CH 13

CHAPTER 13
Current Liabilities and Contingencies
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC)

Brief Concepts
Topics Questions Exercises Exercises Problems for Analysis
1. Concept of liabilities; 1, 2, 3, 1, 16 1, 2 1, 2
definition and classification 4, 6, 8, 31
of current liabilities.
2. Accounts and notes 7, 9 1, 2, 3 2, 16 1, 2 1, 2

payable; dividends payable.
3. Deposits and advance 5, 10 4 2

payments.
4. Collections for third parties. 14 5, 6 5, 6, 7, 16 3, 4
5. Compensated absences 11, 12, 13, 7, 8 3, 4, 16 1

and bonuses. 14
6. Short-term obligations 15, 16 9 8, 9 3

expected to be refinanced.
7. Contingent liabilities 17, 18, 19, 10, 11 13, 16 10, 11, 13 4, 5, 6

(General). 20, 21
8. Guaranties and warranties. 22, 23 13, 14 10, 11, 16 1, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7

12, 13, 14
9. Premiums and awards 24, 25 15 12, 15, 16 8, 9, 12, 14

offered to customers.
10. Self-insurance, litigation, 26, 27, 28 10, 11, 12 14 2, 10, 5, 6

claims, and assessments, 11, 13
asset retirement obligations.
11. Presentation and analysis. 29, 30, 31 17, 18, 19 6, 9, 13 3
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 16/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 13-1
ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY LEARNING OBJECTIVE)
Concepts
Learning Objectives for
Questions Brief Exercises Exercises Problems Analysis
1. Describe the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 1, 2, 3, 4 1
nature, 6, 7, 8, 9, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
valuation, and 10, 11, 12,
reporting 13, 14
of current
liabilities.
2. Explain the 15, 16 9 8, 9 2, 3

classification
issues of short-
term debt
expected to be
refinanced.
3. Explain the 17, 18,19, 10, 11, 12, 13, 10, 11, 12, 13, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7
accounting for 20, 21, 22, 14, 15 14, 15 9, 10, 11, 12,
gain and 23, 24, 25, 13, 14
loss 26, 27, 28
contingencies.
4. Indicate how to 29, 30, 31 16, 17, 9 5, 6

present and 18, 19
analyze
liabilities and
contingencies.
13-2 Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kieso, Intermediate Accounting, 16/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only)
ASSIGNMENT CHARACTERISTICS TABLE
Level of Time
Item Description Difficulty (minutes)
E13-1 Balance sheet classification of various liabilities. Simple 10–15

E13-2 Accounts and notes payable. Moderate 15–20
E13-3 Compensated Absences Moderate 25–30
E13-4 Compensated Absences Moderate 25–30
E13-5 Adjusting entry for sales tax. Simple 5–7
E13-6 Payroll tax entries. Simple 10–15
E13-7 Payroll tax entries. Moderate 15–20
E13-8 Refinancing of short-term debt. Moderate 10–12
E13-9 Refinancing of short-term debt. Moderate 20–25
E13-10 Warranties. Simple 10–15
E13-11 Warranties. Moderate 15–20
E13-12 Premium entries. Simple 15–20
E13-13 Contingencies. Moderate 20–30
E13-14 Asset retirement obligation. Moderate 25–30
E13-15 Premiums. Moderate 25–35
E13-16 Financial statement impact of liability transactions. Moderate 30–35
E13-17 Ratio computations and discussion. Simple 15–20
E13-18 Ratio computations and analysis. Simple 20–25
E13-19 Ratio computations and effect of transactions. Moderate 15–25
P13-1 Current liability entries and adjustments. Simple 25–30

P13-2 Liability entries and adjustments. Simple 25–35
P13-3 Payroll tax entries. Moderate 20–30
P13-4 Payroll tax entries. Simple 20–25
P13-5 Warranties. Simple 15–20
P13-6 Extended warranties. Simple 10–20
P13-7 Warranties. Moderate 25–35
P13-8 Premium entries. Moderate 15–25
P13-9 Premium entries and financial statement presentation. Moderate 30–45
P13-10 Loss contingencies: entries and essay. Simple 25–30
P13-11 Loss contingencies: entries and essays. Moderate 35–45
P13-12 Warranties and premiums. Moderate 20–30
P13-13 Liability errors. Moderate 25–35
P13-14 Warranty and coupon computation. Moderate 20–25
CA13-1 Nature of liabilities. Moderate 20–25

CA13-2 Current versus noncurrent classification. Moderate 15–20
CA13-3 Refinancing of short-term debt. Moderate 30–40
CA13-4 Loss contingencies. Simple 15–20
CA13-5 Loss contingency. Simple 15–20
CA13-6 Warranties and loss contingencies. Simple 15–20
CA13-7 Warranties. Moderate 20–25
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
1. Current liabilities are obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to require use of
existing resources properly classified as current assets, or the creation of other current liabilities.
Long-term debt consists of all liabilities not properly classified as current liabilities.
LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
2. You might explain to your friend that the accounting profession at one time prepared financial
statements somewhat in accordance with the broad or loose definition of a liability submitted by the
AICPA in 1953: “Something represented by a credit balance that is or would be properly carried
forward upon a closing of books of account according to the rules or principles of accounting,
provided such credit balance is not in effect a negative balance applicable to an asset. Thus the
word is used broadly to comprise not only items which constitute liabilities in the proper sense of
debts or obligations (including provision for those that are unascertained), but also credit balances
to be accounted for which do not involve the debtor and creditor relation.”
Since your friend may not have completely understood the above definition (if it may be called
that), you might indicate that more recent definitions of liabilities call for the disbursement of assets
or services in the future and that the present value of all of a person’s or company’s future
disbursements of assets constitutes the total liabilities of that person or company. But, accountants
quantify or measure only those liabilities or future disbursements which are reasonably determinable
at the present time. And, accountants have accepted the completed transaction as providing the
objectivity or basis necessary for financial recognition. Therefore, a liability may be viewed as an
obligation to convey assets or perform services at some time in the future and is based upon a
past or present transaction or event. A formal definition of liabilities presented in Concepts
Statement No. 6 is as follows: Probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present
obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future
as a result of past transactions or events.
3. As a lender of money, the banker is interested in the priority his/her claim has on the company’s
assets relative to other claims. Close examination of the liability section and the related footnotes
discloses amounts, maturity dates, collateral, subordinations, and restrictions of existing contractual
obligations, all of which are important to potential creditors. The assets and earning power are
likewise important to a banker considering a loan.
4. Current liabilities are obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to require the use of
existing resources properly classified as current assets, or the creation of other current liabilities.
Because current liabilities are by definition tied to current assets and current assets by definition
are tied to the operating cycle, liabilities are related to the operating cycle.
5. Unearned revenue is a liability that arises from current sales but for which some services or
products are owed to customers in the future. At the time of a sale, customers pay not only for the
delivered product, but they also pay for future products or services (e.g., another plane trip, hotel
room, or software upgrade). In this case, the company recognizes revenue from the current product
and part of the sale proceeds is recorded as a liability (unearned revenue) for the value of future
products or services that are “owed” to customers. Market analysts indicate that an increase in the
unearned revenue liability, rather than raising a red flag about liquidity often provides a positive
signal about sales and profitability. When the sales are growing, its unearned revenue account
should grow. Thus, an increase in a liability may be good news about company performance. In
contrast, when unearned revenues decline, the company owes less future amounts but this also
means that sales of new products may have slowed.
Questions Chapter 13 (Continued)
6. Payables and receivables generally involve an interest element. Recognition of the interest element
(the cost of money as a factor of time and risk) results in valuing future payments at their current
value. The present value of a liability represents the debt exclusive of the interest factor.
7. A discount on notes payable represents the difference between the present value and the face
value of the note, the face value being greater in amount than the discounted amount. It should be
treated as an offset (contra) to the face value of the note and amortized to interest expense over
the life of the note. The discount represents interest expense chargeable to future periods.
8. Liabilities that are due on demand (callable by the creditor) should be classified as a current
liability. Classification of the debt as current is required because it is a reasonable expectation that
existing working capital will be used to satisfy the debt. Liabilities often become callable by the
creditor when there is a violation of the debt agreement. Only if it can be shown that it is probable
that the violation will be cured (satisfied) within the grace period usually given in these agreements
can the debt be classified as noncurrent.
9. A cash dividend formally authorized by the board of directors would be recorded by a debit to
Retained Earnings and a credit to Dividends Payable. The Dividends Payable account should be
classified as a current liability.
An accumulated but undeclared dividend on cumulative preferred stock is not recorded in the
accounts as a liability until declared by the board, but such arrearages should be disclosed either
by a footnote to the balance sheet or parenthetically in the capital stock section.
A stock dividend distributable, formally authorized and declared by the board, does not appear as
a liability because a stock dividend does not require future outlays of assets or services and is
revocable by the board prior to issuance. Even so, an undistributed stock dividend is generally
reported in the stockholders’ equity section since it represents retained earnings in the process of
transfer to paid-in capital.
10. Unearned revenue arises when a company receives cash or other assets as payment from a
customer before conveying (or even producing) the goods or performing the services which it has
committed to the customer.
Unearned revenue is assumed to represent the obligation to the customer to refund the assets
received in the case of nonperformance or to perform according to the agreement and thus earn
the unrestricted right to the assets received. While there may be an element of unrealized profit
included among the liabilities when unearned revenues are classified as such, it is ignored on the
grounds that the amount of unrealized profit is uncertain and usually not material relative to the
total obligation.
Unearned revenues arise from the following activities:

(1) The sale by a transportation company of tickets or tokens that may be exchanged or used to
pay for future fares.
(2) The sale by a restaurant of meal tickets that may be exchanged or used to pay for future meals.
(3) The sale of gift certificates by a retail store.
(4) The sale of season tickets to sports or entertainment events.
(5) The sale of subscriptions to magazines.
11. Compensated absences are employee absences such as vacation, illness, and holidays for which
it is expected that employees will be paid.
12. A liability should be accrued for the cost of compensated absences if all of the following conditions
are met:
(a) The employer’s obligation relating to employees’ rights to receive compensation for future
absences is attributable to employees’ services already rendered.
(b) The obligation relates to the rights that vest or accumulate.
(c) Payment of the compensation is probable.
(d) The amount can be reasonably estimated.
If an employer meets conditions (a), (b), and (c), but does not accrue a liability because of failure
to meet condition (d), that fact should be disclosed.
13. An employer is required to accrue a liability for “sick pay” that employees are allowed to accumu-
late and use as compensated time off even if their absence is not due to illness. An employer is
permitted but not required to accrue a liability for sick pay that employees are allowed to claim only
as a result of actual illness.
14. Employers generally withhold from each employee’s wages amounts to cover income taxes
(withholding), the employee’s share of FICA taxes, and other items such as union dues or health
insurance. In addition, the employer must set aside amounts to cover the employer’s share of FICA
taxes and state and federal unemployment taxes. These latter amounts are recorded as payroll
expenses and will lower Battle’s income. In addition, the amount set aside (both the employee and
the employer share) will be reported as current liabilities until they are remitted to the appropriate
third party.
15. An enterprise should exclude a short-term obligation from current liabilities only if (1) it intends to
refinance the obligation on a long-term basis, and (2) it demonstrates an ability to consummate the
refinancing.
16. The ability to consummate the refinancing may be demonstrated (i) by actually refinancing the short-
term obligation by issuing a long-term obligation or equity securities after the date of the balance
sheet but before it is issued, or (ii) by entering into a financing agreement that clearly permits the
company to refinance the debt on a long-term basis on terms that are readily determinable.
17. (a) A contingency is defined as an existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances involving
uncertainty as to possible gain (gain contingency) or loss (loss contingency) to an enterprise
that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur.
(b) A contingent liability is a liability incurred as a result of a loss contingency.

18. A contingent liability should be recorded and a charge accrued to expense only if:
(a) information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is probable
that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements, and
(b) the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
19. A determinable current liability is susceptible to precise measurement because the date of payment,
the payee, and the amount of cash needed to discharge the obligation are reasonably certain. There
is nothing uncertain about (1) the fact that the obligation has been incurred and (2) the amount of the
obligation.
A contingent liability is an obligation that is dependent upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of

one or more future events to confirm the amount payable, the payee, the date payable, or its
existence. It is a liability dependent upon a “loss contingency.”
Current liabilities—accounts payable, notes payable, current maturities of long-term debt,

dividends payable, returnable deposits, sales and use taxes, payroll taxes, and accrued expenses.
Contingent liabilities—obligations related to product warranties and product defects, premiums

offered to customers, certain pending or threatened litigation, certain actual and possible claims and
assessments, and certain guarantees of indebtedness of others.
20. The terms probable, reasonably possible, and remote are used in GAAP to denote the chances
of a future event occurring, the result of which is a gain or loss to the enterprise. If it is probable
that a loss has been incurred at the date of the financial statements, then the liability (if reasonably
estimable) should be recorded. If it is reasonably possible that a loss has been incurred at the
date of the financial statements, then the liability should be disclosed via a footnote. The footnote
should disclose (1) the nature of the contingency and (2) an estimate of the possible loss or range
of loss or a statement that an estimate cannot be made. If the incurrence of a loss is remote, then
no liability need be recorded or disclosed (except for guarantees of indebtedness of others, which
are disclosed even when the loss is remote).
21. Under U.S. GAAP, companies may not record provisions for future operating losses. Such provi-
sions do not meet the definition of a liability, since the amount is not the result of a past transaction
(the losses have not yet occurred). Therefore the liability has not been incurred. Furthermore,
operating losses reflect general business risks for which a reasonable estimate of the loss could
not be determined. Note that use of provisions in this way is one of the examples of earnings
management discussed in Chapter 4. By reducing income in good years through the use of loss
contingencies, companies can smooth out their income from year-to-year.
22. Companies do not record a separate performance obligation for assurance-type warranties. This
type of warranty is nothing more than a quality guarantee that the good or service is free from
defects at the point of sale. These types of obligations should be expensed in the period the goods
are provided or services performed (in other words, at the point of sale). In addition, the company
should record a warranty liability. The estimated amount of the liability includes all the costs that the
company will incur after sale due to the correction of defects or deficiencies required under the
warranty provisions.
23. Companies record a service-type warranty as a separate performance obligation. For example, in
the case of the television, the seller recognizes the sale of the television with the assurance-type
warranty separately from the sale of the service-type warranty. The sale of the service-type warranty
is usually recorded in an Unearned Warranty Revenue account. Companies then recognize revenue
on a straight-line basis over the period the service-type warranty is in effect. Companies only defer
and amortize costs that vary with and are directly related to the sale of the contracts (mainly
commissions). Companies expense employees’ salaries and wages, advertising, and general and
administrative expenses because these costs occur even if the company did not sell the service-type
warranty.
24. Southeast Airlines Inc.’s award plan is in essence a discounted ticket sale. Therefore, the full-fare
ticket should be recorded as unearned transportation revenue (liability) when sold and recognized
as revenue when the transportation is provided. The half-fare ticket should be treated accordingly;
that is, record the discounted price as unearned transportation revenue (liability) when it is sold
and recognize it as revenue when the transportation is provided.
LO: 3, Bloom: AN, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
25. In the case of a free ticket award, a portion of the ticket fares contributing to the accumulation of
the 50,000 miles (the free ticket award level) be deferred as unearned transportation revenue and
recognized as revenue when free transportation is provided. The total amount deferred for the free
ticket should be based on the revenue value to the airline and the deferral should occur and
accumulate as mileage is accumulated.
26. An asset retirement obligation must be recognized when a company has an existing legal obligation
associated with the retirement of a long-lived asset and when the amount can be reasonably
estimated.
27. The absence of insurance does not mean that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial
statements. Until the time that an event (loss contingency) occurs there can be no diminution in the
value of property or incurrence of a liability. If an event has occurred which exposes an enterprise to
risks of injury to others and/or damage to the property of others, then a contingency exists.
Expected future injury, damage, or loss resulting from lack of insurance need not be recorded or
disclosed if no contingency exists. And, a contingency exists only if an uninsurable event which causes
probable loss has occurred. Lack of insurance is not in itself a basis for recording a liability or loss.
28. In determining whether or not to record a liability for pending litigation, the following factors must
be considered:
(a) The time period in which the underlying cause for action occurred.
(b) The probability of an unfavorable outcome.
(c) The ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss.
Before recording a liability for threatened litigation, the company must determine:
(a) The degree of probability that a suit may be filed, and
(b) The probability of an unfavorable outcome.
If both are probable, the loss reasonably estimable, and the cause for action dated on or before the
date of the financial statements, the liability must be accrued.
29. There are several defensible recommendations for listing current liabilities: (1) in order of maturity,
(2) according to amount, (3) in order of liquidation preference. The authors’ recent review of pub-
lished financial statements disclosed that a significant majority of the published financial statements
examined listed “notes payable” first, regardless of relative amount, followed most often by “accounts
payable,” and ending the current liability section with “current portion of long-term debt.”
30. The acid-test ratio and the current ratio are both measures of the short-term debt-paying ability of
the company. The acid-test ratio excludes inventories and prepaid expenses on the basis that these
assets are difficult to liquidate in an emergency. The current ratio and the acid-test ratio are similar
in that both numerators include cash, short-term investments, and net receivables, and both
denominators include current liabilities.
31. (a) A liability for goods purchased on credit should be recorded when control passes to the
purchaser. If the terms of purchase are f.o.b. destination, title passes when the goods
purchased arrive; if f.o.b. shipping point, title passes when shipment is made by the vendor.
(b) Officers’ salaries should be recorded when they become due at the end of a pay period.
Accrual of unpaid amounts should be recorded in preparing financial statements dated other
than at the end of a pay period.
(c) A special bonus to employees should be recorded when approved by the board of directors or
person having authority to approve, if the bonus is for a period of time and that period has
ended at the date of approval. If the period for which the bonus is applicable has not ended
but only a part of it has expired, it would be appropriate to accrue a pro rata portion of the
bonus at the time of approval and make additional accruals of pro rata amounts at the end of
each pay period.
(d) Dividends should be recorded when they have been declared by the board of directors.
(e) Usually it is neither necessary nor proper for the buyer to make any entries to reflect
commitments for purchases of goods that have not been shipped by the seller. Ordinary
orders, for which the prices are determined at the time of shipment and subject to cancellation
by the buyer or seller, do not represent either an asset or a liability to the buyer and need not
be reflected in the books or in the financial statements. However, an accrued loss on
purchase commitments which results from formal purchase contracts for which a firm price is
in excess of the market price at the date of the balance sheet would be shown in the liability
section of the balance sheet. (See Chapter 9 on purchase commitments.)
SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-1
July 1
Purchases..........................................................................
60,000
Accounts Payable.................................................... 60,000
Freight-in...........................................................................
1,200
Cash................................................................. 1,200
July 3
Accounts Payable.............................................................
6,000
Purchase Returns and Allowances........................ 6,000
July 10
54,000
Cash ($54,000 X 98%).............................................. 52,920
Purchase Discounts................................................ 1,080
LO: 1, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 5-10, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: None
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-2
11/1/17
Cash...................................................................................
40,000
Notes Payable.......................................................... 40,000
12/31/17
Interest Expense...............................................................
600
Interest Payable
($40,000 X 9% X 2/12)........................................... 600
2/1/18
Notes Payable...................................................................
40,000
Interest Payable................................................................
600
300
Cash
[($40,000 X 9% X 3/12) + $40,000].......................... 40,900
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-3
11/1/17
Cash...................................................................................
60,000
Discount on Notes Payable.............................................. 1,350
Notes Payable.......................................................... 61,350
12/31/17
900
Discount on Notes Payable
($1,350 X 2/3)......................................................... 900
2/1/18
450
Discount on Notes Payable.................................... 450
Notes Payable...................................................................
61,350
Cash.......................................................................... 61,350
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-4
8/1/17
Cash...................................................................................
216,000
Unearned Subscriptions Revenue
(12,000 X $18)........................................................ 216,000
12/31/17
Unearned Subscriptions Revenue..................................
90,000
Subscriptions Revenue
($216,000 X 5/12 = $90,000).................................. 90,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-5
(a) Accounts Receivable........................................................ 31,800

Sales Revenue......................................................... 30,000
Sales Taxes Payable
($30,000 X 6% = $1,800)........................................ 1,800
(b) Cash................................................................................... 20,670

Sales Revenue......................................................... 19,500
Sales Taxes Payable ($20,670 ÷ 1.06 = $19,500)
................................................................................ 1,170
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-6
Salaries and Wages Expense.......................................... 24,000

FICA Taxes Payable................................................ 1,836
Withholding Taxes Payable.................................... 3,910
Insurance Premium Payable................................... 250
Cash.......................................................................... 18,004
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-7

Salaries and Wages Payable
(30 X 2 X $500)...................................................... 30,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-8
12/31/17
Salaries and Wages Expense..........................................
350,000
Salaries and Wages Payable.................................. 350,000
2/15/18
Salaries and Wages Payable............................................ 350,000
Cash.......................................................................... 350,000
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-9
(a) Since both criteria are met (intent and ability), none of the $500,000
would be reported as a current liability. The entire amount would be
reported as a long-term liability.
(b) Because repayment of the note payable required the use of existing
12/31/17 current assets, the entire $500,000 liability must be reported
as current. (This assumes Burr had not entered into a long-term
agreement prior to issuance.)
LO: 2, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 5-7, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
BRIEF EXERCISE 13-10
(a) Lawsuit Loss.....................................................................

900,000
Lawsuit Liability....................................................... 900,000
(b) No entry is necessary. The loss is not accrued because it is not prob-
able that a liability has been incurred at 12/31/17.
Buchanan should record a litigation accrual on the patent case, since the
amount is both estimable and probable. This entry will reduce income by
$300,000 and Buchanan will report a litigation liability of $300,000. The
$100,000 self-insurance allowance has no impact on income or liabilities.
Oil Platform....................................................................... 450,000

Asset Retirement Obligation.................................. 450,000
During 2017
Warranty Expense............................................................
70,000
Inventory....................................................................... 70,000
2017
Cash ..................................................................................
1,000,000
Sales............................................................................. 1,000, 000
12/31/17
55,000
Warranty Liability......................................................... 55,000
(a) Cash...................................................................................
1,980,000
Unearned Warranty Revenue
(20,000 X $99)........................................................ 1,980,000
(b) Warranty Expense............................................................180,000

Inventory.................................................................. 180,000
(c) Unearned Warranty Revenue........................................... 495,000

Warranty Revenue
($1,980,000 ÷ 4)..................................................... 495,000
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC: None
Premium Expense.............................................................. 96,000

Premium Liability...................................................... 96,000*
*UPC codes expected to be sent in (30% X 1,200,000).... 360,000

UPC codes already redeemed.......................................... 120,000
Estimated future redemptions.......................................... 240,000
Cost of estimated claims outstanding
(240,000 ÷ 3) X ($1.10 + $0.60 – $0.50).......................... $ 96,000
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC: None
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 13-1 (10–15 minutes)
(a) Current liability.

(b) Current liability.
(c) Current liability or long-term liability depending on term of warranty.
(d) Current liability.
(e) Current liability.
(f) Current liability.
(g) Current or noncurrent liability depending upon the time involved.
(h) Current liability.
(i) Current liability.
(j) Current liability.
(k) Current liabilities or long-term liabilities as a deduction from face value of note.
(l) Footnote disclosure (assume not probable and/or not reasonably estimable).
(m) Current liability.
(n) Current liability.
(o) Footnote disclosure.
(p) Separate presentation in either current or long-term liability section.
Sept. 1
(a) Purchases..........................................................................
50,000
Oct. 1
50,000
Notes Payable.......................................................... 50,000
Oct. 1
Cash...................................................................................
50,000
Discount on Notes Payable..............................................4,000
Notes Payable.......................................................... 54,000
EXERCISE 13-2 (Continued)
Dec. 31
(b) Interest Expense...............................................................
1,000
Interest Payable....................................................... 1,000
($50,000 X 8% X 3/12)
Dec. 31
1,000
Discount on Notes Payable.................................... 1,000
($4,000 X 3/12)
(c) (1) Notes payable $50,000

Interest payable 1,000
$51,000
(2) Notes payable $54,000

Less discount ($4,000 – $1,000) 3,000
$51,000
LO: 1, Bloom: AP, Moderate, Time: 15-20, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: None
(a) 2016
To accrue expense and liability for vacations
Salaries and Wages Expense........................... 7,200

Salaries and Wages Payable................... 7,200 (1)
To accrue the expense and liability for sick pay
Salaries and Wages Expense........................... 4,320 (2)

Salaries and Wages Payable................... 4,320
To record payment for compensated time when used by employees
Salaries and Wages Payable............................ 2,880 (3)

Cash........................................................... 2,880
2017
To accrue the expense and liability for vacations
To accrue the expense and liability for sick pay

To record vacation time paid

Salaries and Wages Expense........................... 648
Cash........................................................... 7,128 (7)
To record sick leave paid

Salaries and Wages Expense........................... 144
Cash........................................................... 3,960 (9)
(1) 9 employees X $10.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X 10 days = $7,200

(8) 9 employees X $10.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X (6–4) days = $1,440
9 employees X $11.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X (5–2) days = $2,376 = $3,816
(9) 9 employees X $11.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X 5 days $3,960
Note: Vacation days and sick days are paid at the employee’s current wage.
Also, if employees earn vacation pay at different pay rates, a consistent pattern
of recognition (e.g., first-in, first-out) could be employed to determine which
liabilities have been paid.
(b) Accrued liability at year-end:
2016 2017
Vacation Sick Pay Vacation Sick Pay
Wages Wages Wages Wages
Payable Payable Payable Payable
Jan. 1 balance $ 0 $ 0 $7,200 $1,440
+ accrued 7,200 4,320 7,920 4,752
– paid ( 0) (2,880) (6,480) (3,816)
Dec. 31 balance $7,200(1) $1,440(2) $8,640(3) $2,376(4)
(2) 9 employees X $10.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X (6–4) days = $1,440
(3) 9 employees X $10.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X (10–9) days = $ 720

9 employees X $11.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X 10 days = 7,920
$8,640
(4) 9 employees X $11.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X (6 + 6 – 4 – 5)

days $2,376
LO: 1, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 10-12, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC: None
(a) 2016
Salaries and Wages Expense................. 7,740 (1)

Salaries and Wages Payable......... 7,740

Cash................................................ 2,880

No entry, since no vacation days were used.
2017

Salaries and Wages Payable......... 8,352

Cash................................................ 3,960

Salaries and Wage Expense................... 162
Salaries and Wages Payable.................. 6,966 (5)
Cash................................................ 7,128 (6)
(b) Accrued liability at year-end:

2016 2017
Jan. 1 balance $ 0 $7,740
+ accrued 7,740 8,352
– paid ( 0) (6,966)
Dec. 31 balance $7,740(1) $9,126(2)
(2) 9 employees X $10.75/hr. X 8 hrs./day X 1 day = $ 774

9 employees X $11.60/hr. X 8 hrs./day X 10 days = 8,352
$9,126
LO: 1, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC: None
June 30
Sales Revenue.................................................................. 21,900
Sales Tax Payable................................................... 21,900
Computation:
Sales plus sales tax ($233,200 + $153,700) $386,900
Sales exclusive of tax ($386,900 ÷ 1.06) 365,000
Sales tax $ 21,900

Withholding Taxes Payable.................................... 80,000
FICA Taxes Payable*............................................... 29,900
Union Dues Payable................................................ 9,000
Cash.......................................................................... 361,100
*[($480,000 – $110,000) X 7.65% = $28,305
$110,000 X 1.45% = $1,595; $28,305 + $1,595 = $29,900
Payroll Tax Expense......................................................... 31,500

FICA Taxes Payable................................................ 29,900
(See previous computation.)
FUTA Taxes Payable............................................... 640
[($480,000 – $400,000) X .8%)
SUTA Taxes Payable............................................... 960
[$80,000 X (3.5% – 2.3%)]
LO: 1, Bloom: AP, Simple, Time: 5-7, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: None
(a) Computation of taxes

Factory
Wages $120,000
Social security taxes (FICA) 9,180 (7.65% X $120,000)
Federal unemployment taxes 320 (.8% X $40,000)
State unemployment taxes 1,000 (2.5% X $40,000)
Total Cost $130,500
Sales
Wages $32,000
Social security taxes (FICA) 1,208*
Federal unemployment taxes 32 (.8% X $4,000)
State unemployment taxes 100 (2.5% X $4,000)
Total Cost $33,340
*$12,000 X 7.65% = $918; $20,000 X 1.45% = $290; $918 + $290 = $1,208
Administrative
Wages $36,000
Social security taxes (FICA) 2,754 (7.65% X $36,000)
Federal unemployment taxes –0–
State unemployment taxes –0–
Total Cost $38,754
Schedule
Total Factory Sales Administrative

Wages $188,000 $120,000 $32,000 $36,000
FICA 13,142 9,180 1,208 2,754
Federal U.T. 352 320 32 –0–
State U.T. 1,100 1,000 100 –0–
Total Cost $202,594 $130,500 $33,340 $38,754
(b)
Factory Payroll:
Salaries and Wages Expense................................. 120,000
Withholding Taxes Payable........................... 16,000
FICA Taxes Payable....................................... 9,180
Cash................................................................. 94,820
Payroll Tax Expense................................................ 10,500

FUTA Taxes Payable...................................... 320
SUTA Taxes Payable...................................... 1,000
Sales Payroll:
Cash................................................................. 23,792

FUTA Taxes Payable...................................... 32
SUTA Taxes Payable...................................... 100
Administrative Payroll:
Cash................................................................. 27,246

LO: 1, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 15-20, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: None
Hattie McDaniel Company

Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2017
Current liabilities:
Notes payable (Note 1) $250,000
Long-term debt:
Notes payable refinanced in February 2018 (Note 1) 950,000
Note 1.
Short-term debt refinanced. As of December 31, 2017, the company
had notes payable totaling $1,200,000 due on February 2, 2018. These
notes were refinanced on their due date to the extent of $950,000 received
from the issuance of common stock on January 21, 2018. The balance of
$250,000 was liquidated using current assets.
OR
Notes payable (Note 1) $250,000
Long-term debt:
Short-term debt expected to be refinanced (Note 1) 950,000
(Same footnote as above.)

KATE HOLMES COMPANY

Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2017
Notes payable (Note 1) $3,400,000*
Long-term debt:
Notes payable expected to be refinanced in 2018
(Note 1) 3,600,000
Note 1.
Under a financing agreement with Gotham State Bank the Company may
borrow up to 60% of the gross amount of its accounts receivable at an
interest cost of 1% above the prime rate. The Company intends to issue
notes maturing in 2022 to replace $3,600,000 of short-term, 15%, notes
due periodically in 2018. Because the amount that can be borrowed is
expected to range from $3,600,000 to $4,800,000, only $3,600,000 of the
$7,000,000 of currently maturing debt has been reclassified as long-term
debt.
*[$7,000,000 – ($6,000,000 X 60%)]
LO: 2, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Moderate, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
July 10, 2017
Cash (200 X $4,000)..........................................................
800,000
Sales Revenue......................................................... 800,000
During 2017
Warranty Expense............................................................ 17,000
Inventory.................................................................. 17,000
December 31, 2017
49,000
Warranty Liability ($66,000-$17,000)...................... 49,000
At Sale
(a) Cash...................................................................................
3,000,000
Sales Revenue......................................................... 3,000,000
During 2017
20,000
Cash, Supplies, Wages Payable............................. 20,000
December 31, 2017

35,000
Warranty Liability ($55,000 − $20,000)................... 35,000
At Sale
(b) Cash...................................................................................
3,000,000
Sales Revenue......................................................... 2,944,000
Unearned Warranty Revenue.................................. 56,000
During 2017
20,000
Cash, Supplies, Wages Payable............................. 20,000
December 31, 2017

Unearned Warranty Revenue...........................................
28,000
Warranty Revenue................................................... 28,000
($56,000 ÷ 2)
Inventory of Premiums (8,800 X $.80)............................. 7,040

Cash.......................................................................... 7,040
During 2017
Cash (110,000 X $3.30)..................................................... 363,000
Sales Revenue......................................................... 363,000
Premium Expense............................................................. 3,520

Inventory of Premiums [(44,000 ÷ 10) X $.80]........ 3,520
December 31, 2017

Premium Expense............................................................. 1,760*
Premium Liability..................................................... 1,760
*[(110,000 X 60%) – 44,000] ÷ 10 X $.80 = 1,760

1. The FASB requires that, when some amount within the range of
expected loss appears at the time to be a better estimate than any
other amount within the range, that amount is accrued. When no
amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount,
the dollar amount at the low end of the range is accrued and the dollar
amount at the high end of the range is disclosed. In this case,
therefore, Salt-n-Pepa Inc. would report a liability of $900,000 at
December 31, 2017.
2. The loss should be accrued for $5,000,000. The potential insurance

recovery is a gain contingency—it is not recorded until received.
3. This is a gain contingency because the amount to be received will be

in excess of the book value of the plant. Gain contingencies are not
recorded and are disclosed only when the probabilities are high that a
gain contingency will become reality.
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Moderate, Time: 20-30, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
(a) Plant Assets......................................................................

600,000
Cash.......................................................................... 600,000
Plant Assets......................................................................41,879
Asset Retirement Obligation.................................. 41,879
(b) Depreciation Expense......................................................60,000

Accumulated Depreciation – Plant Assets............ 60,000
Depreciation Expense...................................................... 4,188

Accumulated Depreciation – Plant Assets............ 4,188*
Interest Expense............................................................... 2,513

Asset Retirement Obligation.................................. 2,513**
*$41,879/10.
**$41,879 X .06.
(c) Asset Retirement Obligation............................................ 75,000

Loss on ARO Settlement..................................................5,000
Cash.......................................................................... 80,000
1. Liability for stamp redemptions, 12/31/16 $13,000,000

Cost of redemptions redeemed in 2017 (6,000,000)
7,000,000
Cost of redemptions to be redeemed in 2018
(5,200,000 X 80%) 4,160,000
Liability for stamp redemptions, 12/31/17 $11,160,000
2. Total coupons issued $800,000

Redemption rate 60%
To be redeemed 480,000
Handling charges ($480,000 X 10%) 48,000
Total cost $528,000
Total cost $528,000

Total payments to retailers 330,000
Liability for unredeemed coupons $198,000
3. Boxes 700,000
Redemption rate 70%
Total redeemable 490,000
Coupons to be redeemed (490,000 – 250,000) 240,000

Cost ($6.50 – $4.00) $2.50
Liability for unredeemed coupons $600,000
# Assets Liabilities Owners’ Equity Net Income

1 I I NE NE
2 NE NE NE NE
3 NE I D D
4 I I NE NE
5 NE I D D
6 I I I I
7 D I D D
8 NE I D D
9 NE I D D
10 I I NE NE
11 NE I D D
12 NE I D D
13 NE I D D
14 D D NE NE
15 I I I I
16 D NE D D
17 NE D I I
18 NE I D D
LO: 4, Bloom: AP, Moderate, Time: 30-35, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC: None
Current Assets $210,000

(a) Current Ratio = = = 2.63
Current Liabilities $80,000
Current ratio measures the short-term ability of the company to meet

its currently maturing obligations.
(b) Cash + Short-term Investments + Net Receivables $115,000 = 1.44

Acid-test ratio = =
Current Liabilities $80,000
Acid-test ratio also measures the short-term ability of the company to

meet its currently maturing obligations. However, it eliminates assets
that might be slow moving, such as inventories and prepaid expenses.
Total Liabilities $220,000

(c) Debt to assets = = = 51.16%
Total Assets $430,000
This ratio provides the creditors with some idea of the corporation’s
ability to withstand losses without impairing the interests of creditors.
Net Income $25,000

(d) Return on assets = = = 5.81%
Average Total Assets $430,000
This ratio measures the return the company is earning on its average
total assets and provides one indication related to the profitability of
the enterprise.
$773,000
(a) (1) Current ratio = = 3.22 times
$240,000
$52,000 + $198,000 + $80,000

(2) Acid-test ratio = = 1.38 times
$240,000
(3) Accounts receivable turnover =

$80,000 + $198,000
$1,640,000 ÷ = 11.8 times (or approximately
2
every 31 days)
(4) Inventory turnover =

$360,000 + $440,000
$800,000 ÷ = 2 times (or approximately
2
every 183 days)
(5) Return on assets =

$1,400,000 + $1,630,000
$360,000 ÷ = 23.76%
2
(6) Profit margin on sales =

$360,000 ÷ $1,640,000 = 21.95%
(b) Financial ratios should be evaluated in terms of industry peculiarities

and prevailing business conditions. Although industry and general
business conditions are unknown in this case, the company appears
to have a relatively strong current position. The main concern from a
short-term perspective is the apparently low inventory turnover. The
rate of return on assets and profit margin on sales are extremely good
and indicate that the company is employing its assets advantageously.
LO: 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
(a) (1) $318,000* ÷ $87,000** = 3.66 times
$200,000 + $170,000
(2) $820,000 ÷ = 4.43 times = 82 days
2
(3) $1,400,000 ÷ $95,000 = 14.74 times = 25 days

*$45,000 + $95,000 + $170,000 + $8,000.
**$50,000 + $32,000 + $5,000.
(4) $410,000 ÷ 52,000 = $7.88
(5) $410,000 ÷ $1,400,000 = 29.3%
(6) $410,000 ÷ $488,000 = 84.02%
(b) (1) No effect on current ratio, if already included in the allowance

for doubtful accounts.
(2) Weaken current ratio by reducing current assets.
(3) Improve current ratio by reducing current assets and current

liabilities by a like amount.
(4) No effect on current ratio.
(5) Weaken current ratio by increasing current liabilities.
(6) No effect on current ratio.

TIME AND PURPOSE OF PROBLEMS
Problem 13-1 (Time 25–30 minutes)
Purpose—to present the student with an opportunity to prepare journal entries for a variety of situations
related to liabilities. The situations presented are basic ones including purchases and payments on
account, and borrowing funds by giving a zero-interest-bearing note. The student is also required to
prepare year-end adjusting entries.

Purpose—to present the student with the opportunity to prepare journal entries for several different
situations related to liabilities. The situations presented include accruals and payments related to sales,
use, and asset retirement obligations. Year-end adjusting entries are also required.

Purpose—to present the student with an opportunity to prepare journal entries for four weekly payrolls.
The student must compute income tax to be withheld, FICA tax, and state and federal unemployment
compensation taxes.

Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to prepare journal entries for a monthly payroll.
The student must compute income tax to be withheld, FICA tax, and state and federal unemployment
compensation taxes. The student must be aware that the unemployment taxes do not apply to three
employees as their earnings exceed the statutory maximum subject to the taxes.

Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to prepare journal entries and balance sheet
presentations for assurance-type warranty costs. Entries in the sales year and one subsequent year are
required.

Purpose—to provide the student with a basic problem covering service-type warranty. The student is
required to prepare journal entries in the year of sale and in subsequent years when warranty costs are
incurred. Also required are balance sheet presentations for the year of sale and one subsequent year.
While the problem is basic in nature it does test the student’s ability to understand and apply accrual
concept.

Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to prepare journal entries for assurance-type
warranty costs. The student is also required to indicate the proper balance sheet disclosures.

Purpose—to provide the student with a basic problem in accounting for premium offers. The student is
required to prepare journal entries relating to sales, the purchase of the premium inventory, and the
redemption of coupons. The student must also prepare the year-end adjusting entry reflecting the esti-
mated liability for premium claims outstanding. A very basic problem.
Time and Purpose of Problems (Continued)

Purpose—to present the student with a slightly complicated problem related to accounting for premium
offers. The problem is more complicated in that coupons redeemed are accompanied by cash payments,
and in addition to the cost of the premium item postage costs are also incurred. The student is required
to prepare journal entries for various transactions including sales, purchase of the premium inventory,
and redemption of coupons for two years. The second year’s entries are more complicated due to the
existence of the liability for claims outstanding. Finally the student is required to indicate the amounts
related to the premium offer that would be included in the financial statements for each of two years.
This very realistic problem challenges the student’s ability to account for all transactions related to
premium offers.

Purpose—to present the student with the problem of determining the proper amount of and disclosure
for a contingent loss due to lawsuits. The student is required to prepare a journal entry and a footnote.
The student is also required to discuss any liability incurred by a company due to the risk of loss from
lack of insurance coverage. A straightforward problem dealing with contingent losses.

Purpose—to provide the student with a comprehensive problem dealing with contingent losses. The
student is required to prepare journal entries for each of three independent situations. For each situation
the student must also discuss the appropriate disclosure in the financial statements. The situations pre-
sented include a lawsuit, an expropriation, and a self-insurance situation. This problem challenges the
student not only to apply the guidelines set forth in GAAP, but also to develop reasoning as to how
the guidelines relate to each situation.

Purpose—to provide the student with a problem to calculate warranty expense, estimated warranty
liability, premium expense, inventory of premiums, and premium liability.

Purpose—to present the student a comprehensive problem in determining various liabilities and present
findings in writing. Issues addressed relate to contingencies, warranties, and litigation.

Purpose—to present the student with a comprehensive problem in determining the amounts of various
liabilities. The student must calculate (for independent situations) the estimated liability for warranties,
and an estimated liability for premium claims outstanding. Journal entries are not required. This problem
should challenge the better students.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 13-1
(a) February 2
1. Purchases ($70,000 X 98%).................................... 68,600
Accounts Payable.......................................... 68,600
February 26
Purchase Discounts Lost........................................ 1,400
Cash................................................................ 70,000
April 1
2. Trucks....................................................................... 50,000
Cash................................................................ 4,000
Notes Payable................................................ 46,000
May 1
3. Cash.......................................................................... 83,000
Discount on Notes Payable.................................... 9,000
Notes Payable................................................ 92,000
August 1
4. Retained Earnings (Dividends)............................... 300,000
Dividends Payable......................................... 300,000
September 10
Dividends Payable................................................... 300,000
Cash................................................................ 300,000
(b) December 31
1. No adjustment necessary
2. Interest Expense ($46,000 X 12% X 9/12).......... 4,140

Interest Payable............................................. 4,140
3. Interest Expense ($9,000 X 8/12)....................... 6,000

Discount on Notes Payable.......................... 6,000
PROBLEM 13-1 (Continued)
4. No adjustment necessary
PROBLEM 13-2
1. Dec. 5 Cash...................................................................................
500
Due to Customer...................................................... 500
2. Dec. 1-31 Cash...................................................................................

798,000
Sales Revenue
($798,000 ÷ 1.05)................................................... 760,000
Sales Taxes Payable
($760,000 X .05).....................................................38,000
3. Dec. 10 Trucks ($120,000 X 1.05)..................................................

126,000
Cash..........................................................................
126,000
4. Dec. 31 Land Improvements..........................................................

84,000
Asset Retirement Obligation..................................84,000
LO: 1, 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 25-35, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: None
PROBLEM 13-3
Entries for Payroll 1

Salaries and Wages Expense.......................................... 1,040.00*
Withholding Taxes Payable (10% X $1,040)*......... 104.00
FICA Taxes Payable (7.65% X $1,040).................... 79.56
Union Dues Payable (2% X $1,040)........................ 20.80
Cash.......................................................................... 835.64
*$200 + $150 + $110 + $250 + $330 = $1,040
Payroll Tax Expense......................................................... 94.74

FUTA Taxes Payable
[0.8% X ($200 + $150 + $110)].............................. 3.68
SUTA Taxes Payable (2.5% X $460*)...................... 11.50
*$200 + $150 + $110.
Entries for Payroll 2 and 3

Salaries and Wages Payable (Vacation)......................... 590.00*
Salaries and Wages Expense ($200 + $250)................... 450.00
Withholding Taxes Payable (10% X $1,040).......... 104.00
Cash.......................................................................... 835.64
*($300 + $220 + $660) ÷ 2

FUTA Taxes Payable (0.8% X $460)....................... 3.68
SUTA Taxes Payable (2.5% X $460)....................... 11.50
Entries for Payroll 4

Salaries and Wages Expense.......................................... 1,040.00
Withholding Taxes Payable (10% X $1,040).......... 104.00
Cash.......................................................................... 835.64

FUTA Taxes Payable (0.8% X $460)....................... 3.68
SUTA Taxes Payable (2.5% X $460)....................... 11.50
Monthly Payment of Payroll Liabilities

Withholding Taxes Payable ($104.00 X 4)....................... 416.00
FICA Taxes Payable ($79.56 X 8)..................................... 636.48
Union Dues Payable ($20.80 X 4)..................................... 83.20
FUTA Taxes Payable ($3.68 X 4)...................................... 14.72
SUTA Taxes Payable ($11.50 X 4).................................... 46.00
Cash.......................................................................... 1,196.40
PROBLEM 13-4
(a)
Earnings September Income Tax
Name to Aug. 31 Earnings Withholding FICA SUTA FUTA
B. D. Williams $ 6,800 $ 800 $ 80 $ 61.20 $2.00* $1.60**
D. Raye 6,500 700 70 53.55 5.00*** 4.00****
K. Baker 7,600 1,100 110 84.15 – –
F. Lopez 13,600 1,900 190 145.35 – –
A. Daniels 107,000 13,000 1,300 901.50a – –
B. Kingston 112,000 16,000 1,600 635.00b – –
Total $253,500 $33,500 $3,350 $1,880.75 $7.00 $5.60
a
*($7,000 – $6,800) X 1% = $2.00 ($11,500 X 7.65%) + ($1,500 X 1.45%) = $901.50
b
**($7,000 – $6,800) X .8% = $1.60 ($6,500 X 7.65%) + ($9,500 X 1.45%) = $635.00
***($7,000 – $6,500) X 1% = $5.00
****($7,000 – $6,500) X .8% = $4.00
Salaries and Wages Expense.......................................... 33,500.00

Withholding Taxes Payable.................................... 3,350.00
FICA Taxes Payable................................................ 1,880.75
Cash.......................................................................... 28,269.25
(b) Payroll Tax Expense.........................................................

1,893.35
FICA Taxes Payable................................................ 1,880.75
FUTA Taxes Payable............................................... 5.60
SUTA Taxes Payable............................................... 7.00
(c) Withholding Taxes Payable............................................. 3,350.00

FICA Taxes Payable.......................................................... 3,761.50
FUTA Taxes Payable......................................................... 5.60
SUTA Taxes Payable........................................................ 7.00
Cash.......................................................................... 7,124.10
PROBLEM 13-5
(a) Cash (400 X $2,500)..........................................................

1,000,000
Warranty Expense (400 X [$155 + $185])........................ 136,000
Sales Revenue......................................................... 1,000,000
Warranty Liability.................................................... 136,000
(b) Current Liabilities:

Warranty Liability.................................................... $68,000
Long-term Liabilities:
Warranty Liability.................................................... $68,000
(c) Warranty Liability..............................................................

61,300
Inventory.................................................................. 21,400
PROBLEM 13-6
(a) Cash...................................................................................
294,300
Sales Revenue (300 X $900)................................... 270,000
Unearned Warranty Revenue (270 X $90)................ 24,300
(b) Current Liabilities:

Unearned Warranty Revenue ($24,300/3).............. $ 8,100
(Note: Warranty costs assumed to be
incurred equally over the three-
year period)
Unearned Warranty Revenue
($24,300 X 2/3)....................................................... $16,200
(c) Unearned Warranty Revenue...........................................8,100

Warranty Revenue................................................... 8,100
Warranty Expense............................................................6,000
Inventory.................................................................. 2,000
(d) Current Liabilities:

Unearned Warranty Revenue.................................. $ 8,100
Unearned Warranty Revenue.................................. $ 8,100
PROBLEM 13-7
(a) Cash...................................................................................
4,440,000
Sales Revenue (600 X $7,400)........................................ 4,440,000
Warranty Expense ([600 X $390] / 2)...............................

117,000
Inventory ($170 X 600 X 1/2)........................................... 51,000
Salaries and Wages Payable
($220 X 600 X 1/2).................................................... 66,000
December 31, 2017

(b) Warranty Expense............................................................
117,000
Warranty Liability........................................................... 117,000*

*(600 X $390) − $117,000
(c) Warranty Expense............................................................

117,000
Inventory 51,000
Salaries and Wages Payable.......................................... 66,000
(d) As of 12/31/17 the balance sheet would disclose a current liability in

the amount of $117,000 for Warranty Liability.
PROBLEM 13-8
Inventory of Premiums..................................................... 60,000

Cash.......................................................................... 60,000
(To record purchase of 40,000 puppets at
$1.50 each)
During 2017
Cash................................................................................... 1,800,000
Sales Revenue......................................................... 1,800,000
(To record sales of 480,000 boxes at
$3.75 each)
Premium Expense............................................................. 34,500

Inventory of Premiums............................................ 34,500
[To record redemption of 115,000 coupons.
Computation: (115,000 ÷ 5) X $1.50 = $34,500]
December 31, 2017

Premium Expense............................................................. 23,100
[To record estimated liability for premium
claims outstanding at December 31, 2018.]
Computation: Total coupons issued in 2018................. 480,000
Total estimated redemptions (40%)................................ 192,000

Coupons redeemed in 2018............................................. 115,000
Estimated future redemptions......................................... 77,000
Cost of estimated claims outstanding (77,000 ÷ 5) X $1.50 = $23,100
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Moderate, Time: 15-25, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC: None
PROBLEM 13-9
During 2017
(a)
Cash.......................................................................... 562,500
(To record the purchase of 250,000
MP3 downloads at $2.25 each)
Cash................................................................................... 868,620
Sales Revenue......................................................... 868,620
(To record the sale of 2,895,400 candy bars
at 30 cents each)
Cash [$600,000 – (240,000 X $.50)].................................. 480,000

Premium Expense............................................................. 60,000
[To record the redemption of 1,200,000
wrappers, the receipt of $600,000
(1,200,000 ÷ 5) X $2.50, and the mailing
of 240,000 MP3 downloads]
Computation of premium expense:

240,000 Codes @ $2.25 each =............................$540,000
Postage—240,000 X $.50 =................................... 120,000
$660,000
Less: Cash received—
240,000 X $2.50........................................ 600,000
Premium expense for MP3 downloads
issued................................................................$ 60,000
December 31, 2017

Premium Expense............................................................. 14,500*
(To record the estimated liability for
premium claims outstanding at 12/31/17)
*(290,000 ÷ 5) X ($2.25 + $.50 – $2.50) = $14,500
During 2018

Cash.......................................................................... 742,500
(To record the purchase of 330,000 MP3
downloads at $2.25 each)
Cash................................................................................... 823,080
Sales Revenue......................................................... 823,080
(To record the sale of 2,743,600 candy
bars at 30 cents each)
Cash ($750,000 – $150,000).............................................. 600,000

Premium Liability.............................................................. 14,500
Premium Expense............................................................. 60,500
(To record the redemption of 1,500,000
wrappers, the receipt of $750,000
[(1,500,000 ÷ 5) X $2.50], and the mailing
of 300,000 Codes.)
Computation of premium expense:

300,000 Codes @ $2.25 =.....................................$675,000
Postage—300,000 @ $.50 = ............................... 150,000
825,000
Less: Cash received—
(1,500,000 ÷ 5) X $2.50................................. 750,000
Premium expense for Codes issued...................... 75,000
Less: Outstanding claims at 12/31/17
charged to 2017 but redeemed in 2018....... 14,500
Premium expense chargeable to 2018...................$ 60,500
December 31, 2018

Premium Expense.............................................................$ 17,500*
*(350,000 ÷ 5) X ($2.25 + $.50 – $2.50) = $17,500
(b) Amount
Account 2017 2018 Classification
Inventory of Premiums $22,500* $90,000** Current asset
Premium Liability 14,500 17,500 Current liability
Premium Expense 74,500*** 78,000**** Selling expense
* $2.25 (250,000 – 240,000)

** $2.25 (10,000 + 330,000 – 300,000)
*** $60,000 + $14,500
**** $60,500 + $17,500
LO: 3, 4, Bloom: AP, Moderate, Time: 30-45, AACSB: Analytic, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC: None
PROBLEM 13-10
(a) Because the cause for litigation occurred before the date of the finan-
cial statements and because an unfavorable outcome is probable and
reasonably estimable, Windsor Airlines should report a loss and a
liability in the December 31, 2017, financial statements. The loss and
liability might be recorded as follows:
Lawsuit Loss
($9,000,000 X 60%).........................................................
5,400,000
Lawsuit Liability....................................................... 5,400,000
Note to the Financial Statements

Due to an accident which occurred during 2017, the Company is a
defendant in personal injury suits totaling $9,000,000. The Company is
charging the year of the casualty with $5,400,000 in estimated losses,
which represents the amount that the company legal counsel estimates
will finally be awarded.
(b) Windsor Airlines need not establish a liability for risk of loss from lack
of insurance coverage itself. GAAP does not require or allow the estab-
lishment of a liability for expected future injury to others or damage to
the property of others even if the amount of the losses is reasonably
estimable. The cause for a loss must occur on or before the balance
sheet date for a loss contingency to be recorded. However, the fact that
Windsor is self-insured should be disclosed in a note.
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 25-30, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
PROBLEM 13-11
(a) 1. Lawsuit Loss.....................................................................

250,000
Lawsuit Liability....................................................... 250,000
2. Loss from Expropriation..................................................

1,925,000
Allowance for Expropriation
[$5,725,000 – (40% X $9,500,000)]........................ 1,925,000
3. No entry required.
(b) 1. A loss and a liability have been recorded in the first case because
(i) information is available prior to the issuance of the financial
statements that indicates it is probable that a liability had been
incurred at the date of the financial statements and (ii) the amount
is reasonably estimable. That is, the occurrence of the uninsured
accidents during the year plus the outstanding injury suits and
the attorney’s estimate of probable loss required recognition of a
loss contingency.
2. An entry to record a loss and establish an allowance due to threat

of expropriation is necessary because the expropriation is imminent
as evidenced by the foreign government’s communicated intent
to expropriate and the prior settlements for properties already
expropriated. That is, enough evidence exists to reasonably estimate
the amount of the probable loss resulting from impairment of assets
at the balance sheet date. The amount of the loss is measured by
the amount that the carrying value (book value) of the assets
exceeds the expected compensation. At the time the expropriation
occurs, the related assets are written off against the allowance
account. In this problem, we established a valuation account
because certain specific assets were impaired. A valuation account
was established rather than a liability account because the net
realizability of the assets affected has decreased. A more appro-
priate presentation would, therefore, be provided for balance
sheet purposes on the realizability of the assets. It does not seem
appropriate at this point to write off the assets involved because
it may be difficult to determine all the specific assets involved,
and because the assets still have not been expropriated.
3. Even though Polska’s chemical product division is uninsurable

due to high risk and has sustained repeated losses in the past, as
of the balance sheet date no assets have been impaired or liabili-
ties incurred nor is an amount reasonably estimable. Therefore,
this situation does not satisfy the criteria for recognition of a loss
contingency. Also, unless a casualty has occurred or there is some
other evidence to indicate impairment of an asset prior to the issu-
ance of the financial statements, there is no disclosure required
relative to a loss contingency. The absence of insurance does
not of itself result in the impairment of assets or the incurrence
of liabilities. Expected future injuries to others or damage to
the property of others, even if the amount is reasonably estima-
ble, does not require recording a loss or a liability. The cause for
loss or litigation or claim must have occurred on or prior to the
balance sheet date and the amount of the loss must be reasonably
estimable in order for a loss contingency to be recorded. Disclosure
is required when one or both of the criteria for a loss contingency
are not satisfied and there is a reasonable possibility that a liability
may have been incurred or an asset impaired, or, it is probable
that a claim will be asserted and there is a reasonable possibility
of an unfavorable outcome.
LO: 3, Bloom: AN, Moderate, Time: 35-45, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
PROBLEM 13-12
(a) Actual costs incurred.............................................................. $94,000

Estimated costs at 12/31/17.................................................... 20,000
*([$5,700,000 X 2%] – $94,000)....................................... $ 114,000
(b) Estimated liability for warranties—1/1/17.............................. $ 136,000

2017 warranty expense accrual (Requirement a)................. 20,000
Subtotal........................................................................... 156,000
Actual warranty costs during 2017........................................ (94,000)
Estimated liability from warranties—12/31/17...................... $ 62,000
(c) Coupons issued (1 coupon/$1 sale)...................................... 1,500,000

Estimated redemption rate..................................................... .60
Estimated number of coupons to be redeemed................... 900,000
Exchange rate (200 coupons for a player)............................ ÷ 200
Estimated number of premium players
to be issued........................................................................... 4,500
Net cost of players ($32 – $20)............................................... X 12
Premium expense for 2017............................................ $ 54,000
(d) Inventory of premium players—1/1/17................................... $ 37,600

Premium players purchased during 2017
(6,500 X $32).......................................................................... 208,000
Premium players available..................................................... 245,600
Premium players exchanged for coupons
during 2017 (1,200,000/200 X $32)....................................... 192,000
Inventory of premium players—12/31/17............................... $ 53,600
(e) Estimated liability for premiums—1/1/17.............................. $ 44,800

2017 premium expense (Requirement c)............................... 54,000
Subtotal........................................................................... 98,800
Actual redemptions during 2017
[1,200,000/200 X ($32 – $20)]............................................... 72,000
Estimated liability for premiums—12/31/17.......................... $ 26,800
PROBLEM 13-13
1. Memo prepared by:

Date:
Millay Corporation
December 31, 2017
Recognition of Warranty Expense
During June of this year, the client began the manufacture and sale of a
new line of dishwasher. Sales of 120,000 dishwashers during this period
amounted to $60,000,000. These dishwashers were sold under a one-year
assurance warranty, and the client estimates warranty costs to be $25 per
appliance.
As of the balance sheet date, the client paid out $1,000,000 in warranty
expenses which was also the amount expensed in its income statement. No
recognition of any further liability associated with the warranty had been
made.
Millay must recognize warranty expense for both actual and expected
warranty costs in the year of sale. The client should have made the
following journal entries:
Cash ..................................................................... 60,000,000
Sales Revenue (120,000 X $500)............... 60,000,000

(To record sale of 120,000 dishwashers)
Warranty Expense............................................... 1,000,000

Inventory..................................................... 1,000,000
(To record warranty costs incurred)
Warranty Expense........................................................ 2,000,000

Warranty Liability................................................ 2,000,000*
(To accrue for future warranty costs)
*$3,000,000 (120,000 X $25) – $1,000,000

Date:
Millay Corporation
December 31, 2017
Loss Contingency from Violation

Of EPA Regulations
I contacted the client’s counsel via a routine attorney letter, asking for
information about possible litigation in which the company might be
involved. Morgan Sondgeroth, Millay’s attorney, informed me about court
action taken against Millay for dumping toxic waste in the Kishwaukee
River.
Although the litigation is pending, Sondgeroth believes that the suit will
probably be lost. A reasonable estimate of clean-up costs and fines is
$2,750,000. The client neither disclosed nor accrued this loss in the finan-
cial statements.
Because this loss is both probable and reasonably estimable, it must be

accrued as a contingent liability. I advised the client to record the following
entry to accrue this liability.
Lawsuit Loss.......................................................... 2,750,000

Lawsuit Liability........................................... 2,750,000

Date:
Millay Corporation
December 31, 2017
Loss Contingency on
Patent Infringement Litigation
In answer to my attorney letter requesting information about any possible

litigation associated with the client, Morgan Sondgeroth informed me that
the client is in the middle of a patent infringement suit with Megan Drabek
over a hydraulic compressor used in several of Millay’s appliances. The
possible loss of this suit is only reasonably possible. Millay did not in any
way disclose this information.
Because the loss is reasonably possible and can be estimated at $5,000,000,

it must be disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. I advised the
client to include as a footnote to the financial statements a discussion of
this pending litigation along with the attorney’s assessment that the loss
is reasonably possible. In addition, I advised the client to disclose the
estimated amount of this loss contingency.
PROBLEM 13-14
1. Estimated warranty costs:

On 2016 sales $ 800,000 X .10................................. $ 80,000
On 2017 sales $1,100,000 X .10................................. 110,000
On 2018 sales $1,200,000 X .10................................. 120,000
Total estimated costs......................................... 310,000
Total warranty expenditures.............................. 85,700*
Balance of liability, 12/31/18............................................... $224,300
*2016—$6,500; 2017—$17,200, and 2018—$62,000.
The liability account has a balance of $224,300 at 12/31/18 based on

the difference between the estimated warranty costs (totaling $310,000)
for the three years’ sales and the actual warranty expenditures
(totaling $85,700) during that same period.
2. Computation of liability for premium claims outstanding:

Unredeemed coupons for 2017
($9,000 – $8,000)...................................................... $ 1,000
2018 coupons estimated to be redeemed
($30,000 X .40).......................................................... 12,000
Total..................................................................... $13,000
TIME AND PURPOSE OF CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA 13-1 (Time 20–25 minutes)

Purpose—to provide the student with the opportunity to define a liability, to distinguish between current
and long-term liabilities, and to explain accrued liabilities. The student must also describe how liabilities
are valued, explain why notes payable are usually reported first in the current liabilities section, and to
indicate the items that may comprise “compensation to employees.”

Purpose—to provide three situations that require the application of judgment about the current or long-
term nature of the items. The student must think about when typical short-term items might not be
classified as current.

Purpose—to provide the student with a comprehensive case covering refinancing of short-term debt.
Four situations are presented in which the student must determine the proper classification and
disclosure of the debt in the financial statements. In order to thoroughly resolve the issues presented,
the student is expected to research the FASB codification.

Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to comment on the proper treatment in the
financial statements of a contingent loss incurred after the balance sheet date but before issuance of
the financial statements. In order to thoroughly answer the case the student will need to understand
proper accounting for contingencies.

Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to specify the conditions by which a loss
contingency can be recorded in the accounts. The student is also required to indicate the proper
disclosure in the financial statements of the situations where the amount of loss cannot be reasonably
estimated.

Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to discuss how product warranty costs and the fact
that a company is being sued should be reported.

Purpose—to provide the student with an opportunity to examine the ethical issues related to estimates
for bad debts and warranty obligations.
SOLUTIONS TO CONCEPTS FOR ANALYSIS
CA 13-1
(a) A liability is defined as “probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present
obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future
as a result of past transactions or events.” In other words, it is an obligation to transfer some type
of resource in the future as a result of a past transaction.
(b) Current liabilities are “obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to require use of
existing resources properly classified as current assets or the creation of other current liabilities.”
In other words, they are liabilities generally payable within one year or the operating cycle,
whichever is longer.
(c) Accrued liabilities (sometimes called accrued expenses) arise through accounting recognition of
unpaid expenses that come into existence as a result of past contractual commitments or past
services received. Examples are salaries and wages payable, interest payable, property taxes
payable, income taxes payable, payroll taxes payable, bonuses payable, postretirement benefits
payable, and so on.
(d) Theoretically, liabilities should be measured by the present value of the future outlay of cash
required to liquidate them. But in practice, current liabilities are usually recorded in accounting
records and reported in financial statements at their maturity value. Because of the short time
periods involved—frequently less than one year—the difference between the present value of a
current liability and the maturity value is not large. The slight overstatement of liabilities that results
from carrying current liabilities at maturity value is accepted on the grounds it is immaterial.
(e) Notes payable are listed first in the balance sheet because in liquidation they would probably be
paid first.
(f) The item compensation to employees might include:

1. Wages, salaries, or bonuses payable.
2. Compensated absences payable.
3. Postretirement benefits payable.
LO: 1, Bloom: K, Moderate, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
CA 13-2
1. Since the notes payable are due in less than one year from the balance sheet date, they would
generally be reported as a current liability. The only situation in which this short-term obligation
could possibly be excluded from current liabilities is if Rodriguez Corp. intends to refinance it. For
those notes to qualify for exclusion from current liabilities, the company must meet the following
criteria:
(1) It must intend to refinance the obligation on a long-term basis, and
(2) It must demonstrate an ability to consummate the refinancing.
The second criteria, ability to refinance, can be demonstrated either by actually refinancing before
the balance sheet is issued or by entering into a noncancelable financing agreement, which has
not been violated, with a capable lender. Only that portion of the $25,000,000 which has been
refinanced can be reclassified.
CA 13-2 (Continued)
2. Generally, deposits from customers would be classified as a current liability. However, the
classification of deposits as current or noncurrent depends on the time involved between the date
of deposit and the termination of the relationship that required the deposit. In this case, the $6,250,000
would be excluded from current liabilities only if the equipment would not be delivered for more
than one year (or one operating cycle, if longer).
3. Salaries and wages payable is an accrued liability which in almost all circumstances would be
reported as a current liability (could not be excluded).
LO: 2, Bloom: AN, Moderate, Time: 15-20, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
CA 13-3
(This case requires some research of FASB Codification.)
(a) No. GAAP indicates that refinancing a short-term obligation on a long-term basis means either replacing
it with a long-term obligation or with equity securities, or renewing, extending, or replacing it with
short-term obligations for an uninterrupted period extending beyond one year (or the operating cycle,
if applicable) from the date of an enterprise’s balance sheet.
Management’s intent to refinance the obligation on a long-term basis is not enough to warrant
reclassification of the short-term obligation. The enterprise’s intent must be supported by an ability
to consummate the refinancing.
(b) Yes. The events described will have an impact on the financial statements. Since Dumars Corpo-
ration refinanced the long-term debt maturing in March 2018 in a manner that meets the conditions
set forth in GAAP that obligation should be excluded from current liabilities. The $10,000,000
should be classified as long-term at December 31, 2017.
A short-term obligation, other than one classified as a current liability, shall be excluded from
current liabilities if the enterprise’s intent to refinance the short-term obligation on a long-term basis
is supported by an ability to consummate the refinancing demonstrated in one of the ways stipulated
in GAAP. One of the ways stipulated is the issuance of long-term debt or equity securities after the
date of the balance sheet but before that balance sheet is issued. The issuance of the long-term
debt or equity securities must be for the purpose of refinancing the short-term obligation on a long-
term basis.
(c) No. since Dumars Corporation refinanced the long-term debt maturing in March 2018 in a manner
that meets the conditions set forth in GAAP that obligation should be excluded from current liabilities.
(d) (1) No. The $10,000,000 should be shown under the caption of either “Long-Term Debt,” “Interim
Debt,” “Short-Term Debt Expected to Be Refinanced,” or “Intermediate Debt.”
(2) Yes. GAAP provides that total current liabilities shall be presented in classified balance sheets.
If a short-term obligation is excluded from current liabilities pursuant to the provisions of this
statement, the notes to the financial statements shall include a general description of the
financing agreement and the terms of any new obligation incurred or expected to be incurred
or equity securities issued or expected to be issued as a result of a refinancing.
LO: 2, Bloom: AN, Moderate, Time: 30-40, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, AICPA PC: Communication
CA 13-4
Because the casualty occurred subsequent to the balance sheet date, it does not meet the criteria of a
loss contingency; that is, an asset had not been impaired or a liability incurred at the date of the
balance sheet. Therefore, a loss contingency should not be accrued by a charge to expense due to the
explosion. However, because it had become known before the financial statements were issued that
assets were impaired and liabilities were incurred after the balance sheet date, disclosure is necessary
to keep the financial statements from being misleading. The financial statements should indicate the
nature of and an estimate of the loss to the company’s assets as a result of the explosion and the
nature of and an estimate of the loss contingency anticipated from suits that will be filed and claims
asserted for injuries and damages.
If the loss to assets or the liability incurrence can be reasonably estimated, disclosure may best be
made by supplementing the historical financial statements with pro forma financial data giving effect
to the loss as if it had occurred at the date of the financial statements.
CA 13-5
(a) Two conditions must exist before a loss contingency is recorded:
1. Information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates that it is
probable that a liability has been incurred at the date of the financial statements.
2. The amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated.
(b) When some amount within the range appears at the time to be a better estimate than any other
amount within the range, that amount is accrued. When no amount within the range is a better
estimate than any other amount, the dollar amount at the low end of the range is accrued and the
dollar amount at the high end of the range is disclosed.
(c) If the amount of the loss is uncertain, the following disclosure in the notes is required:
1. The nature of the contingency.
2. An estimate of the possible loss or range of loss or a statement that an estimate cannot be
made.
LO: 3, 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 15-20, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
CA 13-6
Part 1. For Product Grey, the estimated product warranty costs should be accrued by a charge to
expense and a credit to a liability because both of the following conditions were met:
1. It is probable that a liability has been incurred based on past experience.
2. The amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated as 1% of sales.
For Product Yellow, the estimated product warranty costs should not be accrued by a charge to income
because the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated. Since only one condition is satisfied, a
disclosure by means of a note should be made.
Part 2. The probable judgment ($1,000,000) should be accrued by a charge to expense and a credit to
a liability because both of the following conditions were met:
1. It is probable that a liability has been incurred because Constantine’s lawyer states that it is
probable that Constantine will lose the suit.
2. The amount of loss can be reasonably estimated because Constantine’s lawyer states that the
most probable judgment is $1,000,000.
CA 13-6 (Continued)
Constantine should disclose in its financial statements or notes the following:
The amount of the suit ($4,000,000).
The nature of the accrual.
The nature of the contingency.
The range of possible loss ($400,000 to $2,000,000).
LO: 3, Bloom: AN, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 15-20, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
CA 13-7
(a) No, Hamilton should not follow his owner’s directive if his (Hamilton’s) original estimates are
reasonable.
(b) Rich Clothing Store benefits in lower rental expense. The Dotson Company is harmed because the
misleading financial statement deprives it of its rightful rental fees. In addition, the current stock-
holders of Rich Clothing Store are harmed because the lower net income reduces the current
value of their holdings.
(c) Rich is acting unethically to avoid the terms of his rental agreement at the expense of his landlord
and his own stockholders.
LO: 3, 4, Bloom: AN, Moderate, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Ethics, Reflective Thinking, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
FINANCIAL REPORTING PROBLEM
(a) P&G’s short-term borrowings were $15,606 at June 30, 2014. (in
$ millions)
SHORT-TERM DEBT
(In millions) 2014
Current portion of long-term debt $ 4,307
Commercial paper 10,818
Other 481
Total short-term debt $15,606
The weighted average interest rate is .70%.
(b) 1. Working capital = Current assets less current liabilities.
($2,109) = ($31,617 – $33,726)
2. Acid-test ratio = Cash + short-term investments + net receivables

Current liabilities
$8,558 + $2,128 + $6,386

0.51 times =
$33,726
Current assets
3. Current ratio =
Current liabilities
$ 31,617
0.94 times =
$ 33,726
While P&G’s current and acid-test ratios are below one, this may not
indicate a weak liquidity position. Many large companies carry relatively
high levels of accounts payable, which charge no interest. For example,
P&G has almost $8,461 of these short-term obligations, which can be
viewed as very cheap forms of financing. Nonetheless, its short-term
debt (see part (a)) has increased significantly (from $12,432 to $15,606)
in 2014, which raises some liquidity/working capital concerns.
FINANCIAL REPORTING PROBLEM (Continued)
(c) P&G provided the following discussion related to commitments and

contingencies:
NOTE 11
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Guarantees
In conjunction with certain transactions, primarily divestitures, we may
provide routine indemnifications (e.g., indemnification for
representations and warranties and retention of previously existing
environmental, tax and employee liabilities) for which terms range in
duration and, in some circumstances, are not explicitly defined. The
maximum obligation under some indemnifications is also not explicitly
stated and, as a result, the overall amount of these obligations cannot
be reasonably estimated. Other than obligations recorded as liabilities
at the time of divestiture, we have not made significant payments for
these indemnifications. We believe that if we were to incur a loss on any
of these matters, the loss would not have a material effect on our
financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
In certain situations, we guarantee loans for suppliers and customers.
The total amount of guarantees issued under such arrangements is
not material.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have off-balance sheet financing arrangements, including
variable interest entities, that have a material impact on our financial
statements.
FINANCIAL REPORTING PROBLEM (Continued)
Purchase Commitments and Operating Leases

We have purchase commitments for materials, supplies, services and
property, plant and equipment as part of the normal course of
business. Commitments made under take-or-pay obligations are as
follows:
Years ended
June 30 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Thereafter

Purchase obiligations $ 1,068 $ 268 $ 164 $ 92 $ 72 $ 321
Such amounts represent future purchases in line with expected

usage to obtain favorable pricing. Approximately 19% of our purchase
commitments relate to service contracts for information technology,
human resources management and facilities management activities
that have been outsourced to third-party suppliers. Due to the
proprietary nature of many of our materials and processes, certain
supply contracts contain penalty provisions for early termination. We
do not expect to incur penalty payments under these provisions that
would materially affect our financial position, results of operations or
cash flows. We also lease certain property and equipment for varying
periods. Future minimum rental commitments under non-cancelable
operating leases, net of guaranteed sublease income, are as follows:
Years ended
June 30 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Thereafter

Operating leases $ 288 $ 273 $ 236 $ 216 $ 188 $ 743
Litigation
We are subject to various legal proceedings and claims arising out of
our business which cover a wide range of matters such as antitrust,
trade and other governmental regulations, product liability, patent and
trademark matters, advertising, contracts, environmental issues,
labor and employments matters and income and other taxes. As
previously disclosed, the Company has had a number of antitrust
matters in Europe. These matters involve a number of other consumer
products companies and/or retail issued separate decisions pursuant
to their investigations alleging that the Company, along with several
other companies, engaged in violations of competition laws in those
countries. Many of these matters have concluded and the fines have
been paid. For ongoing matters, the Company has accrued liabilities
for competition law violations totaling $225 as of June 30, 2014. While
the ultimate resolution of these matters may result in fines or costs in
excess of the amounts reserved, we do not expect any such
incremental losses to materially impact our financial statements in the
period in which they are accrued and paid, respectively. With respect
to other litigation and claims, while considerable uncertainty exists, in
the opinion of management and our counsel, the ultimate resolution
of the various lawsuits and claims will not materially affect our
financial position, results of operations or cash flows. We are also
subject to contingencies pursuant to environmental laws and
regulations that in the future may require us to take action to correct
the effects on the environment of prior manufacturing and waste
disposal practices. Based on currently available information, we do
not believe the ultimate resolution of environmental remediation will
have a material effect on our financial position, results of operations
or cash flows.
LO: 4, Bloom: AN, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 15-20, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, AICPA PC:
Communication
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CASE
(a) The working capital position of the two companies is as follows:

($ millions)
PepsiCo, Inc.
Current assets....................................... $ 20,663
Current liabilities .................................. (18,092)
Working capital...................................... $ 2,571
The Coca-Cola Company

Current assets....................................... $ 32,986
Current liabilities................................... (32,374)
Working capital...................................... $ 612
(b) The overall liquidity of both companies is good as indicated from the
ratio analysis provided below:
(all computations in millions)

PepsiCo, Inc. Coca-Cola
Current cash debt $10,506 $10,615
= 0.58 = 0.35
coverage $18,092 + $17,839 $32,374 + $27,811
2 2
Cash debt $10,506 $10,615
= 0.20 = 0.18
coverage $52,961 + $53,089 $61,462 + $56,615
2 2
$20,663 $32,986
Current ratio = 1.14 = 1.02
$18,092 $32,374
Acid-test $6,134 + $2,592 + $6,651 $8,958 + $9,052 + $4,466
= 0.85 = 0.69
ratio $18,092 $32,374
Accounts $66,683 $45,998

= 9.80 = 9.85
receivable $6,651 + $6,954 $4,466 + $4,873
turnover 2 2
Inventory $30,884 $17,889
= 9.43 = 5.61
turnover $3,143 + $3,409 $3,100 + $3,277
2 2
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS CASE (Continued)
(c) Coca-Cola discusses its contingencies in the following note:
NOTE 11: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Guarantees
As of December 31, 2014, we were contingently liable for guarantees
of indebtedness owed by third parties of $565 million, of which $155
million was related to VIEs. Refer to Note 1 for additional information
related to the Company’s maximum exposure to loss due to our
involvement with VIEs. Our guarantees are primarily related to third-
party customers, bottlers, vendors and container manufacturing
operations and have arisen through the normal course of business.
These guarantees have various terms, and none of these guarantees
was individually significant. The amount represents the maximum
potential future payments that we could be required to make under
the guarantees; however, we do not consider it probable that we will
be required to satisfy these guarantees. We believe our exposure to
concentrations of credit risk is limited due to the diverse geographic
areas covered by our operations.
Legal Contingencies
The Company is involved in various legal proceedings. We establish
reserves for specific legal proceedings when we determine that the
likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of
loss can be reasonably estimated. Management has also identified
certain other legal matters where we believe an unfavorable outcome
is reasonably possible and/or for which no estimate of possible
losses can be made. Management believes that the total liabilities to
the Company that may arise as a result of currently pending legal
proceedings will not have a material adverse effect on the Company
taken as a whole.
Indemnifications
At the time we acquire or divest our interest in an entity, we sometimes
agree to indemnify the seller or buyer for specific contingent liabilities.
Management believes that any liability to the Company that may arise as
a result of any such indemnification agreements will not have a material
adverse effect on the Company taken as a whole.
Tax Audits
The Company is involved in various tax matters, with respect to some of
which the outcome is uncertain. These audits may result in the
assessment of additional taxes that are subsequently resolved with
authorities or potentially through the courts. Refer to Note 14.
Risk Management Programs

The Company has numerous global insurance programs in place to help
protect the Company from the risk of loss. In general, we are self-
insured for large portions of many different types of claims; however, we
do use commercial insurance above our self-insured retentions to
reduce the Company’s risk of catastrophic loss. Our reserves for the
Company’s self-insured losses are estimated through actuarial
procedures of the insurance industry and by using industry
assumptions, adjusted for our specific expectations based on our claim
history. The Company’s self-insurance reserves totaled $530 million and
$537 million as of December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
Workforce (Unaudited)
We refer to our employees as “associates.” As of December 31, 2014,
our Company had approximately 129,200 associates, of which
approximately 65,300 associates were located in the United States. Our
Company, through its divisions and subsidiaries, is a party to numerous
collective bargaining agreements. As of December 31, 2014,
approximately 18,000 associates, excluding seasonal hires, in North
America were covered by collective bargaining agreements. These
agreements typically have terms of three to five years. We currently
expect that we will be able to renegotiate such agreements on
satisfactory terms when they expire. The Company believes that its
relations with its associates are generally satisfactory.
Operating Leases
The following table summarizes our minimum lease payments under
noncancelable operating leases with initial or remaining lease terms in
excess of one year as of December 31, 2014 (in millions):
Operating Lease
Year Ended December 31, Payments
2015 $ 230
2016 161
2017 128
2018 98
2019 71
Thereafter 277
Total minimum operating lease payments1 $ 965
1
Income associated with sublease arrangements is not significant.
PepsiCo discusses its contingencies in the following note:
Note 2
Commitments and Contingencies
We are subject to various claims and contingencies related to

lawsuits, certain taxes and environmental matters, as well as
commitments under contractual and other commercial obligations.
We recognize liabilities for contingencies and commitments when a
loss is probable and estimable. For additional information on our
commitments, see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements.
Note 9 — Debt Obligations and Commitments
The following table summarizes the Company’s debt obligations:
2014 2013
Short-term debt obligations
Current maturities of long-term debt $ 4,096 $ 2,224
Commercial paper (0.1% and 0.1%) 746 2,924
Other borrowings (17.7% and 12.4%) 234 158
$ 5,076 $ 5,306
Long-term debt obligations

Notes due 2014 (5.3%) $ — $ 2,219
Notes due 2015 (1.4% and 1.2%) 4,093 4,116
Notes due 2016 (2.6% and 2.5%) 3,099 3,106
Notes due 2017 (1.6% and 2.0%) 2,004 1,258
Notes due 2018 (4.4% and 4.3%) 3,410 3,439
Notes due 2019 (3.7% and 3.7%) 1,631 1,635
Notes due 2020-2044 (3.9% and 4.0%) 13,640 10,738
Other, due 2015-2019 (4.4% and 4.4%) 40 46
27,917 26,557
Less: current maturities of long-term debt (4,096) (2,224)
obligations
Total $ 23,821 $ 24,333
The interest rates in the above table reflect weighted-average rates at year-
end.
In 2014, we issued:
$750 million of 0.950% senior notes maturing in February 2017;

$1.250 billion of 3.600% senior notes maturing in March 2024;
€500 million of 1.750% senior notes maturing in April 2021;
€500 million of 2.625% senior notes maturing in April 2026; and
$500 million of 4.250% senior notes maturing in October 2044.
The net proceeds from the issuances of the above notes were used for
general corporate purposes, including the repayment of commercial paper.
In 2014, $2.2 billion of senior notes matured and were paid.
In 2014, we entered into a new five-year unsecured revolving credit

agreement (Five-Year Credit Agreement) which expires on June 9, 2019.
The Five-Year Credit Agreement enables us and our borrowing subsidiaries
to borrow up to $3.7725 billion, subject to customary terms and conditions.
We may request that commitments under this agreement be increased up
to $4.5 billion. Additionally, we may, once a year, request renewal of the
agreement for an additional one-year period.
Also, in 2014, we entered into a new 364-day unsecured revolving credit

agreement (364-Day Credit Agreement) which expires on June 8, 2015. The
364-Day Credit Agreement enables us and our borrowing subsidiaries to
borrow up to $3.7725 billion, subject to customary terms and conditions.
We may request that commitments under this agreement be increased up
to $4.5 billion. We may request renewal of this facility for an additional 364-
day period or convert any amounts outstanding into a term loan for a
period of up to one year, which would mature no later than the then
effective termination date.
The Five-Year Credit Agreement and the 364-Day Credit Agreement

together replaced our $2.925 billion five-year credit agreement dated as of
June 10, 2013 and our $2.925 billion 364-Day credit agreement dated as of
June 10, 2013. Funds borrowed under the Five-Year Credit Agreement and
the 364-Day Credit Agreement may be used for general corporate
purposes. Subject to certain conditions, we may borrow, prepay and
reborrow amounts under these agreements. As of December 27, 2014, there
were no outstanding borrowings under the Five-Year Credit Agreement or
the 364-Day Credit Agreement. In addition, as of December 27, 2014, our
international debt of $228 million was related to borrowings from external
parties including various lines of credit. These lines of credit are subject to
normal banking terms and conditions and are fully committed at least to
the extent of our borrowings.
Long-Term Contractual Commitments (a)
The following table summarizes our long-term contractual commitments by

period:
Payments Due by Period

2020 and
Total 2015 2016–2017 2018–2019 beyond
Long-term debt obligations(b) $23,446 $ — $5,108 $4,863 $13,475
Interest on debt obligations(c) 8,839 873 1,553 1,245 5,168
Operating leases 1,894 403 631 387 473
Purchasing commitments(d) 1,985 693 873 293 126
Marketing commitments(d) 2,178 391 647 525 615
$38,342 $2,360 $8,812 $7,313 $19,857
(a) Based on year-end foreign exchange rates. We expect to make net

cash tax payments of approximately $300 million within the next 12
months, as discussed further in Note 5. Reserves for uncertain tax
positions are excluded from the table above as we are unable to
reasonably predict the ultimate amount or timing of any other
settlements.
(b) Excludes $4,096 million related to current maturities of long-term
debt, $196 million related to the fair value step-up of debt acquired
in connection with our acquisitions of PBG and PAS and $179
million related to the increase in carrying value of long-term debt
representing the gains on our fair value interest rate swaps.
(c) Interest payments on floating-rate debt are estimated using interest
rates effective as of December 27, 2014.
(d) Primarily reflects non-cancelable commitments as of December 27,
2014.
Most long-term contractual commitments, except for our long-term debt

obligations, are not recorded on our balance sheet. Operating leases
primarily represent building leases. Non-cancelable purchasing
commitments are primarily for oranges and orange juice. Non-cancelable
marketing commitments are primarily for sports marketing. Bottler funding
to independent bottlers is not reflected in our long-term contractual
commitments as it is negotiated on an annual basis. Accrued liabilities for
pension and retiree medical plans are not reflected in our long-term
contractual commitments. See Note 7 for additional information regarding
our pension and retiree medical obligations.
Off-Balance-Sheet Arrangements It is not our business practice to enter

into off-balance-sheet arrangements, other than in the normal course of
business. See Note 8 regarding contracts related to certain of our bottlers.
See “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” in Management’s Discussion
and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for further
unaudited information on our borrowings.
LO: 4, Bloom: C, Moderate, Time: 60-90, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, AICPA PC:
Communication
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS CASE 1
NORTHLAND CRANBERRIES
(a) Working capital is calculated as current assets – current liabilities, while

the current ratio is calculated as current assets/current liabilities. For
Northland Cranberries these ratios are calculated as follows:
Current year Prior year

Working capital $6,745,759 – $10,168,685 = $–3,422,926 $5,598,054 – $4,484,687 = $1,113,367
Current ratio ($6,745,759/$10,168,685) = .66 ($5,598,054/$4,484,687) = 1.25
Historically, it was generally believed that a company should maintain

a current ratio of at least 2.0. In recent years, because companies have
been able to better maintain their inventory, receivables and cash,
many healthy companies have ratios well below 2.0. However,
Northland Cranberries has negative working capital in the current
year, and current ratios in both years are extremely low. This would
be cause for concern and additional investigation. As you will see in
the next discussion point, there may well be a reasonable explanation.
(b) This illustrates a potential problem with ratios like the current ratio,
that rely on balance sheet numbers that present a company’s finan-
cial position at a particular point in time. That point in time may not be
representative of the average position of the company during the course
of the year, and also, that point in time may not be the most relevant
point for evaluating the financial position of the company. If the company
does not like the representation that these commonly used measures
give of the company’s position, it could change its year-end or suggest
other measures that it considers to be more relevant for a company in
this business. Also, it is possible that by using averages calculated
across quarterly data some of this problem might be alleviated. As
discussed in Chapter 5, there are also measures that employ cash
flows, which addresses at least part of the point-in-time problem of
balance sheet ratios.
LO: 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, AICPA PC:
Communication
MOHICAN COMPANY
(a) Under the cash basis, warranty costs are charged to expense as they
are paid; in other words, warranty costs are charged in the period in
which the seller or manufacturer performs in compliance with the
warranty. No liability is recorded for future costs arising from warranties,
nor is the period in which the sale is recorded necessarily charged
with the costs of making good on outstanding warranties.
If it is probable that customers will make claims under warranties

relating to goods or services that have been sold, and a reasonable
estimate of the costs involved can be made. An accrual for future
costs is recorded at year-end.
(b) When the warranty is sold separately from the product, the sales war-
ranty approach is employed. Revenue on the sale of the extended
warranty is deferred and is generally recognized on a straight-line basis
over the life of the contract. Revenue is deferred because the seller of
the warranty has an obligation to perform services over the life of the
contract.
(c) The general approach is to use the straight-line method to recognize

deferred revenue on warranty contracts. If historical evidence indicates
that costs incurred do not follow a straight-line approach, then revenue
should be recognized over the contract period in proportion to the costs
expected to be incurred in performing services under the contract.
Only costs that vary with and are directly related to the acquisition of the
contracts (mainly commissions) should be deferred and amortized.
Costs such as employee’s salaries, advertising, and general and
administrative expenses that would have been incurred even if no
contract were acquired should be expensed as incurred.
LO: 3, 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, AICPA PC:
Communication
(a) BOP’s working capital and current ratio have declined in 2017 com-
pared to 2016. While this would appear to be bad news, the acid-test
ratio has improved. This is due to BOP carrying relatively more liquid
receivables in 2017 (receivable days has increased.) And while
working capital has declined, the amount of the operating cycle that
must be financed with more costly borrowing has declined. That is,
BOP is using relatively inexpensive accounts payable to finance its
operating cycle. Note that the overall operating cycle has declined
because inventory is being managed at a lower level (inventory days
has declined by more than 60 days.
(b) Answers will vary depending on the companies selected. This activity
is a great spreadsheet exercise. The analysis for Best Buy and Circuit
City for the years 2005 – 2007 is presented on the next page (just
before Circuit City went out of business).
Best Buy reports both a lower current ratio and acid-test ratio. However,
much more of Best Buy’s operating cycle in financed with relatively
inexpensive accounts payable as indicated by Best Buy’s longer
payable days.
FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS CASE 3 (Continued)
Note to Instructor: Although the analysis below is for 2005 – 2007,

this analysis is particularly useful as Circuit City subsequently filed
for bankruptcy.
Best Buy (in millions) Circuit City (in thousands)
2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007
Cash $ 470 $748 1,205 879,660 315,970 141,141
Accounts Receivable 375 449 548 230,605 222,869 382,555
Inventory 2,851 3,338 4,028 1,455,170 1,698,026 1,636,507
Accounts Payable 2,824 3,234 3,934 635,674 850,359 922,205
Purchases 20,496 22,432 31,193 7,618,508 8,765,202 11,137,945
Cost of Goods Sold 20,983 23,122 27,165 7,861,364 8,703,683 9,501,438
Sales Revenue 30,848 35,934 10,413,524 11,514,151 12,429,754
Operating Cycle
Receivable Days 5.3 5.6 7.1 11.2
Inventory Days 52.7 54.1 71.2 62.9
Operating Cycle 58.0 59.7 78.3 74.1
Less: Accounts
Payable Days 52.62 46.03 35.41 30.22
Days to be Financed 5.38 13.67 42.89 43.88
Working Capital $1,301 $1,847 $1,386,506 $1,237,998

Current Ratio 1.40 1.47 2.63 2.34
Acid-Test Ratio 0.37 0.45 0.63 0.57
LO: 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, AICPA PC:
Communication
ACCOUNTING, ANALYSIS, AND PRINCIPLES
Accounting
(1) During 2017

Warranty Expense............................................. 6,000
Cash.......................................................... 6,000
12/31/17
Warranty Expense.............................................45,000
Warranty Payable..................................... 45,000
(2) 2/28/17
Interest Expense ($5,000 X 2/3)........................ 3,333
Interest Payable ($5,000 X 1/3)......................... 1,667
Cash ($200,000 X 10% X 3/12)................. 5,000
5/31/17
Interest Expense................................................ 5,000
Cash ($200,000 X 10% X 3/12)................. 5,000
8/31/17
Cash ($200,000 X 10% X 3/12)................. 5,000
11/30/17
Cash ($200,000 X 10% X 3/12)................. 5,000
12/31/17
Interest Payable ($5,000 X 1/3)................ 1,667
(3) 1/1/17
Plant Assets.......................................................
5,000,000
Cash.......................................................... 5,000,000
1/1/17
Plant Assets.......................................................
192,770
Asset Retirement Obligation................... 192,770
($192,770 = $500,000 X 0.38554)
ACCOUNTING, ANALYSIS, AND PRINCIPLES (Continued)
12/31/17
Depreciation Expense.......................................
519,277
Acc. Depr.—Plant Assets........................ 519,277
($519,277 = [$5,000,000 + $192,770]/10)
12/31/17
Interest Expense................................................19,277
Asset Retirement Obligation................... 19,277
($19,277 = $192,770 X 10%)
Analysis
The warranty payable and the interest payable are current liabilities, so all
else equal, these will decrease both the current and acid-test ratios.
Because of the commitment letter from First Trust Corp., the $200,000 loan
can be classified as a noncurrent liability. Without this letter, YellowCard
would likely not be able to demonstrate the ability to refinance the
obligation on a long-term basis. This would mean the $200,000 loan would
have to be classified as a current liability, further depressing YellowCard’s
current and acid-test ratios. The asset retirement obligation can be
classified as a noncurrent liability, so it will not affect the current and acid-
test ratios.
Principles
According to FASB Concepts Statement No. 6, liabilities are probable

future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations of a
particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in
the future as a result of past transactions or events. With respect to the
new warranty plan, YellowCard would be currently obligated to provide
repair service to its customers, arising from the prior sales of its products.
So even though customers are making an upfront payment, YellowCard
still has an obligation to provide services in the future. Thus the company
should record the payments as unearned revenue until it is no longer
obligated to make repairs. That is, the current accounting reflects
application of the expense warranty approach. The new plan would be
accounted for a sales-type warranty, which defers a certain percentage of
the original sales price until some future time when the company incurs
actual costs or the warranty expires.
LO: 2, 3, 4, Bloom: AP, Moderate, Time: 25-30, AACSB: Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: None, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
CODIFICATION EXERCISES
CE13-1
Master Glossary
(a) An asset retirement is an obligation associated with the retirement of a tangible long-lived asset.
(b) Current liabilities is used principally to designate obligations whose liquidation is reasonably
expected to require the use of existing resources properly classifiable as current assets, or the
creation of other current liabilities. See paragraphs 210-10-45-5 through 45-12.
(c) Reasonably possible means the chance of the future event or events occurring is more than
remote but less than likely.
(d) A warranty is a guarantee for which the underlying is related to the performance (regarding
function, not price) of nonfinancial assets that are owned by the guaranteed party. The obligation
may be incurred in connection with the sale of goods or services; if so, it may require further
performance by the seller after the sale has taken place.
LO: 1, 3, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Communication, Technology, AICPA BB: Technology, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, Technology,
AICPA PC: Communication
CE13-2
According to FASB ASC 410-20-50 (Asset Retirement and Environmental Obligations):
50-1 An entity shall disclose all of the following information about its asset retirement obligations:
(a) A general description of the asset retirement obligations and the associated long-lived
assets
(b) The fair value of assets that are legally restricted for purposes of settling asset retirement
obligations
(c) A reconciliation of the beginning and ending aggregate carrying amount of asset retirement
obligations showing separately the changes attributable to the following components,
whenever there is a significant change in any of these components during the reporting
period:
1. Liabilities incurred in the current period

2. Liabilities settled in the current period
3. Accretion expense
4. Revisions in estimated cash flows.
50-2 If the fair value of an asset retirement obligation cannot be reasonably estimated, that
fact and the reasons therefor shall be disclosed.
LO: 3, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Communication, Technology, AICPA BB: Technology, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, Technology,
CE13-3
According to FASB ASC 450-10-55 (Contingencies —Implementation Guidance and Illustrations):
Depreciation
55-2 The fact that estimates are used to allocate the known cost of a depreciable asset over the pe-
riod of use by an entity does not make depreciation a contingency; the eventual expiration of the
utility of the asset is not uncertain. Thus, depreciation of assets is not a contingency, nor are such
matters as recurring repairs, maintenance, and overhauls, which interrelate with depreciation.
This Topic is not intended to alter depreciation practices as described in Section 360-10-35.
Estimates Used in Accruals
55-3 Amounts owed for services received, such as advertising and utilities, are not contingencies
even though the accrued amounts may have been estimated; there is nothing uncertain about
the fact that those obligations have been incurred.
Changes in Tax Law
55-4 The possibility of a change in the tax law in some future year is not an uncertainty.
LO: 3, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 5-10, AACSB: Communication, Technology, AICPA BB: Technology, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, Technology,
CE13-4
According to FASB ASC 710-10-25-1 (Compensation Recognition—Compensated Absences), an
employer must accrue a liability for employees’ compensation for future absences if all of the following
conditions are met:
(a) The employer’s obligation relating to employees’ rights to receive compensation for future
absences is attributable to employees’ services already rendered.
(b) The obligation relates to rights that vest or accumulate. Vested rights are those for which the
employer has an obligation to make payment even if an employee terminates; thus, they are not
contingent on an employee’s future service. Accumulate means that earned but unused rights to
compensated absences may be carried forward to one or more periods subsequent to that in
which they are earned, even though there may be a limit to the amount that can be carried
forward.
(c) Payment of the compensation is probable.
(d) The amount can be reasonably estimated.

LO: 3, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple , Time: 10-15, AACSB: Communication, Technology, AICPA BB: Technology, AICPA FC: Reporting, Research, Technology,
CODIFICATION RESEARCH CASE
(a) FASB ASC 605-20-25 addresses how revenue and costs from a
separately priced extended warranty or product maintenance contract
should be recognized.
(b) An Extended Warranty is an agreement to provide warranty protection

in addition to the scope of coverage of the manufacturer’s original
warranty, if any, or to extend the period of coverage provided by the
manufacturer’s original warranty.
Product Maintenance Contracts are agreements to perform certain

agreed-upon services to maintain a product for a specified period of
time. The terms of the contract may take different forms, such as an
agreement to periodically perform a particular service a specified
number of times over a specified period of time, or an agreement to
perform a particular service as the need arises over the term of the
contract.
Separately Priced Contracts are agreements under which the customer

has the option to purchase an extended warranty or a product
maintenance contract for an expressly stated amount separate from
the price of the product.
FASB ASC 605-20-20-20 (Glossary)
(c) Costs that are directly related to the acquisition of a contract and that
would have not been incurred but for the acquisition of that contract
(incremental direct acquisition costs) shall be deferred and charged to
expense in proportion to the revenue recognized. All other costs, such
as costs of services performed under the contract, general and
administrative expenses, advertising expenses, and costs associated
with the negotiation of a contract that is not consummated, shall be
charged to expense as incurred.
FASB ASC 605-20-25-4

LO: 3, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 20-25, AACSB: Communication, Technology, AICPA BB: Technology, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting,
Research, Technology, AICPA PC: Communication
IFRS CONCEPTS AND APPLICATION
IFRS13-1
A company should exclude a short-term obligation from current liabilities

only if (1) it intends to refinance the obligation on a long-term basis, and
(2) it has an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at
least twelve months after the reporting date.
LO: 1, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Diversity, Communication, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: Communication
IFRS13-2
The ability to defer settlement of short-term debt may be demonstrated by

entering into a financing agreement that clearly permits the company to
refinance the debt on a long-term basis on terms that are readily
determinable before the next reporting date.
IFRS13-3
A provision is defined as a liability of uncertain timing or amount and is

sometimes referred to as an estimated liability. Common types of provisions
are obligations related to litigation, warranties, product guarantees, business
restructurings, and environmental damage.
IFRS13-4
A provision should be recorded and a charge accrued to expense only if:
(a) the company has a present obligation (constructive or legal) as

a result of a past event,
(b) it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic
benefits will be required to settle the obligation, and
(c) a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Diversity, Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
IFRS13-5
A current liability such as accounts payable is susceptible to precise

measurement because the date of payment, the payee, and the amount of
cash needed to discharge the obligation are reasonably certain. There is
nothing uncertain about (1) the fact that the obligation has been incurred
and (2) the amount of the obligation.
A provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount and has greater

uncertainty about the timing or amount of the future expenditure required
to settle the obligation.
LO: 1, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Diversity, Communication, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
IFRS13-6
Onerous contracts are ones in which the unavoidable costs of meeting the
obligations exceed the economic benefits expected to be received.
Examples include a loss to be recognized on an unfavorable non-
cancellable purchase commitment for inventory, and a lease cancellation
fee for a facility that is no longer being used.
LO: 3, Bloom: K, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 3-5, AACSB: Diversity, Communication, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Measurement, Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
IFRS13-7
ALEXANDER COMPANY
Partial Statement of Financial Position
December 31, 2017
Notes payable (Note 1)............................................................... $300,000
NOTE 1:
Short-term debt refinanced. As of December 31, 2017, the company had
notes payable totaling $1,200,000 due on February 2, 2018. These notes
were refinanced on their due date to the extent of $900,000 received from
the issuance of ordinary shares on January 21, 2018. The balance of
$300,000 was liquidated using current assets.
LO: 4, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 5-7, AACSB: Diversity, Communication, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
IFRS13-8
(1) Mckee should classify $100,000 of the obligation as a current maturity

of long-term debt (current liability) and the $300,000 balance as a
noncurrent liability.
(2) While the maturity of the obligation was extended to February 15,
2020, the agreement was not reached with the lender until January 15,
2018. Since the agreement was not in place as of the reporting date
(December 31, 2017), the obligation should be reported as a current
liability.
LO: 2, Bloom: AP, Moderate, Time: 5-10, AACSB: Diversity, Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
IFRS13-9
1. Warranty Expense............................................. 5,000,000*

Warranty Payable..................................... 5,000,000
*Expected warranty costs:
% Units Costs per Unit Total Costs

No defects 60% 600,000 $0 $ 0
Minor defects 10% 100,000 5 500,000
Major defects 30% 300,000 15 4,500,000
100% 1,000,000 $5,000,000
2. Income Tax Expense......................................... 400,000

Income Taxes Payable............................. 400,000
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 5-10, AACSB: Diversity, Analytic, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC: None
IFRS13-10
(a) No. IFRS indicate that refinancing a short-term obligation on a long-

term basis also requires that a company have an unconditional right
to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the
reporting date.
IFRS13-10 (Continued)
(b) No. The events described will not have an impact on the financial
statements. Since Kobayashi Corporation’s refinancing of the long-
term debt maturing in March 2018 does not meet the conditions set
forth in IFRS that obligation should be included in current liabilities.
The $10,000,000 should continue to be classified as current at
December 31, 2017. A short-term obligation, other than one classified
as a current liability, shall be excluded from current liabilities if the
entity’s intent to refinance the short-term obligation on a long-term
basis is supported by an unconditional right to defer the settlement of
the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date.
(c) Yes. The debt should be included in current liabilities. The issuance
of ordinary shares in January does not meet the criteria to have an
unconditional right to defer the settlement of the liability for at least
12 months after the reporting date.
LO: 2, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 10-15, AACSB: Diversity, Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
IFRS13-11
(a) IAS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets.
(b) Recognizing a liability from restructuring (IAS 37, 72 – 79).
A constructive obligation to restructure arises only when an entity:
(a) has a detailed formal plan for the restructuring identifying at

least: (i) the business or part of a business concerned; (ii) the
principal locations affected; (iii) the location, function, and
approximate number of employees who will be compensated for
terminating their services; (iv) the expenditures that will be
undertaken; and (v) when the plan will be implemented; and
(b) has raised a valid expectation in those affected that it will carry
out the restructuring by starting to implement that plan or
announcing its main features to those affected by it.
Evidence that an entity has started to implement a restructuring plan

would be provided, for example, by dismantling plant or selling assets
or by the public announcement of the main features of the plan. A
public announcement of a detailed plan to restructure constitutes a
constructive obligation to restructure only if it is made in such a way
and in sufficient detail (I.E. setting out the main features of the plan)
that it gives rise to valid expectations in other parties such as
customers, suppliers and employees (or their representatives) that
the entity will carry out the restructuring.
For a plan to be sufficient to give rise to a constructive obligation

when communicated to those affected by it, its implementation needs
to be planned to begin as soon as possible and to be completed in a
timeframe that makes significant changes to the plan unlikely. If it is
expected that there will be a long delay before the restructuring
begins or that the restructuring will take an unreasonably long time, it
is unlikely that the plan will raise a valid expectation on the part of
others that the entity is at present committed to restructuring,
because the timeframe allows opportunities for the entity to change
its plans.
A management or board decision to restructure taken before the end

of the reporting period does not give rise to a constructive obligation
at the end of the reporting period unless the entity has, before the end
of the reporting period: (a) started to implement the restructuring
plan; or (b) announced the main features of the restructuring plan to
those affected by it in a sufficiently specific manner to raise a valid
expectation in them that the entity will carry out the restructuring. If
an entity starts to implement a restructuring plan, or announces its
main features to those affected, only after the reporting period,
disclosure is required under IAS 10 Events after the Reporting Period,
if the restructuring is material and non-disclosure could influence the
economic decisions that users make on the basis of the financial
statements.
Although a constructive obligation is not created solely by a manage-

ment decision, an obligation may result from other earlier events
together with such a decision. For example, negotiations with employee
representatives for termination payments, or with purchasers for the
sale of an operation, may have been concluded subject only to board
approval. Once that approval has been obtained and communicated
to the other parties, the entity has a constructive obligation to
restructure, if the conditions of paragraph 72 are met.
In some countries, the ultimate authority is vested in a board whose

membership includes representatives of interests other than those of
management (e.g. employees) or notification to such representatives
may be necessary before the board decision is taken. Because a
decision by such a board involves communication to these representa-
tives, it may result in a constructive obligation to restructure.
No obligation arises for the sale of an operation until the entity is

committed to the sale, I.E. there is a binding sale agreement.
Even when an entity has taken a decision to sell an operation and

announced that decision publicly, it cannot be committed to the sale
until a purchaser has been identified and there is a binding sale
agreement. Until there is a binding sale agreement, the entity will be
able to change its mind and indeed will have to take another course of
action if a purchaser cannot be found on acceptable terms. When the
sale of an operation is envisaged as part of a restructuring, the assets
of the operation are reviewed for impairment, under IAS 36. When a
sale is only part of a restructuring, a constructive obligation can arise
for the other parts of the restructuring before a binding sale
agreement exists.
Costs to include (IAS 37, 80)
A restructuring provision shall include only the direct expenditures

arising from the restructuring, which are those that are both:
(a) necessarily entailed by the restructuring; and (b) not associated
with the ongoing activities of the entity.
Costs to exclude (IAS 37, 81 – 82)
A restructuring provision does not include such costs as: (a) retraining
or relocating continuing staff; (b) marketing; or (c) investment in new
systems and distribution networks. These expenditures relate to the
future conduct of the business and are not liabilities for restructuring
at the end of the reporting period. Such expenditures are recognised
on the same basis as if they arose independently of a restructuring.
Identifiable future operating losses up to the date of a restructuring

are not included in a provision, unless they relate to an onerous
contract as defined in paragraph 10.
As required by paragraph 51, gains on the expected disposal of assets

are not taken into account in measuring a restructuring provision,
even if the sale of assets is envisaged as part of the restructuring.
(c) The current warranty contract is considered an onerous contract. The

required accounting related to an onerous contract is in IAS 37, 81 – 82.
If an entity has a contract that is onerous, the present obligation

under the contract shall be recognized and measured as a provision.
Many contracts (for example, some routine purchase orders) can be

cancelled without paying compensation to the other party, and
therefore there is no obligation. Other contracts establish both rights
and obligations for each of the contracting parties. Where events
make such a contract onerous, the contract falls within the scope of
this Standard and a liability exists which is recognized. Executory
contracts that are not onerous fall outside the scope of this Standard.
This Standard defines an onerous contract as a contract in which the

unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract
exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under it. The
unavoidable costs under a contract reflect the least net cost of exiting
from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling it and any
compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfil it.
Before a separate provision for an onerous contract is established, a

entity recognizes any impairment loss that has occurred on assets
dedicated to that contract (see IAS 36).
Hincapie should therefore record a liability for the service contract at

$75,000, the amount of the termination fee.
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Complex, Time: 50-55, AACSB: Diversity, Analytic, Communication, AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication
IFRS13-12
(a) M&S’s short-term borrowings were £279.4 million at 28 March, 2015.
SHORT-TERM DEBT
(In millions) 2015
Bank loans and overdrafts £ 278.9
Finance lease liabilities .5
Total short-term debt £ 279.4
The interest rate is only provided for the leases (4.1%).
(b) 1. Working capital = Current assets less current liabilities.
(£656.6) = (£1,455.0 – £2,111.6)
2. Acid-test ratio = Cash + short-term investments + net receivables

Current liabilities
£205.9 + £117.9 + £321.8

0.31 times =
£2,111.6
Current assets
3. Current ratio =
Current liabilities
£1,455.0
.69 times =
£2,111.6
M&S’s acid-test ratio is at 0.31, its current ratio is less than 1. Working
capital may appear. The lower liquidity ratios may not be a problem.
Many large companies carry relatively high levels of accounts
payable, which charge no interest. For example, M&S has over £449
million of these short-term obligations, which can be viewed as very
cheap forms of financing. M&S has also substantially reduced its
short-term borrowing during the year. Comparisons to industry are
required to fully assess liquidity.
(c) M&S provided the following discussion related to commitments and

contingencies:
25 CONTINGENCIES AND COMMITMENTS
A. Capital commitments
2015 £m 2014 £m
Commitments in respect of properties in the course 102.9 86.1
of construction
Commitments in respect of computer software 25.5 –
under development
128.4 86.1
B. Other material contracts
In the event of a material change in the trading arrangements with certain

warehouse operators, the Group has a commitment to purchase property,
plant and equipment, at values ranging from historical net book value to
market value, which are currently owned and operated by the warehouse
operators on the Group’s behalf.
See note 12 for details on the partnership arrangement with the Marks &
Spencer UK Pension Scheme.
C. Commitments under operating leases
The Group leases various stores, offices, warehouses and equipment

under non-cancellable operating lease agreements. The leases have
varying terms, escalation clauses and renewal rights,
2015 £m 2014 £m
Total future minimum rentals payable under non-
cancellable operating leases are as follows:
–Within one year 291.6 296.9
–Later than one year and not later than five years 1,074.1 1,034.1
–Later than five years and not later than ten years 1,091.0 1,020.1
–Later than ten years and not later than 15 years 549.3 672.0
–Later than 15 years and not later than 20 years 348.8 358.3
–Later than 20 years and not later than 25 years 242.2 236.3
–Later than 25 years 1,074.3 1,064.1
Total 4,671.3 4,681.8
The total non-cancellable future sublease payments to be received are

£41.2m (last year £44.9m).
LO: 3, Bloom: AP, Difficulty: Simple, Time: 30-35, AACSB: Diversity, Analytic, Communication , AICPA BB: Global, AICPA FC: Reporting, AICPA PC:
Communication

CH 13

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 13

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 13

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 13

Current Liabilities and Contingencies

ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC)

2. Accounts and notes 7, 9 1, 2, 3 2, 16 1, 2 1, 2

3. Deposits and advance 5, 10 4 2

4. Collections for third parties. 14 5, 6 5, 6, 7, 16 3, 4

5. Compensated absences 11, 12, 13, 7, 8 3, 4, 16 1

6. Short-term obligations 15, 16 9 8, 9 3

7. Contingent liabilities 17, 18, 19, 10, 11 13, 16 10, 11, 13 4, 5, 6

8. Guaranties and warranties. 22, 23 13, 14 10, 11, 16 1, 5, 6, 7, 6, 7

9. Premiums and awards 24, 25 15 12, 15, 16 8, 9, 12, 14

10. Self-insurance, litigation, 26, 27, 28 10, 11, 12 14 2, 10, 5, 6

11. Presentation and analysis. 29, 30, 31 17, 18, 19 6, 9, 13 3

2. Explain the 15, 16 9 8, 9 2, 3

4. Indicate how to 29, 30, 31 16, 17, 9 5, 6

E13-1 Balance sheet classification of various liabilities. Simple 10–15

P13-1 Current liability entries and adjustments. Simple 25–30

CA13-1 Nature of liabilities. Moderate 20–25

Unearned revenues arise from the following activities:

(b) A contingent liability is a liability incurred as a result of a loss contingency.

A contingent liability is an obligation that is dependent upon the occurrence or nonoccurrence of

Current liabilities—accounts payable, notes payable, current maturities of long-term debt,

Contingent liabilities—obligations related to product warranties and product defects, premiums

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-1

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-2

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-4

(a) Accounts Receivable........................................................ 31,800

(b) Cash................................................................................... 20,670

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-6

Salaries and Wages Expense.......................................... 24,000

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-7

Salaries and Wages Expense.......................................... 30,000

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-8

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-10

(a) Lawsuit Loss.....................................................................

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-11

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-12

Oil Platform....................................................................... 450,000

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-14

(b) Warranty Expense............................................................180,000

(c) Unearned Warranty Revenue........................................... 495,000

BRIEF EXERCISE 13-15

Premium Expense.............................................................. 96,000

*UPC codes expected to be sent in (30% X 1,200,000).... 360,000

EXERCISE 13-1 (10–15 minutes)

(a) Current liability.

EXERCISE 13-2 (15–20 minutes)

(c) (1) Notes payable $50,000

(2) Notes payable $54,000

EXERCISE 13-3 (25–30 minutes)

Salaries and Wages Expense........................... 7,200

To accrue the expense and liability for sick pay

Salaries and Wages Expense........................... 4,320 (2)

To record payment for compensated time when used by employees

Salaries and Wages Payable............................ 2,880 (3)

To accrue the expense and liability for sick pay

To record vacation time paid

To record sick leave paid

(1) 9 employees X $10.00/hr. X 8 hrs./day X 10 days = $7,200