1500 MW

PROPOSED DESIGN OF 1500 MW COAL – FIRED POWER PLANT
LOCATED AT CALUMBAYAN, CALATAGAN, BATANGAS
LIMBO, JOHN GABRIEL B.

MACALINTAL, ADRIAN P.
MACARAIG, JAY AR B.
ME – 5202
02 MAY 2019
i
PROPOSED DESIGN OF 1500 MW COAL – FIRED POWER PLANT
LOCATED AT CALUMBAYAN, CALATAGAN, BATANGAS
LIMBO, JOHN GABRIEL B.

MACALINTAL, ADRIAN P.
MACARAIG, JAY AR B.
ME – 5202
02 MAY 2019
i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The design of the proposed project 1500 MW Coal – Fired Power Plant
owned by ADJ Power Generation Corporation is consisted of five units each
provided with a rating capacity of 300 MW, ought to help and contribute power
generation for the exponentially increasing demand of energy in the Philippines.
The power plant which is presumed to be located at Calumbayan, Calatagan,
Batangas shall provide power generation in the nearby provinces of the locality.
The chosen place is seemed to be a strategic place for a coal-fired power plant
for two reasons, the first one is that the place is suitable for power plant
installment because it is far from residential areas and it is vacant, the second
one is it is near in a large bodies of water on which serves as a main parameter
needed in a steam power plant.
Three design options were analyzed and logically calculated in terms of

technical parameters, environmental parameters, and economic parameters.
Several things are considered in the installment of the power plant to ensure that
the plant design will be a successful one. Each design undergoes several
analyses regarding with the efficiency and economic viability, the company is
trying to do its best to contribute into the load supply of the country to deal with
the increasing rate of power demand.
Three designs are provided to find the most beneficial one that will offer
the highest efficiency but still economical. The chosen design option yielded an
efficiency of 33% being the highest of the three. The whole process of the plant
starts with the demineralization of the feed water and removing its impurities it
the pumped into the boiler where a pre heater at super heater acts to boil the
water until it evaporates. Superheater is provided to increase the temperature as
well as the pressure of the steam to increase the efficiency of the plant. In the
turbine the heat of the steam is being bled to use as a feed water heater. After
the steam does its work in the turbine, it undergoes cooling and experience
temperature and pressure drop this all happen in the condenser. With the aid of
cooling water, steam is condensed until it all becomes water or liquid stage. Then
the converted steam passes through a feed water heater to elevate its
temperature so that the heat addition needed in the boiler is less. Then the whole
process starts again as it meets the boiler.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vii
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
Subject of the Report 2
Capitalization 2
Ownership 2
Organizational Set-up with Technical Organization 3
Location Map 3
II REPORT PROPER
Components of a Coal-Fired Power Plant 6
Extent of the Proposed Design of a 1500 MW
Coal-Fired Power Plant 8
Design Calculation 9
System and Schematic Diagram 9
Design Option 1 9
Design Option 2 10
Design Option 3 11
Design Data 12
Summary of Calculations 13
Mass and Heat Balance 18
Equipment Selection 19
Summary of Equipment 24
Process/Schematic/System Diagram 25
III ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Power Demand Analysis 27
Power Demand and Supply Balance 28
Project Cost 29
Capital Expenditures 31
Operating Expenditures 36
Depreciation 37
iii
Revenue 39
Return of Investment 39
Payback Period 41
Sensitivity Analysis 42
IV OBSERVATION, COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Observation 57
Conclusions and Recommendations 57
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A. Design Calculations 67
B. Catalog 108
C. Project Documentation 114
D. Plant Drawing
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table No. Title
No.
1 Comparison of Parameters of Three Potential Locations 4
2 Ambient Condition in Calumbayan, Calatagan, Batangas 12
3 Steam Cycle Operating Conditions 12
4 Summary of Calculation of Mass Balance of Design Option 1 13
5 Summary of Calculation of Turbine Work of Design Option 1 13
6 Summary of Calculation of Pump Work of Design Option 1 13

Summary of Mass of Combustion Gases of Three Design
13 16
Options
14 Summary of Calculation of Heat Losses in the Boiler 16
15 Summary of Calculation of Three Design Options 17
16 Comparison for Equipment Selection 19
17 Summary of Equipment 24
18 Monthly Peak Demand 2017 (Luzon) 27
19 Peak Demand Load for Region IV-A (CALABRZON) 28
20 Sales and Consumption of Electricity in 2017 (Luzon) 29
21 Project Costing for Design Option 1 29
24 List of Equipment and Prices for Design Option Number 1 32
27 Electrical Costing 34
v
Page
Table No. Title
No.
28 Building Costing 34
29 Miscellaneous Costing 35
30 Summary of Capital Expenditures 35
31 Fuel Costing 36
32 Summary of Operating Expenditures for Design Option 1 37
33 Depreciation for Design Option 37
34 Depreciation for Design Option2 38
35 Depreciation for Design Option3 38
36 Return of Investment for Design 1 39
39 Payback Period for Design Option 1 41
42 Sensitivity Analysis for Design Option No.1 43
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.
1 Organizational Chart 3
2 Proposed Location of Coal Fired Power Plant 5

Plant Location and the Target Costumers of the
3 5
Proposed Coal Fired Power Plant
4 Schematic Diagram of Design Option 1 Cycle 9
5 T-S Diagram of Design Option 1 Cycle 9
10 Mass and Heat Balance of Design Option 1 18
13 Two-Pass Boiler 20
14 SPP SST-5000 Steam Turbine 20
15 Single Vacuum Type Condenser 21
16 MARK 3 ISO Self-Priming Pump 21
17 Yuba SPX Heater 22
18 Thermal deaerator Type C 22
19 Gigatop 2-pole generator 23
20 Flue Gas Treatment System 25
21 Ash Handling System 26
22 Water Treatment System Diagram 26
23 Break-Even Graph (Case 1/Design 1) 46
vii
Figure No. Title Page No.
41 Break-Even Graph (Case 7) 55
42 Break-Even Graph (Case 8) 55
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Human activities since the ancient times up to the present continue in

evolving and upgrading as the world adapts to the development of human life.
One of the greatest discovery of human is the electricity and how to utilize it for
the betterment of mankind. This great idea paved way into constructing
technologies which can handle the behavior of electricity into massive amount
and distribute it to other regions. Through the use of electricity, humans are able
to power the world with numerous machineries and scientific inventions which
helps in the advancement of work.
The conversion of different forms of energy into electricity gave birth to the
construction of different types of power plants within the globe. Fossil fuels, being
one of the highest supply of energy in many countries, is being utilized and used
in fossil fuel power plants like coal – fired or natural gas. The use of diesel fuel to
be burned and convert its energy from combustion to generate electricity is
categorized as a diesel power plant. The conversion of energy produced by
falling or flowing water to produce electricity with the use of turbines is classified
as hydroelectric power plant. Wind power plant uses wind in order to rotate its
turbine blades, thus, converting mechanical energy into electricity. The heat
emitted by the earth underground is harnessed and use in a geothermal power
plant. Even the light energy radiated from the sun enables us to capture and
store it in solar panels of a solar power plant. The nuclear energy from elements
like uranium is used to run a nuclear reactor in a nuclear power plant. These
types of power plants have been installed to meet the increasing demand of
power all throughout the regions.
The energy demand in the Philippines is projected to be exponentially

increasing and based on statistics, the electricity to be generated will come
mostly from coal – fired power plants. In line with this, the researchers are able to
design a coal – fired power plant that has a plant capacity of 1500 MW which
could be a great help in the energy industry. Coal, being one with the highest
amount and reserve of the world’s fossil fuels as compared to oil and gas, is
used in this study as main source of fuel in the proposed design of 1500 MW
Coal – Fired Power Plant located at Nasugbu, Batangas. The design focuses
mainly in supplying the power demand in the regions being supplied by Batangas
I Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC I) along with the efficiency of the power
plant and its capitalization cost. The safety and environmental factors within the
vicinity area are also considered in the design.
vii
Subject of the Report
The design study is mainly divided into four chapters. The first chapter
comprises the introduction which discusses the main objectives of the design and
the factors considered in the construction of the proposed coal – fired power
plant, the capitalization which entails of the financial amount needs to be
acquired by the company for the building and construction of the power plant, the
ownership and organizational set – up which includes the important personnel
inside the plant, and the location of the site. The second chapter discusses the
methodology which contains logical and comprehensive design calculations of
the three design options together with the selection of equipment. The third
chapter is the engineering economic analysis which includes project cost
calculations, power demand analysis and supply balance. The fourth chapter
incorporates the observations, comments and recommendations with regards in
the design project proposal.
Capitalization
In order to ensure that the construction of 1500 MW Coal – Fired Power

Plant will come into completion, the capital to be spent will come from different
sources and investors. The financial aspect of the project will be composed of
70% from private stockholders, 20% from the national government, 7% from
loans in the bank, and the remaining 3% from the people who are near within the
vicinity area of the power plant.
Ownership
The owner of the proposed coal – fired power plant as per completion of
the project will be the JAG Power Generation Corporation. The organization in
the company will be the one who has the power and authority to decide for the
location of the proposed coal – fired power plant. They will be the one in charge
for any act of violations of laws governing environmental safety regarding the
usage of air and water and emission of gases into the atmosphere. Furthermore,
they will hire for personnel which could be the best fit into each jobs to be
working inside the plant. The company, together with the construction, will be the
one to decide when to finish the building of the proposed coal – fired power plant
and the start of its operation.
viii
2
Organizational Set-up with Technical Organization
This is the JAG Power Generation Corporation technical organization
Figure 1. Organizational Chart

This figure shows the flow of power from the skilled worker up to the
professional worker. It shows how every worker relate to each other, whom has a
higher position.
Location Map
For the location map to be used three potential locations are being
considered such as in Mabini, Nasugbu, and Calatagan. Several studies were
done to determine which location will suit to the proposed power plant. The three
location are fitted with regards to the bodies of water present in the location
however because of that reason it make the two of them to be not qualified
because of numerous resorts and restaurants present in the area of Mabini and
Nasugbu. Therefore Calatagan Batangas is the one to be chosen as the project
location of the proposed power plant. Several parameters are also being
considered to compare the three possible locations. It must be determine first
before to arrive in final conclusion to ensure that in the long run of the operation
the power plant will not encounter problems that might affect the operation of the
power plant. The parameters are given by:
3
Table 1
Comparison of Parameters of Three Potential Locations
Location 2
Parameters Location 1 (Mabini) Location 3 (Nasugbu)
(Calatagan)
Surrounding bodies of
Present Present Present
water
Vast open area Present Present Present
Nearness to the grid Near Near Near
ambient air
27.75oC 27oC 29oC
temperature
Presence of
Many resorts Forestation Many Resorts
disturbances
Factors that are being Seaside and the
Sea Seaside and sea
protected sea
Cost of Land Area PHP1800.00 PHP1500.00 PHP1650.00
Access of
Easy Easy Easy
transportation
Upon observing Calatagan Batangas has the best quality that fits on the
requirements of the power plant. Regarding with the presence of resorts in the
locations Mabini and Nasugbu have numerous resorts that is very vital on the two
location for it serves as their number one source of income. Two things are being
considered in choosing the location of the power plant the first one is for being a
strategic place and the other one is for being in the coastal area for ease of water
utilization.
The researchers decided to build the coal power plant in Calumbayan

Calatagan, Batangas because of its being a strategic place, the delivery of coal
to be used in power plant will be easier and this place is in a coastal area
wherein utilization of water, which is the vital component of the system, will be
easier. For this two reasons maximum profit and effectiveness will be meet, the
chosen location is best fitted to supply electricity on nearby provinces like
Laguna, Quezon, Rizal, and Cavite.
The structural construction of the coal-fired power plant will benefit the two
joining parties, the developer and the community near the chosen area. The
construction of the power plant will generate a lot of opportunities and work for
the community. The proposed construction of the power plant will enhance and
do effectiveness when it comes to industrialization of the province and uphold the
way of living of citizens of Calatagan with the neighboring municipalities.
Calatagan is a second class municipality of Batangas having an ambient
temperature of 200C located at the southernmost part of the province having a
peninsula type of land surrounded by large bodies of water in its protruding part.
4
Its neighboring towns in the northernmost part are Balayan and Lian then the
remaining part of the town is surrounded by bodies of water. It has a total area of
112 sq.km. comprising 3.6 percent of the total land area of Batangas province
and having a total population of 56449 as of 2015 which comprises 2.1 percent of
the total population of Batangas province.
This is the plant location where the proposed power plant will be located. It
is located in Brgy. Calumbayan, Calatagan.
Figure 2. Proposed Location of Coal Fired Power Plant

Figure 2 shows the location of the proposed plant site. The proposed coal
fired power plant is to be constructed in Brgy. Calumbayan,Calatagan,Batangas.
Calumbayan,
Calatagan Batangas
Figure3. Plant Location and the Target Costumers of the Proposed Coal Fired
Power Plant Source :Google Map(2018)
Figure 3 shows the target provinces that will serve as the customer of the
proposed power plant. The proposed Coal-Fired Power Plant will supply the
province of Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon
5
CHAPTER II
REPORT PROPER
This chapter is composed of the report proper and design calculations
considered in the proposed 1500 MW Coal-Fired Power Plant.
I. Components of a Coal-Fired Power Plant
1. Coal Conveyor
The coal conveyor serves as the component responsible in
transmitting the coal into the furnace. The coal conveyor is fabricated
based on the maximum heat regarding with the temperature that the
material, which is coal can produced
The temperature that the coal will intend to work ranges from 10°C
to 40°C and the temperature of the coal material to be used must not
exceed beyond 70°C. Regarding with the rubber belt that will be used, a
heat-resistant rubber belt will be used that can handle high temperature
materials with a maximum temperature of 120°.
2. Coal Hopper
For maximum handling of coal, aluminum coal hopper will be used.
It is intended to use to maximize efficiencies. Unloading of the coal is
placed on the bottom rails and hopper gates are provided. Rotary coupler
is also provided for rotary dumping.
3. Pulveriser
The pulveriser is responsible for coal preparation and to achieve
ease of combustion. Two primary mills are provided having rated power of
100 HP high efficiency motors. Air cooling technology having a rotary and
stationary disk, fully automatic PLC operated and touch screen controls
are also provided to ensure ease of operation.
4. Boiler
Two-Pass Boiler by GE CFB Technology will be used in the
proposed power plant design. Application of sub bituminous, bituminous or
lignite coal as fuel is fitted in this type of boiler. The chosen fuel to be used
must be pulverized on which pulverized lignite coal is utilized in the
proposed design of the power plant. It has a capacity of 1350 MW, a
pressure of 330 bar and a temperature ranges from 650-670oC.
6
5. Stack
The product of combustion of the boiler is exhausted in the stack as

a flue gas. A flue-gas stack type of chimney is to be used for it is fitted on
the design consideration of the power plant. It can be observed that in a
flue-gas stack type of chimney condensate is being spitted.
6. Turbine
Steam turbine serves as the heart of the power plant; it is
responsible in converting the kinetic energy of the steam into mechanical
energy to generate electricity. The steam turbine to be used is SPP SST-
5000 manufactured by Siemens Company having a capacity of 200MW-
500MW, inlet pressure of up to 260 bar, main and reheat temperature of
600oC, frequency of 60 Hz, and efficiency if 60%.
7. Condenser
The condenser equipment to be used is 2017 Steam Power
Systems Product Catalog ( GE Single Vacuum Type Condenser ) having
an operating pressure of 0.031 bar, circulating water temperature of
14.1oC, and a tube length of 11.4 meters.
8. Feed water Heater

Feed water heater is provided for the preparation of the feed water
before it circulates in the boiler. The low pressure feed water has a
pressure range of 400 - 800 psig while high pressure feed water has a
pressure range of 1600 – 4800psig. The feed water heater to be used is
Yuba Spx Heater, a versatile heater that can be installed in high pressure
and low pressure.
9. Pump
The pump to be used in the plant is a self-priming pump, MARK 3
ISO Self-Priming having a flow rate of 440 GPM, applicable head of 330 ft,
operating temperature range of -80oC – 400oC, and operating pressure of
25 Bar
10. Generator
A 2-Pole generator water-cooled generator is used in the plant, a
water-cooled type of generator cost too much compare to those air-cooled
generator however for a long term purpose and for generation of a very
7
large amount of power water-cooled generator is advisable to be used.
GIGATOP 2-POLE GENERATOR is used in the plant having an efficiency
of up to 99% and reliability percentage of 99%.
A three-phase diesel type motor generator with speed of 1500 rpm
and has water cooled system.
Extent of the Proposed Design of a 1500 MW Coal-Fired Power Plant
The main thrust of this proposal is to generate a power of 1500MW having

a coal-fired power plant as the type of plant to be used located at Brgy.
Calumbayan, Calatagan, Batangas and to distribute the generated electricity to
neighboring provinces.
Explicitly aims to:
1. Choose and offer a proficient design stipulation regarding with the
different components that will be utilized by the plant.
2. Present systematic and rational calculations of the proposed designs of
the plant.
3. Determine the energy balances and the efficiency of the proposed
designs of the power plant
4. Show a logical schematic flow diagrams and engineered plant layout of
the proposed designs of the power plant
5. Provide an economic analysis of the proposed designs of the power plant.
6. Provide power demand analysis and power demand and supply balance.
7. Provide details of the working environment as well as the impact of the
power plant into its surroundings.
8. Decide which design will be used, taking considerations of the efficiency
and its economic viability.
8
II. Design Calculation
A. System and Schematic Diagram
1. Design Option 1
The schematic and T-S diagram of design option 1 are shown as follows.
Figure 4. Schematic Diagram of Design Option 1 Cycle
Figure 4 shows the schematic diagram of Design option 1 which operates

in a Reheat-Regenerative steam cycle. It is composed of 1 reheat and 4
regenerative cycles. The cycle yielded a thermal efficiency of 31%.
Figure 5. T – S Diagram of Design Option 1 Cycle
9
Figure 5 shows the relationship between temperature and entropy of
steam cycle of design option 1. The cycle consists of 17 state points with 6
operating pressures.
2. Design Option 2
The schematic and T-S diagram of design option 1 is shown as follows.
Figure 6 shows the schematic diagram of Design option 2 operates in a

Reheat-Regenerative steam cycle. It is composed of 1 reheat and 5 regenerative
cycles. The cycle yielded a thermal efficiency of 33%.
10
3. Design Option 3
The schematic and T-S diagram of design option 1 is shown as follows.
Figure 8 shows the schematic diagram of Design option 3 operates in a

Reheat-Regenerative steam cycle. It is composed of 1 reheat and 6 regenerative
cycle. The cycle yielded a thermal efficiency of 32%.
11
B. Design Data
The design data includes the ambient conditions in the proposed location
in Brgy. Balanga, Lemery, Batangas and the steam cycle operating conditions
used in the calculation of technical parameters of the design options.
Table 2
Ambient Condition in Calumbayan, Calatagan, Batangas
Ambient Condition
Pressure kPa 1014
Humidity % 61
Temperature
Design Temperature oC 27
Max. Temperature oC 34
Min. Temperature oC 23
The table above shows the ambient condition in Brgy. Balanga, Lemery,
Batangas. the pressure in the region is 1014 bar with humidity of 61%. The
temperature considered in the design calculation is 27oC. The maximum and
minimum temperature in the area ranges from 23 oC up to 34 oC respectively.
Table 3
Steam Cycle Operating Conditions
Parameter Unit Value
High Pressure Turbine
Pressure MPa 22
Temperature (inlet) 0C 540
First Extraction Pressure MPa 6.5
Intermediate Pressure Turbine
Pressure / Reheat Pressure MPa 6.5
Reheat Temperature (inlet) 0C 540
Second Extraction Pressure MPa 4.6
Low Pressure Turbine
Pressure MPa 4.6
Third Extraction Pressure MPa 1.55
Fourth Extraction Pressure MPa 0.385
Fifth Extraction Pressure MPa 0.06
Condenser
Pressure MPa 0.005
12
Table 3 shows the operating conditions used in the calculations of
technical parameters of the 1 reheat - 5 regenerative cycle which consists of HP
turbine, 22 MPa; IP turbine, 6.5 MPa; LP turbine, 4.6 MPa; and condenser
pressure, 0.005 MPa. Reheat stage is at 6.5 MPa and 540oC. Regenerative
stages at first extraction, 6.5 MPa; second extraction, 4.6 MPa; third extraction,
1.55 MPa; fourth extraction, 0.385 MPa; and fifth extraction, 0.06 MPa.
C. Summary of Calculations
TECHNICAL PARAMETERS
Summary of Calculation of Design Option 1
The summary of calculations of mass balance, turbine work, and pump

work of Design Option 1 are tabulated as follows:
Table 4
Summary of Calculation of Mass Balance of Design Option 1
Symbol Equation Value Unit
m1 m1 (h2 ′ − h15 ) = m (h16 − h15 ′) 54.74595397 kg/s
m2 m2 (h4 ′ − h14 ) = (m − m1 ) (h15 ′ − h13 ) 38.96448572 kg/s
m3 m3 (h5 ′ − h12 ) = (m − m1 )(h13 − h11 ) + m2 (h4 ′ − h12 ) 79.29322607 kg/s
m4 m4 (h6 ′ − h10 ) = (m − m1 )(h11 − h9 ′) + (m2 + m3 )(h10 − h12 ) 22.9656514 kg/s
m m = m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 397.4244 kg/s
Table 4 shows the individual masses calculated using energy balance in

the feed water heaters. The total mass of steam circulating in the system yielded
397.4244 kg/s.
Table 5
Summary of Calculation of Turbine Work of Design Option 1
W1-2' m (h1 − h2 ′) 81.0745776 MW
W3-4' (m − m1 ) (h3 − h4 ′) 70.03656222 MW
W4'-5' (m − m1 − m2 ) (h4 ′ − h5 ′) 177.4956273 MW
W5'-6' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 ) (h5 ′ − h6 ′) 45.61225263 MW
W6'-7' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 − m4 ) (h6 ′ − h7 ′) 45.77419831 MW
WT W1−2′ + W3−4′ + W4′ −5′ + W5′−6′ + W6′−7′ 303.030303 MW
Table 5 shows the individual works of turbines which yielded a total

turbine work of 303.030303 MW. The design calculation for the actual turbine
work used a turbine efficiency of 60% considering all the assumed losses in the
turbine.
Table 6
13
Summary of Calculation of Pump Work of Design Option 1
WP1 (m − m1 ) (h9 ′ − h8 ) 2.340378944 MW
WP2 m (h15 ′ − h14 ) 0.603082368 MW
WP WP1 + WP2 2.943461312 MW
Table 6 shows the individual works of pumps which yielded a total pump
work of 2.943461312 MW. The design calculation for the actual pump work
considered a pump efficiency of 85% based on the catalog of Mark 3 ISO.

Table 7
m1 m1 (h2 ′ − h19 ) = m (h20 − h18 ′) 15.06405705 kg/s
m2 m2 h4 ′ − h16 ) = m (h17 − h16 ) − m1 (h19 − h6 ′) 35.64825947 kg/s
m3 m3 (h5 ′ − h15 ) = (m − m1 − m2 ) (h16 − h14 ) 32.31655285 kg/s
m4 m4 (h6 ′ − h13 ) = (m − m1 − m2 ) (h14 − h12 ) − m3 (h15 − h13 ) 27.12683084 kg/s
m5 m(h7 ′ − h11 ) = (m − m1 − m2 ) (h12 − h10 ′) − (m3 +m4 ) (h13 − h11 ) 23.54479738 kg/s
m m = m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 356.6383313 kg/s
Table 7 shows the individual masses calculated using mass balance in the
feed water heaters. The total mass of steam circulating in the system yielded
356.6383313 kg/s.
Table 8
W1-2' m (h1 − h2 ′) 72.75421959 MW
W3-4' (m − m1 ) (h3 − h4 ′) 24.54688474 MW
W4'-5' (m − m1 − m2 )(h′4 − h′5 ) 59.22911999 MW
W5'-6' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 ) (h5 ′ − h6 ′) 51.20669383 MW
W6'-7' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 − m4 ) (h6 ′ − h7 ′) 45.87491279 MW
W7'-8' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 − m4 − m5 ) (h7 ′ − h8 ′) 49.41849142 MW
WT W1−2′ + W2′−3′ + W4−5′ + W5−6′ 303.030303 MW

turbine.
14
Table 9
WP1 (m − m1 − m2 ) (h10 ′ − h9 ) 1.881851816 MW
WP2 m (h18 ′ − h17 ) 9.348160733 MW
WP WP1 + WP2 11.23001255 MW

Table 10
m1 m1 (h2 ′ − h22 ) = m (h23 − h21 ) 62.00411321 kg/s
m2 m2 (h4 ′ − h16 ) = m (h21 − h19 ′) − m1 (h22 − h20 ) 8.959184082 kg/s
m3 m3 (h5 ′ − h17 ) = m (h18 − h17 ) − (m1 + m2 )(h20 − h17 ) 34.28417738 kg/s
m4 m4 (h6 ′ − h16 ) = (m − m1 − m2 − m3 ) (h17 − h15 ) 33.27079557 kg/s
m5 m5 (h7 ′ − h14 ) = (m − m1 − m2 − m3 ) (h15 − h13 ) − m4 (h16 − h14 ) 27.22941074 kg/s
m6 m1 (h18 − h12 ) = (m − m1 − m2 − m3 ) (h13 − h11 ′) − (m4 +m5 ) (h14 − h12 ) 71.60457883 kg/s
m m = m1 + m2 + m3 + m4 + m5 + m6 421.9217944 kg/s
Table 10 shows the individual masses calculated using mass balance in

the feed water heaters. The total mass of steam circulating in the system yielded
421.9217944 kg/s.
Table 11
W1-2' m (h1 − h2 ′) 42.81066241 MW
W2'-3' (m − m1 ) (h2 − h3 ′) 36.90384591 MW
W4-5' (m − m1 − m2 )(h4 − h5 ′) 25.22127229 MW
W5'-6' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 ) (h5 ′ − h6 ′) 61.3100566 MW
W6'-7' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 − m4 ) (h6 ′ − h7 ′) 53.03967702 MW
W7'-8' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 − m4 − m5 ) (h7 ′ − h8 ′) 47.67867439 MW
W8'-9' (m − m1 − m2 − m3 − m4 − m5 −m6 ) (h8 ′ − h9 ′) 36.606611434 MW
WT W1−2′ + W2′−3′ + W4−5′ + W5−6′ + W7′−8′ + W8′−9′ y3 MW

15
turbine.
Table 12
WP1 (m − m1 − m2 ) (h10 ′ − h9 ) 1.872630523 MW
WP2 m (h18 ′ − h17 ) 9.348160733 MW
WP WP1 + WP2 11.22079126 MW
ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS
The selection of the best design option are also compared based on the
environmental effects of the gases resulted in the combustion of primary fuel
which is the lignite coal. The environmental parameters being compared are the
carbon oxides emission (COx), nitrogen oxides emission (NOx), sulfur oxides
emission (SOx), and ash disposal. The summary of heat losses in the boiler are
also tabulated as follows.
Table 13
Summary of Mass of Combustion Gases of Three Design Options
Equation Design Design Design Unit
Symbol
Option 1 Option 2 Option 3
kg
mCOx mass of COx ∗ mf 99.92754039 91.30441385 94.26870122
s
kg
mNOx mass of NOx ∗ mf 2.984848609 2.727274699 2.832381481
s
kg
mSOx mass of SOx ∗ mf 1.816864371 1.660080252 1.724058293
s
kg
mash mass of ash ∗ mf 0.9084321853 0.8300401259 0.8620291463
s
Table 13 shows that design option 2 has the least amount of combustion
gases in all aspects with COx emission of 99.92754039 kg/s, NOx emission of
2.984848609 kg/s, SOx emission of 1.816864371 kg/s, and ash disposal of
0.9084321853 kg/s.
Table 14
Summary of Calculation of Heat Losses in the Boiler
Heat Loss Equation Symbol Value Unit
mt ∗ Cp ∗ �Tg − Ta � ∗ 100
Dry flue gas loss (Ldg)% 1.639302252 %
HHV
16
(9H2 + m) ∗ [584 + Cp ∗ �Tg − Ta �] ∗ 100
Moisture loss (Lm)% 3.998713291 %
HHV
(A/Factual ) ∗ Wh ∗ Cp ∗ �Tg − Ta � ∗ 100

Humidity loss (Lh)% 0.01174913384 %
HHV
100 − % carbon in the residue

Unburnt loss Cb 3.166666667 %
% total carbon at inlet
Radiation
loss
% radiation (Lr)% 1 %
Unaccountable
loss
% ash (Lu)% 6 %
Total Boiler Loss � Lossboiler (TBL)% 15.81643134 %
Gross efficiency of
boiler
100 − � Lossboiler nb 84.18356866 %
Table 14 shows that the total boiler loss yielded 15.81643134% and gross
efficiency of the boiler yielded 84.18356866%.
The three design options were compared according to technical,

environmental, and economical parameters as follows.
Table 15
Summary of Calculation of Three Design Options
Parameters Design Option 1 Design Option 2 Design Option 3
Technical Parameters
Heat Added 962.2463363 MW 879.2104496 MW 913.0944513 MW
Heat Rejected 548.5264732 MW 592.5988885 MW 498.1451844 MW
Work of Turbine 303.030303 MW 303.030303 MW 303.030303 MW
Work of Pump 2.943461312 MW 11.23001255 MW 13.00806021 MW
Net Work 300.0864975 MW 291.8002905 MW 290.0222428 MW
kg kg kg
Mass of Fuel 90.84321853 83.00401259 86.20291463
s s s
Thermal
31.1860369% 33.1889015% 31.7625676%
Efficiency
Environmental Parameters
Carbon oxide kg kg kg
99.92754039 91.30441385 94.26870122
emission, COx s s s
Nitrogen oxide kg kg kg
2.984848609 2.727274699 2.832381481
emission, NOx s s s
Sulfur oxide kg kg kg
1.816864371 1.660080252 1.724058293
emission, SOx s s s
kg kg kg
Ash disposal 0.9084321853 0.8300401259 0.8620291463
s s s
Economic Parameters
Capital
PHP 695,142,617,000 PHP 739,265,023,500 PHP 784,451,223,800
Expenditures
Operating
PHP 79,717,945.08 PHP 72,838,781.19 PHP 75,645,925.05
Expenditures
Annual
PHP 11,066,106,700/yr. PHP 11,768,499,630/yr. PHP 12,470,892,560/yr.
Depreciation
Annual revenue PHP 122,545,446,800 PHP 122,545,446,800 PHP 122,545,446,800
Net Present PHP 1,047,069,544,000 PHP 1,145,257,674,000 PHP 1,004,074,790,000
17
Value
Payback Period 5.676221613 years 6.044579097 years 6.405262507 years
Rate of Return 16.02543412% 14.95404583% 14.02240254%
Table 15 shows the summary of calculation of the three design options. In

terms of technical parameters, design option 2 yielded the highest efficiency
amounted to 33.1889015%. Design option 2 also has the lowest amount of
combustion gases emissions and ash disposal in terms of environmental
parameters. With regards to economical parameters, design option 1 yielded the
shortest payback period of 5.676221613 years and highest rate of return of
16.02543412%.
In general, design option 2 is chosen as the best of the three design

options based on the comparison of technical, environmental, and economical
parameters.
D. Mass and Heat Balance

The following shows the mass and heat balance of the three design
options. Included in the energy balance are the mass (kg) and enthalpy (kJ) at
each state points, together with the operating pressure (bar) and temperature
(oC).
Figure 10. Mass and Heat Balance of Design Option 1

Figure 10 shows the values of mass and enthalpy calculated in the heat
balance of design option 1 together with the operating pressure and temperature.
18

E. Equipment Selection
The selection of equipment for the power plant is based on the
comparison of equipment from US and Europe.
Table 16
19
Comparison for Equipment Selection
Relative Average Life T1 T2
Php/kW
capital cost Efficiency Expectancy years years
US Equipment Php 783,387,429,800.00 10.013 28 – 30 % 25 – 30 years 0.5 – 1 5 – 10
European Equipment Php 739,265,023,500.00 10.1925 31 – 33% 25 – 30 years 0.5 – 1 5 – 10
T1 – Interval of Major Maintenance

T2 – Interval between Complete Replacements
Table 16 shows that European equipment has less relative capital cost of
Php 739,265,023,500.00 compared to US equipment which has relative cost of
Php 783,387,429,800.00. The electricity cost of the European equipment is Php
10.1925 while US Equipment is Php 10.013. The average efficiency of the
European equipment is 31 – 33 % while US is 28 – 30%. Life expectancy,
interval between major maintenance and complete replacements are the same.
In general, European equipment is more economical to use than US equipment.
F. Equipment Description
The list of equipment below discusses how each component works in the
power plant, together with their design specification and technical conditions.
1. Boiler
The Two-Pass Boiler by GE CFB Technology will be used in the proposed
power plant design. Application of sub bituminous, bituminous or lignite coal as
fuel is fitted in this type of boiler which satisfies the primary and secondary fuel of
the power plant. Coal amounting to about 83 kg/s will be fed into this boiler.
Figure 13. Two-Pass Boiler (General Electric, 2019)

The chosen fuel to be used must be pulverized on which pulverized lignite
coal is utilized in the proposed design of the power plant. It has a capacity of
1350 MW, a pressure of 330 bar and a temperature ranges from 650-670oC.
2. Steam Turbine
20
The utilization of high (22 MPa), intermediate (6.5 MPa), and low (60 kPa
– 4.6 MPa) pressure steam to converting kinetic energy to mechanical energy to
generate electricity is served in the steam turbine. Extraction of bled steams in
the intermediate and low pressure stages are also done to preheat the feed
water.
Figure 14. SPP SST-5000 Steam Turbine (Siemens Energy, Inc., 2016)
The steam turbine to be used is SPP SST-5000 manufactured by Siemens
Company having a capacity of 200MW-500MW, inlet pressure of up to 260 bar,
main and reheat temperature of 600oC, frequency of 60 Hz, and efficiency if
60%.
3. Condenser
GE condensers are designed to enhance and meet the high performance
which is required in the condensing processes of the power plant. It condenses
200 kg/s of steam and converts it to saturated liquid. It is connected to the
cooling tower which uses seawater as the medium of heat transfer since the
power plant is in the sea side.
Figure 15. Single Vacuum Type Condenser (General Electric, 2019)

The condenser equipment to be used is 2017 Steam Power Systems
Product Catalog (GE Single Vacuum Type Condenser) having an operating
pressure of 55 mbar and circulating water temperature of 25oC.
4. Pump
21
The pump installed carried out around 222 kg/s of saturated liquid which is
being pre-heated in the tubes of closed feed water heater. The pumps carried the
feed water from condenser (0.005 MPa) to deaerator (4.6 MPa) for first stage
and deaerator (4.6 MPa) to boiler (22 MPa) for the second stage.
Figure 16. MARK 3 ISO Self-Priming Pump (Flowserve Corporation, 2011)

The pump to be used in the plant is a self-priming pump, MARK 3 ISO
Self-Priming having a flow rate of 440 GPM, applicable head of 330 ft, operating
temperature range of -80oC – 400oC, and operating pressure of 25 bar.
5. Closed Feed Water Heater

Four closed feed water heaters are installed which extract steams three
times at the low pressure side and once at the high pressure side. The utilization
of bled steam helps the pre-heating of feed water before entering the boiler.
Figure 17. Yuba SPX Heater (Heat Exchanger, 2017)

The low pressure feed water has a pressure range of 400 - 800 psig while
high pressure feed water has a pressure range of 1600 – 4800 psig. The feed
water heater to be used is Yuba SPX Heater, a versatile heater that can be
installed in high pressure and low pressure.
22
6. Deaerator
The total mass of make-up water and condensate amounting to 356.64
kg/s are mixed up to a temperature of 257.93oC. Removal of dissolved oxygen
prevents the corrosion inside the boiler when it comes in contact with metal.
Figure 18. Thermal deaerator Type C (SILHORKO-EUROWATER A/S)

Thermal deaerator Type C is to be used to remove oxygen in the feed
water before entering the boiler. It has a total tank volume of 23,150 liters and
steam requirements up to 3240 kg/h.
7. Generator
The generation of 5x300 MW plant capacity used Gigatop 2-pole
generator which produces an apparent power of 280-690 MW. The work of the
turbine 303.030303 MW enters the generator which is 99% efficient, thus
producing a power output of 300 MW.
Figure 19. Gigatop 2-pole generator (General Electric, 2019)

A 2-Pole generator water-cooled generator is used in the plant, a water-
cooled type of generator cost too much compare to those air-cooled generator
however for a long term purpose and for generation of a very large amount of
power, water-cooled generator is advisable to be used. Gigatop 2-pole generator
is used in the plant having an efficiency of up to 99% and reliability percentage of
99%.
23
G. Summary of Equipment
The summary of equipment shows how the specification of each
component are chosen based on the selection parameter required in the
calculation of the design options.
Table 17
Summary of Equipment
24
Table 17 shows the summary of equipment to be used in the construction
of the 1500 MW coal – fired power plant. Each component is named by tag
numbers and has selection parameter used in the calculation of the design
options. The specifications of the components are chosen based on the required
Page
Tag. No. Component Selection Parameter Specification
Number
Typical Fuels: Bituminous, sub-
Fuel: Lignite and Bituminous
bituminous. Lignite A, Oil and gas
Capacity: 962.25 MW
Capacity: up to 1350 MWe Appendix D
Pressure: 220 bar
BT-10X Boiler Pressure: up to 330 bar
Reheat Temperature: 540 °C A10
Temperature: 650/670°C
Reheat Pressure: 65 bar
Reheat Pressure: 330 bar
Reheat Temperature: 540 °C
Reheat Temperature: 650/670°C
Power Output: 200 MW – 500 MW
Frequency: 60 Hz
Power Output: 303.03 MW Inlet Pressure: up to 260 bar/ 3770
Steam Inlet Pressure: 220 bar psi Appendix D
ST-10X
Turbine Inlet Temperature: 540°C Inlet Temperature: up to 600°C/ A12
Reheat Temperature: 540°C 1112°F
Reheat Temperature: up to 610°C/
1130°F
Condenser Thermal Load: 1820 MW
Pressure: 55 mbar Appendix D
C-10X Condenser Pressure: 50 mbar
Circulating Water Temperature: A13
25°C
P1-10X Flows: 100m3/h (440 US gpm)
P2-10X Head: 100 m (330 ft) Appendix D
P3-10X Pump Efficiency: 85% Pressure: up to 25 bar (365 psi)
A16
P4-10X Temperature range: -80°C to 400°C
P5-10X Efficiency: up to 85%
Close Appendix D
Pressure ratings: 400-4800 psig (low
CFWH-10X Feed water Pressure: 928.3 psig
to high pressure) A14
Heater
Total Tank Volume: 23,150 liters Appendix D
DRT-10X Deaerator Mass flow rate: 2880 kg/h
Steam Requirements: 3240 kg/h A14
Frequency: 60 Hz
Power factor: 0.85
Apparent Power: 280 MVA to 690 Appendix D
Power: 300 MVA
G-10X Generator MVA
Efficiency: 99% A15
Efficiency: Up to 99%
Terminal Voltage: 19-25 kV
Reliability: 99.996%
parameter of the design.
H. Process/Schematic/System Diagram
Besides from the major system of the 1500 MW coal-fired power plant
which operates in a reheat – regenerative cycle, the other systems in the power
plant includes flue gas treatment system for the removal of dust and components
of combustion gases before releasing it to the atmosphere; ash handling system
25
for the proper disposal of bottom ash product from the combustion of primary and
secondary coal; and water treatment system for the demineralization of water to
remove elements and minerals from raw water which causes destruction for the
components of power plant and in the piping system.
Figure 20. Flue Gas Treatment System
The treatment of flue gases which are the products of combustion from the
boiler enters the selective catalytic reactor which uses ammonia as the catalyst
from the ammonia tank for denitrification process. It converts nitrogen oxides
emission (NOx) to diatomic nitrogen (N2) which is a major component of air.
Activated carbon is pneumatically injected in the stream for the adsorption of
elements present in the flue gas. Removal of suspended dust in the electrostatic
precipitator happens by applying a high-voltage charge in the flowing gas. For
desulfurization, limewater is sprayed into the gas which chemically reacts to the
sulfur content in the stream. All the fly ash in each processes are being collected
in the fly ash hoppers in the bottom of each processes.
26
Figure 21. Ash Handling System
The ash from the combustion of coal is properly handled through ash
handling system. This system cools down the raw ash to a manageable
temperature before transferring it to the disposal storage. The coarse ash from
the boiler is conveyed and treated to reduce its size for better handling. The
collected ash in the bottom is transported in a silo to store it temporarily.
Figure 22. Water Treatment System Diagram

Water treatment system aims to demineralize the raw water before using it
as medium in the cycle. Removal of mineral ions using ion exchange resins to
replace cations with hydrogen ions and anions with hydroxyl ions. Demineralized
plant produces a mineral free water which is used as the feed water inside the
boiler.
27
CHAPTER III
ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
In this chapter economic analysis of the proposed 1500 MW Coal-Fired
Power Plant is presented, which includes capital expenditures, operating
expenditures, power demand analysis, power demand and supply balance, and
the total project cost
I. Power Demand Analysis

The continuous development of the country increases the power demand
which serves as a problem for the supply does not meet the required demand.
According to the Department of Energy, the year 2016 experience a considerable
gain in the power demand by 10% and the peak demand by 7% it is due to the
development and implementation of recent technology. The continuous elevation
of the ambient temperature and the heat index of the country contribute also in
the increase in power consumption because several cooling equipment will be
utilized to deal with the elevated temperature of the surroundings. In the recent
year of 2015 and 2016, a remarkable increase in the power demand is recorded
as 14% of the demand.
According to several studies the power demand in 2019 is seem to surge,
so electricity Distributor Company is gathering an additional of 300 to 350
Megawatts power supply to deal with the surge of power demand. The
Department of Energy is encouraging foreign and local investor for the
installment of any other power plant that will help in increasing the power supply
to deal with the continuous growth in power demand. For the power demand in
CALABARZON, according to DOE the peak load demand is ranging from 256
MW.
Table 18
Monthly Peak Demand 2017 (Luzon)
Month MW
January 8,586
February 8,765
March 9,610
April 9,995
May 10,106
June 10,023
TOTAL 57,085
AVERAGE 9,514.166667
Source: ngcp via doe.gov.ph
28
This table shows the monthly peak demand in Luzon grid. The data
gathered is around the year of 2017 on which the Luzon experienced a
heightened increase in power demand it is given by Power Statistics of the
Department of Energy. Upon observing, the month of May experienced the
highest peak demand on which the country’s temperature is at its maximum,
however the month of January has the lowest peak demand on which the
country’s temperature is at its minimum.
II. Power Demand and Supply Balance

As of 2016 the total installed capacity of the country increases from
21,423 MW compare from 2015 having an 18,765 MW capacity. The rate of
increase in demand does not meet by the rate of increase in supply that’s why
several power interruptions are experienced in the country. Doe is encouraging
local and foreign investor to establish other source of power that can be utilized
in the country.
The power demand in Luzon is expected to grow 4% in 2019 due to the
development and continuous increase in ambient temperature and heat index.
The power demand in Luzon in 2019 is expected to have a peak amount of 11.2
Gigawatts compare to 10.8 Gigawatts of year 2018. According to Department of
Energy Assistant Secretary Redentor E. Delola the supply for Luzon will be tight
as of now until to the coming years soon.
The load demand needed by the well-known power distributor in the
Luzon grid is tabulated as follows:
Table 19
Peak Demand Load for Region IV-A (CALABRZON)
Power Distributor Load Demand (MW)
Batellec I 144.83
Batellec II 64.98
FLECO 19.64
IEEC 4.2
Quezzelco-I 35.01
Quezzelco-II 7.2
TOTAL 275.86
The table shows the load demand in Region IV-A (CALABARZON)
wherein this power distributor is the main distributor in the CALABARZON
Region .Regarding with the data gathered BATELEC I has the highest load
demand because this is where major cities are residing.
29
Table 20
Sales and Consumption of Electricity in 2017 (Luzon)
Type Percent Share (%) MW
Residential 28 18,995,437
Commercial 28 18,990,429
Industrial 26 17,189,734
Own-use 9 6,010,053
System Loss 8 6,005,002
Others 1 990,745
TOTAL 100 68,181,400
III. Project Cost

Project Cost are the funds or money that are used in acquiring, improving,
and maintaining of a long term assets that will be used in installing the proposed
power plant. Several aspects are included in the capital expenditure such as the
total cost of the land area to be utilized, total cost of the equipment necessary in
the power plant, total cost in terms of electricity that will be used, total cost of the
building, and total cost of other miscellaneous parameters.
Table 21
Project Costing for Design Option 1
installed capacity [MW] 1,500.00
capacity factor 0.366 or 36.6%
Energy GWh/year 13140
cost/Kw [Php/kW] 10.1925.00
capital cost [Php] 695,142,617,157.97
Life Years 40
discount rate 0.057928551
Capital recovery factor 0.106079248
Annual capacity cost PHP 69514261716
Fixed O&M PHP 8857549.453
total fixed cost Php 695,142,617,157.97
Fixed cost/kWh [Php /kWh] 4.1313E+11
Variable cost/kWh [Php /kWh] 44287747.27
LCOE [Php /kWh] 19.05
30
This table shows the summary of project costing for design option 1. The
parameters included are installed capacity that has a value of 1,500 MW,
capacity factor of 36.6%, energy of 13,140 GWh/Year, cost per kilowatt of
Php10.195.00, capital cost of Php695,142,617,157.97, economic life of 40 years,
discount rate of 0.057928551, capital recovery factor of 0.106079248, annual
capacity cost of Php695,142,617,157.97, fixed operating and maintenance of
Php8,857,549.453, fixed cost of 4.1313 x 10^11, variable cost of
Php44,287,747.27, and LCOE of 19.05.
Table 22
capital cost [Php] 739,265,023,485.97
Life Years 40
capacity cost of Php695,142,617,157.97, fixed operating and maintenance of
Php8,093,197.909, fixed cost of Php4.39393E+11, variable cost of
Php40,465,989.55, and LCOE of 18.68.
31
Table 23
capital cost [Php] 783,387,429,813.97
Life Years 40
capacity cost of Php78,338,742,981, fixed operating and maintenance of
Php8,405,102.679, fixed cost of Php4.65656E+11, variable cost of
Php42,025513.39, and LCOE of 18.37.
Capital Expenditure
The total amount needed in establishing the power plant it includes the
land cost, equipment cost and other parameters needed in the erection of the
plant.
A. Land Cost
For the total cost of the land that will be used, the total land area of the power
plant that will be utilized is multiplied with the current land cost per square meter
offered in the place where the plant will be erected. The current land cost per
32
square meter offer is around PHP 3500.00 and the power plant occupies an
approximately 31 hectares (310,000 m2). The land cost is about
PHP1,085,000,000.00.
B. Equipment Cost
For the total cost of the equipment that will be used, total unit of the
equipment is multiplied with the respected economic value of the component.
The price of a unit is expressed in dollar ($) since most of them are purchased
internationally. As of now the rate of exchange of 1dollar to Philippine Peso is
PHP 52.4742.
Table 24
List of Equipment and Prices for Design Option Number 1
Equipment No. of Price ($) Total Cost ($) Total Cost (PHP)
units
Boiler 5 150,550,000 752,750,000 39,499,954,050
Open Feed Water 5 100,000,000 500,000,000
Heater 26,237,100,000
Closed Feed Water 15 100,100,000 1,501,500,000 78,790,011,300

Heater
Steam Turbine 5 110,000,000 550,000,000 28,860,810,000
Pump 50 48,000,000 2,400,000,000 125,938,080,000
Condenser 5 185,504,000 927,520,000 48,670,869,980
Generator 5 125,105,000 625,525,000 32,823,923,960
Transformer 5 85,100,000 425,500,000 38,070,032,100
Demineralizing Plant 1 190,208,000 190,208,000 9,981,012,634
Total $ 7,873,003,000.00
Total PHP 413,129,534,000.00
This table shows the price allotment of the equipments that will be used in
the design option 1. The price is fixed among the three designs it only changes in
the quantity of the equipment that will be used. The varying quantity of
equipments in the design is the closed feed water heater. The total quantity for
closed feed water heater is 15. This design gathers the lowest amount of the
equipment cost among the three, due to the least amount of closed feed water
heater.
33
Table 25
Equipment No. of Price ($) Total Cost ($) Total Cost (PHP)
units
Boiler 5 150,550,000 752,750,000 39,499,954,050
Open Feed Water 5 100,000,000 500,000,000
Heater 26,237,100,000

Heater
Steam Turbine 5 110,000,000 550,000,000 28,860,810,000
Pump 50 48,000,000 2,400,000,000 125,938,080,000
Condenser 5 185,504,000 927,520,000 48,670,869,980
Generator 5 125,105,000 625,525,000 32,823,923,960
Transformer 5 85,100,000 425,500,000 38,070,032,100
Demineralizing Plant 1 190,208,000 190,208,000 9,981,012,634
Total $ 8,373,503,000.00
Total PHP 439,392,871,100.00
closed feed water heater is 20. This design gathers the middle amount of the
heater.
Table 26
Equipment No. of Price ($) Total Cost ($) Total Cost
units (PHP)
Boiler 5 150,550,000 752,750,000 39,499,954,050
Open Feed Water 5 100,000,000 500,000,000
Heater 26,237,100,000

Heater
Steam Turbine 5 110,000,000 550,000,000 28,860,810,000
Pump 50 48,000,000 2,400,000,000 125,938,080,000
Condenser 5 185,504,000 927,520,000 48,670,869,980
Generator 5 125,105,000 625,525,000 32,823,923,960
34
Transformer 5 85,100,000 425,500,000 38,070,032,100
Demineralizing 1 190,208,000 190,208,000 9,981,012,634
Plant
Total $ 8,874,003,000.00
Total PHP 465,656,208,200.00
closed feed water heater is 25. This design gathers the highest amount of the
heater.
C. Electrical Cost
For the total electrical cost that will be utilized by the equipments assume
that the corresponding cost is one-fourth (25%) of the equipment expenses, it is
25 percent of the equipment cost.
Table 27
Electrical Costing
Design Option Number Electrical Cost (PHP)
1 103,282,383,500.00
2 109,848,217,800.00
3 116,414,052,100.00`
This table shows the electrical cost of the three design options wherein
design option 1 gets the cheapest amount of the electrical cost meanwhile design
option 3 gets the highest amount of the electrical cost. This costing is based on
the total amount of the equipment cost.
D. Building Cost
For the total building cost that will be used it is given by 33% of the
equipment cost provided by Power Plant Theory and Theory‖ proposed by
Potter. It is 33 percent of the equipment cost.
Table 28
Building Costing
Design Option Number Building Cost (PHP)
1 136,332,746,200.00
2 144,999,647,500.00
3 153,666,548,700.00`
35
This table shows the building cost of the three design options
wherein design option 1 gets the cheapest amount of the electrical cost
meanwhile design option 3 gets the highest amount of the electrical cost. This
costing is based on the total amount of the equipment cost.
E. Miscellaneous Cost
These are given by the cost of the registration of the plant together with its
land, insurances and warranties, fees for engineers and professionals that will be
responsible for the erection of the plant and the set-up of the proposed power
plant.
For the total cost of miscellaneous parameters it is assumed to be 10% of
the equipment cost. Design option 1 gathers PHP, design option 2 gathers PHP,
and design option 3 gathers PHP.
Table 29
Miscellaneous Costing
Design Option Number Miscellaneous Cost (PHP)
1 41,312,953,400.00
2 43,939,287,110.00
3 46,565,620,820.00`
This table shows the building cost of the three design options wherein
design option 1 gets the cheapest amount of the electrical cost meanwhile design
option 3 gets the highest amount of the electrical cost. This costing is based on
the total amount of the equipment cost.
F. Total Capital Expenditures Cost

The total capital expenditures cost is the summation of all the cost of the
included parameters necessary to build a power plant.
Table 30
Summary of Capital Expenditures
Expenditures Design Option 1 Design Option 2 Design Option 3
(PHP) (PHP) (PHP)
Land Cost 1,085,000,000.00 1,085,000,000.00 1,085,000,000.00
Equipment Cost 413,129,534,000.00 439,392,871,100.00 465,656,208,200.00
Electrical Cost 103,282,383,500.00 109,848,217,800.00 116,414,052,100.00
Building Cost 136,332,746,200.00 144,999,647,500.00 153,666,548,700.00
Miscellaneous Cost 41,312,953,400.00 43,939,287,110.00 46,565,620,820.00
36
Total 695,142,617,000.00 739,265,023,500.00 783,387,429,800.00
This table shows the summary of the capital expenditures for the three
designs. The three design options has the same amount of the total land cost
since it is assumed that the three design options will utilized the same amount
land area. Design option 1 has the least amount of capital cost since it has the
least number of closed feed water heater meanwhile design option 3 has the
highest amount of capital cost since it has the highest number of the closed feed
water heater. To sum up design option 2 is the most viable design for it has a
good efficiency and acceptable economic value with regards to the capital cost.
IV. Operating Expenditures

For the annual operating expenditures cost of the power plant it is
presented in the percentage analysis given by Power Plant Station and Economy
by Skrotzki and Vopat. All the other related parameters will be based on the fuel
cost by simply multiplying it to its corresponding percentage
A. Fuel Cost
The fuel cost can be obtained through multiplying the annual mass of fuel
utilized by the plant to its corresponding coal price. The coal to be used by the
plant is lignite coal. A tabulated data is provided for the analysis of the fuel cost.
Table 31
Fuel Costing
Design Option Number Fuel Cost (PHP)
1 44,287,747.27
2 40,465,989.55
3 42,025,513.39
This table shows the fuel cost of the three design options wherein design
option 1 gets the highest amount fuel cost while design option 2 gets the lowest
amount of fuel cost. It is economically right to choose design option 2 as the
design of the power plant since fuel cost is the varying cost of a power plant that
can greatly affect the economics of the power plant.
B. Included Parameter
According to Power Plant Station and Economy by Skrotzki and Vopatthe
labor cost is 20% of the fuel cost, maintenance and repair is 20% of the fuel cost,
37
supplies cost is 10% of the fuel cost, supervision cost is 20% of the fuel cost, and
operating taxes is 10% of the fuel cost
Table 32
Summary of Operating Expenditures for Design Option 1
Expenditures Design Option 1 Design Option 2 Design Option 3
Fuel Cost PHP 44,287,747.27 PHP 40,465,989.55 PHP 42,025,513.39
Labor Cost PHP 8,857,549.453 PHP 8,093,197.909 PHP 8,405,102.916
Maintenance and PHP 8,857,549.453 PHP 8,093,197.909 PHP 8,405,102.916
Repairs Cost
Supply Cost PHP 4,428,774.727 PHP 4,046,598.955 PHP 4,202,551.458
Supervision Cost PHP 8,857,549.453 PHP 8,093,197.909 PHP 8,405,102.916
Operating Taxes PHP 4,428,774.727 PHP 4,046,598.955 PHP 4,202,551.458
Total PHP 79,717,945.08 PHP 72,838,781.19 PHP 75,645,925.05
This table shows the summary of the operating expenditures for the 3
design options. Most of the parameters involved are based on the fuel cost which
serves as the varying cost of the plant. Design option 1 gathers the highest
amount of the operating cost while design option 2 gathers the lowest amount of
the operating cost. It is economically right to choose design option 2 as the
design of the power plant since fuel cost is the varying cost of a power plant that
can greatly affect the economics of the power plant.
C. Depreciation
The useful life of a typical power plant can range from 30 to 40 years
according to Power System Engineering. Upon the useful life of the plant
depreciation takes place to determine the value of the power plant. Depreciation
is the decrease of value of the plant as the plant meets the end of its useful life.
(use the maximum useful life of the power plant). The total depreciation for
design option 1 is 12,277,138,040, for design option 2 is 13,057,616,288, and for
design option 3 is 13,838,094,536.
Table 33
Depreciation for Design Option1
38
DEPRECIATION (DESIGN 1)
Book Value Salvage Value Service Life Depreciation
Total Equip. Cost 4.1313E+11 1.50062E+11 40 6576687135
I&C Cost x.2 of capital cost 82625906805 49797616098 20 1641414535
Service Cost x.1 of capital
cost 41312953402 15006204863 40 657668713.5
Aux Systemsx.15 of capital
cost 61969430103 37348212074 20 1231060901
Building Cost 1.36333E+11 49520476049 40 2170306754
TOTAL DEPRECIATION
(PHP) 12277138040
This table shows the depreciation for design option 1. The parameters
under depreciation are the total equipment cost, instrumentation and capital cost,
service cost, auxiliary systems, and building cost. Most of the parameters are
based on the total equipment cost. These parameters are the one which will have
a value in the end of its useful life. It gathers a total amount of Php
12,277,138,040.00.
Table 34
I&C Cost x.2 of
capital cost 87878574225 52963334040 20 1745762009
Service Cost x.1 of
capital cost 43939287112 15960174465 40 699477816.2
Aux Systemsx.15
of capital cost 65908930668 39722500530 20 1309321507
Building Cost 1.45E+11 52668575734 40 2308276793
TOTAL
DEPRECIATION
(PHP) 13057616288
13,057,616,288.00.
Table 35
I&C Cost x.2 of capital
cost 93131241645 56129051983 20 1850109483
39
Service Cost x.1 of capital
cost 46565620822 16914144066 40 741286918.9
Aux Systemsx.15 of
capital cost 69848431233 42096788987 20 1387582112
Building Cost 1.53667E+11 55816675418 40 2446246832
TOTAL DEPRECIATION
(PHP) 13838094536
13,838,094,536.00.
D. Revenue
Revenue refers to the income generated from the sale of the power
generated by the power plant. To compute for the revenue of the power plant, the
actual plant output is multiplied with the power generation rate however actual
plant output is calculated by subtracting the plant consumption which is 8.5% of
the plant output to the plant output. As of 2019 the power generation rate in the
Philippines is PHP 10.1925.00 per kW-hr. The annual revenue for all the design
is PHP 122,545,446,800.00
E. Return of Investment (ROI)

Return of investment is the most important parameter in a power plant for
it will determine how the business is gaining profit. It is defined as the ratio of the
profit gain and the total capital cost being utilized.
Table 36
Return of Investment for Design 1
RETURN OF INVESTMENTS(DESIGN 1)
Net Income
Period TCI ROI
Year After Tax
(Php) (Php) (%)
2019 0 0 0 0
2020 2 695,142,617,157.97 1.114E+11 16.0254
2021 3 583,742,995,059.49 1.114E+11 19.0837
2022 4 4.72343E+11 1.114E+11 23.5845
2023 5 3.60944E+11 1.114E+11 30.8634
2024 6 2.49544E+11 1.114E+11 44.6413
2025 7 138,144,506,665.56 1.114E+11 80.6399
40
2022 8 26,744,884,567.08 1.114E+11 416.527
AVERAGE 90.195
This table shows the return of investment for design option 1. It has
an initial return of investment of 16.0254 % and average return of investment of
90.195%. It can clearly see here that in the 6.24th operating year the capital cost
is being recovered.
Table 37
Return of Investment for Design 2
Net Income
Period TCI ROI
Year After Tax
(Php) (Php) (%)
2019 0 0 0 0
2020 2 739,265,023,485.97 1.114E+11 15.069
2021 3 627,865,401,387.49 1.114E+11 17.7426
2022 4 516,465,779,289.01 1.114E+11 21.5696
2023 5 4.05066E+11 1.114E+11 27.5016
2024 6 2.93667E+11 1.114E+11 37.9341
2025 7 182,266,912,993.56 1.114E+11 61.1189
2022 8 70,867,290,895.08 1.114E+11 157.195
AVERAGE 48.3044
This table shows the return of investment for design option 2. It has an
initial return of investment of 15.069 % and average return of investment of
is being recovered.
Table 38
Return of Investment for Design Option 3
Net Income
Period TCI ROI
Year After Tax
(Php) (Php) (%)
2019 0 0 0 0
2020 2 783,387,429,813.97 1.114E+11 14.2202
2021 3 671,987,807,715.49 1.114E+11 16.5776
2022 4 5.60588E+11 1.114E+11 19.8719
2023 5 4.49189E+11 1.114E+11 24.8002
2024 6 3.37789E+11 1.114E+11 32.9791
41
2025 7 226,389,319,321.56 1.114E+11 49.2071
2022 8 114,989,697,223.08 1.114E+11 96.8779
2023 9 3,590,075,124.60 1.114E+11 3102.99
AVERAGE 419.69
This table shows the return of investment for design option 3. It has an
initial return of investment of 14.2202 % and average return of investment of
is being recovered.
F. Payback Period
The payback period is important in a company for it will determine how
long the company will regain its investment. The payback period is given by the
equation of:
Table 39
Payback Period for Design Option 1
payback Net Income TCI Depreciation
period
Year after Tax (Php) (Php) (Php)
2019 (1) 111,399,622,148.48 695,142,617,157.97 11066106706
2020 (2) 111,399,622,148.48 583,742,995,009.49 11066106706
2021 (3) 111,399,622,148.48 472,343,372,861.01 11066106706
2022 (4) 111,399,622,148.48 360,943,750,712.52 11066106706
2023 (5) 111,399,622,148.48 249,544,128,564.04 11066106706
2024 (6) 111,399,622,148.48 138,144,506,415.56 11066106706
2025 (7) 111,399,622,148.48 26,744,884,267.08 11066106706
2026 (8) 111,399,622,148.48 -84,654,737,881.40 11066106706
Payback
Period 6.24 years
This table shows the payback period for design option 1. It can
clearly see that in the year between 2024 and 2025 the net income
already surpasses the total capital income which means that the capital is
being recovered in between that year. Using the formula for the payback
period the exact year that the power plant will recover its capital is in the
6.24th year.
Table 40
period
2019 (1) 111,399,622,148.48 739,265,023,485.97 11066106706
2020 (2) 111,399,622,148.48 627,865,401,337.49 11066106706
2021 (3) 111,399,622,148.48 516,465,779,189.01 11066106706
2022 (4) 111,399,622,148.48 405,066,157,040.52 11066106706
42
2023 (5) 111,399,622,148.48 293,666,534,892.04 11066106706
2024 (6) 111,399,622,148.48 182,266,912,743.56 11066106706
2025 (7) 111,399,622,148.48 70,867,290,595.08 11066106706
2026 (8) 111,399,622,148.48 -40,532,331,553.40 11066106706
Payback
Period 6.68 years
6.68th year.
Table 41
period
2019 (1) 111,399,622,148.48 783,387,429,813.97 11066106706
2020 (2) 111,399,622,148.48 671,987,807,665.49 11066106706
2021 (3) 111,399,622,148.48 560,588,185,517.01 11066106706
2022 (4) 111,399,622,148.48 449,188,563,368.52 11066106706
2023 (5) 111,399,622,148.48 337,788,941,220.04 11066106706
2024 (6) 111,399,622,148.48 226,389,319,071.56 11066106706
2025 (7) 111,399,622,148.48 114,989,696,923.08 11066106706
2026 (8) 111,399,622,148.48 3,590,074,774.60 11066106706
Payback
Period 7.12 years
7.12th year.
G. Sensitivity Analysis
According to Power Plant Engineering‖ proposed by Morse, evaluation of
the power plant is based on the maximum limit given the range of rate of
investment. For the net present value of the proposed designs assume that the
rate is at its minimum.
43
Table 42
Sensitivity Analysis for Design Option No.1
Economic Net Present Economic Internal
Particular Change Capital Cost
Value Rate of Return
Base case PHP PHP %
Construction 122,545,446,800.00
1 yr 834,266,802,100.00 14.68899955
delay
Reduce of
Power
60,055,677,601 695,222,335,103.05
Generation 5% 0.8638341228
by 5%
(2054)
Increase of
Fuel Price 122,545,446,800.00 695,346,230,002.32
10% 17.62365876
by 10%
(2034)
Drop of Fuel
122,545,446,800.00
Price by 10% 695,180,133,365.67 17.62786951
10%(2034)
Increase of
Power
695,222,335,103.05
Generation 5% 293,789,000,000.00 42.25827986
by
5%(2024)
Increase of
cost of 279,799,000,000.00 695,222,335,103.05
5% 40.24597397
electricity by
5% (2025)
Increase of
Fuel cost by
10% and 60,055,677,601 695,880,588,008.16
decrease in -5% 0.0863016998
production
by 5%
(2058)
Decrease of
Fuel Cost by
10% and 695,180,133,365.67
increase in 15% 293,789,000,000.00 42.2608452
production
by 5%
(2024)
Hazard
Losses
695,222,335,103.05
regarding 1 yr 110,290,902,100.00 15.86411951
with the
power plant
This table shows the different cases under sensitivity analysis that the
power plant might experience. Some of the parameters are assumed and set. A
sudden movement of the cash inflow greatly affects the return of investment of
44
the power plant while the movement of the cash outflow is minimal that it does
not affect the return of investment of the power plant.
Table 43
Economic
Economic Net
Particular Change Capital Cost Internal Rate
Present Value
of Return
Base case PHP PHP %
Construction 122,545,446,800.00
1 yr 887,205,434,700.00 13.81252211
delay
Reduce of
Power
60,055,677,601 739,337,862,300.00
Generation 5% 0.8122900322
by 5%
(2055)
Increase of
Fuel Price 122,545,446,800.00 739,939,312,031.97
10% 16.56155374
by 10%
(2036)
Drop of Fuel
122,545,446,800.00 739,339,768,267.34
Price by 10% 16.57589104
10%(2036)
Increase of
Power
739,337,862,267.15
Generation 5% 293,789,000,000.00 39.73677191
by
5%(2024)
Increase of
cost of
5% 279,799,000,000.00 739,337,862,300.00 37.84453824
electricity by
5% (2022)
Increase of
Fuel cost by
10% and
60,055,677,601 739,979,778,021.52
decrease in -5% 0.0811585389
production
by 5%
(2059)
Decrease of
Fuel Cost by
10% and
increase in 15% 293,789,000,000.00 739,339,768,267.34 32.43285568
production
by 5%
(2024)
Hazard
Losses 1 yr 110,290,902,100.00 739,337,862,267.15 14.91752387
regarding
45
with the
power plant
Table 44
Economic
Economic Net
Particular Change Capital Cost Internal Rate
Present Value
of Return
Base case PHP PHP %
Construction
1 yr 122,545,446,800.00 940,155,690,900.00 13.03459076
delay
Reduce of
Power
Generation 5% 60,055,677,601 783,463,075,738.08 0.7665412635
by 5%
(2055)
Increase of
Fuel Price
10% 122,545,446,800.00 784,129,730,364.25 15.62821075
by 10%
(2037)
Drop of Fuel
Price by 10% 122,545,446,800.00 783,464,981,738.27 15.64147086
10%(2037)
Increase of
Power
Generation 5% 293,789,000,000.00 783,463,075,738.08 37.49876785
by
5%(2026)
Increase of
cost of
5% 279,799,000,000.00 783,463,075,738.08 35.71310616
electricity by
5% (2024)
Increase of
Fuel cost by
10% and
decrease in 60,055,677,601 783,463,075,738.08
-5% 0.07665412635
production
by 5%
(2059)
Decrease of
Fuel Cost by
10% and 15% 293,789,000,000.00 783,465,055,193.85 37.49867311
increase in
production
46
by 5%
(2022)
Hazard
Losses
regarding 1 yr 110,290,902,100.00 783,463,075,738.08 14.07735802
with the
power plant
CASE 1. Increase in fuel cost by 10% every year.

The first case is a sudden increase in fuel cost by 10% is given by the
graph to determine the breakeven point for design option 1:
1,000,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Cash inflow Cash outflow
Figure 23. Break-Even Graph (Case 1/Design 1)

This graph shows the behavior of the cash inflow and cash outflow for
design option. The intersection point is the breakeven point in which the power
plant recovers its initial capital. The distance between the cash inflow and outflow
become steep because the operating cost increases every year due to the
increase in fuel cost. In the 14.3rd year the plant meets its breakeven point.
47
1,000,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

design option 2. The intersection point is the breakeven point in which the power
increase in fuel cost. In 17.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point.
1,000,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
400,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

increase in fuel cost. In 23.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point.
CASE 2. Decrease in fuel cost by 10% every year.

The second case is a sudden decrease in fuel cost by 10% is given by the
48
1,000,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
Cash inflow
400,000,000,000 Cash outflow
200,000,000,000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

become wide because the operating cost decreases every year due to the
decrease in fuel cost. In 14.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point.
900,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
Cash inflow
400,000,000,000
Cash outflow
300,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

decrease in fuel cost. In the 17.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point.
49
900,000,000,000
800,000,000,000
700,000,000,000
600,000,000,000
500,000,000,000
Cash inflow
400,000,000,000
Cash outflow
300,000,000,000
200,000,000,000
100,000,000,000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

decrease in fuel cost. In the 23.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point.
CASE 3. Increase in production by 5%

The third case is a sudden increase in production cost by 5% is given by
the graph to determine the breakeven point for design option 1:
1.4E+12
1.2E+12
1E+12
8E+11
Cash inflow
6E+11 Cash outflow
4E+11
2E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

become wide because the net income increases every year due to the increase
in production. In the 18.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point.

50
1.4E+12
1.2E+12
1E+12
8E+11
Cash inflow
6E+11
Cash outflow
4E+11
2E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

1.4E+12
1.2E+12
1E+12
8E+11
Cash inflow
6E+11
Cash outflow
4E+11
2E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

CASE 4. Decrease in production by 5%

The fourth case is a sudden decrease in production cost by 5% is given by
51
8E+11
7E+11
6E+11
5E+11
4E+11 Cash inflow
3E+11 Cash outflow
2E+11
1E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

There is no breakeven point here that means that the power plant is not
gaining profit. As what can observe in the graph the gap between the inflow and
outflow is wide due to the sudden decrease in production every year by 5% of the
power plant. As time passes by the plant will suffer a great loss regarding with
the money and there is no chance to recover their capital.

8E+11
7E+11
6E+11
5E+11
4E+11 Cash inflow
3E+11 Cash outflow
2E+11
1E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29


52
9E+11
8E+11
7E+11
6E+11
5E+11
Cash inflow
4E+11
Cash outflow
3E+11
2E+11
1E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

CASE 5. Increase in cost of electricity by 5%
The fifth case is a sudden increase in production cost by 5% is given by

1.4E+12
1.2E+12
1E+12
8E+11
6E+11
Cash inflow
4E+11
Cash outflow
2E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Figure 35. Break-even Graph (Case 5/Design 1)
in cost of electricity. In the 19.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point
53
1.4E+12
1.2E+12
1E+12
8E+11
Cash inflow
6E+11
Cash outflow
4E+11
2E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
in cost of electricity. In the 20.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point.

1.4E+12
1.2E+12
1E+12
8E+11
Cash inflow
6E+11
Cash outflow
4E+11
2E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
in cost of electricity. In the 22.9th year the plant meets its breakeven point.
Case 6. Increase in production by 5% and decrease in fuel by 10%
54
The sixth case is a sudden increase in production cost by 5% and
decrease in fuel by 10% is given by the graph to determine the breakeven point
for design option 1:
1.5E+12
1E+12
Cash inflow
5E+11 Cash outflow
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
in production and reduction in fuel costs. In the 18.9th year the plant meets its
breakeven point

1.4E+12
1.2E+12
1E+12
8E+11 Cash inflow
6E+11
4E+11 Cash outflow
2E+11
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
breakeven point.
55
1.5E+12
1E+12
Cash inflow
5E+11 Cash outflow
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
breakeven point.
Case 7. Construction Delay
The seventh case is a construction delay experienced by the power plant

that increases the cash outflow of the power plant is given by the graph to
determine the breakeven point for all of the design option:
1,400,000,000,000.00
1,200,000,000,000.00
1,000,000,000,000.00
800,000,000,000.00
Outflow
600,000,000,000.00
Inflow
400,000,000,000.00
200,000,000,000.00
0.00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Figure 41. Break-Even Graph (Case 7)
56
in production and reduction in fuel costs. In the 23.2nd year the power plant meets
its breakeven point.
Case 8. Hazard Losses
The eight case is hazard losses experienced by the power plant that decreases
the cash inflow of the power plant is given by the graph to determine the
breakeven point for all of the design option:
800,000,000,000.00
700,000,000,000.00
600,000,000,000.00
500,000,000,000.00
400,000,000,000.00 Outflow
Inflow
300,000,000,000.00
200,000,000,000.00
100,000,000,000.00
0.00
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29
Figure 42. Break-Even Graph (Case 8)
This graph shows the behavior of the cash inflow and cash outflow.
It can be clearly see here that the inflow and outflow does not intersect each
other that mean that there is no chance in recovering the capital used by the
power plant. Since hazard losses includes calamity damages that can ruin all the
production of the power plant. It only shows that calamity is a big factor that can
greatly affect the power plant operation and economy.
57
CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION, COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter discusses the observation, comments and recommendations

needed for the proposed design of 1500 MW coal – fired power plant.
OBSERVATION
Based on the data and information provided in the analysis and calculation
of the three design options, it is observed that:
1. The location of Calambayan, Calatagan, Batangas is a potential location for

the construction of the proposed 1500 MW Coal – Fired Power Plant.
2. The supply of electrical power that will be produced by the proposed power
plant will certainly power up the provinces nearby the vicinity of Calatagan in
consideration of the designs and aspects of construction of the proposed power
plant.
58
COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In order to properly utilize the power generation of the proposed 1500 MW

Coal – Fired Power Plant, supplementary analysis and studies are greatly
needed. For the betterment of the design, the proponents suggest and
recommend the following:
1. Select not only the best but also the safest design option to operate the
proposed power generation. Consider plant safety above all.
2. Provide more design options and continue to solving and analyzing the
different parameters like the thermal efficiency of the steam cycle, economic
analysis of the plant, and also the environmental factors that surrounds the
power plant.
3. Conduct a more vivid research of the possible equipment that best suits the
design. Provide knowledge on the latest technologies and modifications
especially for the major components of the power plant.
4. Ask for the suggestions and advices of experts and professional mechanical
engineers to have a more precise and accurate understanding and knowledge
about the designing of a coal – fired power plant.
CHAPTER V
BIBLIOGRAPHY
“Calatagan Accuweather” [online] Available at:

https://m.accuweather.com/en/ph/calatagan/262277/current-weather/262277
[Accessed March 20, 2019]
“Ultimate Analysis of Coal” – Vignesh Sekaran. [online] Available at:

https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/vigneshsekaran520/ultimate-analysis-of-coal
“What coal is used as major fuel in thermal power plant only?” Answered by
Ankur Prabhakar, Piping Engineer in BHEL, September 17, 2018. [online]
Available at: https://www.quora.com/What-coal-is-used-as-major-fuel-in-thermal-
power-plant-only [Accessed March 20, 2019]
59
“Gigatop 2 pole specification” Available at
https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/vigneshsekaran520/Gigatop 2 pole
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https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/vigneshsekaran520/SiemensSPPSTT5000
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“Catalog for steam power plant” Available at

https://catalogforsteampowerplant.com [Accessed March 19, 2019]
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“Capital Expenditure” Available at https://en.m.wikipedia/”CAPEX”.com

60
APPENDIX A
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
Lignite Coal (%wt) Bituminous Coal (%wt)

Fuel Content
(Primary fuel) (Secondary fuel)
Coal Analysis
In the construction of 1500 MW coal-fired power plant, lignite coal will be

used as primary fuel and bituminous coal as secondary fuel. The ultimate
analyses of these fuels are stated below.
61
Carbon (C) 30 62
Hydrogen (H2) 7 5
Oxygen (O2) 43 5
Nitrogen (N2) 1 1.5
Sulphur (S) 1 0.5
Ash 6 4
Moisture content 12 15
Total 100 100

Ultimate Analysis of Primary and Secondary Fuel
Source: S. Vignesh, Ultimate Analysis of Coal
From the ultimate analysis of lignite coal, the higher heating value is computed
using Dulong’s formula:
𝑂𝑂
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 33820 𝐶𝐶 + 144212 �𝐻𝐻 − � + 9304 𝑆𝑆
8
0.43
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 33820 (0.3) + 144212 �0.07 − � + 9304 (0.01)
8
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Using the ultimate analysis of coal, air-fuel ratio is obtained using the formula:
𝑂𝑂2
𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹 = 11.5 𝐶𝐶 + 34.5 �𝐻𝐻2 − � + 4.3 𝑆𝑆
8
0.43
𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹 = 11.5 (0.3) + 34.5 �0.07 − � + 4.3 (0.01)
8
𝑨𝑨 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
= 𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑭𝑭 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
Computing for actual air-fuel ratio assuming 10% excess air:
𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 (1 + 𝑒𝑒)
𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 4.053625 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 /𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 (1 + 0.1)
𝑨𝑨 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
= 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝑭𝑭𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
Computing for humidity of air:
62
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 @27𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶 = 3.567 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
0.622 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑊𝑊ℎ =
101.325 − 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
0.622 (3.567)
𝑊𝑊ℎ =
101.325 − 3.567
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑾𝑾𝒉𝒉 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
The total mass of combustion products is obtained as follows:
𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶2 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆2 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑁𝑁2 + 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑂𝑂2
0.3 ∗ 44 0.01 ∗ 64 4.4589875 ∗ 77 (4.4589875 − 4.053625) ∗ 23

𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 = + + +
12 32 100 100
𝒎𝒎𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈𝒈 /𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
Heat Losses in the Boiler
Heat loss includes stack loss, unburnt loss, radiation loss and unaccountable
loss.
1. Stack loss (assuming flue gas temperature, Tg = 220oC, and ambient

temperature, Ta = 27oC according to Thermal Power Plant)
a. Dry flue gas loss
𝑚𝑚𝑡𝑡 ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∗ �𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔 − 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 � ∗ 100

(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)% =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻
4.64665375 ∗ 0.23 ∗ (220 − 27) ∗ 100

(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)% =
12582.485
(𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳)% = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 %
b. Moisture loss
(9𝐻𝐻2 + 𝑚𝑚) ∗ [584 + 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∗ �𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔 − 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 �] ∗ 100

(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)% =
[(9 ∗ 0.07) + 0.12] ∗ [584 + 0.45 ∗ (220 − 27)] ∗ 100

(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)% =
12582.485
(𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳)% = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 %
c. Humidity loss
63
(𝐴𝐴/𝐹𝐹𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ) ∗ 𝑊𝑊ℎ ∗ 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 ∗ �𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔 − 𝑇𝑇𝑎𝑎 � ∗ 100
(𝐿𝐿ℎ)% =
[(9 ∗ 0.07) + 0.12] ∗ 0.02269557479 ∗ 0.45 ∗ (220 − 27) ∗ 100

(𝐿𝐿ℎ)% =
12582.485
(𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳)% = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 %
2. Unburnt loss assuming 5% carbon residue according to Thermal Power Plant

100 − % 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 =
% 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
100 − 5
𝐶𝐶𝑏𝑏 =
30
𝑪𝑪𝒃𝒃 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 %
3. Radiation loss assuming 1% based on Thermal Power Plant
(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)% = % 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
(𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳)% = 𝟏𝟏%
4. Unaccountable loss includes heat loss in ash.
(𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿)% = % 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ
(𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳)% = 𝟔𝟔%
Summing up all the heat losses yields the totality of losses in the boiler.
(𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)% = � 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 = (% 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 + 2 + 3 + 4)
% 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 = (1.639302252 + 3.998713291 + 0.01174913384)
% 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 = 5.649764677 %
% 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 2 = 3.166666667 %
% 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 3 = 1%
% 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 4 = 6%
(𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻𝑻)% = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 %
Subtracting all the heat losses to 100% yields the gross efficiency of the boiler:
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 = 100 − (𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇)%
𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 = 100 − 15.81643134
𝒏𝒏𝒃𝒃 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 %
64
Computing for the new HHV of coal considering the gross efficiency of the boiler:
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑛𝑛 = (𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 )(𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻)
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑛𝑛 = (84.18356866 %)(12582.485)
𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝑯𝒏𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
Heat Losses in Steam Turbines
The steam turbine losses are assumed in order to determine the turbine
efficiency.
1. Residual Velocity Loss = 10%
2. Loss due to Friction and Turbulence = 10%
3. Loss due to Leakage = 2%
4. Loss due to Mechanical Friction and Bearing = 3%
5. Loss in Regulating Valves = 10%
6. Loss due to Wetness of Steam = 5%
� 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = (% 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6)
� 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 10% + 10% + 2% + 3% + 10% + 5%
� 𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝑳𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒%
Subtracting all the heat losses to 100% yields the efficiency of the turbine:
𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 100 − � 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡
𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 100 − 40
𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔%
Design Option 1
65
Schematic Diagram of Design Option 1
T – S Diagram of Design Option 1
Operating Condition Assumptions
Flue gas temperature, Tg = 220oC
Ambient temperature, Ta = 27oC
10% excess air
5% carbon in residue
1% radiation loss
State Points Calculation
The enthalpies in each state points are determined using the operating
design parameters and their properties in the steam table. The computed values
are used in determining the work net output, total work of the turbine, total work
of the pump, masses that circulates in the system, and the thermal efficiency.
Summary of Calculated Enthalpies of Design Option 1
66
Operating Design Parameters
Steam Conditions: 540oC at 22 MPa
Reheat Conditions: 540oC at 6.5 MPa
State Point Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

1 3339.6
2 2999.6
2’ 3135.6
3 3512
4 3171.366952
4’ 3307.620171
5 2839.191471
5’ 3108.314883
6 2500.450841
6’ 2905.070504
7 2121.754362
7’ 2677.852617
8 137.82
9 143.6260172
9’ 144.6506084
10 398.57
11 403.492712
12 664.83
13 668.396561
14 936.49
15 937.7799
15’ 938.0075294
16 1240.73
17 1242.94421
Condenser Pressure: 0.005 MPa
Generator efficiency: 99%
Turbine Efficiency: 60%
Pump efficiency: 85%
Computation Analysis
Turbine Work, 𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 =
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
67
300 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 =
0.99
𝑾𝑾𝑻𝑻 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
Mass balance for extracted steams in the turbines:
𝑚𝑚 (ℎ16 − ℎ15 ′)
𝑚𝑚1 =
ℎ2 ′ − ℎ15
𝑚𝑚 (1240.73 − 938.0075294)
𝑚𝑚1 =
3135.6 − 938.0075294
𝑚𝑚1 = 0.137751869𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) (ℎ15 ′ − ℎ13 )

𝑚𝑚2 =
ℎ4 ′ − ℎ14
(𝑚𝑚 − 0.137841173𝑚𝑚) (938.0075294 − 668.396561)

𝑚𝑚2 =
3307.620171 − 936.49
𝑚𝑚2 = 0.09804251𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 )(ℎ13 − ℎ11 ) + 𝑚𝑚2 (ℎ4 ′ − ℎ12 )

𝑚𝑚3 =
ℎ5 ′ − ℎ12
(m-0.137841173m) (668.396561-403.492712)+0.097949588m ( 3307.620171-664.834)

m2 =
3108.314883-664.83
𝑚𝑚3 = 0.199407577𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 )(ℎ11 − ℎ9 ′) + (𝑚𝑚2 + 𝑚𝑚3 )(ℎ10 − ℎ12 )

𝑚𝑚4 =
ℎ6 ′ − ℎ10
(m-0.137841173m)(403.492712-144.6506084)+(0.097949588m+0.199407577m) (398.57-664.83)
m4 =
2905.070504 - 398.57
𝑚𝑚4 = 0.057798531𝑚𝑚
Solving for 𝑚𝑚 using energy balance in the turbine:
𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 = 𝑊𝑊1−2′ + 𝑊𝑊3−4′ + 𝑊𝑊4′ −5′ + 𝑊𝑊5′−6′ + 𝑊𝑊6′−7′
WT = m (h1 -h2 ') + (m-m1 ) (h3 -h4 ')+ (m-m1 -m2 )�h'4 -h'5 �+(m-m1 -m2 -m3 ) (h5 '-h6 ')
+(m-m1 -m2 -m3 -m4 ) (h6 '-h7 ')
68
303,030.303 = m(3339.6 - 3135.6)+(m-0.137841173𝑚𝑚)(3512-3307.620171)
+(m-0.137841173𝑚𝑚-0.097949588𝑚𝑚)(3307.620171-3108.314883)
+(m-0.137841173𝑚𝑚-0.097949588𝑚𝑚-0.199407577𝑚𝑚)(3108.314883-2905.070504)
+(m-0.137841173𝑚𝑚-0.097949588𝑚𝑚-0.199407577𝑚𝑚-0.057798531𝑚𝑚)(2905.070504-2677.852617)
𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
Solving for individual work of turbines:
𝑊𝑊1−2′ = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ′)
𝑊𝑊1−2′ = 397.4244 (3339.6 - 3135.6)
𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏−𝟐𝟐′ = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊3−4′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) (ℎ3 − ℎ4 ′)
𝑊𝑊3−4′ = (397.4244 − 54.74595397)(3512-3307.620171)
𝑾𝑾𝟑𝟑−𝟒𝟒′ = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊4−5′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 ) (ℎ4 ′ − ℎ5 ′)
𝑊𝑊4′−5′ = (397.4244 − 54.74595397 − 38.96448572) (3307.620171-3108.314883)
𝑾𝑾𝟒𝟒′−𝟓𝟓′ = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊5′−6′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 ) (ℎ5 ′ − ℎ6 ′)
𝑊𝑊5′−6′ = (397.4244 − 54.74595397 − 38.96448572 −

79.29322607) (3108.314883-2905.070504)
𝑾𝑾𝟓𝟓′−𝟔𝟔′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊6′−7′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 ) (ℎ6 ′ − ℎ7 ′)
𝑊𝑊6′−7′ = (397.4244 -54.74595397 − 38.96448572 − 79.29322607 −

22.9656514) (2905.070504-2677.852617)
𝑾𝑾𝟔𝟔′−𝟕𝟕′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
69
Heat added in the Boiler, 𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵
𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ17 )
𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 397.4244 (3339.6 − 1242.94421)
𝑸𝑸𝑩𝑩 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
Heat added in Reheater, 𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) (ℎ3 − ℎ2 ′)
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (397.4244 -54.74595397) (3512 − 3135.6)
𝑸𝑸𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
Total Heat Added, 𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴

𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 = 𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 + 𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 = 833.0780797 + 128.9663499
𝑸𝑸𝑨𝑨 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
Solving for mass of fuel, 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓

𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 =
𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝑛𝑛
962.199715
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 =
10592.3849
𝒎𝒎𝒇𝒇 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
Heat Rejected in the Condenser, 𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 )ℎ7 ′ + (𝑚𝑚2 + 𝑚𝑚3 + 𝑚𝑚4 )ℎ10 − (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) ℎ8
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 = (397.4244 -54.74595397 − 38.96448572 − 79.29322607 −

22.9656514) (2677.852617 − 137.82)(2677.852617) + (38.96448572 + 79.29322607 +
22.9656514)(398.57) − (397.4244 -54.74595397)(137.82)
𝑸𝑸𝑹𝑹 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
Pump Work, 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝
𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝 = 𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃1 + 𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃2
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃1 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) (ℎ9 ′ − ℎ8 )
70
W𝑃𝑃1 = (397.4244 -54.74595397)(144.6506084 - 137.82)
W𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ15 ′ − ℎ14 )
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃2 = 397.4244 (938.0075294 - 936.49)
𝑾𝑾𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑾𝑾𝒑𝒑 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
Net Cycle Work, 𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 − 𝑊𝑊𝑝𝑝
𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 303.030303 − 2.943461312
𝑾𝑾𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
Thermal efficiency, 𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡ℎ
𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡ℎ = 𝑥𝑥 100%
𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴
300.0864975
𝑒𝑒𝑡𝑡ℎ = 𝑥𝑥 100
962.2463363
𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏%
Carbon oxides emission, 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓
0.3 ∗ 44 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 90.84321853
12 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒙𝒙
𝒎𝒎𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒙𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝒔𝒔
Nitrogen oxides emission, 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓
71
0.01 ∗ 46 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 90.84321853
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝒙𝒙
𝒎𝒎𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝒔𝒔
Sulfur oxides emission, 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓
0.01 ∗ 64 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 90.84321853
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙
𝒎𝒎𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒔𝒔
Ash Disposal
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ ∗ 𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ = 0.01 ∗ 90.84321853
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠
𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂
𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝒔𝒔
Design Option 2
72
10% excess air
1% radiation loss
73

1 3339.6
2 2999.6
2’ 3135.6
3 3512
4 3392.22671
4’ 3440.136026
5 3069.55
5’ 3246.53
6 2757.629173
6’ 3059.377504
7 2447.432111
7’ 2873.259266
8 2121.754362
8’ 2677.852617
9 137.82
10 143.0486303
10’ 143.9713298
11 359.86
12 355.8337475
13 598.84
14 600.7467468
15 851.92
16 853.7018303
17 1128.58
18 1150.860097
18’ 1154.791879
19 1240.73
20 1234.829349
Steam Conditions: 540oC at 22 MPa
Reheat Conditions: 540oC at 6.5 MPa
Turbine Efficiency: 60%
Pump efficiency: 85%
74
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 =
300 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀
𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 =
0.99
𝑾𝑾𝑻𝑻 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑚𝑚 (ℎ20 − ℎ18 ′)
𝑚𝑚1 =
ℎ2 ′ − ℎ19
𝑚𝑚 (1234.829349 − 1154.791879)
𝑚𝑚1 =
3135.6 − 1240.73
𝑚𝑚1 = 0.04223903𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 (ℎ17 − ℎ16 ) − 𝑚𝑚1 (ℎ19 − ℎ6 ′)

𝑚𝑚2 =
ℎ4 ′ − ℎ16
𝑚𝑚 (1128.58 − 853.7018303) − 0.04223903𝑚𝑚 ( 1240.73 − 3059.377504)

𝑚𝑚2 =
3440.136026 − 853.7018303
𝑚𝑚2 = 0.099956332𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 ) (ℎ16 − ℎ14 )

𝑚𝑚3 =
ℎ5 ′ − ℎ15
(𝑚𝑚 − 0.04223903𝑚𝑚 − 0.099956332𝑚𝑚) (853.7018303 − 600.7467468)

𝑚𝑚3 =
3246.53 − 851.92
𝑚𝑚3 = 0.090614356𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 ) (ℎ14 − ℎ12 ) − 𝑚𝑚3 (ℎ15 − ℎ13 )

𝑚𝑚4 =
ℎ6 ′ − ℎ13
(m-0.04223903m-0.099956332m)(600.7467468-355.8337475)-0.090614356m (851.92-598.84)
𝑚𝑚4 =
3059.377504 - 598.84
𝑚𝑚4 = 0.076062578𝑚𝑚
75
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 ) (ℎ12 − ℎ10 ′) − (𝑚𝑚3 +𝑚𝑚4 ) (ℎ13 − ℎ11 )
𝑚𝑚5 =
ℎ7 ′ − ℎ11
(m-0.04223903m-0.099956332m)(355.8337475-143.9713298)-(0.090614356m+0.076062578) (598.84-359.86)
𝑚𝑚4 =
2873.259266- 359.86
𝑚𝑚5 = 0.066018695𝑚𝑚

𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 = 𝑊𝑊1−2′ + 𝑊𝑊3−4′ + 𝑊𝑊4′ −5′ + 𝑊𝑊5′−6′ + 𝑊𝑊6′−7′ + 𝑊𝑊7′−8′
WT = m (h1 -h2 ') + (m-m1 ) (h3 -h4 ')+ (m-m1 -m2 )�h'4 -h'5 �+(m-m1 -m2 -m3 ) (h5 '-h6 ')
+(m-m1 -m2 -m3 -m4 ) (h6 '-h7 ')+ (m-m1 -m2 -m3 -m4 -m5 ) (h7 '-h8 ')
303,030.303 = m(3339.6 - 3135.6)+(m-0.04223903m)(3512-3440.136026)
+(m-0.04223903m-0.099956332m)(3440.136026-3246.53)
+(m-0.04223903m - 0.099956332m-0.090614356m)(3246.53-3059.377504)
+(m-0.04223903m-0.099956332m-0.090614356m-0.076062578m)(3059.377504-2873.259266)
+(m-0.04223903m -0.099956332m-0.090614356m-0.076062578m-0.066018695m)
(2873.259266-2677.852617)
𝒎𝒎 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟓𝟓 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝑊𝑊1−2′ = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ′)
𝑊𝑊1−2′ = 356.6383313 (3339.6 − 3135.6)
𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏−𝟐𝟐′ = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊3−4′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) (ℎ3 − ℎ4 ′)
𝑊𝑊3−4′ = (356.6383313 − 15.06405705)(3512 − 3440.136026)
𝑾𝑾𝟑𝟑−𝟒𝟒′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
76
𝑊𝑊4−5′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 )(ℎ4′ − ℎ5′ )
𝑊𝑊4−5′ = (356.6383313 − 15.06405705 − 35.64825947)(3440.136026 − 3246.53)
𝑾𝑾𝟒𝟒−𝟓𝟓′ = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊5′−6′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 ) (ℎ5 ′ − ℎ6 ′)
𝑊𝑊5′ −6′ = (356.6383313 − 15.06405705 – 35.64825947 −

32.31655285)(3246.53 − 3059.377504)
𝑾𝑾𝟓𝟓′−𝟔𝟔′ = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊6′−7′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 ) (ℎ6 ′ − ℎ7 ′)
𝑊𝑊6′−7′ = (356.6383313 − 15.06405705 − 35.64825947 − 32.31655285

− 27.12683084)(3059.377504 − 2873.259266)
𝑾𝑾𝟔𝟔′−𝟕𝟕′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊7′−8′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 − 𝑚𝑚5 ) (ℎ7 ′ − ℎ8 ′)
𝑊𝑊7′−8′ = (356.6383313 − 15.06405705 − 35.64825947 − 32.31655285 − 27.12683084

− 23.54479738)(2873.259266 − 2677.852617)
𝑾𝑾𝟕𝟕′−𝟖𝟖′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ20 )
𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 356.6383313 (3339.6 − 1234.829349)
𝑸𝑸𝑩𝑩 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) (ℎ3 − ℎ2 ′)
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (356.6383313 − 15.06405705) (3512 − 3135.6)
𝑸𝑸𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 = 840,138.9324 + 138,625.9575
𝑸𝑸𝑨𝑨 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
77
𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 =
907.7548794
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 =
10592.3849
𝒎𝒎𝒇𝒇 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 − 𝑚𝑚5 )ℎ8 ′ + (𝑚𝑚3 + 𝑚𝑚4 + 𝑚𝑚5 )ℎ11 − (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 )ℎ9
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 = (356.6383313 − 15.06405705 − 35.64825947 − 32.31655285 − 27.12683084 −

23.54479738)(2677.852617) + (32.31655285 + 27.12683084 + 23.54479738)(359.86) −
(356.6383313 − 15.06405705 − 35.64825947)(137.82)
𝑸𝑸𝑹𝑹 = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃1 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 ) (ℎ10 ′ − ℎ9 )
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃1 = (356.6383313 − 15.06405705 − 35.64825947)(143.9713298 − 137.82)
𝑾𝑾𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ18 ′ − ℎ17 )
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃2 =356.6383313 (1154.791879 − 1128.58)
𝑾𝑾𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 9.348160733 MW
𝑾𝑾𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌

𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 303.030303 − 11.23001255
𝑾𝑾𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴
291.8002905
879.2104496
𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏%
78

𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 83.00401259
𝒎𝒎𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒙𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒔𝒔

𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 83.00401259
𝒎𝒎𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝒔𝒔

𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 83.00401259
𝒎𝒎𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
𝒔𝒔
Ash Disposal
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ = 0.01 ∗ 83.00401259
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑠𝑠
𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒔𝒔
79
Design Option 3
10% excess air
1% radiation loss
80

1 3339.6
2 2999.6
2’ 3238.134129
3 3512
3’ 3135.6
4 3512
5 3392.22671
5’ 3440.136026
6 3069.55
6’ 3246.53
7 2757.629173
7’ 3059.377504
8 2447.432111
8’ 2873.259266
9 2121.754362
9’ 2677.852617
10 137.82
11 143.0486303
11’ 143.9713298
12 359.86
13 363.4466924
14 598.84
15 601.6067028
16 851.92
17 853.1919272
18 1128.58
19 1150.861566
19’ 1154.793607
20 1240.73
21 1234.821098
22 1511.5
23 1488.561056
Steam Conditions: 540oC at 22 MPa Turbine Efficiency: 60%
Reheat Conditions: 540oC at 6.5 MPa Pump efficiency: 85%
81
𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 =
300,000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 =
0.99
𝑾𝑾𝑻𝑻 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌
𝑚𝑚 (ℎ23 − ℎ21 )
𝑚𝑚1 =
ℎ2 ′ − ℎ22
𝑚𝑚 (1488.561056 − 1234.821098)
𝑚𝑚1 =
3238.134129 − 1511.5
𝑚𝑚1 = 0.146956412𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 (ℎ21 − ℎ19 ′) − 𝑚𝑚1 (ℎ22 − ℎ20 )

𝑚𝑚2 =
ℎ3 ′ − ℎ20
𝑚𝑚 (1234.821098 − 1154.793607) − 0.146956412𝑚𝑚 (1511.5 − 1240.73)

𝑚𝑚2 =
3135.6 − 1240.7
𝑚𝑚2 = 0.021234229𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 (ℎ18 − ℎ17 ) − (𝑚𝑚1 + 𝑚𝑚2 )(ℎ20 − ℎ17 )

𝑚𝑚3 =
ℎ5 ′ − ℎ17
𝑚𝑚(1128.58 − 853.1919272) − (0.146956412𝑚𝑚 + 0.021234229𝑚𝑚)(1240.73 − 853.1919272)

𝑚𝑚3 =
3440.136026 − 853.1919272
𝑚𝑚3 = 0.0821257185𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 ) (ℎ17 − ℎ15 )

𝑚𝑚4 =
ℎ6 ′ − ℎ16
(𝑚𝑚 − 0.146956412𝑚𝑚 − 0.021234229𝑚𝑚 − 0.0821257185𝑚𝑚)(853.1919272 − 601.6067028)

𝑚𝑚4 =
3246.53 − 851.92
𝑚𝑚4 = 0.078855361𝑚𝑚
82
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 ) (ℎ15 − ℎ13 ) − 𝑚𝑚4 (ℎ16 − ℎ14 )
𝑚𝑚5 =
ℎ7 ′ − ℎ14
(m-0.146956412m-0.021234229m-0.0821257185m)(601.6067028-363.4466924)-0.078855361m(851.92-598.84)
m5 =
3059.377504- 598.84
𝑚𝑚5 = 0.06453663𝑚𝑚
(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 ) (ℎ13 − ℎ11 ′) − (𝑚𝑚4 +𝑚𝑚5 ) (ℎ14 − ℎ12 )
𝑚𝑚6 =
ℎ18 − ℎ12
(m-0.146956412m-0.021234229m-0.0821257185m)(363.4466924-143.9713298)-(0.078855361m+0.06453663m)(598.84-359.86)
m6 =
1128.58-359.86
𝑚𝑚6 = 0.0437449634𝑚𝑚

𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 = 𝑊𝑊1−2′ + 𝑊𝑊2′−3′ + 𝑊𝑊4−5′ + 𝑊𝑊5′−6′ + 𝑊𝑊6′−7′ + 𝑊𝑊7′−8′ + 𝑊𝑊8′−9′
𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇 = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ′) + (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) (ℎ2 ′ − ℎ3 ′) + (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 )(ℎ4 − ℎ5 ′)

+ (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 ) (ℎ5 ′ − ℎ6 ′)
+(𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 ) (ℎ6 ′ − ℎ7 ′) + (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 − 𝑚𝑚5 ) (ℎ7 ′
− ℎ8 ′) + (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 − 𝑚𝑚5 −𝑚𝑚6 ) (ℎ8 ′ − ℎ9 ′)
303,030.303 = m(3339.6 - 2999.6)+(m-0.146956412m)(3238.134129-3135.6)
+(m-0.146956412m-0.0821257185m)(3512-3440.136026)
+(m-0.146956412m-0.0821257185m-0.0821257185m)(3440.136026-3246.53)
+(m-0.146956412m-0.0821257185m-0.0821257185m-0.078855361m)(3246.53-3059.377504)
+(m-0.146956412m-0.0821257185m-0.0821257185m-0.078855361m-0.06453663m)
(3059.377504-2873.259266)+(m-0.146956412m-0.0821257185m-0.0821257185m-0.078855361m-0.06453663m-0.0437449634m)
(2873.259266-2677.852617)
𝒎𝒎 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟏𝟏 = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟑𝟑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟒𝟒 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟓𝟓 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝒎𝒎𝟔𝟔 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
83
𝑊𝑊1−2′ = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ′)
𝑊𝑊1−2′ = 421.9217944 (3339.6 - 2999.6)
𝑾𝑾𝟏𝟏−𝟐𝟐′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊2′−3′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 ) (ℎ2 − ℎ3 ′)
𝑊𝑊2−3′ = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321)(3238.134129-3135.6)
𝑾𝑾𝟐𝟐′−𝟑𝟑′ = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊4−5′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 )(ℎ4 − ℎ5′ )
𝑊𝑊4−5′ = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082)(3512-3440.136026)
𝑾𝑾𝟒𝟒−𝟓𝟓′ = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊5′−6′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 ) (ℎ5 ′ − ℎ6 ′)
𝑊𝑊5′−6′ = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082 −

34.28417738)(3440.136026-3246.53)
𝑾𝑾𝟓𝟓′−𝟔𝟔′ = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊6′−7′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 ) (ℎ6 ′ − ℎ7 ′)
𝑊𝑊6′−7′ = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082 − 34.28417738

− 33.27079557)(3246.53-3059.377504)
𝑾𝑾𝟔𝟔′−𝟕𝟕′ = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊7′−8′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 − 𝑚𝑚5 ) (ℎ7 ′ − ℎ8 ′)
𝑊𝑊7′−8′ = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082 − 34.28417738

− 33.27079557 − 27.22941074)(3059.377504-2873.259266)
𝑾𝑾𝟕𝟕′−𝟖𝟖′ = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑊𝑊8′−9′ = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 − 𝑚𝑚5 − 𝑚𝑚6 ) (ℎ8 ′ − ℎ9 ′)
𝑊𝑊8′−9′ = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082 − 34.28417738 − 33.27079557

− 27.22941074 − 71.60457883)(2873.259266-2677.852617)
𝑾𝑾𝟖𝟖′−𝟗𝟗′ = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
84
𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ1 − ℎ23 )
𝑄𝑄𝐵𝐵 = 421.9217944 (3339.6 − 1488.561056)
𝑸𝑸𝑩𝑩 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 ) (ℎ4 − ℎ3 ′)
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082) (3512 − 3135.6)
𝑸𝑸𝑹𝑹𝑹𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴 = 780.993673 + 132.1007783
𝑸𝑸𝑨𝑨 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 =
913.0944513
𝑚𝑚𝑓𝑓 =
10592.3849
𝒎𝒎𝒇𝒇 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝒌𝒌𝒌/𝒔𝒔
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 − 𝑚𝑚4 − 𝑚𝑚5 − 𝑚𝑚6 )ℎ9 ′ + (𝑚𝑚4 + 𝑚𝑚5 + 𝑚𝑚6 )ℎ12 − (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 )ℎ10
𝑄𝑄𝑅𝑅 = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082 − 34.28417738 − 33.27079557 − 27.22941074

− 71.60457883)(2677.852617) + (33.27079557 + 27.22941074 + 71.60457883)(359.86)
− (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082 − 34.28417738)(137.82)
𝑸𝑸𝑹𝑹 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃1 = (𝑚𝑚 − 𝑚𝑚1 − 𝑚𝑚2 − 𝑚𝑚3 ) (ℎ11 ′ − ℎ10 )
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃1 = (421.9217944 − 62.00411321 − 8.959184082 − 34.28417738)(143.9713298 − 137.82)
𝑾𝑾𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
85
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃2 = 𝑚𝑚 (ℎ19 ′ − ℎ18 )
𝑊𝑊𝑃𝑃2 = 421.9217944 (1154.793607 − 1128.58)
𝑾𝑾𝑷𝑷𝑷𝑷 = 11.06009202 MW
𝑾𝑾𝒑𝒑 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐌𝐌𝐌𝐌

𝑊𝑊𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 303.030303 − 13.00806021
𝑾𝑾𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑴𝑴𝑴𝑴
𝑄𝑄𝐴𝐴
290.0222428
913.0944513
𝒆𝒆𝒕𝒕𝒕𝒕 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕%

𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 86.20291463
𝒎𝒎𝑪𝑪𝑪𝑪𝒙𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒔𝒔

𝑚𝑚𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 86.20291463
𝒎𝒎𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵𝒙𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟐𝟐𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒔𝒔
86
𝑚𝑚𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = ∗ 86.20291463
𝒎𝒎𝑺𝑺𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
𝒔𝒔
Ash Disposal
𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎ℎ = 0.01 ∗ 86.20291463
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑠𝑠
𝒎𝒎𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝒔𝒔
87
Economical Parameters
A. Land Cost
Land Cost = Total Land Area x current land cost
Land Cost = 310,000 m2 (Php3500/m2)
Land Cost = PHP 1,085,000,000.00
B. Equipment Cost
Design Option Number 1

Total PHP 413,129,534,000.00

Total PHP 439,392,871,100.00

Total PHP 465,656,208,200.00
C. Electrical Cost
Electrical Cost = Equipment Cost x 25%
For Design Option 1

Electrical Cost = PHP 413,129,534,000.00 x 0.25
Electrical Cost = PHP 103,282,383,500.00
For Design Option 2

For Design Option 3

D. Building Cost
For Design Option 1
Building Cost = Equipment Cost x 33%
Building Cost = PHP 413,129,534,000.00 x 0.33
Building Cost = PHP 136,332,746,200.00
For Design Option 2
88
For Design Option 3

E. Miscellaneous Cost
Miscellaneous Cost = Equipment Cost x 10%
For Design Option 1

Miscellaneous Cost = PHP 413,129,534,000.00 x 0.1
Miscellaneous Cost = PHP 41,312,953,400.00
For Design Option 2

Miscellaneous Cost = PHP 439,392,871,100.00 x 0.1
For Design Option 3

Miscellaneous Cost =PHP 465,656,208,200.00 x 0.1
F. Total Capital Expenditures Cost

Total Capital Expenditures Cost = ∑ cost of sub-parameters
For Design Option 1

Total = PHP 695,142,617,000.00
For Design Option 2

Total = PHP 739,265,023,500.00
For Design Option 3

Total = PHP 783,387,429,800.00
89
Operating Expenditure
H. Fuel Cost
HHV = 10592.3849 kJ/kg
Fuel Flow = 90.84321853 kg/s = 327,035.5867 kg/h r
Electrical Power = 1,500,000 kW
Fuel Flow x HHV
Heat Rate =
Electrical Power
kg
327,035.5867 hr x 10,592.3849 kJ/kg
Heat Rate =
1,500,000 kW
Heat Rate = 2,309.391207 kJ/kW-hr

Lignite coal price = $ 19.51/short ton (2000 lbs) = PHP 1.128514986/kg
Capacity = Electrical Power x 24 hr
Capacity = 1,500,000 kW x 24 hr
Capacity = 36,000,000 kW-hr
PHP 1.128514986 kJ
Fuel Cost = 𝑥𝑥 2,309.391207 𝑥𝑥 36,000,000 kW-hr x (5
10,592.3849 kJ/kg kW−hr
units)
Fuel Cost = PHP 44,287,747.27
For Design Option 2

HHV = 10592.3849 kJ/kg
Fuel Flow = 83.00401259 kg/s = 298,814.4453 kg/hr
Fuel Flow x HHV
Heat Rate =
Electrical Power
kg
298,814.4453 hrx 10,592.3849 kJ/kg
Heat Rate =
1,500,00 kW

PHP 1.128514986 kJ
Fuel Cost = x 2,110.105079 𝑥𝑥 36,000,000 kW-hr x (5
10,592.3849 kJ/kg kW−hr
units)
Fuel Cost = PHP 40,465,989.55
For Design Option 3

HHV = 10592.3849 kJ/kg
90
Fuel Flow = 86.20291463 kg/s = 310,330.4927 kg/hr
Fuel Flow x HHV
Heat Rate =
Electrical Power
kg
310,330.4927hr x 10,592.3849 kJ/kg
Heat Rate =
1,500,00 kW

PHP 1.128514986 kJ
Fuel Cost = x 2,191.426683 𝑥𝑥 36,000,000 kW-hr x (5
10,592.3849 kJ/kg kW−hr
units)
Fuel Cost = PHP 42,025,513.39
I. Labor Cost
Labor Cost = Fuel Cost x 20%
For Design Option 1

Labor Cost = PHP 44,287,747.27 x 20%
Labor Cost = PHP 8,857,549.453
For Design Option 2

Labor Cost = PHP 40,465,989.55 x 20%
For Design Option 3

Labor Cost = PHP 42,025,513.39 x 20%
J. Maintenance and Repair

Maintenance and Repair = Fuel Cost x 20%
For Design Option 1

Maintenance and Repair = PHP 44,287,747.27 x 20%
Maintenance and Repair = PHP 8,857,549.453
For Design Option 2

91
For Design Option 3

Maintenance and Repair= PHP 8,405,102.916
K. Supplies Cost
Supply Cost = Fuel Cost x 10%
For Design Option 1

Supply Cost = PHP 44,287,747.27 x 10%
Supply Cost = PHP 4,428,774.727
For Design Option 2

Supply Cost = PHP 40,465,989.55 x 10%
For Design Option 3

Supply Cost= PHP 42,025,513.39 x 10%
Supply Cost= PHP 4,202,551.458
L. Supervision Cost
Supervision Cost = Fuel Cost x 20%
For Design Option 1

For Design Option 2

Supervision Cost = PHP 40,465,989.55 x 20%
Supervision Cost = PHP 8,093.197.909
For Design Option 3

Supervision Cost = PHP 42,025,513.39 x 20%
Supervision Cost= PHP 8,405,102.916
M. Operating Taxes
Operating Taxes = Fuel Cost x 10%
92
For Design Option 1
Supply Cost = PHP 44,287,747.27 x 10%
For Design Option 2

Operating Taxes = PHP 40,465,989.55 x 10%
Operating Taxes = PHP 4,046,598.955
For Design Option 3

Operating Taxes= PHP 42,025,513.39 x 10%
Operating Taxes= PHP 4,202,551.458
N. Total Operating Expenditure

For Design Option 1
Total = PHP 79,717,945.08
For Design Option 2

Total = PHP 72,838,781.19
For Design Option 3

Total = PHP 75,645,925.05
O. Depreciation
1 year
Depreciation Rate= x 100
n
1 year
Depreciation Rate= x 100
40 years
Depreciation Rate = 2.5%
Solving for the Salvage Value of the Plant

Salvage Value = Capital Expenditures x (1 - Depreciation Rate) n
Where n = Salvage Life of the Plant
For Design Option 1

Solving for the Plant Salvage Value
Salvage Value = PHP 695,142,617,000.00 x (1 - 2.5%)40
Salvage Value = PHP 252,498,348,800.00
93
For Design Option 2
Salvage Value = PHP 739,265,023,500 x (1 - 2.5%)40
For Design Option 3

Salvage Value = PHP 783,387,429,800.00 x (1 - 2.5%)40
Total Capital Cost−Salvage Value

Annual Plant Depreciation =
𝑛𝑛
n = maximum useful life of the plant
For Design Option 1

PHP 695,142,617,000.00 – PHP 252,498,348,800.00
40
Annual Plant Depreciation = PHP 11,066,106,700.00/year
For Design Option 2

PHP 739,265,023,500.00– PHP 268,525,038,200.00)
40
For Design Option 3

PHP 783,387,429,800.00 – PHP 284,551,727,500.00
40
P. Revenue
Annual revenue = Power Generation Rate x Actual Plant Output
Annual Revenue = PHP 10.1925/kW-hr x (1,500,000 kW x 0.915)
(8760hrs/yr)
Annual Revenue = PHP 122,545,446,800.00
Q. Net Present Value

Net Present Value = Future Cash Flow – Total Capital Cost
Where:
94
Future Cash Flow = Future Revenue+ Salvage Value
Total Capital Cost = Initial Capital Cost +Operating Cost
1−(1+roi)n
Future Revenue = Annual Revenue x
roi
roi (Rate of Investment) = 6.5%

n (maximum useful life) = 40
1-1.065-40
Future Revenue = PHP 122,545,446,800.00 x
0.065
Future Revenue = PHP 1,733,469,910,000.00
Salvage Value = Annual Revenue x (1+roi)-n

Salvage Value = PHP 122,545,446,800.00 x (1+0.065)-40
Future Cash Flow = PHP 1,733,469,910,000.00 + PHP 9,869,902,639.00

Future Cash Flow = PHP 1,743,339,813,000.00
1−(1+roi)−n
Operating Cost = Operating Expenditures x
roi
For Design Option 1

1−(1.065)−40
Operating Cost = PHP 79,717,945.08 x
0.065
Operating Cost = PHP 1,127,652,334.00
For Design Option 2

1−(1.065)−40
0.065
For Design Option 3

1−(1.065)−40
0.065
Solving for the Total Capital Cost
For Design Option 1

Total Capital Cost = PHP 695,142,617,000.00 + PHP 1,127,652,334.00
Total Capital Cost = PHP 696,270,269,300.00
95
For Design Option 2
For Design Option 3

For Design Option 1

Net Present Value = PHP 1,743,339,813,000.00 - PHP
696,270,269,300.00
Net Present Value = PHP 1,047,069,544,000.00
For Design Option 2

740,295,366,400.00
Net Present Value = PHP 1,003,044,447,000.00
For Design Option 3

784,451,223,800.00
Net Present Value = PHP 958,888,589,200.00
R. Payback Period
Capital Cost
Payback Period =
Annual Revenue−Operating Expenditures
For Design Option 1

PHP 695,142,617,000.00
Payback Period =
PHP 122,545,446,800.00−(PHP 79,717,945.08+11066106706)
Payback Period = 6.240080564 Years
For Design Option 2

PHP 739,265,023,485.97
Payback Period =
PHP 122,545,446,800.00−(PHP 72,838,781.19+11,768,499,632.03
For Design Option 3

PHP 783,387,429,813.97
Payback Period =
PHP 122,545,446,800.00−(PHP 75,645,925.05+12,470,892,558)
96
S. Return of Investment (ROI)
Profit Gain
ROI =
Total Capital Cost
For Design Option 1

122,545,446,800.00- (PHP 79,717,945.08 +
PHP 11,066,106,700.00/year)
Return of Investment = x 100
PHP 695,142,617,000.00
Return of Investment = 16.025434127%
For Design Option 2

122,545,446,800.00- (PHP 72,838,781.19 +
PHP 11,768,499,630.00/year)
PHP 740,295,366,400.00
For Design Option 3

122,545,446,800.00- (PHP 75,645,925.05 +
PHP 12,470,892,560.00/year)
PHP 784,451,223,800.00

T. Sensitivity Analysis
For Design Option 1
Table 46
Sensitivity Analysis 1 for Design Option 1
DESIGN
1 fuelcost increase by 10% Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 44287747.27 122,545,446,800.00 695,222,335,103.05
2 48716521.99 106,561,258,087 695,226,763,877.77
3 53588174.19 199,223,221,641 695,231,635,529.97
4 58946991.61 279,798,842,122 695,236,994,347.39
5 64841690.77 349,864,599,063 695,238,460,271.83
6 71325859.85 410,791,344,229 695,249,373,215.63
7 78458445.83 463,771,122,634 695,256,505,801.61
8 86304290.42 509,840,495,160 695,264,351,646.20
9 94934719.46 549,900,819,095 695,272,982,075.24
10 104428191.4 584,735,883,387 695,282,475,547.19
97
Table 46
Sensitivity Analysis 1 for Design Option 1 (Continue)
DESIGN
1 fuelcost increase by 10% Cash inflow Cash outflow
11 114871010.5 615,027,243,641 695,292,918,366.33
12 126358111.6 641,367,556,905 695,304,405,467.38
13 138993922.8 664,272,177,135 695,317,041,278.54
14 152893315 684,189,238,204 695,330,940,670.82
15 168182646.5 701,508,421,743 695,346,230,002.32
16 185000911.2 716,568,581,342 695,363,048,266.97
17 203501002.3 729,664,372,297 695,381,548,358.09
18 223851102.5 741,052,016,606 695,401,898,458.32
19 246236212.8 750,954,316,005 695,424,283,568.58
20 270859834.1 759,565,011,135 695,448,907,189.86
21 297945817.5 767,052,572,118 695,475,993,173.27
22 327740399.2 773,563,494,711 695,505,787,755.01
23 360514439.2 779,225,166,531 695,538,561,794.94
24 396565883.1 784,148,359,418 695,574,613,238.85
25 436222471.4 788,429,396,712 695,614,269,827.16
26 479844718.5 792,152,037,836 695,657,892,074.30
27 527829190.4 795,389,117,075 695,705,876,546.15
28 580612109.4 798,203,968,587 695,758,659,465.19
29 638673320.3 800,651,665,554 695,816,720,676.13
30 702540652.4 802,780,097,699 695,880,588,008.16
This table shows the behavior of the cash inflow and outflow curve
when having several assumptions of what the power plant can experience.
The first scenario is when the fuel cost is having an increase of 10% every
year. The break-even point for the design one is in the 15th year of the
operation of the power plant.
Table 47
Fuel cost increase by

DESIGN 2 10% Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 40465989.55 122,545,446,800.00 739,337,862,267.15
2 44512588.5 106,561,258,087 739,341,908,866.11
3 48963847.35 199,223,221,641 739,346,360,124.96
4 53860232.09 279,798,842,122 739,351,256,509.69
5 59246255.3 349,864,599,063 739,356,642,532.90
6 65170880.82 410,791,344,229 739,362,567,158.43
7 71687968.91 463,771,122,634 739,369,084,246.51
8 78856765.8 509,840,495,160 739,376,253,043.40
9 86742442.38 549,900,819,095 739,384,138,719.98
98
Table 47
Fuel cost increase by
DESIGN 2 10% Cash inflow Cash outflow
10 95416686.62 584,735,883,387 739,392,812,964.22
11 104958355.3 615,027,243,641 739,402,354,632.88
12 115454190.8 641,367,556,905 739,412,850,468.41
13 126999609.9 664,272,177,135 739,424,395,887.49
14 139699570.9 684,189,238,204 739,437,095,848.48
15 153669528 701,508,421,743 739,451,065,805.57
16 169036480.8 716,568,581,342 739,466,432,758.36
17 185940128.8 729,664,372,297 739,483,336,406.44
18 204534141.7 741,052,016,606 739,501,930,419.32
19 224987555.9 750,954,316,005 739,522,383,833.49
20 247486311.5 759,565,011,135 739,544,882,589.08
21 272234942.6 767,052,572,118 739,569,631,220.23
22 299458436.9 773,563,494,711 739,596,854,714.49
23 329404280.6 779,225,166,531 739,626,800,558.18
24 362344708.6 784,148,359,418 739,659,740,986.24
25 398579179.5 788,429,396,712 739,695,975,457.10
26 438437097.4 792,152,037,836 739,735,833,375.05
27 482280807.2 795,389,117,075 739,779,677,084.79
28 530508887.9 798,203,968,587 739,827,905,165.51
29 583559776.7 800,651,665,554 739,880,956,054.30
30 641915754.4 802,780,097,699 739,939,312,031.97
This table shows the behavior of the cash inflow and outflow curve
when having several assumptions of what the power plant can experience.
The first scenario is when the fuel cost is having an increase of 10% every
year. The break-even point for the design one is in the 19th year of the
operation of the power plant.
Table 48
DESIGN Fuel cost increase by

3 10% Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 42025513.39 122,545,446,800.00 783,463,075,738.08
2 46228064.73 106,561,258,087 783,509,303,802.81
3 50850871.21 199,223,221,641 783,513,926,609.29
4 55935958.33 279,798,842,122 783,519,011,696.41
5 61529554.16 349,864,599,063 783,524,605,292.24
6 67682509.58 410,791,344,229 783,530,758,247.66
7 74450760.54 463,771,122,634 783,537,526,498.62
8 81895836.59 509,840,495,160 783,544,971,574.67
9 90085420.25 549,900,819,095 783,553,161,158.33
99
Table 48
DESIGN Fuel cost increase by
3 10% Cash inflow Cash outflow
10 99093962.27 584,735,883,387 783,562,169,700.35
11 109003358.5 615,027,243,641 783,572,079,096.58
12 119903694.4 641,367,556,905 783,582,979,432.43
13 131894063.8 664,272,177,135 783,594,969,801.86
14 145083470.2 684,189,238,204 783,608,159,208.24
15 159591817.2 701,508,421,743 783,622,667,555.26
16 175550998.9 716,568,581,342 783,638,626,736.98
17 193106098.8 729,664,372,297 783,656,181,836.87
18 212416708.7 741,052,016,606 783,675,492,446.75
19 233658379.5 750,954,316,005 783,696,734,117.61
20 257024217.5 759,565,011,135 783,720,099,955.57
21 282726639.2 767,052,572,118 783,745,802,377.31
22 310999303.2 773,563,494,711 783,774,075,041.24
23 342099233.5 779,225,166,531 783,805,174,971.55
24 376309156.8 784,148,359,418 783,839,384,894.90
25 413940072.5 788,429,396,712 783,877,015,810.58
26 455334079.8 792,152,037,836 783,918,409,817.83
27 500867487.7 795,389,117,075 783,963,943,225.81
28 550954236.5 798,203,968,587 784,014,029,974.58
29 606049660.2 800,651,665,554 784,069,125,398.23
30 666654626.2 802,780,097,699 784,129,730,364.25
This table shows the behavior of the cash inflow and outflow curve when
having several assumptions of what the power plant can experience. The first
scenario is when the fuel cost is having an increase of 10% every year. The
break-even point for the design one is in the 24th year of the operation of the
power plant.
Table 49
DESIGN 1 Fuel cost decrease by 10% Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 44287747.27 122,545,446,800.00 695,222,335,103.05
2 39858972.54 106,561,258,087 695,217,906,328.32
3 35873075.29 199,223,221,641 695,213,920,431.07
4 32285767.76 279,798,842,122 695,210,333,123.54
5 29057190.98 349,864,599,063 695,207,104,546.76
6 26151471.88 410,791,344,229 695,204,198,827.66
7 23536324.69 463,771,122,634 695,201,583,680.48
8 21182692.23 509,840,495,160 695,199,230,048.01
9 19064423 549,900,819,095 695,197,111,778.78
10 17157980.7 584,735,883,387 695,195,205,336.48
11 15442182.63 615,027,243,641 695,193,489,538.41
100
12 13897964.37 641,367,556,905 695,191,945,320.15
Table 49
13 12508167.93 664,272,177,135 695,190,555,523.71
14 11257351.14 684,189,238,204 695,189,304,706.92
15 10131616.02 701,508,421,743 695,188,178,971.81
16 9118454.422 716,568,581,342 695,187,165,810.20
17 8206608.98 729,664,372,297 695,186,253,964.76
18 7385948.082 741,052,016,606 695,185,433,303.86
19 6647353.274 750,954,316,005 695,184,694,709.05
20 5982617.947 759,565,011,135 695,184,029,973.73
21 5384356.152 767,052,572,118 695,183,431,711.93
22 4845920.537 773,563,494,711 695,182,893,276.32
23 4361328.483 779,225,166,531 695,182,408,684.26
24 3925195.635 784,148,359,418 695,181,972,551.42
25 3532676.071 788,429,396,712 695,181,580,031.85
26 3179408.464 792,152,037,836 695,181,226,764.25
27 2861467.618 795,389,117,075 695,180,908,823.40
28 2575320.856 798,203,968,587 695,180,622,676.64
29 2317788.77 800,651,665,554 695,180,365,144.55
30 2086009.893 802,780,097,699 695,180,133,365.67
having several assumptions of what the power plant can experience. The second
scenario is when the fuel cost is having a decrease of 10% every year. The
power plant. This is when the power plant recovers its capital
Table 50
1 40465989.55 122,545,446,800.00 739,337,862,267.15
2 36419390.59 106,561,258,087 739,374,281,657.74
3 32777451.53 199,223,221,641 739,370,639,718.68
4 29499706.38 279,798,842,122 739,367,361,973.53
5 26549735.74 349,864,599,063 739,364,412,002.89
6 23894762.17 410,791,344,229 739,361,757,029.32
7 21505285.95 463,771,122,634 739,359,367,553.10
8 19354757.36 509,840,495,160 739,357,217,024.51
9 17419281.62 549,900,819,095 739,355,281,548.77
10 15677353.46 584,735,883,387 739,353,539,620.61
11 14109618.11 615,027,243,641 739,351,971,885.26
12 12698656.3 641,367,556,905 739,350,560,923.45
13 11428790.67 664,272,177,135 739,349,291,057.82
14 10285911.6 684,189,238,204 739,348,148,178.76
15 9257320.443 701,508,421,743 739,347,119,587.60
16 8331588.399 716,568,581,342 739,346,193,855.55
17 7498429.559 729,664,372,297 739,345,360,696.71
101
Table 50
18 6748586.603 741,052,016,606 739,344,610,853.76
19 6073727.943 750,954,316,005 739,343,935,995.10
20 5466355.149 759,565,011,135 739,343,328,622.30
21 4919719.634 767,052,572,118 739,342,781,986.79
22 4427747.67 773,563,494,711 739,342,290,014.82
23 3984972.903 779,225,166,531 739,341,847,240.06
24 3586475.613 784,148,359,418 739,341,448,742.77
25 3227828.052 788,429,396,712 739,341,090,095.20
26 2905045.247 792,152,037,836 739,340,767,312.40
27 2614540.722 795,389,117,075 739,340,476,807.87
28 2353086.65 798,203,968,587 739,340,215,353.80
29 2117777.985 800,651,665,554 739,339,980,045.14
30 1906000.186 802,780,097,699 739,339,768,267.34
power plant. This is when the power plant recovers its capital.
Table 51
1 40465989.55 122,545,446,800.00 739,337,862,267.15
2 36419390.59 106,561,258,087 739,374,281,657.74
3 32777451.53 199,223,221,641 739,370,639,718.68
4 29499706.38 279,798,842,122 739,367,361,973.53
5 26549735.74 349,864,599,063 739,364,412,002.89
6 23894762.17 410,791,344,229 739,361,757,029.32
7 21505285.95 463,771,122,634 739,359,367,553.10
8 19354757.36 509,840,495,160 739,357,217,024.51
9 17419281.62 549,900,819,095 739,355,281,548.77
10 15677353.46 584,735,883,387 739,353,539,620.61
11 14109618.11 615,027,243,641 739,351,971,885.26
12 12698656.3 641,367,556,905 739,350,560,923.45
13 11428790.67 664,272,177,135 739,349,291,057.82
14 10285911.6 684,189,238,204 739,348,148,178.76
15 9257320.443 701,508,421,743 739,347,119,587.60
16 8331588.399 716,568,581,342 739,346,193,855.55
17 7498429.559 729,664,372,297 739,345,360,696.71
18 6748586.603 741,052,016,606 739,344,610,853.76
19 6073727.943 750,954,316,005 739,343,935,995.10
20 5466355.149 759,565,011,135 739,343,328,622.30
21 4919719.634 767,052,572,118 739,342,781,986.79
22 4427747.67 773,563,494,711 739,342,290,014.82
102
23 3984972.903 779,225,166,531 739,341,847,240.06
Table 51
24 3586475.613 784,148,359,418 739,341,448,742.77
25 3227828.052 788,429,396,712 739,341,090,095.20
26 2905045.247 792,152,037,836 739,340,767,312.40
27 2614540.722 795,389,117,075 739,340,476,807.87
28 2353086.65 798,203,968,587 739,340,215,353.80
29 2117777.985 800,651,665,554 739,339,980,045.14
30 1906000.186 802,780,097,699 739,339,768,267.34
power plant. This is when the power plant recovers its capital.
Table 52
Sensitivity Analysis 3 Design 1
Design 1 5% increase in production Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 1575000 2.93789E+11 695,222,335,103.05
2 1653750 3.08478E+11 695,222,335,103.05
3 1736437.5 3.23902E+11 695,222,335,103.05
4 1823259.375 3.40097E+11 695,222,335,103.05
5 1914422.344 3.57102E+11 695,222,335,103.05
6 2010143.461 3.74957E+11 695,222,335,103.05
7 2110650.634 3.93705E+11 695,222,335,103.05
8 2216183.166 4.1339E+11 695,222,335,103.05
9 2326992.324 4.3406E+11 695,222,335,103.05
10 2443341.94 4.55763E+11 695,222,335,103.05
1s1 2565509.037 4.78551E+11 695,222,335,103.05
12 2693784.489 5.02479E+11 695,222,335,103.05
13 2828473.713 5.27602E+11 695,222,335,103.05
14 2969897.399 5.53983E+11 695,222,335,103.05
15 3118392.269 5.81682E+11 695,222,335,103.05
16 3274311.883 6.10766E+11 695,222,335,103.05
17 3438027.477 6.41304E+11 695,222,335,103.05
18 3609928.851 6.73369E+11 695,222,335,103.05
19 3790425.293 7.07038E+11 695,222,335,103.05
20 3979946.558 7.4239E+11 695,222,335,103.05
21 4178943.886 7.79509E+11 695,222,335,103.05
22 4387891.08 8.18485E+11 695,222,335,103.05
23 4607285.634 8.59409E+11 695,222,335,103.05
24 4837649.916 9.02379E+11 695,222,335,103.05
25 5079532.411 9.47498E+11 695,222,335,103.05
26 5333509.032 9.94873E+11 695,222,335,103.05
27 5600184.484 1.04462E+12 695,222,335,103.05
28 5880193.708 1.09685E+12 695,222,335,103.05
29 6174203.393 1.15169E+12 695,222,335,103.05
30 6482913.563 1.20927E+12 695,222,335,103.05
103
having several assumptions of what the power plant can experience. The third
scenario is when the production is having an increase of 5% every year. The
power plant. This is when the power plant recovers its capital. As what have
been observed due to the increase in the production the break-even point of the
plant is increased that means that the plant experienced a boost in recovering its
capital.
Table 53
Design 2 5% increase in production Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 1575000 2.93789E+11 739,337,862,267.15
2 1653750 3.08478E+11 739,337,862,267.15
3 1736437.5 3.23902E+11 739,337,862,267.15
4 1823259.375 3.40097E+11 739,337,862,267.15
5 1914422.344 3.57102E+11 739,337,862,267.15
6 2010143.461 3.74957E+11 739,337,862,267.15
7 2110650.634 3.93705E+11 739,337,862,267.15
8 2216183.166 4.1339E+11 739,337,862,267.15
9 2326992.324 4.3406E+11 739,337,862,267.15
10 2443341.94 4.55763E+11 739,337,862,267.15
11 2565509.037 4.78551E+11 739,337,862,267.15
12 2693784.489 5.02479E+11 739,337,862,267.15
13 2828473.713 5.27602E+11 739,337,862,267.15
14 2969897.399 5.53983E+11 739,337,862,267.15
15 3118392.269 5.81682E+11 739,337,862,267.15
16 3274311.883 6.10766E+11 739,337,862,267.15
17 3438027.477 6.41304E+11 739,337,862,267.15
18 3609928.851 6.73369E+11 739,337,862,267.15
19 3790425.293 7.07038E+11 739,337,862,267.15
20 3979946.558 7.4239E+11 739,337,862,267.15
21 4178943.886 7.79509E+11 739,337,862,267.15
22 4387891.08 8.18485E+11 739,337,862,267.15
23 4607285.634 8.59409E+11 739,337,862,267.15
24 4837649.916 9.02379E+11 739,337,862,267.15
25 5079532.411 9.47498E+11 739,337,862,267.15
26 5333509.032 9.94873E+11 739,337,862,267.15
27 5600184.484 1.04462E+12 739,337,862,267.15
28 5880193.708 1.09685E+12 739,337,862,267.15
29 6174203.393 1.15169E+12 739,337,862,267.15
30 6482913.563 1.20927E+12 739,337,862,267.15
104
power plant. This is when the power plant recovers its capital. The break-even
point for the design one is in the 19th year of the operation of the power plant.
This is when the power plant recovers its capital. As what have been observed
due to the increase in the production the break-even point of the plant is
increased that means that the plant experienced a boost in recovering its capital.
Table 54
Design 3 5 % increase in production Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 1575000 2.93789E+11 783,463,075,738.08
2 1653750 3.08478E+11 783,463,075,738.08
3 1736437.5 3.23902E+11 783,463,075,738.08
4 1823259.375 3.40097E+11 783,463,075,738.08
5 1914422.344 3.57102E+11 783,463,075,738.08
6 2010143.461 3.74957E+11 783,463,075,738.08
7 2110650.634 3.93705E+11 783,463,075,738.08
8 2216183.166 4.1339E+11 783,463,075,738.08
9 2326992.324 4.3406E+11 783,463,075,738.08
10 2443341.94 4.55763E+11 783,463,075,738.08
11 2565509.037 4.78551E+11 783,463,075,738.08
12 2693784.489 5.02479E+11 783,463,075,738.08
13 2828473.713 5.27602E+11 783,463,075,738.08
14 2969897.399 5.53983E+11 783,463,075,738.08
15 3118392.269 5.81682E+11 783,463,075,738.08
16 3274311.883 6.10766E+11 783,463,075,738.08
17 3438027.477 6.41304E+11 783,463,075,738.08
18 3609928.851 6.73369E+11 783,463,075,738.08
19 3790425.293 7.07038E+11 783,463,075,738.08
20 3979946.558 7.4239E+11 783,463,075,738.08
21 4178943.886 7.79509E+11 783,463,075,738.08
22 4387891.08 8.18485E+11 783,463,075,738.08
23 4607285.634 8.59409E+11 783,463,075,738.08
24 4837649.916 9.02379E+11 783,463,075,738.08
25 5079532.411 9.47498E+11 783,463,075,738.08
26 5333509.032 9.94873E+11 783,463,075,738.08
27 5600184.484 1.04462E+12 783,463,075,738.08
28 5880193.708 1.09685E+12 783,463,075,738.08
29 6174203.393 1.15169E+12 783,463,075,738.08
30 6482913.563 1.20927E+12 783,463,075,738.08
break-even point for the design one is in the 22nd year of the operation of the
power plant. This is when the power plant recovers its capital. The break-even
point for the design one is in the 19th year of the operation of the power plant.
105
This is when the power plant recovers its capital. As what have been observed
due to the increase in the production the break-even point of the plant is
increased that means that the plant experienced a boost in recovering its capital.
Table 55
Design 1 5 % decrease in production Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 1425000 2.65809E+11 695,222,335,103.05
2 1353750 2.52518E+11 695,222,335,103.05
3 1286062.5 2.39893E+11 695,222,335,103.05
4 1221759.375 2.27898E+11 695,222,335,103.05
5 1160671.406 2.16503E+11 695,222,335,103.05
6 1102637.836 2.05678E+11 695,222,335,103.05
7 1047505.944 1.95394E+11 695,222,335,103.05
8 995130.6469 1.85624E+11 695,222,335,103.05
9 945374.1146 1.76343E+11 695,222,335,103.05
10 898105.4089 1.67526E+11 695,222,335,103.05
11 853200.1384 1.5915E+11 695,222,335,103.05
12 810540.1315 1.51192E+11 695,222,335,103.05
13 770013.1249 1.43633E+11 695,222,335,103.05
14 731512.4687 1.36451E+11 695,222,335,103.05
15 694936.8452 1.29628E+11 695,222,335,103.05
16 660190.003 1.23147E+11 695,222,335,103.05
17 627180.5028 1.1699E+11 695,222,335,103.05
18 595821.4777 1.1114E+11 695,222,335,103.05
19 566030.4038 1.05583E+11 695,222,335,103.05
20 537728.8836 1.00304E+11 695,222,335,103.05
21 510842.4394 95288748668 695,222,335,103.05
22 485300.3175 90524311234 695,222,335,103.05
23 461035.3016 85998095673 695,222,335,103.05
24 437983.5365 81698190889 695,222,335,103.05
25 416084.3597 77613281345 695,222,335,103.05
26 395280.1417 73732617277 695,222,335,103.05
27 375516.1346 70045986414 695,222,335,103.05
28 356740.3279 66543687093 695,222,335,103.05
29 338903.3115 63216502738 695,222,335,103.05
30 321958.1459 60055677601 695,222,335,103.05
scenario is when the production is having a decrease of 5% every year. There is
no breakeven point here that means that the power plant will not gain profit and
will serve as a loss. The break-even point for the design one is in the 19th year of
the operation of the power plant. This is when the power plant recovers its
capital. As what have been observed due to the increase in the production the
break-even point of the plant is increased that means that the plant experienced
a boost in recovering its capital.
106
Table 56
Design
2 5 % decrease in production Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 1425000 2.65809E+11 739,337,862,267.15
2 1353750 2.52518E+11 739,337,862,267.15
3 1286062.5 2.39893E+11 739,337,862,267.15
4 1221759.375 2.27898E+11 739,337,862,267.15
5 1160671.406 2.16503E+11 739,337,862,267.15
6 1102637.836 2.05678E+11 739,337,862,267.15
7 1047505.944 1.95394E+11 739,337,862,267.15
8 995130.6469 1.85624E+11 739,337,862,267.15
9 945374.1146 1.76343E+11 739,337,862,267.15
10 898105.4089 1.67526E+11 739,337,862,267.15
11 853200.1384 1.5915E+11 739,337,862,267.15
12 810540.1315 1.51192E+11 739,337,862,267.15
13 770013.1249 1.43633E+11 739,337,862,267.15
14 731512.4687 1.36451E+11 739,337,862,267.15
15 694936.8452 1.29628E+11 739,337,862,267.15
16 660190.003 1.23147E+11 739,337,862,267.15
17 627180.5028 1.1699E+11 739,337,862,267.15
18 595821.4777 1.1114E+11 739,337,862,267.15
19 566030.4038 1.05583E+11 739,337,862,267.15
20 537728.8836 1.00304E+11 739,337,862,267.15
21 510842.4394 95288748668 739,337,862,267.15
22 485300.3175 90524311234 739,337,862,267.15
23 461035.3016 85998095673 739,337,862,267.15
24 437983.5365 81698190889 739,337,862,267.15
25 416084.3597 77613281345 739,337,862,267.15
26 395280.1417 73732617277 739,337,862,267.15
27 375516.1346 70045986414 739,337,862,267.15
28 356740.3279 66543687093 739,337,862,267.15
29 338903.3115 63216502738 739,337,862,267.15
30 321958.1459 60055677601 739,337,862,267.15
will serve as a loss. The break-even point for the design one is in the 19th year of
the operation of the power plant. This is when the power plant recovers its
capital. As what have been observed due to the increase in the production the
break-even point of the plant is increased that means that the plant experienced
a boost in recovering its capital.
107
Table 57
Design 3 5 % decrease in production Cash inflow Cash outflow
1 1425000 2.65809E+11 783,463,075,738.08
2 1353750 2.52518E+11 783,463,075,738.08
3 1286062.5 2.39893E+11 783,463,075,738.08
4 1221759.375 2.27898E+11 783,463,075,738.08
5 1160671.406 2.16503E+11 783,463,075,738.08
6 1102637.836 2.05678E+11 783,463,075,738.08
7 1047505.944 1.95394E+11 783,463,075,738.08
8 995130.6469 1.85624E+11 783,463,075,738.08
9 945374.1146 1.76343E+11 783,463,075,738.08
10 898105.4089 1.67526E+11 783,463,075,738.08
11 853200.1384 1.5915E+11 783,463,075,738.08
12 810540.1315 1.51192E+11 783,463,075,738.08
13 770013.1249 1.43633E+11 783,463,075,738.08
14 731512.4687 1.36451E+11 783,463,075,738.08
15 694936.8452 1.29628E+11 783,463,075,738.08
16 660190.003 1.23147E+11 783,463,075,738.08
17 627180.5028 1.1699E+11 783,463,075,738.08
18 595821.4777 1.1114E+11 783,463,075,738.08
19 566030.4038 1.05583E+11 783,463,075,738.08
20 537728.8836 1.00304E+11 783,463,075,738.08
21 510842.4394 95288748668 783,463,075,738.08
22 485300.3175 90524311234 783,463,075,738.08
23 461035.3016 85998095673 783,463,075,738.08
24 437983.5365 81698190889 783,463,075,738.08
25 416084.3597 77613281345 783,463,075,738.08
26 395280.1417 73732617277 783,463,075,738.08
27 375516.1346 70045986414 783,463,075,738.08
28 356740.3279 66543687093 783,463,075,738.08
29 338903.3115 63216502738 783,463,075,738.08
30 321958.1459 60055677601 783,463,075,738.08
will serve as a loss. As what have been observed due to the decrease in the
production the gap between the income and expenses become wide due to the
sudden decrease in production every year by 5% that means that the plant must
not lessen the amount of the plant production.
Solving for Construction Delay
108
Assume that the damage caused by construction delay in the power plant
is 20% of the total capital expenditures.
Construction Delay = Capital Cost * 1.2
For Design Option 1
Construction Delay = PHP 695,222,335,103.05 * 1.2
Construction Delay = PHP 834,266,802,100.00
For Design Option 2

Construction Delay = PHP 739,337,862,300.00 * 1.2
For Design Option 3

Construction Delay = PHP 739783,463,075,738.08* 1.2
Solving for Economic Internal Rate of Return

This is obtained by using the amount gathered in the construction delay
EIRR = (Economic Net Present Value/Capital Cost) * 100
For Design Option 1

EIRR = (122,545,446,800.00/834,266,802,100.00) x 100
EIRR = 14.68899955
For Design Option 2

EIRR = (122,545,446,800.00/887,205,434,700.00) x 100
EIRR = 13.81252211
For Design Option 3

EIRR = (122,545,446,800.00/940,155,690,900.00) x 100
EIRR = 13.03459076
Solving for Hazard Losses
It is assumed that when a power plant encounter a potential hazard the

annual revenue is decreased by 10%.
Hazard Losses = Annual Revenue x 0.90

Hazard Losses = 122,545446,800.00 x 0.90
109
Hazard Losses = 110,290,902,100.00
APPENDIX B
CATALOG
110
Catalog for Boiler
Source: https://www.ge.com/power/steam/boilers/two-pass
Catalog for Steam Turbine
Source: https://www.pentadassoc.com/pdfs/Siemens-Steam-Turbine-Product-Overview.pdf
111
Catalog for Condenser
Source: https://www.ge.com/power/steam/heat-exchange/condenser
Catalog for Pump
Source: https://www.flowserve.com/sites/default/files/2017-11/ps-10-31-e.pdf
112
Catalog for Closed Feed Water Heater
Source: http://spxheattransfer.com/uploads/documents/Yuba_Feedwater_Heaters.pdf
Catalog for Deaerator
Source: http://pdf.directindustry.com/pdf/silhorko-eurowater-s/thermal-deaerator/57038-231319.html
113
Catalog for Generator
Source: https://www.ge.com/content/dam/gepower-steam/global/en_US/documents/2018-Steam-Power-Product-Catalogue.pdf
Catalog for Pulverizer
114
Catalog for Electrostatic Precipitator
115
APPENDIX C
PROJECT DOCUMENTATION
116
LEARNINGS
I learned a lot of things with regards in designing the proposed project of 1500
MW Coal – Fired Power Plant. I studied lots of factors and design parameters needed to
be considered in designing the project. Starting from the technical parameters wherein
the operating conditions must meet the standard conditions based on the catalog used in
the design. The environmental factors are also considered since the construction of the
power plant must not violate laws and regulations with regards to nature especially air
and water usage. The economic analysis of the plant were computed and ranked based
on their summation of costs and revenues.
It was hard computing all of the technical and environmental parameters of the
three design options and the revised design options. The calculations of five design
options covers most of my time but these experiences made me realized that designing
a power plant really requires focus and knowledge on the field of power plant
engineering.
Personally, I learned how to divide each task properly in a way that all of us have
parts to do. The tasks are divided based on our expertise and specialties in the field of
computations, drawings in CAD, and analysis of data and information to meet the
desired conditions of the design. I also learned how to manage my time properly in order
to finish the design within the expected due. Time management helped me personally in
executing my skills and efforts properly.
With regards to interaction and communication within the group, I discovered

behaviors of each other and adopted good habits in order to make our bond better to
collaborate as a team and work as one. This greatly enhance my abilities to go way far
beyond my limits since there are three of us working together in unity.
- Limbo, John Gabriel B.
117
After performing all the necessary given in designing a power plant I
learned a lot. In designing a power plant several parameters must be considered
before choosing the which design will be used, what equipments will be used,
and where it will be erected. As a group we divided the tasks among the three of
us to increase the productivity of the group. I got to work with the economics of
the power plant. As Im making the economics of the power plant I learned that
proper selection of equipments must be done and it will be based on the
parameters needed like temperature, pressure etchetera. I learned how costly to
establish a power plant. Several parameters our obtained to determine if the
design will be economical. I also learned here to work in a group and to actively
participate in discussions about the designs. This work taught me to give all what
I can give to deal with pressure and to work as a team
- Macalintal, Adrian P.
Designing a 1500 MW coal fired power plant involve a lot of consideration

both in the technical, economic and environmental aspect. I learned that in the
design process, one must always incorporate realistic constraints. From choosing
the site for the plant to the selection of equipment, it is important for a designer to
always apply these constraints. In doing our capstone, we were assigned task
which highlights one’s strength. I am assigned in doing the technical drawings of
our capstone in AutoCad. In doing so I got to be familiar with the various
components and subsystem of a coal power plant. At first I was having time
dealing on how to make my drawings more like an engineering drawing and for it
to be logical. I was able to deal with this overtime after a series of revision in the
drawing. Another challenge I encounter in doing my task is sourcing for the parts
of my equipment and its corresponding dimensions. Catalogues found in the
internet mostly lack parts label and physical dimension. I spent hours just
searching the web for drawing that best represent our equipment in cases where
the catalogue is not sufficient enough. For this project, I also got to try pipe
routing. I used my imagination to visualize how pipes should run in order that it
does not cause unnecessary hindrance inside the plant. Overall, I was happy
with the outcome and thankful for my team for being responsible and capable.
- Macaraig, Jay Ar B.
118
DOCUMENTATION
119
120
APPENDIX D
PLANT DRAWINGS
121
122

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PROPOSED DESIGN OF 1500 MW COAL – FIRED POWER PLANT

LOCATED AT CALUMBAYAN, CALATAGAN, BATANGAS

LIMBO, JOHN GABRIEL B.

LIMBO, JOHN GABRIEL B.

Three design options were analyzed and logically calculated in terms of

III ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

IV OBSERVATION, COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

2 Ambient Condition in Calumbayan, Calatagan, Batangas 12

3 Steam Cycle Operating Conditions 12

4 Summary of Calculation of Mass Balance of Design Option 1 13

5 Summary of Calculation of Turbine Work of Design Option 1 13

6 Summary of Calculation of Pump Work of Design Option 1 13

7 Summary of Calculation of Mass Balance of Design Option 2 14

8 Summary of Calculation of Turbine Work of Design Option 2 14

9 Summary of Calculation of Pump Work of Design Option 2 14

10 Summary of Calculation of Mass Balance of Design Option 3 15

11 Summary of Calculation of Turbine Work of Design Option 3 15

12 Summary of Calculation of Pump Work of Design Option 3 15

15 Summary of Calculation of Three Design Options 17

16 Comparison for Equipment Selection 19

18 Monthly Peak Demand 2017 (Luzon) 27

19 Peak Demand Load for Region IV-A (CALABRZON) 28

20 Sales and Consumption of Electricity in 2017 (Luzon) 29

21 Project Costing for Design Option 1 29

22 Project Costing for Design Option 2 30

23 Project Costing for Design Option 3 31

24 List of Equipment and Prices for Design Option Number 1 32

25 List of Equipment and Prices for Design Option Number 2 33

26 List of Equipment and Prices for Design Option Number 3 33

30 Summary of Capital Expenditures 35

32 Summary of Operating Expenditures for Design Option 1 37

33 Depreciation for Design Option 37

34 Depreciation for Design Option2 38

35 Depreciation for Design Option3 38

36 Return of Investment for Design 1 39

37 Return of Investment for Design 2 40

38 Return of Investment for Design 3 40

39 Payback Period for Design Option 1 41

40 Payback Period for Design Option 2 41

41 Payback Period for Design Option 3 42

42 Sensitivity Analysis for Design Option No.1 43

43 Sensitivity Analysis for Design Option No.2 44

44 Sensitivity Analysis for Design Option No.3 45

Figure No. Title Page No.

2 Proposed Location of Coal Fired Power Plant 5

5 T-S Diagram of Design Option 1 Cycle 9

6 Schematic Diagram of Design Option 2 Cycle 10

7 T-S Diagram of Design Option 2 Cycle 10

8 Schematic Diagram of Design Option 3 Cycle 11

9 T-S Diagram of Design Option 3 Cycle 11

10 Mass and Heat Balance of Design Option 1 18

11 Mass and Heat Balance of Design Option 2 18

12 Mass and Heat Balance of Design Option 3 19

14 SPP SST-5000 Steam Turbine 20

15 Single Vacuum Type Condenser 21

16 MARK 3 ISO Self-Priming Pump 21

17 Yuba SPX Heater 22

18 Thermal deaerator Type C 22

19 Gigatop 2-pole generator 23

20 Flue Gas Treatment System 25