ENM3218/ENS6100: Fluid Mechanics

Lecture 1
Introduction, Basic Concept &
Properties of Fluid

Prof. Laichang Zhang

Office: JO 5.201
Email: l.zhang@ecu.edu.au
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 Textbook & Unit Schedule for ENM3218/ENS6100

Please find the details for the scheduled teaching

activities in Unit Plan. schedule Note: All weeks
are the teaching weeks in ECU Academic
Calender

For laboratory work, your group name will

be announced in Week 4/5
Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals • All students must read and understand
and Applications, 3rd Edition in SI the lab instructions and lab work (already
Units in Blackboard) before attending any
by Yunus A. Cengel, John M. sessions.
Cimbala • 1-2 Questions might be asked to any
McGraw-Hill, 2014 students in the group. If the students
Lecture See unit plan whom are asked could not answer the
(2 hours): questions, the whole group will lose 40%
Tutorials See unit plan
(1 hour):
mark of the session.
Labs Your own lab 27.115 • Do not copy others’ work.
(2 hours): sessions, Varied,
See unit plan
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 Assessments
• 20% lab reports
• 30% mid-term exam & 50% final exam
• Exams will consist of a series of questions
designed to comprehensively test the students
knowledge of Fluid Mechanics. The exam will be
restricted open-book, only your textbook (no any
hand written or other materials) is permitted.
Please carefully read the important information
regarding the textbook in Unit Plan.

• You must pass both lab work and Final

exam to pass the unit.
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 Introduction and concepts (Chapter 1)
Mechanics: The oldest physical
science that deals with both stationary
and moving bodies under the influence
of forces.
• Statics: The branch of mechanics
that deals with bodies at rest.
• Dynamics: The branch that deals
with bodies in motion.

Fluid mechanics: The science that deals

with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid
statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics), and
the interaction of fluids with solids or other
fluids at the boundaries.

Fluid: A substance in the

liquid or gas phase.

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More examples

Smooth surface
dimples

Rough vortex generators

surface 5
Objectives of first part
• To understand the basic concepts of fluid
mechanics,
• To recognise the various types of fluid
flow encountered in practice
Fluid mechanics
Liquid and Gas Responses to forces
Fluid statics Fluid dynamics

Deals with bodies at rest Deals with bodies in motion

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Fluid vs Solid
Molecule structure

Solid Liquid gas

“fixed” “Move around” “random”

Macro states Gas pressure

Differences:
• Solid vs fluid: shape
• Liquid vs gas: free surface, pressure
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Fluid vs Solid
Under forces

Things getting serious…

For a solid:
Fn
Normal stress:  
dA
Ft Solid: resist an applied shear stress
Shear stress:  
dA Fluid: deform continuously at F
For a fluid at rest, the normal stress is
called pressure with a zero shear stress. 8
The No-slip Condition
It is defined as a fluid in direct contact with a solid
sticks to the surface, and there is no slip.

Boundary layer
A fluid flowing over a stationary surface
The development of a velocity comes to a complete stop at the surface
profile due to the no-slip condition because of the no-slip condition.
as a fluid flows over a blunt nose. Note: The fluid in contact with the lower
plate assumes the velocity of that plate.

Boundary layer: The

flow region adjacent to
the wall in which the
viscous effects (and thus
the velocity gradients) are
significant.
Flow separation during flow over a curved surface.
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 Classification of Fluid The internal resistance to flow is quantified by
the fluid property viscosity, which is a measure
of internal stickiness of the fluid.
Viscous flow vs Inviscid flow
Viscous flows: Flows in which the frictional effects are significant.
Inviscid flows: In many flows of practical interest, there are regions
(typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where viscous forces
are negligibly small compared to inertial or pressure forces.

The flow of an originally

Flat plate uniform fluid stream
over a flat plate, and
the regions of viscous
flow (next to the plate
on both sides) and
inviscid flow (away from
the plate).
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Classification of Fluid
depending on whether the fluid flows in a
Internal vs External Flow confined space or over a surface.
External flow: The flow of an unbounded fluid over a surface such
as a plate, a wire, or a pipe.
Internal flow: The flow in a pipe or duct if the fluid is completely
bounded by solid surfaces.
• Water flow in a pipe is
internal flow, and
airflow over a ball is
external flow .
• The flow of liquids in a
duct is called open-
channel flow if the duct
is only partially filled
with the liquid and
there is a free surface.
External flow over a tennis ball, and the
turbulent wake region behind.
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Classification of Fluid
Compressible vs Incompressible Flow depending on the level of
variation of density during flow
Incompressible flow: If the
density of flowing fluid remains
nearly constant throughout (e.g.,
liquid flow).
Compressible flow: If the density
of fluid changes during flow (e.g.,
high-speed gas flow)
When analyzing rockets, spacecraft,
and other systems that involve high-
speed gas flows, the flow speed is
often expressed by Mach number

Schlieren image of the spherical shock

wave produced by a bursting ballon
Ma = 1 Sonic flow
at the Penn State Gas Dynamics Lab.
Ma < 1 Subsonic flow
Several secondary shocks are seen in
Ma > 1 Supersonic flow
the air surrounding the ballon.
Ma >> 1 Hypersonic flow 12
Classification of Fluid
Laminar vs Turbulent Flow
Laminar flow: The highly
ordered fluid motion
characterized by smooth layers of
fluid. The flow of high-viscosity
fluids such as oils at low
velocities is typically laminar.
Turbulent flow: The highly
disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high velocities
and is characterized by velocity
fluctuations. The flow of low-
viscosity fluids such as air at high
velocities is typically turbulent.
Transitional flow: A flow that
alternates between being laminar
and turbulent.
Laminar, transitional, and turbulent flows
over a flat plate. 13
Classification of Fluid
Forced flow: A fluid is forced to flow over a surface
or in a pipe by external means such as a pump or a
fan.
Natural versus
Forced Natural flow: Fluid motion is due to natural means
such as the buoyancy effect, which manifests itself
as the rise of warmer (and thus lighter) fluid and the
fall of cooler (and thus denser) fluid.

Steady versus Steady: No change in flow characteristics with time.

Unsteady Flow Unsteady: The opposite of steady.

Comparison of (a) instantaneous

snapshot of an unsteady flow, and (b)
long exposure picture of the same
flow.
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 Classification of Fluid
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• A flow field is best characterized by its velocity
distribution.
• A flow is said to be one-, two-, or three-
dimensional if the flow velocity varies in one, two,
or three dimensions, respectively.
Flow over a car antenna is approximately
• However, the variation of velocity in certain two-dimensional except near the top and
directions can be small relative to the variation in bottom of the antenna.
other directions and can be ignored.

Example: flow
in a circular
pipe (cylindrical
coordinates)

The development of the velocity profile in a circular pipe. V = V(r, z) and thus the
flow is two-dimensional in the entrance region, and becomes one-dimensional
downstream when the velocity profile fully develops and remains unchanged in
the flow direction, V = V(r). 15
 System and Control Volume
• System: A quantity of matter or a region
in space chosen for study.
• Surroundings: The mass or region
outside the system
• Boundary: The real or imaginary surface
that separates the system from its
surroundings.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or
movable.
• Systems may be considered to be closed
or open.
• Closed system
(Control mass):
A fixed amount
of mass, and no
mass can cross
its boundary.

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 • Open system (control volume): A properly
selected region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass
flow such as a compressor, turbine, or nozzle.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a
control volume.
• Control surface: The boundaries of a control
volume. It can be real or imaginary.

An open system (a
control volume) with one
inlet and one exit.
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 Importance of Dimensions and Units
• Any physical quantity can be characterized by
dimensions.
• The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions
are called units.
• Some basic dimensions such as mass m,
length L, time t, and temperature T are selected
as primary or fundamental dimensions, while
others such as velocity V, energy E, and
volume V are expressed in terms of the primary
dimensions and are called secondary
dimensions, or derived dimensions.
• Metric SI system: A simple and logical system
based on a decimal relationship between the
various units.
• English system: It has no apparent systematic
numerical base, and various units in this
system are related to each other rather
arbitrarily.

We use SI units, please

use SI units in exam.
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 Problem-solving Technique
• Step 1: Problem Statement
• Step 2: Schematic
• Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations
• Step 4: Physical Laws
• Step 5: Properties
• Step 6: Calculations
• Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion

The assumptions made

while solving an
engineering problem must
be reasonable and
justifiable.

A step-by-step approach can greatly

simplify problem solving. 19
Summary of this part
• The No-Slip Condition & boundary layers
• Classification of Fluid Flows
– Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
– Internal versus External Flow
– Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
– Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
– Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow
– Steady versus Unsteady Flow
– One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• System and Control Volume
• Importance of Dimensions and Units
• Problem-solving Technique
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 Properties of fluids (Chapter 2)
Objectives of the second part

• Understand the basic properties

of fluids and the continuum
approximation,
• Understand vapour pressure,
• Coefficient of compressibility,
A drop forms when liquid is
• Understand viscosity and the forced out of a small tube.
The shape of the drop is
consequences of the frictional determined by a balance of
pressure, gravity, and
effects it causes in fluid flow. surface tension forces.

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Introduction Fluid is continuum, i.e., properties vary continually

• Property: Any characteristic of a mass

system. volume
• Some familiar properties are
temperature
pressure P, temperature T, volume
V, and mass m. pressure

• Properties are considered to be density

either intensive or extensive.
• Intensive properties: Those that
are independent of the mass of a
system, such as temperature,
pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties: Those
whose values depend on the size—
or extent—of the system.
• Specific properties: Extensive
properties per unit mass.

Criterion to differentiate intensive

and extensive properties.
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Density & Specific Gravity
Density mass per Specific gravity: The ratio
unit volume of the density of a
substance to the density of
some standard substance
at a specified temperature
Specific volume (usually water at 4°C).
is volume per unit
mass Specific weight: The
weight of a unit volume
of a substance.

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 Density of Ideal Gases
Ideal-gas equation of state:

Ru: The universal gas constant

M: molecular weight

Another form of the ideal gas equation is:

Where N = m / M

Thermodynamic temperature scale in the SI is the Kelvin scale.

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Example

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 Vapour Pressure and Cavitation
Saturation pressure Psat: The pressure at which
a pure substance changes phase at a given
temperature.
Vapour pressure (Pv): The pressure exerted by
its vapour in phase equilibrium with its liquid at
a given temperature.
• Vapour pressure is identical to the saturation
pressure (Pv = Psat).

The vapor pressure (saturation pressure) of a pure substance

(e.g., water) is the pressure exerted by its vapor molecules
when the system is in phase equilibrium with its liquid
molecules at a given temperature. 26
 Vapour Pressure and Cavitation
Cavitation:
 It is a phenomenon which cause performance of a system drop and in some
cases erode impeller blade.
 When the liquid pressure in a system drop below the vapor pressure cause
the liquid vapourize.
 The vapour bubbles collapse as they are swept away from the low-pressure
regions, generating highly destructive, extremely high-pressure waves.
 To avoid cavitation, the pressure in a system should not drop below
vapour pressure.

Cavitation damage on a 16-mm by 23-mm aluminum sample

tested at 60 m/s for 2.5 h. The sample was located at the cavity
collapse region downstream of a cavity generator specifically
http://www.pumpfundamentals.com/images designed to produce high damage potential.
/app_img_npsh1_med.gif 27
Example

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29
 (or Bulk modulus of compressibility)
Coefficient of compressibility (or Bulk modulus of elasticity)
 The coefficient of compressibility represents the change
in pressure corresponding to a fractional change in
volume or density of the fluid while the temperature
remains constant.

 A large value of k indicates that a fluid is less

compressible.
 At normal pressures, liquids are usually considered to be
incompressible.

 The inverse of the coefficient of compressibility is called

isothermal compressibility of a fluid. It represents the Fluids, like solids,
change in volume or density due to a unit change in compress when the
pressure. applied pressure is
increased from P1 to P2.

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Viscosity
• It is a measure of a fluid resistance to deformation or the
internal resistance of a fluid to motion.
• It is due to the internal frictional force that develops
between different layers of fluids as they are forced to
move relative to each other.
• The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow
direction is called the drag force.

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 Viscosity Fluids for which the rate of deformation is linearly
proportional to the shear stress are called Newtonian fluid

Shear force
F  τA

u
 coefficient of viscosity, or F  A
Dynamic (absolute) viscosity l
kg/m  s or N  s/m2 or Pa  s u du

This is valid for Newtonian l dy Shear stress
(N/m2)
fluids (Fluids for which the rate
du du
τ  μ
of deformation is proportional
to the shear stress). F  τA  A
dy dy
(Kinematic Viscosity) =/ (m2/s or Stoke ; 1 Stoke=1 cm2/s)
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Viscosity The shear stress versus the rate of
deformation curve for Newtonian fluid is a
linear and passes through the origin.
shear stress vs du/dy

du n 1
τ  μ( )
dy

du
τ  μ
dy

du n 1
τ  μ( )
dy

Newtonian: water, air, gasoline & oils

Non-Newtonian: blood, liquid plastics

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 Viscosity

Viscosity in liquid is caused by

cohesive forces between
molecules
Viscosity in gas is
caused by molecular
collision

The viscosity of liquids decreases

and the viscosity of gases
increases with increasing the
temperature.
effect of temperature

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The variation of
dynamic
(absolute)
viscosity of
common fluids
with
temperature at
1 atm
(1 Ns/m2
= 1 kg/ms)

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Viscosity: Measurement
Cross section of a journal bearing


2R L
3
4 R n L
2 3
T  FR   
l l
V
F  A
l
V  R
Shear A  2RL
force
This equation can be used to calculate the viscosity of a 
fluid by measuring torque at a specified angular velocity.   2 n
Therefore, two concentric cylinders can be used as a
viscometer, a device that measures viscosity. 36
Example

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Summary of this part

• Extensive & intensive properties

• Density
o specific volume
o specific gravity
o specific weight
• Idea-gas equation of state
• Vapour pressure and cavitation
• Compressibility
• Viscosity

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