PDEV

Mind mapping is a highly effective way of getting information in and out of your brain.
Mind mapping is a creative and logical means of note-taking and note-making that
literally "maps out" your ideas.
All Mind Maps have some things in common. They have a natural organizational
structure that radiates from the center and use lines, symbols, words, color and images
according to simple, brain-friendly concepts. Mind mapping converts a long list of
monotonous information into a colorful, memorable and highly organized diagram that
works in line with your brain's natural way of doing things.
One simple way to understand a Mind Map is by comparing it to a map of a city. The city
center represents the main idea; the main roads leading from the center represent the
key thoughts in your thinking process; the secondary roads or branches represent your
secondary thoughts, and so on. Special images or shapes can represent landmarks of
interest or particularly relevant ideas.
The great thing about mind mapping is that you can put your ideas down in any order, as
soon as they pop into your head. You are not constrained by thinking in order. Simply,
throw out any and all ideas, then worry about reorganizing them later.
There are many great mind mapping software (Links to an external site.) programs out
there to help you organize your thoughts and then automatically export them to an easy-
to-read, ordered list.
While it is absolutely possible to mind map the old-fashioned way with a pen and paper,
why not take advantage of the technology age and save yourself some much needed
time?
The mind map (Links to an external site.) is the external mirror of your own radiant or
natural thinking facilitated by a powerful graphic process, which provides the universal
key to unlock the dynamic potential of the brain.

The Five Essential Characteristics of Mind Mapping:

 The main idea, subject or focus is crystallized in a central image

 The main themes radiate from the central image as 'branches'
 The branches comprise a key image or key word drawn or printed on its
associated line
 Topics of lesser importance are represented as 'twigs' of the relevant branch
 The branches form a connected nodal structure
How to Make a Mind Map

 Think of your general main theme and write that down in the center of the page.
i.e. Food
 Figure out sub-themes of your main concept and draw branches to them from the
center, beginning to look like a spider web i.e. Meats, Dairy, Breads
 Make sure to use very short phrases or even single words
 Add images to invoke thought or get the message across better
 Try to think of at least two main points for each sub-theme you created and
create branches out to those
Entrepreneurship
People tend to use entrepreneurship and small business interchangeably to describe a business with
limited resources seeking to achieve a certain objective. While this may be true, the similarities end there.
In reality, entrepreneurs and small business owners tend to have opposite views on their objectives and
approach.
So what are the differences between entrepreneurship and small business?

Entrepreneurship

Objective: Innovation, High Growth, and Profit.

Leadership Traits: Highly Motivated and Influential.

Team Traits: Experienced and Specialized.

Management Strategy: High Risk and Long-Term Planning.

Environment: Fast-paced and Competitive.

While entrepreneurs and small businesses have a lot in common, they are fundamentally different in
terms of goals, strategies, and culture. Remember that entrepreneurs are looking for growth in profit and
scale, while small business owners focus on building steady work and income. Neither one is particularly
better than the other, but the two management styles can make a difference depending on the line of work.

It is almost certain that the way entrepreneurial businesses are affected today will have an impact on how
entrepreneurship is perceived as a job choice in the future.
The changes we observe today may be a double-edged sword. Some might argue that the crisis could
negatively impact the risks associated with entrepreneurship, and ultimately hinder start-ups in attracting
the right talent; others might suggest that the changes we observe today could alter perceptions of
entrepreneurship for the better.
What we see today is the potential for democratizing entrepreneurship and creating new entrepreneurial
role models that people can more easily identify with. This could ultimately lower the threshold of
entrepreneurship for many and stimulate people to start their own businesses.
The question we are faced with today is how this will influence us going forward and what can be done
by different players to make sure we move in the right direction.
Let's get a thorough understanding of our current entrepreneurial situation, click this link to read the
article: The coronavirus crisis: A catalyst for entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the immense strength and human spirit of which made possible the great geographical
discoveries of the world. It is a vital activity to bring about changes in the economy and society not only
in a country but also of those in the world.
It is the astounding forces of man that indebted our civilization with varieties of products, among
technologies, and breakthrough thoughts.
It affects all aspects of political-legal, sociocultural, technological, economic and demographical
environment of life and society. Entrepreneurship is the pioneering force that connects the world societies
with its activity of exchange from the early period of our human history.
It is a basic strength of business organizations too. The provocation of change toward future business
prosperity is the result of the entrepreneurial zeal of the people. Therefore entrepreneurship is a basic
discipline to learn for the student of business.
Let's get more information about entrepreneurship through opening/downloading this
link: Understanding Entrepreneurship

Being an entrepreneur is not directly related to having an equity stake in a company, but instead
showcases the leadership-related points. Why do we tend to associate entrepreneurship with equity
ownership (as value), instead of understanding it as the one that has the highest stakes in an endeavor,
which sometimes gets translated into entrepreneurship?
An entrepreneur possesses an interior fuel and stamina that drives his or her actions; this superior energy
helps to overtake and surpass the different challenges and it injects strength to continue pursuing goals
when difficulties arise. Anyone can be an entrepreneur and behave like one- regardless of whether or not
they happen to be an equity holder. Ultimately, it’s all about the attitude when running the show.
Here's an article about WHO IS AN ENTREPRENEUR?
Is there such a thing as a ‘natural-born entrepreneur’? According to this Idea, there is not. Specific
techniques and habits must be practiced and developed by all would-be entrepreneurs. And as well as
business competencies, entrepreneurs need interpersonal and self-leadership skills too; however, these are
often overlooked.
Are entrepreneurs born or made? Commonly, characteristics such as risk-seeking, assertiveness, and
vision are considered typical of a successful entrepreneur. But these are innate predispositions or aspects
of temperament; by using them as a yardstick, it is wrongly concluded that only certain types of people
make good entrepreneurs or are capable of worthwhile innovations. Instead, this Idea proposes that
‘entrepreneurial behavior’ can be learned and developed.
The question is not who entrepreneurs are, but what they do, and more important than business skills can
be other competencies that provide a foundation for those business skills.
One of the challenges we must face, is how to not destroy the creativity and the imagination of the new
generations. It’s the sad truth, that as we grow up, we lose the power of believing that we can change the
world.
One of my favorite quotes:
“In the mind of an amateur, there are thousands of possibilities, in the mind of a professional only a
few.”
Entrepreneurship can be a challenging, but very rewarding journey, and in addition to attaining a wealth
of knowledge and impressive skillset, aspiring entrepreneurs will gain the confidence to tackle real-world
problems and go after their dreams. This is the perfect way for youth to begin exploring their interests and
talents and learn just how they can use these gifts to their advantage in their future careers. 
Furthermore, entrepreneurship will help youth think creatively, cultivate their analytical and problem-
solving skills, and seek out ways to learn, evaluate, and improve their craft. Entrepreneurship is truly the
best preparation for youth with any career or business aspirations, from the arts to finance.
Product and brand failures occur on an ongoing basis to varying degrees within most product-based
organizations. This is the negative aspect of the development and marketing process. In most cases, this
“failure rate” syndrome ends up being a numbers game. There must be some ratio of successful products
to each one that ends up being a failure. When this does not happen, the organization is likely to fail, or at
least experience financial difficulties that prohibit it from meeting profitability objectives. The primary
goal is to learn from product and brand failures so that future product development, design, strategy, and
implementation will be more successful.
Studying product failures allows those in the planning and implementation process to learn from the
mistakes of other product and brand failures. Each product failure can be investigated from the
perspective of what, if anything, might have been done differently to produce and market a successful
product rather than one that failed. The ability to identify key signs in the product development process
can be critical. If the product should make it this far, assessing risk before the product is marketed can
save an organization’s budget, and avoid the intangible costs of exposing their failure to the market

COMPETENCIES, SKILLS and CHARACTERISTICS COMMON COMPETENCIES

In starting a business, the following are considered as entrepreneurial competencies:
1. Specific Goal Setting.Entrepreneurs should be motivated to set goals, particularly business
growth objectives, have been found to increase firm growth resulted in the firm performance and
innovation.
2. Self-Efficacy.Entrepreneurs must believe in their own ability or self-confidence. If entrepreneurs
have high self-efficacy, that there is a strong relationship between this motivation and firm high
increase of growth.
3. Layers of Competency.Entrepreneurs should know the group of attributes, some of which are
applicable to all entrepreneurs, while others are occupation and industry specific.
4. Need for Achievement.Entrepreneurs must have a high need for achievement take responsibility
for outcomes. Engage in activities that have a moderate degree of consequences and require skills
and effort.
5. Entrepreneurs must be persistent, motivated and persevere in the face of situational challenges.
6. Willingness to Learn.Entrepreneurs should have a strong willingness to learn often pursue
opportunities to acquire new skills and competencies.
7. Strong Initiative.Entrepreneurs must have a high initiative are often driven to work hard.
8. Adaptability and Flexibility.Entrepreneurs must learn how to be a highly flexible and adaptable
often deal very well with a unique ability to choose actions even without all necessary
information.
9. Willingness to Take Risks. Entrepreneurs are willing to take consequences, identify and
calculate risk.
10. Interpersonal Skills. Entrepreneurs with strong interpersonal skills work well with people from
different backgrounds.
 
INDUSTRY WIDE AND WORK COMPETENCIES
1. Networking/Collaboration.The ability to establish professional relationships. This skills will
help entrepreneurs negotiate with competitors, suppliers and potential partners.
2. Creative and Critical Thinking.This skill will help entrepreneurs generate innovative solutions
and use of relevant information to understand the “greater picture”.
3. Entrepreneurs plan and prioritize work to ensure time is managed effectively.
4. Checking, Examining and Recording. Entrepreneurs must have the ability to maintain
confidential records, easily locate and complete appropriate forms and paper works.
5. Entrepreneurs must be specific about the direction of their business venture and the set of
strategies they will use to achieve both short-term and long-term goals and objectives.
6. Business Principles.Entrepreneurs must understand the basic principles of business. Market
knowledge, economic principles, and ethical practices.
 7. Computer Competency.Entrepreneurs must be proficient in the use of basic computer programs
so that he/she know how to communicate and prepare documents electronically.
8. Workplace Competencies.The application of knowledge, skills, attitude, values and behaviors in
the workplace.
9. High-Growth, High-Value.Entrepreneurs offer incentive programs and compensation packages
and build a strong entrepreneurial culture around determination and high work ethics.
10. Innovation and Creation.Entrepreneurs must apply their creativity to the formulation of
inventive systems and products.
11. Marketing. Entrepreneurs are competent in both executing strategies in promoting their products
and establish customer relationships. They conduct market analysis, set pricing objectives,
customer objections into sales acceptance.
12. Business Operations.Entrepreneurs performs business operations that are able to both carry out
daily operations, such as personnel management, inventory and control.
13. Risk Assessment and Management. Entrepreneurs can handle risk management and can take
into legal actions. They must keep themselves abreast of the new business laws and regulations to
protect their businesses.
14. Financial Management. Entrepreneurs are knowledgeable in evaluating financial needs,
determining risks and identifying sources of funds.
15. Decision Making.Entrepreneurs must have a decision making skills. They must be able to
generate, evaluate and implement solutions.
 
CORE COMPETENCIES
 
Entrepreneurial Core Competencies:
The Entrepreneur as a Missionary
The entrepreneur is a missionary who perceives opportunities inherent in the exchange of goods with
great desire for profit. He/she will create an environment in which success is possible and the possibility
of failure is controllable.
The Entrepreneur is Goal Driven
The entrepreneur is goal driven and self-confident as he/she exercises the locus of control. He/she sets
high goals and strives to attain the projected target and accomplishments.  
The Entrepreneur is a Marketing Man
The marketing environment is identified by the entrepreneur and thus he/she marshals his resources to
pursue the opportunities and makes immediate action to exploit his personal gain.
The Entrepreneur Starts Small to Become Big
Many entrepreneur start small scale but with their managerial talents and persistence, they always exploit
opportunities available for their disposal.
 
SKILLS
Skills are considered personal abilities to do something well. They are acquired and developed by a
person through constant and correct practices. They are clear manifestations of the abilities of a person to
carry out complex tasks.
Kind of skills that an aspiring entrepreneur must possess:
1. Cognitive Skills
 Refers to the mental ability of the entrepreneur to learn new things, as well as to generate new
idea.
The cognitive skills of an entrepreneur include the following:
 Ability to understand written materials
 Ability to learn new and apply new information
 Ability to solve problems systematically
 Ability to create new ideas
 Ability to innovate new products, procedures and methods
 
2. Problem-Solving Skill
 Problems are common in the life of an entrepreneur and whatever is the type or size of the
problem, the entrepreneur must know how to face it, solve it, and make a sound decision.
In order to resolve the (business) problem, the scientific are as follows:
 Define the real problem
 Gather information about the problem
 Formulate alternative solutions
 Evaluate alternative solutions
 Implement the optimal solution
 Evaluate the decision
 
3. Technical Skills
  Now, that we are in the age of advanced information technology, entrepreneurs must have
equipped themselves with technical skills. The technical skills of the entrepreneurs should relate
to their knowledge and proficiency in a specialized field.
The technical skills of an (aspiring) entrepreneur include proficiency and ability in the following areas:
1. Information technology
2. Feasibility study and business plan preparation
3. Technical skills in writing
4. Marketing
5. Management and Finance
 
4. Interpersonal Skills
 It is about the relationship and interaction of the entrepreneur with the workers, suppliers,
suppliers, creditors and (prospective) customers.
The interpersonal skills of an entrepreneur may include the following:
 Verbal communication skill
 Non-verbal communication skill
 Listening skill
 Leading skill
 Negotiation skill
 
5. Core Competencies
 An aspiring entrepreneur should fully understand and apply the concepts and principles of
entrepreneurship.
The entrepreneurial core competency is a combination of entrepreneurial concepts and principles as well
as traits and skills that provide and become the ultimate source of competitive advantage of the
entrepreneur.
Competitive advantage pertains to the strategic position and conditions of the entrepreneurial venture
that:
 Provide the necessary attributes to outperform competitors
 Distinguishes the venture from competitors
 Achieves superior performance in the industry
 Produces a product or develops production methods that can hardly be copied by competitors
 
CHARACTERISTICS
Entrepreneurial Character Traits
The term character refers to the mark or attribute that distinguishes an entrepreneur from the owner of an
ordinary business.
Based on researches conducted by the Small Enterprise Research and Development Foundation (SERDF)
of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), there are ten entrepreneurial characters grouped into three
major clusters as follows:
 
1. Achievement Cluster
 Consists of entrepreneurial character traits that are directly related to the entrepreneur’s desire to
be an achiever in the field of entrepreneurship.
 The entrepreneur ordinarily does not settle for mediocrity but aspires for quality. Entrepreneurs are by
nature achievers and they strive to achieve.
In this cluster the traits are;
1. Opportunity Seeker
2. Committed
3. Persistent
4. Risk-taker
5. Efficient and Quality Oriented
 
Opportunity Seeker
 A person who sees and acts on new business opportunities, seizes unusual opportunities to obtain
financing, equipment, land, work, space and assistance.  
           Committed
 Displays full commitment to the work or endeavor that he/she is undertaking. He/she does not
entertain negativism and skepticism.
Also, accepts full responsibility for has been promised to the customers, seeks customer satisfaction and
knows how to establish proper coordination with and among workers, so that goods and services and
delivered as promised.
Persistent
 Take repeated actions in order to overcome obstacles and make personal sacrifices to complete
the required task.
Risk-taker
  Successful entrepreneurs are risk takers. No one can predict exactly what will happen tomorrow.
There are three types of risk takers:
 
1. Aggressive risk taker. Not scared to take any risks in business
2. Moderate risk taker. Calculative risk taking. Analyzes the situation before making any decision.
3. Conservative risk taker. Not eager to take any kind of risk. Contented with what he/she have in
his/her business.
Efficient and Quality-Oriented
 Highly values the importance of efficiency and the concept of quality in all business
undertakings.
Also, performs the required tasks in accordance with the existing standards of excellence while striving to
do things better and faster with minimal cost.
 
2. Planning Cluster
 Set of characters common among successful entrepreneurs that basically supports the set of
characters in the achievement cluster.
The planning cluster includes the following traits:
1. Goal setter
2. Information seeker
3. Systematic in planning and monitoring
Goal Setter
 The basic concept of planning is the setting of goals and objectives. A goal setter sets clear,
specific, and well-defined short-term and long-term goals and objectives.
 
Goals and objectives must be specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound.
Information seeker
 Constantly make decisions that will affect the operations of their business ventures. Successful
entrepreneurs have sound basis when they make decisions.
Systematic in Planning and Monitoring
 A successful and dynamic entrepreneur does not simply set goals and objectives as well as
monitor entrepreneurial activities in any way he/she wants. He/she is following a systematic
pattern and processes.
 
 3. Power Cluster
 A set of character traits that reflect the degree of the interpersonal relations maintained by
successful entrepreneurs.
It defines how entrepreneurs project themselves to the business community. The term power in this case,
pertains to the ability of the entrepreneur to maintain the highest degree of interrelationship in the
business community.
Power cluster has two character traits:
1. Persuasive and positive networker
2. Self-confident
Persuasive and Positive Networker
 Adopts specific strategies that will influence and convince others while maintaining the highest
degree of respect and make use of positive contacts in the business community to attain the goals
and objectives set by the entrepreneur.
Self-Confidence
 Building strong self-confidence does not happen overnight. It is not also spontaneous activity
relative to a particular business endeavor.
 Do you have a strong belief in yourself?
 Do you have the skills and abilities to help you build strong self-confidence?
 Do you have the confidence to complete a difficult task on time?
 Do you have the necessary ability to meet the challenges of an entrepreneurial venture?
 Are you confident in every decision you make?
 Do you trust yourself?

Trends TNCT

6 principles of gestalt laws

Figure- this principle shows number of possible variables such as color, size etc.

2. Similarity – state the things which share characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, and good
composition

3. Proximity- it state that “objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups”. Even
if the shapes, sizes, and objects are radically different, they will appear as a group if they are close
together.
4. Closure - This involve the provision of missing details to be a part of potential pattern or once closure
is achieved, the elimination of details unnecessary to establish a pattern match.

5. Continuity –it states that things are “tend to continue shapes beyond their ending points”

6. Symmetry or Order- it does not give the impression of things that “something is out of balance, or
missing, or wrong.