspur and the Tehsil Zeera of District Ferozpur were included in
Bharat. Sir Radcliff provided a land route to Bharat to move into the valley of
Jammu and Kashmir. The Head Works constructed on the land of West
Punjab were also handed over to Bharat.
Q21. At which ratio division of assets of army was happened between
Pakistan & India at the time of creation of Pakistan?
Ans. At the time of creation of Pakistan it was decided that all military assets
would be divided at the ratio of 64% to India & 36% to Pakistan.

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CHAPTER 5
Constitutional History of Pakistan
Q.1 What were the five reasons of the separation of East Pakistan?
Ans. (1) Incompetent leadership.
(2) Control of Hindus on Trade and Services.
(3) Economic Backwardness.
(4) Role of Hindu Teachers.
(5) Language Issue.
Q.2 What is Constitution?
Ans. The collection of laws, rules and regulations which govern the conduct
of government and which determine the powers and interrelationship
between three government departments (Legislative, Executives and
Judiciary) and the rights of citizens is called the constitution.
Q.3 When was constitution of 1956 abrogated and by whom?
Ans. The first constitution was enforced on 23rd March, P.M Chaudhry
Muhammad Ali 1956 and abrogated by General Muhammad Ayub Khan
on October, 1958.
Q.4 Describe importance of objective resolution (any six)?
Ans. (a) After the approval of objective resolution the process of the
formation of constitutions started.
(b) A committee to draft the constitutions was formed.
(c) It removed all the hurdles in the way of making constitution.
(d) It laid down the basis of the constitution.
(e) Objective revolution was incorporated in all the constitutions made
in Pakistan 1956 and 1962.
(f) It was made a part of constitution of 1973 as a preamble.
Q.5 When was the Govt. of Muhammad Khan Junejo dissolved and by
whom?
Ans. Govt. of Prime Minister was dismissed by president Zia-ul-Haq in 1988.
Q.6 Define Muslim as in constitution of 1973?
Ans. In 1973‟s constitution, the Muslim is defined as.
The Muslim is one who believes in.
(1) The oneness of Allah.
(2) The finality of the Prophet hood of Hazrat Muhammad P.B.U.H
(3) Devine books and the day of judgment.
Q.7 How many seats won by PPP from West Pakistan in elections of
1970?

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Ans. In the elections of 1970, PPP won 88 seats out of 144 seats of
National Assembly and no seat from East Pakistan.
Q.8 Describe five principles of state policy of Pakistan?
Ans. (1) It is the responsibility of the state of provide necessary environment
to the people to lead their lives according to Islam.
(2) To make necessary arrangements for the teaching of Holy Quran
and its error free printing.
(3) Introduction of moral and ethical code of Islam.
(4) Proper arrangements for the Islamic system of Zakat, Usher and
Auqaf.
(5) Maximum opportunities for women and maximum security to
minorities.
Q.9 Write down the four Islamic clauses of the constitution of 1962?
Ans. (1) Sovereignty of Allah was considered.
(2) Fundamentals rights are ensured to the people of Pakistan.
(3) Minorities were ensured in the constitution free from all pressures.
(4) Urdu and Bengali jointly declared the national languages of
Pakistan.
Q.10 What is meant by sovereignty of Allah?
Ans. Sovereignty of Allah means Allah is the sovereign of all over the
universe. The source of law is Holy Quran and Sunnah and no any law
can be designed in the country which is against the Holy Quran and
Sunnah. Power is a trust with the people and it is to be exercised within
prescribed limits by the elected representatives of the people.
Q.11 What is “One Unit”?
Ans. In 1955 all the four provinces of West Pakistan Punjab, N.W.F.P,
Balochistan and Sindh were merged into one province was called One
Unit.
Q.12 When and Who enforced 1st Martial law in the country?
Ans. In October 1958 1st martial law was enforced in Pakistan by General
Ayub Khan. He dissolved the constitution of 1956 and also assemblies.
President Sikandar Mirza was dismissed and General Ayub Khan took
over the control of the country as the President.
Q.13 When was the objective resolution approved?
Ans. The objective resolution was approved on 12th March, 1949 by Prime
Minister Liaqat Ali Khan.
Q.14 What were the causes of abrogation of constitution of 1956?
Ans. Due to:

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(i) Mutual confrontation of politicians.
(ii) Unnecessary interference of bureaucracy and military in
democratic institution.
(iii) Dictorial role of governor general,
(iv) Incompetent Leadership.
Q.15 When and Who dissolved the 1st Constitutional Assembly of
Pakistan?
Ans. Governor General Ghulam Muhammad dissolved the Federal assembly
on 24th October 1954.
Q.16 When was 2nd constitution of Pakistan enforced?
Ans. 2nd constitution was enforced on 8th June 1962 by General Ayub Khan.
Q.17 When was 2nd Martial Law of Pakistan imposed?
Ans. When the situation became out of control, General Ayub Khan resigned
as a President and handed over the powers to Army chief General Agha
Yahya Khan who imposed martial law in the country on 25th March
1969.
Q.18 When did 3rd Martial Law impose in the Country and by whom?
Ans. Army Chief General Zia-ul-Haq imposed 3rd martial law in the country
on 5th July 1977.
Q.19 When was 3rd Martial Law lifted?
Ans. 3rd martial Law was lifted on 30th December 1985 by Muhammad Khan
Junejo.
Q.20 When did General Pervaiz Musharaf dismiss the government of
Nawaz Sharif?
Ans. On October 12, 1999 Army Chief General Pervaiz Musharaf dismissed
the government of Nawaz Sharif and took control of the country. He
suspended the constitution and enforced the PCO.
Q.21 What were the Reasons of abrogation of the constitution of 1962?
Ans. (1) Role of Ayub Khan (dictatorship).
(2) Agitation between the government and people.
(3) Anti government movement of Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto.
(4) Un-secure and disorder of the society.
(5) Negative Role of bureaucracy.
Q.22 Describe salient features of 1973‟s constitution?
Ans. Pakistan was declared Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
(a) Objective Resolution made necessary part of the constitution.
(b) It was in written form which consists of 280 articles and six
schedules.

200
(c) Federal parliamentary system was again introduced in the
country.
(d) Judiciary was declared fully independent and free.
(e) Citizens of Pakistan were given equal fundamental rights.
Q.23 Describe importance of constitution?
Ans. (a) Constitution is the basic law of state.
(b) Constitution is the supreme law of state.
(c) Violation of constitution a serious crime.
(d) Every govt. is bound to remain loyal to constitution.
(e) Every govt. performs his duties and functions within constitutional
limits.
(f) Absence of constitution may causes choose and confusion in the
country.
Q.24 Describe important features of 1956‟s constitution?
Ans. (a) Pakistan declared an Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
(b) Federal parliamentary system was introduced in Pakistan.
(c) It was affirmed that sovereignty belongs to Allah.
(d) Fundamental rights are ensured to the people of Pakistan.
(e) It was made guaranteed for the judiciary to work independently.
(f) Urdu and Bengali were declared national languages.
Q.25 Describe the causes of abrogation of constitution of 1956?
Ans. (a) Inference of military in govt. affairs
(b) Dictatorship and negative role of President Sikander Mirza.
(c) Lack of Leader ship after the death of Quaid and Liaquat Ali Khan.
(d) Un-necessary inference of bureaucracy in the govt. affairs

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Chapter 6
LAND OF PAKISTAN
Q.1 Define Natural resources?
Ans. All the resources which Allah almighty has created for every type of
human life is called Natural resources. These natural resources are
rivers, oceans, forests, minerals and fertile plains etc.
Q.2 What is soil?
Ans. The upper layer of the earth, composed of different thin rock particles
helpful in the growth of vegetation and plant, is called soil.
The three basic components of soil are:
(i) Solid particles like salt, mineral and organic compound.
(ii) Air
(iii) Water.
Q.3 What types of trees are in the forests of plains?
Ans. Important trees are mulberry, sumbal, dhrek and eucalytus. These forests
are found in Changa Manga, Mianwali, Toba Tek Singh, Shorkot and
Bahawalpur etc.
Q.4 How do the trees become useful for the area affected by water
logging and salinity?
Ans. The trees become useful for the area affected by water logging and
salinity because trees absorb water from the soil and lower water level
of underground reserves.
Q.5 Which are five departments busy in the development and
exploration of mineral resources in Pakistan?
Ans. The agencies working for the development and explorations of minerals
are following:
(i) Geological Survey of Pakistan. (G.S.P).
(ii) Oil and Gas Mineral Development Corporation. (O.G.D.C).
(iii) Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation. (P.M.D.C).
(iv) Gemstone Corporation of Pakistan. (G.C.P).
(v) Resources Development Corporation. (R.D.C).
Q.6 Where the coal mines are located in Sindh?
Ans. The Sindh coal mines are at Thar, Jhimpir, Sarang And Lakhra which is
located about 128 Km east of Karachi.
Q.7 Write down the names of four oil refineries in Pakistan?

202
Ans. The four oil refineries working in Pakistan are the Attock Refinery,
Pakistan Refinery, National Refinery and Pak Arab Refinery.
Q.8 Write down the utility of copper?
Ans. Copper is used in:
(i) The production of electric goods especially electric cables.
(ii) In old days it was used in coins and pottery.
Q.9 What are Rabi and Kharif crops?
Ans. The Rabi season begins in October and ends in March. Wheat, barley,
Chickpea, Oil seeds, tobacco etc. are the Rabi crops.
Kharif season begins in April and ends in September. Rice, Maize,
Cotton, Sugar cane, Jawar, Bajra are Kharif crops.
Q.10 Write down the names of the canals of the river Ravi?
Ans. Balloki Sulemanki link canal no. 1,2 and Lower Bari Doab are important
canals of the river Ravi. Upper Bari Doab canal taken from Madhupur
Barrage was constructed in 1861.
Q.11 What are the rivers that came under the possession of Pakistan
and India under the Indus Basin Treaty?
Ans. Indus Basin Treaty was signed in 1960 according to that three western
rivers Indus, Jehlum and Chennab are used by Pakistan and three
eastern rivers Ravi, Bias and Satluj are used by India.
Q.12 What are the seven link canals of Pakistan?
Ans. There are seven link canals are in Pakistan.
(i) Rasul-Qadirabad
(ii) Qadirabad-Bhalloki
(iii) Balloki-Sulaimanki
(iv) Chashama-Jhelum
(v) Trimmu-Sidhani
(vi) Sidhnai-Mailsi-Bahawal
(vii) Taunsa-Panjnad
Q.13 What is the utility of life stock?
Ans. (1) Animals for example cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats provide milk,
butter and Ghee.
(2) We obtained meat from life stock.
(3) The hides and skins of animals are tanned into leather to produce
leather products to earn foreign exchange.

203
(4) Animals are used in ploughing and leveling of land;
transportation of crops etc.
Q.14 What are the important energy resources in Pakistan?
Ans. (i) Hydroelectricity (ii) Thermal electricity.
(iii) Solar Energy. (iv) Atomic Energy.
Q.15 Where are the thermal power stations situated in Pakistan?
Ans. There are 13 thermal power station in Pakistan, which are at Multan,
Faisalabad, Guddu, Jamsharo, Muzzaffargarh, Sukkur, Larkana, Kotri,
Pasni are using natural gas. Quetta power station uses coal. In Gilgit,
Kot Addu, Pasni and Shahdara diesel is used for producing electricity.
KESC (Karachi Electric Supply Company) produces 1756 MW of
electricity in its thermal power station.
Q.16 When and where was natural gas discovered in Pakistan?
Ans. The natural gas was discovered in 1952 at Sui (district Sibbi) in
Balochistan.
Q.17 What are the uses of Copper and where it is found?
Ans. Copper is used in the production of electric goods special wire
networks. In the past it was only used for making of coins and pottery.
The deposits of Copper have been discovered in Balichistan and
NWFP. In Balochistan Copper reserves are in district Chaghi, Saindak
and other areas.
Q.18 Where is Gypsum available in Pakistan?
Ans. Gypsum is mostly available in the salt range and Western mountainous
area of Pakistan. The important mines are in Khwera, Dandot, Daud
Khail, Rohri and Kohat.
Q.19 What are Karezs?
Ans. In Balochistan where rainfall is a scanty underground canals have been
dug in the form of tunnels, which are called Karezs which are built to
save water from Evoporation due to shortage of water in the area.
Q.20 What is Khaddar soil?
Ans. Khaddar soils are formed along the rivers. Some areas of these soils
are flooded every year. So every new layer of silt loam and silt clay are
deposited. These soils have low content of organic matter and salts.
Q.21 What do you know about Terbela Dam?
Ans. It is Pakistan‟s greatest electricity project constructed on river Indus. Its
installed generation capacity is 3478 MW. It was constructed in 1974
and its cost was Rs. 26 Billions. It is multipurpose project primarily
constructed to supply water for irrigation but is also produces electricity.

204
The Dam is about 9000 feet long and it is one of the biggest dam of
the world.
Q.22 What are the uses of coal in Pakistan?
Ans. In Pakistan, the coal is generally used in brick kilns for thermal electric
power and domestic purpose.
Q.23 What is the use of lime stone and where it is found?
Ans. Lime stone is used as raw material in Cement industry. It is found in
Daudkhel, Wah, Rohri, Hyderabad and Karachi.
Q.24 What is the importance of forests?
Ans. Forests Help In:
(i) Checking soil erosion
(ii) Water logging
(iii) Provide timber and firewood
(iv) Fruits and herbs
(v) Provide employment
Q.25 Where the iron ore has been found in Pakistan?
Ans. Kalabagh (Mianwali) has the biggest deposits of iron ore but the quality
is not good. Other places are Dammel Nissar (Chitral), Langrial (District
Haripur). Chilghazi (District Chagai), Mazri Jang and Marri Bela.
Q.26 Name the areas where marble is found.
Ans. In Pakistan marble is available in different colors and varieties in Mulla
Ghori (Khyber Agency), Mardan, Swat, Noshara, Hazara, Chagai
(Balochistan) and Gilgit. Black and white marble is found in Kala-Chitta
Hill in District Attock. It is also found in Muzzafarabad and Mir Pur (Azad
Kashmir).
Q.27 What steps have been taken by the government against water-
logging and salinity?
Ans. (1) Tube wells and drains have been built-installed.
(2) About 60 reclamation schemes have been completed.
(3) Forests are planted on river banks and along the canals.
Q.28 Which are the canals of River Jhelum?
Ans. The upper Jhelum and Lower Jhelum are the canals of river Jhelum.
Q29 To which countries Pakistan export its goods?

205
Ans. (1) USA (2) Europe (3) Japan.
(4) Saudi Arabia (5) China (6) U. A.E.
Q30 Write some advantages of International trade?
Ans. Some Advantages of International Trade are:
(i) International trade provides opportunities of employment.
(ii) Increases the income of the people.
(iii) Earns foreign exchange
(iv) Promotes national industry
(v) Stabilizes the exchange rate of foreign and local currencies.
Q31 Which cities are connected by Natioal Highway No.5?
Ans. The National Highway No. 5 connects the North and South of the
country. It connect Karachi with Peshawar via Hyderabad, Multan,
Sahiwal, Lahore, Gujranwala and Rawalpindi. It helps in the
transportation of 56% of goods and people of the country from one
place to another.
Q32 What is the function of Fauji Foundation?
Ans. Fauji Foundation has been set up in which retired army personnel are
engaged to produce different goods including army uniforms, shoes and
other goods related to army. The profit earned by the Fauji Foundation
is consumed on the welfare of the retired army persons.
Q33 Write down the name of ten heavy industries of Pakistan?
Ans. 10 Types of Industries:
(1) The petroleum and petroleum products industry
(2) Automobile industry
(3) Cement industry
(4) Chemical fertilizers industry
(5) jeeps, cars, buses, tractors and motorcycles industry
(6) TV sets, refrigerators and air conditioners
(7) Sugar industry
(8) Food products, i.e., ghee, cooking oil, etc.
(9) Tobacco and cigarette industry
(10) Textile industry and textile related industriesL
(11) Leather and leather goods industry
Q34 What are the items prepared by handicraft industry?

206
Ans. Wood work, iron work, hand made carpets and rugs, goods made of
leaves and canes, stone work, clay pots embroidery and toys are
included in handicraft industry.
Q35 What are the major imports of Pakistan?
Ans. (1) Petroleum products.
(2) Machinery.
(3) Fertilizers.
(4) Chemicals.
(5) Medicines.
(6) Edible Oil.
(7) Transport goods.
(8) Iron and Iron products.
Q36 What is the major problem of PIA?
Ans. To earn the profit is the major problem of PIA.
Q37 Define In land and Foreign trade?
Ans. In land trade:
In-land trade is the means of distribution of goods, services and their
sale and purchase with in the same country.
Foreign Trade:
The goods which are sold to other countries or purchased from other
countries are called foreign trade. It has two types like imports and exports.
Q38 Define imports and exports?
Ans. Imports:
The goods, which are purchased from other countries, are called
imports.
Exports:
The goods, which are sold to other countries, are called exports.
Q39 What are the advantages of means of transport and
communication?
Ans. (1) Broadens the sphere of the local and foreign trade.
(2) Transport goods, service and labour in between the cities and
villages.
(3) Promote geographical skills.
(4) Maintain the speed of progress in difference part of the country.

207
(5) Promote the agriculture.
(6) Help in keeping the prices stationary.
Q40 What are the objectives of the construction of motorway?
Ans. (1) Motorway reduces the burden of traffic.
(2) Speeder it makes the transport of people and goods by buses,
trucks, cars and vehicles.
(3) People living around the motorway are connected with the world
trade to get new opportunities to earn income.
(4) Provides more opportunities to create harmony among the different
parts of the country.
(5) Increases the chances of establishment of industry in various parts
of country.
(6) Increases national income of the country.
Q41 What is cottage Industry?
Ans. It means the industry or productive work, which is done at the home of
the worker. Manual worker purchases the raw material by themselves,
use their own tools and utilize the efforts of their family to produce
things, which are a part of our culture, and trade is called cottage
industry. They sell their products in market to fulfill the needs of their
family.
Q42 Discuss the problems of PIA?
Ans. (1) Major problems of PIA is earning the profit and it has to compete
with the other airlines of the rest of the world.
(2) Now PIA planes are older and in order to purchase new planes,
government has to spend billions of dollars.
(3) In Karachi Lahore and Islamabad new international airports have
been constructed by spending billions of rupees.
(4) A lot of money is spent on the training of the pilots, engineers and
other staff to enable them to be as competent as those of the other
countries.
Q43 Define industry?
Ans. Industry is such a place where the entrepreneur and labour through the
machines and tools convert the shape of capital, raw material and
natural resources in a way that their utility may increase to fulfill the
needs of the people to a large extent, and may fetch maximum price in
the market and miximum profit for the entrepreneur.

208
Q44. Write some causes of lack of industrial progress in Pakistan?
Ans. (1) Lack of capital.
(2) Limited markets.
(3) Lack of education.
(4) Shortage of entrepreneurs.
(5) Lack of technical knowledge.
(6) Contrary industrial policies of different government.
Q45. When was first track of railway laid down?
Ans. The first track of railway was laid in 1861 between Karachi and Kotri. It
was 169 Km Long.
Q46. Write benefits of Road transport?
Ans. The benefits of road transport are:
(i) Convenient and easily accessible.
(ii) Cheapest in operation.
(iii) Comparatively low in cost.
(iv) Increase our national income.
(v) Flourishes trade in the country.
Q47. Write any four problems of small scale industry:
Ans. (1) The small scale industries use mainly old and outdated means of
production.
(2) They have less capital and hence cannot expand their business.
(3) They have mostly semi-killed and illiterate workers.
(4) They do not get loans easily.
(5) The step motherly treatment of government departments creates
lot of problems for them.
Q48 Name the various important Motorways and write their lengths?
Ans. (1) Gwadar Motorway is 895 km long. It is under construction.
(2) Karachi Hub Kakar Motorway is 341km long and was opened in
1998.
(3) Islamabad Lahore Motorway is 335 km long.
(4) Islamabad Peshawar Motorway is 154 km long.
(5) Multan Shikarpur Motorway is 317 km long.
Q49 Write four benefits of air travels?
Ans. (1) By air travel large distance are covered in few hours.
(2) Journey by air is very comfortable and safe.
(3) It has enabled the people to travel to different countries and
participate in international conferences.

209
(4) It helps in the transportation of food and other goods in short
time.
Q50 What is meant by National Progress?
Ans. National Progress is the increase of national income by introducing new
methods of production of goods and services and maximum utilization
of national resources.
Q51 What is meant by Heavy Industry?
Ans. Heavy industry not only produces goods but also produces machines
and raw-material for other industries like Heavy Mechanical Complex
Taxila, Pakistan Steel Mill Karachi, Heavy Electrical Complex, Hattar
etc.
Q52 What is meant by Defense Industry?
Ans. The Industry which fulfills the needs of defense sector of the country is
called Defense Industry. It produces weapons, missiles and their parts
and other war equipments.
Q53 Narrate important means of communication.
Ans. (1) Mail (2) E-mail
(3) Telephone (4) Internet
(5) Newspapers (6) Television
(7) Radio (8) Magazines and periodicals
(9) Fax (10) Telex
Q54 Mention five main problems of Pakistan Railway:
Ans. (1) Obsolete machinery and equipments.
(2) Slow speed goods trains causes financial losses to the country.
(3) Over-employment causing financial crunch.
(4) Old and rusty railway tracks.
(5) Corruption and mismanagement.
Q55 Mention the major exports of Pakistan?
Ans. (1) Textile products.
(2) Rice.
(3) Leather garments.
(4) Carpets.
(5) Sports goods.
(6) Surgical goods.
(7) Fruits.

210
(8) Cotton Yarn.
Q56 Mention five main import partners of Pakistan?
Ans. (1) USA
(2) Europe.
(3) Japan.
(4) Saudi Arabia
(5) China
(6) Malaysia.
Q57 What is meant by E-Commerce?
Ans. Commerce through internet or electronic media is called E-Commerce.
E-Commerce is the new method of doing business in the world.
Q58 What are benefits of E-Commerce?
Ans. Without going to market and spending time one can purchase anything
through E-Commerce. Consumer gets the item at low price and the
manufacturer gets the price including hi profit, and the business of the
world increases in seconds.
Q59 Mention five important factors for promoting industrial sector in
Pakistan?
Ans. (1) Improving means of transportation and communication.
(2) Best utilization of natural resources.
(3) Financial resources.
(4) Application of Modern Technology.
(5) Expansion of the markets for export.
Q60. What is small scale industry?
Ans. Small scale industry is that one which after employing 2 to 9 workers,
produces different goods for the market on small scale. Every industry
in included, whether it produces goods at home, or by setting up few
machines on rented place and employing few workers to produce
various goods.

211
Chapter 7
FOREIGN POLICY OF ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
Q1. What is meant by Foreign Policy?
Ans. The foreign policy is to establish and develop relations with other
countries to watch the national interests by taking appropriate steps at
international level.
Q2. Write down the principle of Foreign Policy.
Ans. 1. Peaceful Co-existence 2. Non-Alignment
3. Unite Nations Charter 4. United Nations
Charter
Q3. What are the objectives of the Foreign Policy of Pakistan?
Ans. 1. National Security 2. Economic Development
4. Mutual Corporation (Bilateralism)
Q4. What is meant by National Security?
Ans. National security means to protect the internal and external boundaries
of the country from every danger. It also means to protect the physical
boundaries (water, air and land) of the country. The main objective of
foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or independence.
Pakistan was a new born state, and there was a need to make
arrangements for its security.
Q5. What is meant by administrative troika?
Ans. Administrative troika comprises of president, prime minister and chief of
army staff. They play a vital role in formulating foreign policy of
Pakistan. They can approve or disapprove the foreign policy and they
can also make any change in it.
President
Army Chief Prime Minster

Q6. What is the function of Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the
Determination of Foreign Policy?
Ans. The ministry of foreign affairs can play very important role in formulating
the foreign policy. It comprises the specialists and experts of foreign
policy and the bureaucrats of high level. They prepare foreign policy,
keeping in view the basic objectives and principles of the policy. They

212
formulate the policy, plans and program regarding the priorities of
foreign policy.
Q7. What is function of parliament in the determination of Foreign
Policy?
Ans. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs usually prepares the foreign policy
according to the directions of executive and puts it before the
Parliament for approval. After discussion and debate the parliament
gives approval to it or suggests some change in it.
Q8. When the permanent joint commission did was setup between
Pakistan & Afghanistan and write down its two objectives?
Ans. In May 2000 a permanent Joint Commission between Pakistan and
Afghanistan was setup for the following objectives
i. To regulate cross border movement of refugees
ii. To check the production and smuggling of narcotics.
Q9. What was the objective of Pak-Saudi economic commission?
Ans. Pak-Saudi Economic Commission was established in Riyadh in 1998,
which initiated 155 projects in Pakistan and provided economic
assistance for their completion.
Q10. Describe the incident of world trade center.
Ans. On 11 September 2001 two aeroplane hit the world trade center in the
city of New York (USA) nearly 9‟o Clock in the morning. In the few
minute the complete building destroyed completely, thousands of
people were killed and millions of dollars property also damaged.
Q11. Write down the short note on Atomic Explosion (Ballast) of
Pakistan.
Ans. Pakistan made its five atomic nuclear ballasts on 28th May 1998 in the
Chagi Hills (Balochistan), in the answer of Indian Atomic Ballast in May
1998.
Q12. Write down the role of political parties and pressure groups in the
establishment of foreign policy.
Ans. The political parties and pressure groups have deep impacts on the
formulation of foreign policy. The political parties include the priorities of
foreign policy in their manifestoes, and after their success in the
election, they force the government to change the priorities of foreign
policy according to the changing scenario in the light of their view
points. Likewise the pressure groups can also influence the foreign
policy.
Q13. Which defense agreement or singed by Pakistan & China?
Ans. Many defence pacts were concluded between Pakistan and China in
1985, according to which China provided economic and technical
assistance in building the Kamra Complex and Ordinance Factory at

213
Wah. Likewise China provided the assistance of Rs. 273 million for
setting up Heavy Electric Complex in NWFP.
Q14. What is the nature of Foreign Policy of Pakistan for the economic
prosperity of the Country?
Ans. Pakistan is a developing country and inspires for its economic
development. It needs to establish and maintain cordial relations with
those states with whom it can maximize its trade relations or from whom
it can obtain maximum economic benefits. Pakistan has made changes
in its foreign policy keeping in view the new economic trends. It has
adopted particularly free trade, free economic policy, and policy of
privatization.
Q15. Pakistan is the member of which International Organization name
them?
Ans. i. United Nations Organization (UNO)
ii. South Asian Association For Region Corporation (SAARC)

iii. Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
iv. Economic Corporation Organization (ECO)

v. Organization of Islamic Countries (OIC)
Q16. What is the role of intelligence agencies in the determination of
foreign policy?
Ans. Pakistan‟s intelligence agencies also play very effective role in the
formulation of foreign policy by providing full information about the
objectives of other countries foreign policies. Keeping in view these
information‟s, Pakistan formulates its foreign policy.
Q17. What is the new name of RCD and write down the name of
members countries of it?
Ans. RCD was established in 1964 and it was renamed ECO in 1985.
Following 10 countries are the member of the ECO.
i. Pakistan ii. Afghanistan iii. Iran
iv. Turkey v. Turkmenistan vi. Kyrgyzstan
vii. Azerbaijan viii. Kazakhstan ix. Uzbekistan etc
Q18. What is Durand Line?
Ans. The common boarder between Pakistan & Afghanistan is known as
Durand Line. It was marked in 1893 and its length is 2252km.
Q19. When did Geneva Pact signed and by whom?
Ans. Geneva Pact was signed in April 1988 between Pakistan, Afghanistan,
Russia and USA.
Q20. When did close relation were established between Pakistan &
China?

214
Ans. Close relation between Pakistan & China were started in 1955 on the
eve of Bendong (Conference Indonesia).
Q21. When and where did OIC establish? OR When and where did first
conference of OIC held?
Ans. OIC (Organization of Islamic Countries) was established in 1969 at
Rabaat City of Morocco.
Q22. When and where did Second Islamic Summit Conference (OIC)
held?
Ans. Second Islamic Summit Conference (OIC) was held at Lahore-Pakistan
in 1974.
Q23. Write down four objectives of OIC.
Ans. 1. To United the Muslim States
2. Economic Corporation among the Muslim Countries
3. To resolve the mutual problems of Muslim Countries by Mutual
Corporation.
4. To favour the right of self determination of the Muslim State
Q24. When did ECO established?
Ans. In 1964 RCD was established in 1985 RCD renamed ECO (Economic
Corporation Organization)
Q25. How many member countries ECO has?
Ans. ECO has 10 member countries:
1. Pakistan
2. Iran
3. Turkey
4. Afghanistan
5. Tajikistan
6. Uzbekistan
7. Kyrgyzstan
8. Turkmenistan
9. Azerbaijan
10. Kazakhstan
Q26. Write down the Objective of the ECO.
Ans. 1. Economic Corporation
2. Freely Transportation among the member countries
3. Industrial Agricultural Corporation
4. To promote education and culture

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8. Islam is complete code of life

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RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL SERVICES

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Q1. Write the note on the Partition of the Bengal.

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