CHAPTER 2 QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Inquiry 1   (Page 36)

4. The x-coordinate for point A and point B is the solution for the equation y = 3x2 + 11x − 4
when y = 0. This x-coordinate is called the roots for the quadratic equation 3x2 + 11x − 4 = 0.

Mind Challenge   (Page 38)

ax + bx + c = 0
2

Divide both sides of the

x2 + b x = – c
a a equation by a
b
x + x+
2
a ( )b
2a
2 c
=– +
a
b
2a ( )
2
Add both sides of the equation
with ( coefficient of x )
( )
2

x + b = – 4ac 2+ b
2 2
2
2a 4a
b ± b2 – 4ac
x+ =
2a 2a
–b + b2 – 4ac –b – b2 – 4ac
x= or x=
2a 2a
In general, the formula for solving a quadratic equation is
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a

Self Practice 2.1 (Page 38)

1. (a) x2 + 4x – 9 = 0
x2 + 4x = 9
( )
x2 + 4x + 4 = 9 + 4
2
2
( )2
2

x2 + 4x + 22 = 9 + 22
(x + 2)2 = 13
x + 2 = ± 13
x = – 13 – 2 or x = 13 – 2
= −5.606 = 1.606
(b) x2 − 3x – 5 = 0
x2 − 3x = 5
( )
x2 − 3x + –3 = 5 + –3
2
2
( )
2
2

( )x− 3
2
2
= 29
4
3
x − = ± 29 1
2 4
 x = – 29 + 3 or x = 29 + 3
4 2 4 2
= −1.193 = 4.193
(c) –x – 6x + 9 = 0
2

x2 + 6x = 9
( )
x2 + 6x + 6 = 9 + 6
2
2
( ) 2
2

x2 + 6x + 32 = 9 + 32
(x + 3)2 = 18
x + 3 = ± 18
x = – 18 – 3 or x = 18 – 3
= −7.243 = 1.243
(d) 2x2 − 6x + 3 = 0
2x2 − 6x = −3
2(x2 – 3x) = −3
x2 – 3x = – 3
2
( )
x2 − 3x + –3 = – 3 + –3
2
2
( )
2 2
2

( )x− 3 = 3
2
2

4
x− 3 = ± 3
2 4
x=– 3 + 3 or x= 3 + 3
4 2 4 2
= 0.634 = 2.366
(e) 4x2 − 8x + 1 = 0
2x2 − 8x = −1
4(x2 – 2x) = −1
x2 – 2x = – 1
4
x − 2x +
2
( )–2
2
2

4( )
= – 1 + –2
2
2

(x − 1)2 = 3
4
x−1=± 3
4
x=– 3 +1 or x= 3 +1
4 4
= 0.134 = 1.866
(f) −2x2 + 7x + 6 = 0
2x2 − 7x = 6
( )
2 x2 − 7 x = 6
2
x − 7x = 3
2
2
x − x+
2 7
2 ( )–7
4
2
( )
= 3 + –7
4
2

2
 (x − 74 ) 2
= 97
16
x − 7 = ± 97
4 16

x = – 97 + 7 or x = 97 + 7
16 4 16 4
= −0.712 = 4.212
2. (a) x – 4x – 7 = 0 with a = 1, b = −4 and c = −7.
2

–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
–(–4) ± (– 4)2 – 4(1)(–7)
x=
2(1)
4 ± 44
=
2
4 – 44 4 + 44
x= or x=
2 2
= −1.317 = 5.317
(b) 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 with a = 2, b = 2 and c = −1.
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
–(2) ± (2)2 – 4(2)(–1)
x=
2(2)
–2 ± 12
=
4
–2 – 12 –2 + 12
x= or x=
4 4
= −1.366 = 0.366
(c) 3x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 with a = 3, b = −8 and c = 1.
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
–(–8) ± (–8)2 – 4(3)(1)
x=
2(3)
8 ± 52
=
6
8 – 52 8 + 52
x= or x=
6 6
= 0.131 = 2.535
(d) 4x2 – 3x – 2 = 0 with a = 4, b = –3 and c = –2.
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
–(–3) ± (–3)2 – 4(4)(–2)
x=
2(4)
3 ± 41
=
8
3
 3 – 41 3 + 41
x= or x=
8 8
= –0.425 = 1.175
(e) (x – 1)(x – 3) = 5
x2 – 4x + 3 = 5
x2 – 4x – 2 = 0 with a = 1, b = –4 and c = –2.
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
–(–4) ± (– 4)2 – 4(1)(–2)
x=
2(1)
4 ± 24
=
2
4 – 24 4 + 24
x= or x=
2 2
= –0.449 = 4.449
(f) (2x – 3)2 = 6
4x – 12x + 9 = 6
2

4x2 – 12x + 3 = 0 with a = 4, b = –12 and c = 3.

–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
–(–12) ± (–12)2 – 4(4)(3)
x=
2(4)
12 ± 96
=
8
12 – 96 12 + 96
x= or x=
8 8
= 0.275 = 2.725
3. (a) Let x be the length and (x – 2) be the width. x cm
x2 + (x – 2)2 = 102
x + x2 – 4x + 4 = 100
2
10 cm
2x2 – 4x – 96 = 0 (x – 2) cm
x2 – 2x – 48 = 0
(x – 8)(x + 6) = 0
x=8 or x = –6 (Ignore)
Thus, the rectangle has a length of 8 cm and width of 6 cm.
(b) 2x + 2y = 26…
xy = 40…

From , y = 40 …
x
Substitute  into .
( )
2x + 2 40 = 26
x
2x2 + 80 = 26x
2x2 – 26x + 80 = 0
x2 – 13x + 40 = 0
4
 (x – 5)(x – 8) = 0
x=5 or x=8
Substitute x = 5 into .
y = 40
5
=8
Substitute x = 8 into .
y = 40
8
=5
Thus, the measurement of the rectangle is 5 cm × 8 cm.

4. 1 × [(x + 3) + (3x + 2)] × (x – 1) = 17

2
(4x + 5) × (x – 1) = 34
4x2 + x – 5 = 34
4x2 + x – 39 = 0
(4x + 13)(x – 3) = 0
x = – 13 (Ignore) or x=3
4
Thus, the value of x is 3.

Self Practice 2.2 (Page 41)

1. (a) x2 – (α + β )x + αβ = 0 (b) x2 – (α + β )x + αβ = 0
x2 – (2 + 6)x + (2)(6) = 0 x2 – (–1 + 4)x + (–1)(4) = 0
x2 – 8x + 12 = 0 x2 – 3x – 4 = 0
(c) x2 – (α + β )x + αβ = 0 (d) x2 – (α + β )x + αβ = 0
x2 – (–4 – 7)x + (–4)(–7) = 0 (5 ) ( )
x2 – 1 – 5 x + 1 (–5) = 0
5
x2 + 11x + 28 = 0 24
x +
2
x–1=0
5
5x2 + 24x – 5 = 0
2. α + β = –(p – 5), αβ = 2q
–(p – 5) = –3 + 6
–p + 5 = 3
p=2
2q = (–3)(6)
2q = –18
q = –9

3. 5x2 – 10x – 9 = 0
x2 – 2x – 9 = 0
5
Thus, α + β = 2, αβ = – 9
5

5
 (a) (α + 2) + (β + 2) = α + β + 4 , (α + 2)(β + 2) = αβ + 2α + 2β + 4
=2+4 = αβ + 2(α + β) + 4
=6 = – 9 + 2(2) + 4
5
= 31
5
Quadratic equation: x2 – 6x + 31 = 0
5
5x2 – 30x + 31 = 0

(b) 5α + 5β = 5(α + β) , (5α)(5β) = 25αβ

= 5(2) = 25 – 9
5 ( )
= 10 = –45
Quadratic equation: x2 – 10x – 45 = 0
(c) (α – 1) + (β – 1) = α + β – 2 ,
(α – 1)(β – 1) = αβ – α – β + 1
= 2–2 = αβ – (α + β) + 1
=0 =–9 –2+1
5
=– 14
5
Quadratic equation: x – 0x –
2 14 =0
5
5x2 – 14 = 0

(d) α +
3
β α+β
3
=
3
, ( α3 )( β3 ) = αβ9
–9
= 2 = 5
3 9
=–1
5
Quadratic equation: x2 – 2 x – 1 = 0
3 5
15x2 – 10x – 3 = 0
4. 2x2 + 5x = 1
2x2 + 5x – 1 = 0
x2 + 5 x – 1 = 0
2 2
Thus, α + β = – 5 , αβ = – 1
2 2

(a) 1 + 1 =
α β
α+β
αβ
,
α β ( )( )
1 1 = 1
αβ

=
( )
– 5
2 = 1
( )
–1
2
–1
2 ( )
=5 = –2
Quadratic equation: x2 – 5x – 2 = 0

6
 ( ) ( )
(b) α + 1 + β + 1 = α + β +
β α
α+β
αβ
, (α + β1 )(β + α1 ) = αβ + 1 + 1 + αβ1
5
=– +5 =–1 +1+1–2
2 2
= 5 =–1
2 2
Quadratic equation: x2 – 5 x – 1 = 0
2 2
2x2 – 5x – 1 = 0
(c) α 2 + β 2 = (α + β)2 – 2αβ , (α 2)(β 2) = (αβ )2

( )
= –5 –2–1
2
2
( )
2 ( )
= –1
2
2

= 25 +1 = 1
4 4
= 29
4
Quadratic equation: x2 – 29 x + 1 = 0
4 4
4x2 – 29x + 1 = 0

( ) ( )
β
(d) α + α =
β
α2 + β 2
αβ
,
β α ( )( )
α β =1

(α + β)2 – 2αβ
=
αβ

= 4
( )
29

( )
–1
2
=– 29
2
Quadratic equation: x2 + 29 x + 1 = 0
2
2x2 + 29x + 2 = 0
5. 2x2 = 6x + 3
2x – 6x – 3 = 0
2

x2 – 3x – 3 = 0
2
Thus, p + q = 3 , pq = – 3
2
p2q + pq2 = pq(p + q) , (p2q)(pq2) = p3q3
= – 3 (3) = (pq)3
2
=–9
2
= –3 ( )
2
3

= – 27
8
Quadratic equation x + x–
2 9 27 =0
2 8
8x2 + 36x – 27 = 0

7
Inquiry 2   (Page 41)
2. Graph sketching method:
•  The roots are x = –1 and x = 3
y

y>0 y>0
x < –1 x>3
x
–1 O 3
y<0

–1 < x < 3
Number line method:
•  The roots are x = –1 and x = 3
Test point –2: Test point 0: Test point 4:
(–2 + 1)(–2 – 3) > 0 (0 + 1)(0 – 3) < 0 (4 + 1)(4 – 3) > 0

+ – +

x < –1 –1 –1 < x < 3 3 x>3

Tabular method:
Range of values of x
x –1 x 3 –1 x 3
(x + 1) – + +
(x – 3) – + –
(x + 1) (x – 3) + + –

3. When (x + 1)(x – 3) . 0, the range of values of x is x , –1 or x . 3 and when

(x + 1)(x – 3) , 0, the range of x is 1 , x , 3.

Self Practice 2.3   (Page 44)

1. (a) x2 , 4
x –4,0
2

(x – 2)(x + 2) , 0
y
x = –2 and x = 2
Graph sketching method:
Since x2 – 4 , 0, the range of x is determined on the x
–2 0 2
graph below the x-axis.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is
–2 , x , 2.
–4
8
 Number line method:
Test point –3: Test point 1: Test point 3:
(–3)2 – 4 0 (1)2 – 4 0 (3)2 – 4 0
+ – +
x
–2 2

Since x2 – 4 , 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the number line.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is –2 , x , 2.

Tabular method:
x , –2 –2 , x , 2 x.2
(x – 2) – – +
(x + 2) – + +
(x – 2)(x + 2) + – +

Since x2 – 4 , 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the table.

Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is –2 , x , 2.

(b) (2 – x)(8 – x) , 0
x – 2   and  x = 8
y
Graph sketching method:
Since (2 – x)(8 – x) , 0, the range of x is determined 0 2 8
x
on the curve of the graph below the x-axis.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is
2 , x , 8.

Number line method:

Test point 1: Test point 3: Test point 9:
(2 – 1)(8 – 1) 0 (2 – 3)(8 – 3) 0 (2 – 9)(8 – 9) 0
+ – +
x
2 8

Since (2 – x)(8 – x) , 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the
number line.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is 2 , x , 8.

9
 Tabular method:
x,2 2,x,2 x.8
(2 – x) + – –
(8 – x) + + –
(2 – x)(8 – x) + – +

Since (2 – x)(8 – x) , 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the table.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is 2 , x , 8.

(c) x2 < 4x + 12
x – 4x – 12 < 0
2

(x + 2)(x – 6) < 0 y
x = –2   and  x = 6

Graph sketching method: –2 0 6

x
Since x2 – 4x – 12 < 0, the range of x is determined
on the curve of the graph below the x-axis.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is –12
–2 < x < 6.

Number line method:

Test point –3: Test point 1: Test point 7:
(–3)2 – 4(–3) – 12 0 (1)2 – 4(1) – 12 0 (7)2 – 4(7) – 12 0
+ – +
x
–2 6

Since x2 – 4x – 12 < 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the number
line.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is –2 < x < 6.

Tabular method:
x < –2 –2 < x < 6 x>6
(x + 2) – + +
(x – 6) + – +
(x + 2)(x – 6) + – +

Since (x + 2)(x – 6) < 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the table.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is –2 < x < 6.

10
(d) x(x – 2) > 3
   x – 2x – 3 > 0
2

(x + 1)(x – 3) > 0 y
x = –1   and  x = 3

Graph sketching method: x

–1 0 3
Since x2 – 2x – 3 > 0, the range of x is determined
on the curve of the graph above the x-axis.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is x < –1 –3
and x > 3.

Number line method:

Test point –2: Test point 2: Test point 4:
(–2)2 – 2(–2) – 3 0 (2)2 – 2(2) – 3 0 (4)2 – 2(4) – 3 0
+ – +

–1 3

Since x2 – 2x – 3 > 0, the range of x is determined on the positive part of the number line.
Therefore, the solution for this quadratic inequality is x < –1 and x > 3.

Tabular method:
x < –1 –1 < x < 3 x>3
(x + 1) – + +
(x – 3) – – +
(x + 1)(x – 3) + – +

Since (x + 1)(x – 3) > 0, the range of x is determined on the positive part of the table.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is x < –1 and x > 3.

(e) (x + 2)2 , 2x + 7
x + 4x + 4 , 2x + 7
2

x2 + 2x – 3 , 0
(x + 3)(x – 1) , 0
x = –3   and  x = 1
y
Graph sketching method:
Since x2 + 2x – 3 , 0, the range of x is determined
on the curve of the graph below the x-axis. x
–3 0 1
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is
–3 , x , 1.
–3

11
 Number line method:
Test point –4: Test point 0: Test point 2:
(–4)2 + 2(–4) – 3 0 (0)2 + 2(0) – 3 0 (2)2 + 2(2) – 3 0
+ – +
x
–3 1

Since x2 + 2x – 3 , 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the number
line.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is –3 , x , 1.
Tabular method:
x , –3 –3 , x , 1 x.1
(x + 3) – + +
(x – 1) – – +
(x + 3)(x – 1) + – +
Since (x + 3)(x – 1) , 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the table.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is –3 , x , 1.

(f) (3x + 1)(5 – x) . 13

15x – 3x2 + 5 – x . 13
y
3x2 – 14x + 8 , 0
(3x – 2)(x – 4) , 0
8
x = 2   and   x = 4
3
Graph sketching method:
Since 3x2 – 14x + 8 , 0, the range of x is determined
on the curve of the graph below the x-axis. x
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality 0 2– 4
is 2 , x , 4.
3
3
Number line method:
Test point 0: Test point 3: Test point 5:
3(0)2 – 14(0) + 8 0 3(3)2 – 14(3) + 8 0 3(5)2 – 14(5) + 8 0
+ – +
x
2 4
3
Since 3x2 – 14x + 8 , 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the
number line.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is 2 , x , 4.
3
12
 Tabular method:
x, 2 2 ,x,4
x.4
3 3
(3x – 2) – + +
(x – 4) – – +
(3x – 2)(x – 4) + – +
Since (3x – 2)(x – 4) , 0, the range of x is determined on the negative part of the table.
Thus, the solution for this quadratic inequality is 2 , x , 4.
3
2. 3x2 – 5x > 16 + x(2x + 1)
3x2 – 5x > 16 + 2x2 + x
x2 – 6x – 16 > 0
(x – 8)(x + 2) > 0
Thus, the range of x is x < –2 and x > 8.

Intensive Practice 2.1 (Page 44)

1. 3x(x – 5) = 2x – 1
3x2 – 15x = 2x – 1
3x2 – 17x + 1 = 0
Use the quadratic formula.
–b ± b2 – 4ac
x=
2a
–(–17) ± (–17)2 – 4(3)(1)
x=
2(3)
17 ± 277
=
6
17 – 277 17 + 277
x= or x=
6 6
= 0.059 = 5.607

2. (a) 2(x – 5)2 = 4(x + 7)

2(x2 – 10x + 25) = 4x + 28
2x – 20x + 50 – 4x – 28 = 0
2

2x2 – 24x + 22 = 0
x2 – 12x + 11 = 0
(b) The sum of the roots = 12
The product of the roots = 11

3. 2x2 + 6x – 7 = 0
α+β=–b , αβ = c
a a
=–6 =–7
2 2
= –3
13
 (a) 1
2α + 1
+ 1
2β + 1
=
2α + 1 + 2β + 1
(2α + 1)(2β + 1)
, ( 2α1+ 1 )( 2β 1+ 1 ) = 4αβ + 2(α1 + β) + 1
2(α + β ) + 2 1
= =
4αβ + 2(α + β) + 1 4– ( )
7
2
+ 2(–3) + 1
2(–3) + 2
= =– 1
4– ( )
7
2
+ 2(–3) + 1 19

= 4
19
Quadratic equation: x2 – 4 x – 1 = 0
19 19
19x2 – 4x – 1 = 0

(b) 5α +
β
5β
α
=
5α 2 + 5β 2
αβ
, ( )( )
5α 5β = 25αβ
β α αβ
5[(α + β)2 – 2αβ]
= = 25
αβ

=
( )
5[(–3)2 – 2 – 7 ]
2
–7
2
=– 160
7
Quadratic equation: x2 + 160 x + 25 = 0
7
7x2 + 160x + 175 = 0

(c) (α + 3β ) + (3α + β ) = 4α + 4β , (α + 3β )(3α + β ) = 3α 2 + 10αβ + 3β 2

= 4(α + β) = 3[(α + β )2 – 2αβ] + 10αβ
= 4(–3)
= –12
[ 2( )]
= 3 (–3)2 – 2 – 7 + 10 – 7
2 ( )
= 13
Quadratic equation: x2 + 12x + 13 = 0

4. 3x2 + 19x + k = 0
When x = –7,
3(–7)2 + 19(–7) + k = 0
147 – 133 + k = 0
k = –14
5. rx2 + (r – 1)x + 2r + 3 = 0
a = r, b = r – 1, c = 2r + 3
(a) Assume α is the first root and –α is the second root.
–(r – 1)
α + (–α) =
r
0 = –r + 1
r=1

14
 (b) Assume a is the first root and 1 is the second root.
a
1
a1 2 = 2r + 3
a r
r = 2r + 3
r = –3
(c) Assume a is the first root and 2a is the second root.
a + 2a = (r – 1)
r
3a = (r – 1)
r
a = 1 – r … 1
r
a(2a) = 2r +3
r
2a2 = 2r + 3 … 2
r
Substitute 1 into 2.
21 1 – r 2 = 2r + 3
2

3r r
2(1 – 2r + r 2
) = 2r +3
9r2 r
2 – 4r + 2r2 = 18r2 + 27r
16r2 + 31r – 2 = 0
(16r – 1)(r + 2) = 0
r = 1 and r = –2
16
6. x2 – 8x + m = 0
Assume a is the first root and 3a is the second root.
a + 3a = – (–8)   , a(3a) = m
4a = 8 3a 1 2
= m
a = 2 3(2) 2
= m
m = 12
Substitute m = 12 into the equation
x2 – 8x + 12 = 0
(x – 2)(x – 6) = 0
x = 2 and x = 6
Thus, m = 12 and the roots are 2 and 6.
7. x2 + 2x = k(x – 1)
x + 2x – kx + k = 0
2

x2 + (2 – k)x + k = 0
Assume a is the first root and (a + 2) is the second root.
a + a + 2 = –2 + k
2a + 2 = –2 + k
k = 2a + 4 …1
a(a + 2) = k
a2 + 2a = k …2
15
 Substitute 1 into 2.
a2 + 2a = 2a + 4
a2 = 4
a = 2 or –2
Since the roots are non-zero, the roots are 2 and 4.
Substitute a = 2 into 1.
k = 2(2) + 4
= 8

8. x2 + px + 27 = 0
Assume that a is the first root and 3a is the second root.
a + 3a = –p
4a = –p
a = – p … 1
4
a(3a) = 27
3a2 = 27
a2 = 9 … 2
Substitute 1 into 2.
p
1– 22 = 9
4
p2
= 9
16
p2 = 144
p = –12 or 12

9.
x2 + (k – 1)x + 9 = 0
3 + h + 1 = –k + 1
k = –h – 3 … 1
3(h + 1) = 9
3h + 3 = 9
3h = 6
h = 2 … 2
Substitute 2 into 1.
k = –2 – 3
= –5
Thus, the possible values for h and k are 2 and –5 respectively.

10. x2 – 8x + c = 0
a + a + 3d = 8
2a + 3d = 8
a = 8 – 3d … 1
2

a(a + 3d) = c
a2 + 3ad = c … 2

16
 Substitute 1 into 2.

( 8 –23d ) ( )
+ 3 8 – 3d d = c
2

2
64 – 48d + 9d 2 + 24d – 9d 2 = c
4 2
64 – 48d + 9d + 48d – 18d 2 = 4c
2

64 – 9d 2 = 4c
c = 64 – 9d
2

4
11. (a) 2x2 x+1
2x2 – x – 1 0
(2x + 1)(x – 1) 0
Thus, the range of x is x – 1 or x 1.
2
(b) (x – 3)2 5 – x
x2 – 6x + 9 5 – x
x2 – 5x + 4 0
(x – 1)(x – 4) 0
Thus, the range of x is 1  x  4.
(c) (1 – x)2 + 2x 17
1 – 2x + x2 + 2x 17
x – 16
2
0
(x + 4)(x – 4) 0
Thus, the range of x is –4  x  4.
12. (a) (x + 3)(x – 4) 0
x2 – x – 12 0
x2 – x 12
Comparing with x2 + mx  n
Thus, m = –1 and n = 12
(b) (x + 2)(x – 5) 0
x2 – 3x – 10 0
2x2 – 20 6x
Comparing with 2x2 + m  nx
Thus, m = –20 and n = 6
13. (x – 2)(x – a) 0
x – ax – 2x + 2a 0
2

x + (–a – 2)x + 2a 0
2

2x2 + 2(–a – 2)x + 4a 0

Comparing with 2x2 + bx + 12  0
4a = 12
a=3
b = 2(–a – 2)
= 2(–3 – 2) 17
= –10
 Inquiry 3   (Page 45)

4. Equation Value of a Value of b Value of c Roots

y = x2 + 5x + 4 1 5 4 –1, –4
y = x2 – 6x + 9 1 –6 9 3, 3
y = 9x2 – 6x + 2 9 –6 2 No roots

Mind Challenge (Page 45)

When the discriminant b2 − 4ac < 0, the equation has an imaginary or complex roots.

Mind Challenge (Page 46)

To know if the graph touches only one point on the x-axis or intersects the x-axis on two
different points or does not intersect the x-axis.

Self Practice 2.4   (Page 46)

1. (a) x2 + 4x + 1 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 42 – 4(1)(1)
= 16 – 4
= 12 (. 0)
This equation has two different real roots.
(b) x2 = 8(x – 2)
x – 8x + 16 = 0
2

b2 – 4ac = (–8)2 – 4(1)(16)

= 64 – 64
= 0
This equation has two equal real roots.
(c) 5x2 + 4x + 6 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 42 – 4(5)(6)
= 16 – 120
= –104 (, 0)
This equation does not have real roots.
(d) –3x2 + 7x + 5 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 72 – 4(–3)(5)
= 49 + 60
= 109 (. 0)
This equation has two different real roots.
(e) –x2 + 10x – 25 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 102 – 4(–1)(–25)
= 100 – 100
= 0
This equation has two equal real roots.

18
 (f) (2x – 1)(x + 3) = 0
2x2 + 5x – 3 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 52 – 4(2)(–3)
= 25 + 24
= 49 (. 0)
This equation has 2 different real roots.

Self Practice 2.5   (Page 48)

1. (a) 9x2 + p + 1 = 4px
9x – 4px + p + 1 = 0
2

For two equal real roots,

b2 – 4ac = 0
(–4p) – 4(9)(p + 1) = 0
2

16p2 – 36p – 36 = 0
4p2 – 9p – 9 = 0
(4p + 3)(p – 3) = 0
p = – 3 or p = 3
4
(b) x2 + (2x + 3)x = p
x2 + 2x2 + 3x – p = 0
3x2 + 3x – p = 0
For two different real roots,
b2 – 4ac . 0
32 – 4(3)(–p) . 0
9 + 12p . 0
12p . –9
p . – 3
4
(c) x2 + 2px + (p – 1)(p – 3) = 0
x2 + 2px + p2 – 4p + 3 = 0
For having no real roots,
b2 – 4ac , 0
(2p)2 – 4(1)(p2 – 4p + 3) , 0
4p2 – 4p2 + 16p – 12 , 0
16p , 12
p , 3
4
2. x2 + k = kx – 3
x2 – kx + k + 3 = 0
For two different real roots,
b2 – 4ac . 0
(–k) – 4(1)(k + 3) . 0
2

k2 – 4k – 12 . 0
(k + 2)(k – 6) . 0
k , –2 or k . 6
19
 For two equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
(–k) – 4(1)(k + 3) = 0
2

k2 – 4k – 12 = 0
(k + 2)(k – 6) = 0
k = –2 or k = 6
3. (a) x2 + hx + k = 0
–2 + 6 = –h   , (–2)(6) = k
h = –4 k = –12
(b) x2 – 4x – 12 = c
x2 – 4x – 12 – c = 0
For having no real roots,
b2 – 4ac , 0
(–4) – 4(1)(–12 – c) , 0
2

16 + 48 + 4c , 0
64 + 4c , 0
4c , –64
c , –16
4. hx2 + 3hx + h + k = 0
For having two equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
(3h) – 4(h)(h + k) = 0
2

9h2 – 4h2 – 4hk = 0

4hk = 5h2
k = 5 h
4
5. ax2 – 5bx + 4a = 0
For having two equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
(–5b) – 4(a)(4a) = 0
2

25b2 – 16a2 = 0
25b2 = 16a2
a 2 25
1 b 2 = 16
a = 5
b 4
Thus, a : b = 5 : 4

Intensive Practice 2.2 (Page 48)

1. (a) x2 – 8x + 16 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (–8)2 – 4(1)(16)
= 64 – 64
= 0
The equation has two equal real roots.
20
 (b) (x – 2)2 = 3
x – 4x + 4 – 3 = 0
2

x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (–4)2 – 4(1)(1)
= 16 – 4
= 12
The equation has different real roots.
(c) 2x2 + x + 4 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 12 – 4(2)(4)
= 1 – 32
= –31
The equation has no real roots.

2. (a) x2 + kx = 2x – 9
x + (k – 2)x + 9 = 0
2

b2 – 4ac = 0
(k – 2)2 – 4(1)(9) = 0
k2 – 4k + 4 – 36 = 0
k2 – 4k – 32 = 0
(k + 4)(k – 8) = 0
k = – 4 or k = 8
(b) kx2 + (2k + 1)x + k – 1 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0
(2k + 1)2 – 4(k)(k – 1) = 0
4k2 + 4k + 1 – 4k2 + 4k = 0
8k + 1 = 0
8k = –1
k=–1
8
3. (a) x(x + 1) = rx – 4
x2 + (1 – r)x + 4 = 0
b2 – 4ac 0
(1 – r)2 – 4(1)(4) 0
1 – 2r + r2 – 16 0
r2 – 2r – 15 0
(r + 3)(r – 5) 0
r –3 or r 5
(b) x2 + x = 2rx – r2
x2 + (1 – 2r)x + r2 = 0
b2 – 4ac 0
(1 – 2r) – 4(1)(r2) 0
2

1 – 4r + 4r2 – 4r2 0
1 – 4r 0
4r 1
r 1
4
21
4. (a) (1 – p)x2 + 5 = 2x
(1 – p)x2 – 2x + 5 = 0
b2 – 4ac 0
(–2) – 4(1 – p)(5) 0
2

4 – 20 + 20p 0
20p 16
p 4
5
(b) 4px2 + (4p + 1)x + p – 1 = 0
b2 – 4ac 0
(4p + 1)2 – 4(4p)(p – 1) 0
16p + 8p + 1 – 16p2 + 16p
2
0
24p –1
p – 1
24
5. (a) kx2 – 10x + 6k = 5
kx2 – 10x + 6k – 5 = 0
b2 – 4ac = 0
(–10) – 4(k)(6k – 5) = 0
2

100 – 24k2 + 20k = 0

6k2 – 5k – 25 = 0
(3k + 5)(2k – 5) = 0
k = – 5 or k = 5
3 2
(b) Substitute k = – 5 into the equation,
3

3 ( )
– 5 x2 – 10x + 6 – 5 – 5 = 0
3
–5x2 – 30x – 30 – 15 = 0
5x2 + 30x + 45 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9 = 0
(x + 3)(x + 3) = 0
x = –3
Therefore, the root is x = –3.
6. x(x – 4) + 2n = m
x2 – 4x + 2n – m = 0
For 2 equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
(–4) – 4(1)(2n – m) = 0
2

16 – 8n + 4m = 0
4m = 8n – 16
m = 2n – 4
7. (a) b2 – 4c = 16……
b – c = –4
b = c – 4……

22
 Substitute 2 into 1,
(c – 4)2 – 4c = 16
c2 – 8c + 16 – 4c = 16
c2 – 12c = 0
c(c – 12) = 0
Thus, c = 12
Substitute c = 12 into 2,
b = 12 – 4
= 8
Thus, b = 8 dan c = 12.
(b) x2 + 8x + 12 = 0
(x + 6)(x + 2) = 0
x = −6 or x = −2
Thus, the roots are –6 and –2.
8. (a) 2x2 – 5x + c = 0
For no real roots,
b2 – 4ac , 0
(–5)2 – 4(2)(c) , 0
25 – 8c , 0
8c . 25
c . 3.125
Thus, the possible values for c1 is 4 and c2 is 5.
(b) 2x2 – 5x + 1 (4 + 5) = 0
2
2x2 – 5x + 4.5 = 0
b2 – 4ac = (–5)2 – 4(2)(4.5)
= 25 – 36
= –11
Thus, the equation does not have two real roots.

Inquiry 4   (Page 49)

4. Changes in shape of position of the graph of function f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
• Change in value of a affects the shape and width of the graph however
the y-intercept remains unchanged.
• When a . 0, the shape of the graph is which passes through the
minimum point and when a , 0, the shape of the graph is which
passes through the maximum point.
Only the value
• For the graphs a . 0, for example a = 1, when the value of a is larger
of a changes
than 1, the width of the graph decreases. Conversely, when the value of a
is smaller than 1 and approaches 0, the width of the graph increases.
• For the graphs a , 0, for example, a = –1, when the value of a is smaller
than –1, the width of the graph decreases. Conversely, when the value of
a increases from –1 and approaches 0, the width of the graph increases.

23
 • Change in value of b only affects the position of vertex with respect to the
y-axis, however the shape of the graph and the y-intercept are unchanged.
• When b = 0, the vertex is on the y-axis.
Only the value
• For graphs a . 0, when b . 0, the vertex is on the left side of the y-axis
of b changes
and when b , 0, the vertex is on the right side of the y-axis.
• For graphs a , 0, when b . 0, the vertex is on the right side of the
y-axis and when b , 0, the vertex is on the left side of the y-axis.
Only the value • Change in value of c only affects the position of graph of function
of c changes vertically upwards or downwards.
• The shape of the graph is unchanged.

Self Practice 2.6   (Page 51)

4. (a) (i) When a changes from –1 to –3, the (ii) When a changes from –1 to – 1 , the
width of the graph will decrease and 4
the y-intercept does not change. width of the graph increase and the
y-intercept does not change
y y

6 y = –x2 + x + 6 6

y = –x2 + x + 6

x x
–2 0 3 2 0 3

(b) When the value of b changes from 1 to –1, the vertex is on the left of the y-axis. All
points change except the y-intercept. The shape of the graph does not change.
y

6 y = –x2 + x + 6

x
–2 0 3

24
 (c) When the value of c changes from 6 to –2, the graph moves 8 units downward. The
shape of the graph does not change.
y

6 y = –x2 + x + 6

x
–2 –20 3

Inquiry 5   (Page 51)

Position of graph of function

Discriminant Type of roots and position f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
b2 – 4ac of graph
a.0 a,0
b – 4ac . 0
2
• 2 different real roots.
• The graph intersects the
x x
x-axis at two different α β α β
points.
b2 – 4ac = 0 • 2 equal real roots. α=β x
• The graph touches the
x-axis at only one point.
x
α =β

b2 – 4ac , 0 • No real roots. x

• The graph does not
intersect any point on the
x-axis.
x

Self Practice 2.7   (Page 54)

1. (a) f(x) = –3x2 + 6x – 3
b2 – 4ac = 62 – 4(–3)(–3)
= 36 – 36 x
=0
The quadratic function has two equal real roots. Since a , 0, the
graph f(x) is a parabola that passes through a maximum point and
touches the x-axis at one point.

25
 (b) f(x) = x2 + 2x – 3
b2 – 4ac = 22 – 4(1)(–3)
= 4 + 12
= 16
The quadratic function has two different real roots. Since a . 0, x
the graph f(x) is a parabola that passes through a minimum point
and intersects the x-axis at two points.
(c) f(x) = 4x2 – 8x + 5
b2 – 4ac = (–8)2 – 4(4)(5)
= 64 – 80
= –16
The quadratic function has no real roots.
Since a . 0, the graph f(x) is a parabola that passes through a
minimum point and is above the x-axis. x

2. (a) f(x) = x2 – 2hx + 2 + h

For two equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
(–2h)2 – 4(1)(2 + h) = 0
4h2 – 8 – 4h = 0
h2 – h – 2 = 0
(h + 1)(h – 2) = 0
h = –1 or h = 2
(b) f(x) = x2 – (h + 3)x + 3h + 1
For two equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
(–h – 3) – 4(1)(3h + 1) = 0
2

h2 + 6h + 9 – 12h – 4 = 0
h2 – 6h + 5 = 0
(h – 1) (h – 5) = 0
h = 1 or h = 5
3. (a) f(x) = 5x2 – (qx + 4)x – 2
= 5x2 – qx2 – 4x – 2
= (5 – q)x2 – 4x – 2
For two different real roots,
b2 – 4ac 0
(–4)2 – 4(5 – q)(–2) 0
16 + 40 – 8q 0
8q 56
q 7
(b) f(x) = (q + 2)x2 + q(1 – 2x) – 5
= (q + 2)x2 – 2qx + q – 5

26
 For two different real roots,
b2 – 4ac 0
(–2q) – 4(q + 2)(q – 5) 0
2

4q2 – 4(q2 – 3q – 10) 0

4q2 – 4q2 + 12q + 40 0
12q – 40
q – 10
3
4. (a) f(x) = rx2 + 4x – 6
For no real roots,
b2 – 4ac 0
4 – 4(r)(–6)
2
0
16 + 24r 0
24r –16
r –2
3
(b) f(x) = rx + (2r + 4)x + r + 7
2

For no real roots,

b2 – 4ac 0
(2r + 4)2 – 4(r)(r + 7) 0
4r + 16r + 16 – 4r2 – 28r 0
2

12r 16
r 4
3
Inquiry 6   (Page 55)

3. Form of Quadratic Axis of

x-intercept y-intercept Vertex
function function symmetry
Vertex form f(x) = (x – 4)2 – 4 2 and 6 12 (4, –4) x=4
General form f(x) = x – 8x + 12
2
2 and 6 12 (4, –4) x=4
Intercept form f(x) = (x – 2)(x – 6) 2 and 6 12 (4, –4) x=4
4.
y x=4
f(x) = (x – 4)2 – 4
12
f(x) = x2 – 8x + 12

f(x) = (x – 2)(x – 6)

x
0 2 6
(4, –4)
Mind Challenge   (Page 56)
Yes, I agree. Only the graph with vertex form or general form that has an x-intercept can be
expressed in intercept form.
27
 Self Practice 2.8   (Page 57)
1. f(x) = 2(x – 3)2 – 8
= 2(x2 – 6x + 9) – 8
= 2x2 – 12x + 10
= 2(x2 – 6x + 5)
= 2(x – 1)(x – 5)
Comparing with f(x) = a(x – p)(x – q), therefore a = 2, p = 1 and q = 5

2. (a) f(x) = (x – 2)2 – 1

= x2 – 4x + 4 – 1
= x2 – 4x + 3
= (x – 1)(x – 3)
General form: f(x) = x2 – 4x + 3
Intercept form: f(x) = (x – 1)(x – 3)
(b) f(x) = 9 – (2x – 1)2
= 9 – (4x2 – 4x + 1)
= –4x2 + 4x + 8
= –4(x2 – x – 2)
= –4(x + 1)(x – 2)
General form: f(x) = –4x2 + 4x + 8
Intercept form: f(x) = –4(x + 1)(x – 2)
(c) f(x) = 2(x + 1)2 – 18
= 2(x2 + 2x + 1) – 18
= 2x2 + 4x – 16
= 2(x2 + 2x – 8)
= 2(x + 4)(x – 2)
General form: f(x) = 2x2 + 4x – 16
Intercept form: f(x) = 2(x + 4)(x – 2)

3. The vertex is (–4, –5).

General form
f(x) = – 1 (x + 4)2 – 5
2
= – 1 (x2 + 8x + 16) – 5
2
= – 1 x2 – 4x – 13
2

4. (a) From the graph, h = 2 and k = 16

At the point (0, 12),
12 = a(0 + 2)2 + 16
12 = 4a + 16
4a = –4
a = –1
Thus, a = –1, h = 2 and k = 16.
28
 (b) f(x) = –(x + 2)2 + 16
= –(x2 + 4x + 4) + 16
= –x2 – 4x + 12
= –(x2 + 4x – 12)
= –(x + 6)(x – 2)
General form: f(x) = –x2 – 4x + 12
Intercept form: f(x) = –(x + 6)(x – 2)
5. (a) f(x) = x2 – x – 6

2 ( ) ( )
= x2 – x + –1 – –1 – 6
2

2
2

(
= x – 1 – 25
2
2
)
4
(b) f(x) = –x – 2x + 4
2

= – (x2 + 2x – 4)
[
= – x2 + 2x + 2 – 2 – 4
2
2

2
2
( ) ( ) ]
= –[(x + 1)2 – 5]
= –(x + 1)2 + 5
(c) f(x) = –2x2 – x + 6
(
= –2 x2 + 1 x – 3
2 )
2
[
= –2 x + 1 x + 1 – 1 – 3
2 4
2

4 ( ) ( )
2
]
[(
= –2 x + 1 – 49
4
2

16 ) ]
(
= –2 x + 1 + 49
4
2

8)
(d) f(x) = 3x – 2x – 9
2

(
= 3 x2 – 2 x – 3
3 )
[
2
3 3 ( ) ( )
= 3 x – 2x + – 1 – – 1 – 3
2

3
2
]
=3 x– [( 1
3
2
– 28
9 ) ]
(
= 3 x – 1 – 28
3
2
)3
(e) f(x) = (x + 2)(6 – x)
= 6x – x2 + 12 – 2x
= –(x2 – 4x – 12)
[
= – x2 – 4x + – 4 – – 4
2
2

2 ( ) ( ) 2
– 12 ]
= –[(x – 2) – 16]
2

= –(x – 2)2 + 16

29
 (f) f(x) = 2 (x + 4)(x – 2)
= 2(x2 + 2x – 8)
[ ( ) ( )
= 2 x2 + 2x + 2 – 2
2
2

2
2
–8 ]
= 2[(x + 1)2 – 9]
= 2(x + 1)2 – 18

Inquiry 7 (Page 57)

5. Change in the shape and position of the graph of function

• The change in the value of a affects the shape and width of the graph.
• When a . 0, the shape of the graph is and it passes through a
minimum point and when a , 0, the shape of the graph is and it
passes through a maximum point.
• For graphs with a . 0, for example, a = 2, when the value of a gets
larger than 2, the width of the graph decreases. Conversely, when the
Only the value
value of a gets smaller than 2 and approaches 0, the width of the graph
of a changes
increases.
• For graphs with a , 0, for example, a = –2, when the value of a gets
smaller than –2, the graph shrinks. Conversely, when the value gets
larger than –2 and approaches 0, the graph becomes wider.
• The axis of symmetry and maximum or minimum value does not
change.
• The change in value of h only shows the horizontal movement of the
graph.
Only the value • When the value of h increases, the graph will move to the right and
of h changes when the value of h decreases, the graph will move to the left.
• The position of the axis of symmetry changes but the minimum and
maximum value will not change.
• The change in the value of k shows the vertical movement of the graph.
• When the value of k increases, the graph will move upwards and when
Only the value
the value of k decreases, the graph will move downwards.
of k changes
• The minimum and maximum value changes but the axis of symmetry
does not change.

Self Practice 2.9 (Page 59)

y
1. (a) The maximum point is (2, 4) amd the equation for
the axis of symmetry is x = 2.
4
(b) (i) When the value of a changes from –3 to –10, f(x)= –3(x – 2)2 + 4
the width of the graph decreases. The axis of
symmetry, x = 2 and the maximum value,
4 does not change.
x
0 2

30
 (ii) When the value of h changes from 2 to 5, the y
graph with the same shape moves horizontally f(x)= –3(x – 2)2 + 4
3 units to the right. The equation of the axis 4
of symmetry becomes x = 5 and its maximum
value does not change, which is 4.

x
0 2 5

y
(iii) When the value of k changes from 4 to –2, the f(x)= –3(x – 2)2 + 4
graph with the same shape moves vertically
4
6 units downwards. Its maximum value
becomes –2 and the axis of symmetry does
not change.

x
0 2
–2

2. (a) From the graph f(x) = (x – 3)2 + 2k and the maximum point (h, –6)
h = 3 2k = –6
  k = –3
Substitute the value of h and k into f(x), we obtain
f(x) = (x – 3)2 – 6
From point (0, p),
p = (0 – 3)2 – 6
= 9 – 6
= 3
Thus, h = 3, k = –3 and p = 3.
(b) When the graph moves 2 units to the right, the value of h increases by 2. Thus, the
equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 5.
(c) When the curve moves 5 units upwards, the value of k increases by 5. Thus, the
minimum value is –1.
3. (a) The graph moves 6 units to the right and the width of the graph increases. The equation of
the axis of symmetry becomes x = 6 and its minimum value does not change, which is 0.
(b) The graph moves 1 unit to the right and 5 units upwards and the width of the graph
decreases. The equation of the axis of symmetry becomes x = 1 and its minimum value
becomes 5.
(c) The graph moves 1 unit to the left and 4 units downwards and the width of the graph
increases. The equation of the axis of symmetry becomes x = –1 and its minimum value
becomes – 4.
31
Self Practice 2.10 (Page 61)
1. (a) f(x) = (x – 1)2 – 4
= x2 – 2x – 3
Since a . 0, f(x) has a minimum point. y
b2 – 4ac = (–2)2 – 4(1)(–3)
= 4 + 12
= 16 (. 0) f ( x ) = (x − 1)2 − 4
The curve intersects the x-axis at 2 different points. −1 0
x
3
f(x) = x2 – 2x – 3 −3
= x2 – 2x + 1 –2 22 – 1 –2 22 – 3
(1, − 4)
2 2
= (x – 1)2 – 4
The minimum point is (1, –4) and the axis of symmetry is x = 1.
When f(x) = 0
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
(x – 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = 3 and x = –1
The intersection of the x-axis is at x = –1 and x = 3.
When x = 0,
f(0) = 02 – 2(0) – 3
= –3
The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, –3).

(b) f(x) = 2(x + 2)2 – 2

= 2(x2 + 4x + 4) – 2
= 2x2 + 8x + 6
Since a . 0, f(x) has a minimum value.

b2 – 4ac = 82 – 4(2)(6)
= 64 – 48 y
= 16 (. 0)
The curve intersects the x-axis at 2 different points.
f ( x ) = 2 (x + 2)2 − 2
f(x) = 2x + 8x + 6
2 6
= 2(x2 + 4x + 3)
= 23x2 + 4x + 1 4 2 – 1 4 2 + 34
2 2 x
−3 −1 0
2 2 ( − 2, − 2)
= 2(x + 2)2 – 2
The minimum point is (–2, –2) and the axis of symmetry is x = –2
When f(x) = 0,
2x2 + 8x + 6 = 0
x2 + 4x + 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x + 1) = 0
x = –3 and x = –1
The graph intersects the x-axis at x = –3 and x = –1.

32
 When x = 0,
f(0) = 2(0)2 + 8(0) + 6
= 6
The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, 6).

(c) f(x) = 9 – (x – 2)2

= 9 – (x2 – 4x + 4)
= –x2 + 4x + 5
Since a , 0, f(x) has a maximum point.
b2 – 4ac = (4)2 – 4(–1)(5)
= 16 + 20 y
= 36 (, 0) (2, 9)
The curve intersects the x-axis at 2 different points. 5
f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 5 f ( x ) = 9 − (x − 2)2
= –(x2 – 4x – 5)
= –3x2 – 4x + 1 –4 2 – 1 –4 2 – 54
2 2
−1 0
x
2 2 5
= –[(x – 2) – 9]
2

= –(x – 2)2 + 9
The minimum point is (2, 9) and the axis of symmetry is x = 2.
When f(x) = 0,
–x2 + 4x + 5 = 0
x2 – 4x – 5 = 0
(x + 1)(x – 5) = 0
x = –1 and x = 5
The intersection of the x-axis is x = –1 and x = 5.
When x = 0,
f(0) = –(0)2 + 4(0) + 5
= 5
The graph intersects the x-axis at (0, 5).

(d) f(x) = –2(x – 1)(x – 3)

= –2(x2 – 4x + 3)
= –2x2 + 8x – 6
Since a , 0, f(x) has a maximum point.
b2 – 4ac = (8)2 – 4(–2)(–6)
= 64 – 48 y
= 16 (. 0) (2, 2)
The curve intersects the x-axis at 2 different points.
x
01 3
f(x) = –2(x2 – 4x + 3)
= –23x2 – 4x + 1 –4 2 – 1 –4 2 + 34
2 2 f ( x ) = − 2 (x − 1) (x − 3)
2 2 −6
= –2[(x – 2)2 – 1]
= –2(x – 2)2 + 2
The minimum point is (2, 2) and the axis of symmetry is x = 2.

33
 When f(x) = 0
–2x2 + 8x – 6 = 0
x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
(x – 1)(x – 3) = 0
x = 1 and x = 3
The intersection of the x-axis is x = 1 and x = 3.
When x = 0,
f(0) = –2(0)2 + 8(0) – 6
= –6
The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, –6).

(e) f(x) = –(x + 3)(x + 5)

= –(x2 + 8x + 15)
= –x2 – 8x – 15
Since a , 0, f(x) has a maximum point.
b2 – 4ac = (–8)2 – 4(–1)(–15)
= 64 – 60
= 4 (. 0)
The curve intersects the x-axis at two different points.
f(x) = –(x2 + 8x + 15)
= –3x2 + 8x + 1 8 2 – 1 8 2 + 154
2 2

2 2
= –[(x + 4)2 – 1]
= –(x + 4)2 + 1
The maximum point is (– 4, 1) and the axis of symmetry is x = – 4.
y
When f(x) = 0,
( − 4, 1)
–x2 – 8x – 15 = 0
x
x2 + 8x + 15 = 0 −5 −3 0
(x + 3)(x + 5) = 0
f ( x ) = − (x + 3) (x + 5)
x = –3 and x = –5
The intersection of the x-axis is x = –3 and x = –5. − 15

When x = 0,
f(0) = –(0)2 – 8(0) – 15
= –15
The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, –15).

(f) f(x) = 2(x + 1)(x – 3)

= 2(x2 – 2x – 3)
= 2x2 – 4x – 6
Since a . 0, f(x) has a minimum point.
b2 – 4ac = (–4)2 – 4(2)(–6)
= 16 + 48
= 64 (. 0)

34
 The curve intersects the x-axis at two different points, y

f(x) = 2(x2 – 2x – 3) f ( x ) = 2 (x + 1) (x − 3)

= 23x2 – 2x + 1 –2 2 – 1 –2 2 – 34
2 2 x
−1 0 3
2 2
= 2[(x – 1)2 – 4]
−6
= 2(x – 1)2 – 8
(1, − 8)
The minimum point is (1, –8) and the axis of symmetry is x = 1.
When f(x) = 0,
2x2 – 4x – 6 = 0
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
(x + 1)(x – 3) = 0
x = –1 dan x = 3
The intersection of the x-axis is x = –1 and x = 3.
When x = 0,
f(0) = 2(0)2 – 4(0) – 6
= –6
The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, –6).

(g) f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 5

= –(x2 – 4x – 5)
Since a , 0, f(x) has a maximum point.
b2 – 4ac = (4)2 – 4(–1)(5)
= 16 + 20
= 36 (. 0)
The curve intersects the x-axis at two different points.
f(x) = –(x2 – 4x – 5)
= –3x2 – 4x + 1 –4 2 – 1 –4 2 – 54
2 2

2 2
= –[(x – 2)2 – 9]
= –(x – 2)2 + 9
The minimum point is (2, 9) and the axis of symmetry is x = 2.
When f(x) = 0, y
–x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 (2, 9)
x2 – 4x – 5 = 0 f (x) = −x 2 + 4 x + 5
(x + 1)(x – 5) = 0 5
x = –1 and x = 5
The intersection with the x-axis is x = –1 and x = 5.
x
−1 0 5
When x = 0,
f(0) = –(0)2 + 4(0) + 5
= 5
The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, 5).

35
(h) f(x) = 2x2 + 3x – 2
Since a . 0, f(x) has a minimum point.
b2 – 4ac = (3)2 – 4(2)(–2)
= 9 + 16
= 25 (. 0)
The curve intersects the x-axis at two different points.
f(x) = 2x2 + 3x – 2
= 23x2 + 3 x + 1 3 2 – 1 3 2 – 14
2 2

2 4 4
= 231x + 3 2 – 25 4
2

4 16
= 21x + 2 – 3 2 25
4 8
The minimum point is 1– 3 , – 25 2 and the axis of symmetry is x = – 3 .
4 8 4
When f(x) = 0, y
2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
(2x – 1)(x + 2) = 0 f (x) = 2 x 2 + 3x − 2
x = 1 and x = –2
2 −2 1_
x
The intersection of the x-axis is x­ = 1 and x = –2. 2
2 −2
When x = 0,
f(0) = 2(0) + 3(0) – 2
2 4 (
– 3_ , – 3 1_
8 )
= –2
The graph intersects the y-axis at (0, –2).

(i) f(x) = –x2 + 4x + 12

= –(x2 – 4x – 12)
Since a , 0, f(x) has a maximum point.
b2 – 4ac = (4)2 – 4(–1)(12)
= 16 + 48
= 64 (. 0)
The curve intersects the x-axis on two different points.
f(x) = –(x2 – 4x – 12)
= –3x2 – 4x + 1 – 4 2 – 1 – 4 2 – 124
2 2

2 2
= –[(x – 2)2 – 16]
= –(x – 2)2 + 16
The minimum point is (2, 16) and the axis of symmetry is x = 2.
y
When f(x) = 0, (2, 16)
–x2 + 4x + 12 = 0
x2 – 4x – 12 = 0 12
f ( x ) = − x 2 + 4 x + 12
(x – 6)(x + 2) = 0
x = 6 dan x = –2 x
The intersection of the x-axis is x = –2 and x = 6. −2 0 6

36
 When x = 0,
f(0) = –(0)2 + 4(0) + 12
= 12
The graph intersects the x-axis at (0, 12).

Self Practice 2.11   (Page 63)

1. Given h(t) = –5t + 8t + 4
2

(a) When t = 0, h(0) = –5(0)2 + 8(0) + 4

=4
The height of the diving board from the surface of the water is 4 m.
(b) The x coordinate of the vertex = – b
2a
=– 8
2(–5)
= 0.8
The time taken for the diver to dive at maximum height is 0.8 seconds.
(c) When t = 0.8,
h(0.8) = –5(0.8)2 + 8(0.8) + 4
= 7.2
The maximum height that is achieved by the diver is 7.2 m.
(d) h(t) = 0
–5t2 + 8t + 4 = 0
5t2 – 8t – 4 = 0
(5t + 2)(t – 2) = 0
t = – 2 or t = 2
5
The range for the time that the diver is in the air is 0 , t , 2 seconds.

2. Given h(x) = 15 – 0.06x2

(a) When x = 0,
h(0) = 15 – 0.06(0)2
= 15
The maximum height of the tunnel is 15 metres.
(b) When h(x) = 0,
15 – 0.06x2 = 0
0.06x2 = 15
x2 = 250
x = 15.81 meter
The width of the tunnel is 2(15.81) = 31.62 meter.

3. Width = 2(2)
= 4 meter
Depth = 1 meter

37
4. y = 1 x2 – x + 150
400
(a) The coordinates of the vertex = – b
2a
(–1)
=–
21 1 2
400
= 200
The length of the minimum point between each pole is 200 metres.
(b) f(200) = 1 (200)2 – 200 + 150
400
= 50
The height of the road above the water level is 50 metres.

Intensive Practice 2.3 (Page 63)

1. (a) f(x) = kx – 4x + k – 3
2

A quadratic function that has one intercept means that the function has an equal real root.
For two equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
(–4)2 – 4(k)(k – 3) = 0
16 – 4k2 + 12k = 0
k2 – 3k – 4 = 0
(k + 1)(k – 4) = 0
k = –1 or k = 4
(b) f(x) = 3x2 – 4x – 2(2k + 4)
A quadratic that intersects the x-axis at two different points means that the function has
two different real roots.
For two different and real roots,
b2 – 4ac . 0
(–4) – 4(3)(–4k – 8) . 0
2

16 + 48k + 96 . 0
48k . –112
k . – 7
3
2. f(x) = mx2 + 7x + 3
b2 – 4ac , 0
72 – 4(m)(3) , 0
49 – 12m , 0
12m . 49
m . 4.083
The smallest value of m is 5.
3. (a) f(x) = x2 + 6x + n
= x2 + 6x + 32 – 32 + n
= (x + 3)2 – 9 + n
(b) –9 + n = –5
n = 4 38
 (c) f(x) = x2 + 6x + 4 y
b2 – 4ac = 62 – 4(1)(4)
= 36 – 16
= 20 (. 0)
4
( x ) = (x + 3)2 − 5
The curve will intersect the x-axis at two different points. −3
x
0
The minimum point is (–3, –5) and the axis of symmetry is x = –3. −5
f(0) = 02 + 6(0) + 4
=4
The y-intercept is 4.

4. rx + 4 = x2 – 4x + 5
x2 + (– 4 – r)x + 1 = 0
b2 – 4ac , 0
(– 4 – r) – 4(1)(1) , 0
2

16 + 8r + r2 – 4 , 0
r2 + 8r + 12 , 0
(r + 6)(r + 2) , 0
– 6 , r , –2

5. (a) The width of the graph decreases. The axis of symmetry and its minimum value does
not change.
(b) The graph with the same shape moves horizontally 3 units to the right.
(c) The graph with the same shape moves vertically 3 units upwards. Its minimum value
becomes 5 and the axis of symmetry does not change, which is x = 1.

6. (a) h(t) = 2(t – 3)2

= 2t2 – 12t + 18 h(t)
= 2(t2 – 6t + 9)
t=3
18
b2 – 4ac = (–12)2 – 4(2)(18)
= 144 – 144
=0
The curve touches the t-axis at one point.
t
0
h(t) = 0 3

2(t2 – 6t + 9) = 0
2(t – 3)2 = 0
t=3
The curve touches the t-axis at t = 3.
h(0) = 2(0 – 3)2
= 18
The h-intercept of the curve is 18.
(b) r(t) = 2h(t)
= 2[2(t – 3)2]
= 4t2 – 24t + 36
= 4(t2 – 6t + 9)

39
 b2 – 4ac = (–24)2 – 4(4)(36) r(t)
= 576 – 576
=0 36

The curve touches the t-axis at one point. t=3

r(t) = 0
4(t – 6t + 9) = 0
2

4(t – 3)2 = 0 t
0 3
t=3
The curve touches the t-axis at t = 3.
r(0) = 4(0 – 3)2
= 36
The r-intercept of the curve is 36.
(c) The graph of function h(t) with the value of a = 2 is wider than the graph of r(t) with
the value of a = 4. Thus, the bird that is represented by function r(t) moves at the
highest position, which is 36 m from the water level as compared to the bird that is
represented by the function h(t) with 18 m.
7. f(x) = 3 – 4k – (k + 3)x – x2
= –x2 – (k + 3)x + 3 – 4k
b2 – 4ac , 0
(–k – 3) – 4(–1)(3 – 4k) , 0
2

k2 + 6k + 9 + 12 – 16k , 0
k2 – 10k + 21 , 0
(k – 7)(k – 3) , 0
3 ,k,7
Thus, p = 3 and q = 7.
8. (a) The x coordinate of the vertex = – b
2a
b
4 = –
21 1 2
8
b = –1
(b) y = 1 x2 – x + c
8
b2 – 4ac , 0
(–1)2 – 41 1 2c , 0
8
1 c . 1
2
c . 2
(c) f(x) = 1 x2 – x + c
8
On the vertex (4, 2)
2 = 1 (4)2 – 4 + c
8
2 = –2 + c
c = 4
40
9. (a) The t coordinate of the vertex = – b
2a
= – 32
2(– 4)
= 4
Therefore, the fireworks will explode at the time of 4 seconds.
(b) When t = 4,
  h(4) = –4(4)2 + 32(4)
= –64 + 128
= 64
Therefore, the fireworks will explode at a height of 64 m.
10. y = –(x – a)(x – b)
(a) (i) a (ii) b
(iii) – ab (iv) a + b
2
(b) a + b is the x coordinate for the minimum point of the graph and – ab is the
2
y-intercept for that graph.
11. f(x) = x2 – 4nx + 5n2 + 1
= x2 – 4nx + 1 – 4n 2 – 1 – 4n 2 + 5n2 + 1
2 2

2 2
= (x – 2n)2 – 4n2 + 5n2 + 1
= (x – 2n)2 + n2 + 1
Given the minimum value for f(x) is m2 + 2n.
Therefore, n2 + 1 = m2 + 2n
m2 = n2 – 2n + 1
= (n – 1)2
\  m = n – 1 (as shown)

Reinforcement Practice   (Page 66)

1. 3x(x – 4) = (2 – x)(x + 5)
3x2 – 12x = 2x + 10 – x2 – 5x
4x2 – 9x – 10 = 0

–(–9) ± (–9)2 – 4(4)(–10)

x=
2(4)
9 ± 241
=
8
9 + 241 9 – 241
x= or x=
8 8
= 3.066 = –0.816

2. (a) (x – 4)2 = 3
x – 8x + 16 – 3 = 0
2

x2 – 8x + 13 = 0
41
 (b) The sum of roots = – b
a
=8
The product of roots = c
a
= 13
(c) b2 – 4ac = (–8)2 – 4(1)(13)
= 64 – 52
= 12 ( 0)
The equation has two different real roots.
3. (a) x2 + kx = k – 8
x + kx – k + 8 = 0
2

For two equal real roots,

b2 – 4ac = 0
k – 4(1)(–k + 8) = 0
2

k2 + 4k – 32 = 0
(k + 8)(k – 4) = 0
k = –8 or k = 4
(b) For two different real roots,
b2 – 4ac 0
k2 + 4k – 32 0
(k + 8)(k – 4) 0
k –8 or k 4
(c) For real roots,
b2 – 4ac 0
k – 4k – 32 0
2

(k + 8)(k – 4) 0
k –8 or k 4
4. (a) When one root is –2,
3(–2)2 + p(–2) – 8 = 0
4 – 2p = 0
2p = 4
p=2
p 1
(b) – =
3 3
p = –1

5. 3hx2 – 7kx + 3h = 0
For two equal real roots,
b2 – 4ac = 0
(–7k) – 4(3h)(3h) = 0
2

49k2 – 36h2 = 0
h2 = 49
k2 36
h = 7
k 6
Thus, h : k = 7 : 6.
42
 3hx2 – 7kx + 3h = 0…
h = 7 k…
6
Substitute  into .
( ) ( )
3 7 k x2 – 7kx + 3 7 k = 0
6 6
7 kx2 – 7kx + 7 k = 0
2 2
7kx2 – 14kx + 7k = 0…
Divide  by 7k.
x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
(x – 1)2 = 0
x=1

6. x2 – 7x + 10 0
(x – 2)(x – 5) 0
The range of x is x  2 or x  5.
x2 – 7x 0
x(x – 7) 0
The range of x is 0  x  7. 0 x 7
x 2 x 5
From the number line, the range of
x for –10 x2 – 7x 0 is x
0 x 2 or 5 x 7. 0 2 5 7

7. (a) The roots are 3 and 7

(b) p = –5 and – 1 q = 4
3
q = –12
(c) x = 5
(d) 3 x 7

8. (a) f(x) = x2 + bx + c
At (2, 0), 0 = 2 2 + b(2) + c
2b + c = – 4…
At (6, 0), 0 = 6 2 + b(6) + c
6b + c = –36…
– : 4b = –32
b = –8
Substitute b = –8 into .
2(–8) + c = –4
c = 12

43
 (b) f(x) = x2 – 8x + 12
When x = 4,
f(4) = 42 – 8(4) + 12
= – 4
The coordinates of the minimum point is (4, – 4).
(c) When f(x) is negative, the range of x is below the x-axis. Thus, 2 < x < 6.
(d) When the graph is reflected on the x-axis, the maximum value is 4.
9. Let the velocity of the boat be v.
Since the to-and-fro travel time is 6 hours,
24 + 24 = 6
v–3 v+3
24(v + 3) + 24(v – 3)
=6
(v – 3)(v + 3)
48v = 6
v2 – 9
48v = 6(v2 − 9)
6v − 48v − 54 = 0
2

v2 − 8v − 9 = 0
(v + 1)(v − 9) = 0
v = −1 or v = 9
Thus, the velocity of the boat is 9 km/h.
10. Let the width be w. Thus,
w2 + (w + 6.8)2 = 1002
w + w + 13.6w + 46.24 = 10 000
2 2

2w2 + 13.6w – 9953.76 = 0

–13.6 ± 13.62 – 4(2)(–9953.76)
w=
2(2)
–13.6 ± 79815.04
=
4
–13.6 + 79815.04 –13.6 – 79815.04
w= or x=
4 4
= 67.229 = –74.029
Thus, the width is 67.229 units.

11. (a) y = 1 x2 – 24x + 700

5
Let the floor be the x-axis and the wall of the house be the y-axis.
On the x-axis, y = 0
1 x2 – 24x + 700 = 0
5
x2 – 120x + 3 500 = 0
(x – 50)(x – 70) = 0
x = 50 or x = 70
The width of the opening of the drain = 70 – 50
= 20 units

44
 (b) The x coordinate of the minimum point = 50 + 20
2
= 60
When x = 60, y = 1 (60)2 – 24(60) + 700
2
= –20
The minimum depth of the drain is 20 units.

12. (a) y = a(x – 3)2 + 2.5

At point (0, 2)
  2 = a(0 – 3)2 + 2.5
9a = – 1
2
  a=– 1
18
Thus, y = – 1 (x – 3)2 + 2.5
18
(b) On the x-axis, y = 0

0 = – 1 (x – 3)2 + 2.5
18
1 (x – 3)2 = 2.5
18
(x – 3)2 = 45
x – 3 = ± 45
x = 3 + 45 or x = 3 – 45
= 9.708 = –3.708
The maximum length of a horizontal throw by Krishnan is 9.708 m.

45