Weather and Climate

Weather and climate are the terms that are related to the atmospheric
conditions. Weather denotes the way the atmosphere behaves every day and
climate reveals the average of weather conditions over relatively long periods of
time.
There are six major elements of weather and climates used for determining
the frequent changes in the condition of the atmosphere; these six major
elements can provide the basis for forecasting weather and defining its
climate; the same elements make also the basis of climatology study
Elements of Weather and Climate
        Temperature

        Pressure

        Wind

        Cloud

        Precipitation

        Humidity

Temperature:

Temperature is a measure of the warmth of an object expressed in terms of

Celsius or Fahrenheit, measured with thermometer. Sun is the chief source of
energy for the Earth. The atmosphere acts as an insulator and maintains the
temperature of the earth. Without atmosphere, the earth would experience great
extremes of temperatures during day and night. Some of the processes that are
responsible for atmospheric heat are radiation, Conduction, Convection and
Advection.
Heat Zones

 Based on the amount of insolation received from the sun and the heat, Earth is
classified into three heat zones namely torrid zone, temperate zone and frigid zone.

Torrid Zone

This largest thermal zone covers almost 50% of the earth's surface. It is located
between the Tropic of Cancer (23½°N) and Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S). Torrid
Zone experiences vertical sun rays almost throughout the year and is hot.
Temperate Zones

The Temperate Zone stretches out between Tropic of Cancer (23½°N) and Arctic
Circle (66½°N) in the northern hemisphere and between Tropic of Capricorn
(23½° S) and Antarctic Circle (66½° S) in the southern hemisphere. The sun’s rays
never fall vertical in this region.

Frigid Zones

The Frigid Zone is found between Arctic Circle (66½°N) and North Pole (90° N)in
the northern hemisphere and stretches out between Antarctic Circle (66½° S ) and
South Pole (90°S) in the southern hemisphere. The sun’s rays fall slanting in this
zone. These are the coldest regions of the world. The surface remains
permanently frozen under thick snow.

Pressure

The atmospheric pressure is the weight exerted by air on a particular area of the
earth surface. It is measured with a mercury barometer and the unit of
measurement is millibar (mb).
The distribution of atmospheric pressure on the surface of the earth is not
uniform. It varies both vertically and horizontally.

Vertical distribution of atmospheric pressure:

Air pressure decreases with altitude. The air molecules become scattered and more
widely spaced at higher altitudes. The air pressure decreases by 34 mill bars per
300 meters increase in height.

Horizontal distribution of atmospheric pressure:

The horizontal distribution of atmospheric pressure in the world is not uniform. It

varies from time to time and place to place due to (i) air temperature (ii) the earth's
rotation (iii) presence of water vapour etc., The pressure belts along the latitudes
are characterized by alternate high or low pressure belts. The pressure belts of the
world are:

        Equatorial low

        Sub tropical highs

        Sub polar lows

        Polar highs
The Equatorial Low Pressure Belt:

This belt extends from equator to 5° N and 5° S latitudes. At the equator, the earth
gets heated by the vertical sun rays and in turn heats the air in contact with it. The
heated air expands and raises upwards resulting in a low pressure belt. This belt is
called doldrums due to virtual absence of surface winds.

The Subtropical High Pressure Belts:

The sub-tropical high pressure belts extend from the tropics to about 35° latitudes
in both the hemispheres. The air that raises in the equatorial region, becomes cold
and heavy, and starts to descend in the Sub Tropical regions. This result in sub
tropical high pressure belts referred as the Horse latitude.

The Sub-polar Low Pressure Belts:

The sub- polar low pressure belts extend between 45°N and the Arctic Circle in the
northern hemisphere and between 45°S and the Antarctic Circle in the southern
hemisphere. The air present in this layer moves to the sub tropical high pressure
belt and polar high pressure belt making it free from air pressure forming the sub
polar low pressure belt. This is made possible by the rotation of the earth.

The Polar High Pressure Belts:

Sun rays are always slanting at poles resulting in low temperatures. Because of low
temperature, air compresses and its density increases. Hence, high pressure is
found here. Winds from these belts blow towards sub-polar low pressure belts.
Winds
 

The horizontal movement of air along the surface of the earth is called the “Wind'
while the vertical movement of air is a called an “Air Current”. The winds always
blow from a high pressure area to a low pressure area. Wind is mostly named after
the direction from which it blows. For example, the wind blowing from the east is
known as the easterly wind.

An “anemometer” records wind speed while a “wind vane” measures the direction
of the wind. The unit of measurement is kilometre per hour or knots

Types of Winds

 Winds are generally classified into the following four major types:

●  Planetary winds

●  Periodic winds

●  Variable wind

●  Local wind

 i. Planetary winds:

The winds which constantly blow in the same direction throughout the year are
called the Planetary winds. They are also called as permanent winds or the
prevailing winds. These winds include Trade winds, Westerlies and Polar
Easterlies.

Trade Winds

Trade winds blow from the subtropical high pressure belt to the Equatorial low
pressure belt in both the hemispheres. They blow with great regularity, force and in
a constant direction throughout the year. These winds were very helpful to traders
who depended on the winds while sailing in the seas. And so, they are named as
Trade winds. As they travel over vast oceans, they collect more moisture and bring
heavy rainfall to the East Coast of the continents of the tropics. As they move
westwards, they become dry and do not give rainfall.

Westerlies

Westerlies are the permanent winds that blow from the tropical high pressure belt
to the sub polar low pressure belt in both the hemispheres. They blow from South
West to North East in the northern hemisphere and North West to South East in the
southern hemisphere. The velocity of westerlies become so vigorous and fast to be
called Roaring Forties at , Furious Fifties   and Screaming Sixties.

Polar Easterlies:

 Polar easterlies are cold and dry polar winds that blow from the polar high
pressure belt to the sub polar low pressure belt. These are weak winds blowing
from North East direction in the Northern Hemisphere and South East direction in
the Southern Hemisphere.

ii. Periodic winds

 The periodic winds are the seasonal winds that change their direction periodically.

These winds are caused by the differential heating of land and ocean.

Winds which reverse their direction with the change of seasons are called
monsoons. Tropical Monsoon winds of Indian subcontinent is a best example.

iii. Variable winds

The disturbance and the changes in the local weather cause variations in the
prevailing winds. These winds are known as the variable winds. Variable winds
usually end up with the development of cyclones, anticyclones and storms.

Cyclones

 The term cyclone is a Greek word meaning “coil of a snake". Cyclones are centre
of low pressure where, winds from the surrounding high pressure area converge
towards the centre in a spiral form. Due to the rotation of the earth, the cyclonic
winds in the northern hemisphere move in anti clock wise direction, where as they
move in clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.

Cyclones can be classified into

 a. Tropical cyclones

b. Temperate cyclones

c. Extra tropical cyclones

a. Tropical cyclones:

 Tropical cyclones develop in the Inter tropical convergence zone [ITCZ]. They are
formed due to the differential heating of land and sea.

 Tropical cyclones are known as ‘cyclones’ in Indian ocean, ‘typhoons’ in the

western pacific ocean, ‘hurricanes’ in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific ocean,
‘baguios’ in Phillipines and ‘ willy willy’ in Australia. Tropical cyclones often
cause heavy loss of life and property on the coasts and become weak after reaching
the landmasses.

b. Temperate cyclones:

 Temperate cyclones are formed along a front where hot and cold air masses meet
in mid-latitudes between 35° and 65°N and S. Temperate cyclones do not become
weak like the tropical cyclones on reaching the land. Temperate cyclone
commonly occurs over the North Atlantic Ocean, North West Europe,
Mediterranean basin. Mediterranean basin’s temperate cyclones extend up to
Russia and India in winter. In India it is as called western disturbances.

c. Extra tropical cyclones:

 Extra tropical cyclones occur in the latitudes between 30° and 60° in both the
hemispheres. They are also called as mid-latitude cyclones . They collect
energy from temperature differences which are found in higher latitudes. Extra
tropical cyclones produce mild showers to heavy gales, thunderstorms, blizzards,
and tornadoes.

Anticyclones:

 Anticyclones are the opposite of cyclones. Here an area of high pressure region is
found in the Centre surrounded by low pressure on all sides. The wind from the
high pressure region move outwards to the low pressure regions in a spiral form.
Anticyclones are often accompanied by cold and heat waves.

Local Winds:

 Local winds are the winds that blow only in a particular locality for a short period
of time, The effect of these local winds are experienced only in that particular area.

They are mostly seasonal and have local names like....

        Foehn (Alps-Europe)

        Sirocco (North coast of Africa)

        Chinook (Rockies-North America)

        Loo (Thar Desert- PAKISTAN)

        Mistral (Mediterranean sea in France)

        Bora (Mediterranean sea in Italy)

Clouds
Large amount of water evaporates each day from the surface of the sea. This is the
principal source of atmospheric moisture. Cool moisture laden air, gets collected
around particles like dust, salt content from the sea, smoke etc., and forms clouds.
Sometimes, mixing of warmer and cooler air also produces clouds. A visible mass
of condensed water vapour floating in the air above the ground level is called a
cloud. The three layers of atmosphere such as troposphere, stratosphere and
mesosphere are specific locations of clouds.
According to their height, clouds are classified into the following types

        High clouds (6-20km Height)

        Middle clouds (2.5km-6km Height)

        Low clouds (ground surface to 25 km height)

 These major types of clouds are further divided into different types on the basis of
shape and structure.

High clouds

 Cirrus Detached cloud in the form of white delicate fibrous silky filaments
formed at the high sky (8000 meters to 12000 meters) are called Cirrus clouds.
These clouds are dry and do not give rainfall.

Cirro-cumulus: White patched, sheet or layer like clouds composed of ice

crystals.

Cirro-stratus: Smooth milky transparent whitish clouds composed of tiny ice

crystals.

Middle clouds

 
Alto -stratus: Thin sheets of grey or blue coloured clouds in uniform appearance.
consisting of frozen water droplets

Alto-cumulus: clouds fitted closely together in parallel bands, called as 'Sheep

clouds' or wool pack clouds.

 Nimbo stratus: These are clouds of dark colour very close to the ground surface
associated with rain, snow or sleet.

 Low clouds

 Strato-cumulus:-Grey or whitish layer of non-fibrous low clouds found in

rounded patches at an height of 2500 to 3000 metres, associated with fair or clear
weather

Stratus:- Dense, low lying fog-like clouds associated with rain or snow

Cumulus:- Dome-shaped with a flat base often resembling a cauliflower,

associated with fair weather

Cumulo- nimbus:- Fluffy thick towering thunderstorm cloud capable of producing

heavy rain, snow, hailstorm or tornadoes

Cumulus:- Dome-shaped with a flat base often resembling a cauliflower,

associated with fair weather

Cumulo- nimbus:- Fluffy thick towering thunderstorm cloud capable of producing

heavy rain, snow, hailstorm or tornadoes

Precipitation

Falling down of condensed water vapour in different forms is called Precipitation.

When the dew point is reached in the cloud water droplets become saturated and
start to fall. Hence, they fall on the earth as Precipitation.

The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, hail etc.

Drizzle

 Falling of numerous uniform minute droplets of water with diameter of less than
0.5 is called a drizzle.mm from low clouds. Sometimes drizzles are combined with
fog and hence reduce visibility.
 Rain

 Rain is the most widespread and important form of precipitation in places having
temperature above the freezing point. It occurs only when there is
abundant moisture in the air. The diameter of a rain drop is more than 5mm.

Sleet

 Sleet refers to a precipitation, in the form of pellets made up of transparent and

translucent ice. This precipitation is a mixture of snow and rain

 Snow

Snow is formed when condensation occurs below freezing point. It is the

precipitation of opaque and semi opaque ice crystals. When these ice crystals
collide and stick together, it becomes snowflakes.

Hails

Hails are chunks of ice (greater than 2cm in diameter) falling from the sky, during
a rainstorm or thunderstorm.

Hailstones are a form of solid precipitation where small pieces of ice fall

downwards. These are destructive and dreaded forms of solid precipitation because
they destroy agricultural crops and human lives

Humidity:

Humidity is an important aspect of the atmosphere because it affects both weather

and climate. The amount of water vapour present in the atmosphere is referred to
as humidity. Humidity of the atmosphere is high when it has large quantities of
water vapour. The amount of water vapour in the atmosphere is called absolute
humidity. The ratio between the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere and the
amount of water vapour it can hold is relative humidity Hot air can hold more
water vapour then cold air. Relative humidity increases when air gets cold and
decreases when air gets heated up.