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01 Introduction To Programming

This document provides an introduction to programming concepts. It discusses that programming is used to solve problems on computers, and that a programming language is needed to communicate with computers. It differentiates between natural languages that evolve over time and formal languages developed by experts to solve problems in their field. It also discusses the three levels of programming languages from low to high, and introduces C++ as the language that will be used in this course. It defines constants and variables, and the three types of constants in programming - integer, real, and character constants.

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Ahmad Sohail
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36 views14 pages

01 Introduction To Programming

This document provides an introduction to programming concepts. It discusses that programming is used to solve problems on computers, and that a programming language is needed to communicate with computers. It differentiates between natural languages that evolve over time and formal languages developed by experts to solve problems in their field. It also discusses the three levels of programming languages from low to high, and introduces C++ as the language that will be used in this course. It defines constants and variables, and the three types of constants in programming - integer, real, and character constants.

Uploaded by

Ahmad Sohail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Programming.
Lecture-01
Prepared by: Mr. Hafeez-ur-rahman
Programming?
Programming is used to solve problems on the
computer system.
Programming Language
Language is a system of communication
People use languages to communicate with each
other
To communicate with computer we need
language
To write programs on the computer system we
need programming languages (computer
languages).
Natural Languages vs. Formal
Languages
Natural languages evolve over time by a
community like Urdu, English, Pashto etc.

Formal languages are developed by experts in a


particular field to a solve a particular problem.

Like C, C++, Java, Python etc. (Programming


languages.
Natural Languages vs. Formal
Languages…
Logic is a formal language for dealing with
propositions

Calculus is a formal language for dealing with


numbers
Level of Languages
There are three level of languages:

1. Low level language


Machine Language

2. Middle level language


Assembly Language

3. High level language


Fortran, Cobol, Pascal, C, C++, Java etc.
C++
C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979
We will use C++ in this course as a programming
language.
C++ is considered as mother of all programming
language, because the syntax of most of the
programming languages are taken from C++.
Constant vs. Variable
Any quantity that does not change is called
constant e.g. DOB, Blood Group, the value of pi etc.

Any quantity that changes is called variable e.g.


Age, speed, velocity, weight, temperature etc.
Variable from programming point of
view
Variable is a name given to a location in memory
where different types of constants is stored.

X
Types of Constants
There are three types of constants:

1. Integer constant
2. Real constant
3. Character constant
Integer Constant
Any numeric value that does not contain a
decimal point is called integer constant.

It can be positive or negative

If no sign is preceded then it will be assumed as


positive.

For example: +56, -2, 1000 etc.


Real Constant
Any numeric value that contains a decimal point
is called integer constant.

It can be positive or negative

If no sign is preceded then it will be assumed as


positive.

For example: 3.4, 56.78, -1.2, +100.3 etc


Character Constant
Any single alphabet or single digit or single
special symbol when enclosed in inverted
commas is called a character constant.

For example: ‘A’, ‘9’, ‘$’, ‘0’ etc.


End

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