Popular Electricity - 1909 - 09

PRICE 10 CENTS
ll
IN THIS ISSUL
(
V7?' 'V V
IJ
Card Indexing the Country
IRPPLAIN ENGLISH
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Yours 2 Years
For $1.50 And You
Get Standard
Wiring
The
1909
FREE
edition of
Standard You'll like Practical
Wiring is
latest and
th
best \
Engineer — all engi-
neers like
because it
it,
edition ever printed. \
\ gives more good, reliable
It gives you every
necessary rule for safe information on steam and elec-
and easy interior and ex- \ trical subjects than they can get
terior wiring. It is the re- \ from any other source. This infor-
cognized authority on wiring mation is new, fresh and mighty interest-
and construction and over 70,-
Each number is packed with live
1
000 copies have been sold at its

engineering data, helpful editorials, experiences
regular price, $1.00.
of engineers now on-the-job and every phase of your
work, whether in Central Stations, Electric Light Plants
or Isolated Power Houses is fully covered. —
Steam and electric equipment, gas engines and producers, transmission machinery,
pumping apparatus, refrigeration and repairs, are some of the topics treated. In addition to
these you'll read "Practical Letters" from engineers, giving valuable pointers
about new
—
ways of doing things new kinks new developments and new processes in power —
plants.
These are worth knowing— they mean a saving in time and
money to every engineer— and you can have this big journal
for 2 years—2 1 big numbers for only $1.50 and, if you act now,
x well send you Standard Wiring— the best book of its
\kind — absolutely free.
m
\ ,
N Help you
."* "u
to
'
c '\
do
it better.
Practical Engineer, for it
It points the way to quicker methods and cheaper re-
will make your work easier and
's, suits. contains nothing but good suggestions for improving your work,
It
lessening labor and cutting costs, so start
Sept. \ Practical Engineer com-
1
\ mg your way today.
Two
wnole years that's what you get for only $1.50,
C*N
> X a:i(l the bo °k Standard Wiring comes free
. \
Practical *>\ Vou'll also get the June 140-page Electrical
number—a complete boot on the isolated
.ngmeer lighting plant. Only a few of these num-
359 Dearborn Street "k >ers remain unsold and thev are going fast.
<x /• out and send in the attached coupon with your
ill
Chicago, 111.
-y^ persona! cluck, money order or SI. 50 cash' and
,
, mi , •?. you will be entered for 2 years subscription.
For the enclosed $1.50, send me \^\ The big electrical number of Practical
Practical Engineer for two years and in- Engineer, the current number and book +\
elude without cost, Standard Wiring, by '< x Standard will be sent to Wiring
Cushing, as illustrated above, which I under ^ y"» by return mail. If, on their \
Hand will be sent by return mail with <i current Of y arrival you don't think you have
COPy of the paper. * \ VOW money's worth, return the
book and your $1.50 will be \
cheerfully refunded. Take \
\uptkis offer toda y beca use
Address \ it won't last long. .
PRACTICAL ENGINEER
City x Canadian subscribers
\ add fl extra for post- 359 Dearborn Street
< hi 11 pal ion .
e
a ST to '
CHICAGO, ILL.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
STAR
LET US FIGURE
on all your Electrical Work. Some of the Expansion Bolts
largest on Electrical work
contracts in
the country have been performed by us.
on the 'Phone
WE INSTALL
Power and Light Plants. Genera-
tors and Motors, Electric Light
and Power Wiring for Factories,
" Hello!"
Churches, Schools, Colleges, The-
atres, Office, Store and Residence " Yes, this is the
Buildings. Star Expansion Bolt
Estimates cheerfully furnished for this
class of work in any part of the U. S.
Co.
" Yes, we have the
WE MANUFACTURE best Expansion Bolts,
Switchboards, Panelboards, Steel
Toggle Bolts, or Screw
Cutout Cabinets, Junction Boxes,
Service Switch Boxes, Theater Anchors in the world
Stage Plugs, Experimental Switch- for Electric or Telephone Fixtures.
boards and Appliances for High Use them in any wall they never de- —
Schools
receptacles
and Colleges.
and other
Newgard
electrical
face it —
the expansion is at the inner
specialties.
end. Impossible to pull them out. A
Catalog ? Certainly; you'll get it next
All Electrical work at the Chicago Electrical
Show installed by us.
mail. We are at
Manufacturers of the Famous "Newgard" Waterproof

Receptacle and Globe. 147 Cedar St., New York
HENRY NEWGARD & CO. Star Expansion Bolt Co.
30-32 West Monroe St., Chicago, III.
%4s&n~afouXm£
WIRELESS BOOKS
You Should Read Here's something: NEW— a grasollne engine
which makes a power pumping: plant out of any
common pump in a few minutes. Beats a wind-
mill all hollow. Will pump water from a well
The Latest on Wireless Telegraphy of any depth 500 to 800 gallons per hour, accord-
ing: to size of pump cylinder. Needs no special
By Newton Harrison, E. E.
foundation. Any well platform is sufficient.
Needs no belts, jacks or fixings of any kind.
Is ready for instant use when you g-et it.
Tells how to make and use inexpensive wire- Runs out of doors or inside without overheat-
ing" or freezing:, winter or summer. No smoke,
less outfits for sending and receiving up to ioo
flame, sparks or odor.
Thi$ Wonderfnl
miles. Full details and drawings. i2mo. Cloth. Power Pumping
Price, 50 cents The Fuller & Johnson Plant costs less
than a
FARM Windmill
Wireless Telegraphy for Amateurs

PUMP ENGINE and is
ALWAYS
Is quiet— practically no vibra-
READY
By R. P. Howgrave-Graham tion. By attaching a piece of for Work
pipe for extra air chamber, will
throw a continuous stream
water 40 feet up in the air or
Gives full explanation of the construction and feet on the level. Fine for
washing wagons and windows
working of apparatus for short distance transmis- and for FIRE PKOTEC
TION. Has pulley for runn
sion. 160 pages. 51 illustrations. i2mo. Cloth. any machine which can
run by hand, and is so light
Price, $1.00 can be detached and taken
anvwhere in no time. It's
Mailed postpaid on receipt of price built like an automo-
bile, with the same care
and same materials, and is
bo strong it should need no
repairs for years.
SPON & CHAMBERLAIN Ask for our big: catalog:
today and learn all about
this wonderful invention.
FUILER & JOHNSON MFG. CO. -
123 E. Liberty St., New York 357 Church St. Madison, WU.^
For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
(g"^£, fe^g&fopfrf?
This Money Saving Catalogue Free
PLUMBING and HEATING MATERIAL
Direct to the Consumer at Factory Prices

HOaTACTCROtS' PITMBERS OUR PERFECT ALL IRON PIPE SYSTEM OF PLUMBING WILL ENABLE ANY
ANB rARMtfiS'SUPPUES
HANDY MECHANIC TO INSTALL THE MATERIAL ON FARM OR IN OTY.
MERCHANDISE 0FA11KJND5.
OUCAGO.
Send us a list of your needs. All we ask is an opportunity to figure on your wants. We
^tv
__
-u
^ carry everything necessary for installing this class of work. Soil pipe, lead and
We guarantee to save you money.
water pipe and fittings of all kinds, etc. will
Complete Hot Water or

White Enameled:
Steam Heating Plants Iron Sinks
18x30 for $1.85
DIRECT TO YOU AT MANUFACTURER'S PRICE
You can afford a new
heating- plant in your
home at our price. Our low quotations will sur-
prise you. We
furnish complete plants in such con- White Enameled Rolled Rim Sink
venient form that you can install them yourself or Backs for $2.25
Handsome Roll have any handy man do it at day laborer's wages.
Now is the time to Prepare for Next Winter Galvanized Range Boilers
Rim We You will
will furnish an estimate free.
save at least 50 per cent, by dealing with us. Al tested to 200 pounds $A Qfl
1
Kitchen pressure. 30 gal., only «r*««™

Write for information now.
Sinks WE GUARANTEE SATISFACTION. Complete with Stand. CC Qfk
With our iron clad guarantee you take no chances. Tube and Couplings. «P J '^ U
All kinds of Por- Our contract plainly states that the plant will fur-
celain Enam- nish the temperature required in every room. We
eled Kitchen will supply, free of charge, all material to bring Pneumatic
Sinks, with hacks, drain boards, etc. Our the plant up to our guarantee. Each plant is sold
stock is complete with sinks of every de- on a year's trial. If not satisfactory we will re- Water
scription, both for corner or straight wall. -hase price.
COMPLETE WORKING DRAWINGS Supply
FREE. We furnish drawings and specifications
free of charge. No chance for you to go wrong
This Complete Si 1 SO
3 " if you follow our instructions. We loan complete Systems
Closet Outfit... ^H tool outfit to do the work. You can install the
plarit this summer, take your time, and have it
ready when needed.
Low Tank
Closet like Better Heating Plants Cannot
shown in bath-room cut for be Bought at Twice Our Price
Send for specification blank and catalog to-day.
buys a hot water We will furnish you with a complete
heating plant for this 5- pneumaticorair pressure watersupply out-
room cottage. 6 radia- fitthat will furnish you running water the
tors,215 feet of radiation,
same as city waterworks. Prices range
one 400 foot, cast iron, from S40 upward. We will furnish you
B$135
gold bronze covering,
$180 buys a complete mt
sectional heater, with all
the necessary- pipe and
i
- . radiator valves,
in fact all material needed.
complete house plumbing outfit like
shown in this picture, including the pneu-
matic water supply system, the bathroom
outfit, the kitchen sink and range boiler
and all the pipe and pipe fittings to in-
hot water heating plant K, stall from S1'J5 upward.
for this 8-room house. 8
radiators, 300 (eel
diation, a 500 foot, cast _ Steel Imitation
iron, sectional heiter.
gold bronze, the neces- | Brick Siding at
sary pipe and pipe fit-
tings, radiator valves, $1.20 Per Sq.
required for an up-to-date job.
m Outfits, from $24.50 to $125.00 1 Full Measure.
STEEL ROOFING B^'VETC GalvaDizedRu,,ber

Ready Roofing and Asphalt.
I
- •-:
_
6inch.
were
thousand equates of steel roof-
used
tie* wide by 5 feet
in. These sheets
with the manufacture of soap.
-
about 30 days in connection

This
a material was never e X j>osed to the
weather and was nev.r nailed. Every sheet is clean and free
from nail holes and practically as good as new. EXTRA
We offer the entire lot of factory mill ends of pre-
pared roofing strictly high grade, brand new, at less
than cost of manufacture. There are from two to
four pieces of galvanized rubber or asphalt roofing to
each roll of 10S sq. ft. This is $2 and S3 grades of
oated on l>oth roofing. It is suitable for all climates and all ready-
re 1 * gelatint in paint that prevents to lay. The only tools needed are a hammer and jack-knife.
last longer than litrht weight galvanised roofing.
I
This roofing will impart no taste to rainwater, and can be

thing for l>arns, vrare-hoaaea factories sheds and laid over old shingles. We guarantee every roll to be as
buildings of all kinds, or for ceiling and siding represented or money back.
goaranl •
back,
PRICE FLAT Per 100 Sq. Fl.. $1.50 CORRUGATED. Per 100 Sq. Ft., $1.75 Price, 95 Cts. Per Roll of 108 Sq. Ft.
In writing about this mention Rooting Offer \
n « r "«" "''i'dlnc Mat-rial In-

f ATAJ Of, Nn
LrtlrlLUU 110. ?T
11£.)
plumb-
poultry
I Kl I
guaranteed as repre-
GUARANTEE
entirely ijtisf.-
D :ed for any art
2593 Archer Avenue, Chicago
~
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
IN PLAIN ENGLISH
HENRY WALTER YOUNG, Editor
Vol. II SEPTEMBER, 1909 No. 5
CONTENTS
Page Page
Michael Faraday 273 Wave Length; Condenser 323
ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY, CHAPTER 17, Coherer; Leyden Jar 323
By Prof. E. J. Houston 274 Coil and Aerial Dimensions 323
Electricity an Insignificant Fire Hazard 277 Rheostat 324
THE PALACE OF MIRAGES 27& Wireless Sending Parts 324
CARD INDEXING THE COUNTRY. By Wal- Winding a Spark Coil 324
don Fawcett 280 Transmitting Tuning Coil 324
Memorizing Ohm's Law 282 ELECTRICAL MEN OF THE TIMES. Gug-
Rapid Transit and the Round City 282 lielmo Marconi 325
HOW LIGHT IS MADE 284
ELECTRICITY IN THE HOUSEHOLD 326-330
Electricity in Kodak Films 285
Electrical Curing of Meat 286 A MODERN RESIDENCE LAUNDRY 326
WHEN LIGHTNING STRIKES 288 ADVANTAGES OF VACUUM CLEANING.. 328
Electric Lighting in Ornamentation 330
Motors to Drive Ship Propellers 289
Mighty Boiler for Electric Plant 289 JUNIOR SECTION 331-335
APPROVED ELECTRICAL FIRE FIGHTING CONSTRUCTION OF RING AND CORE
EQUIPMENT 290
TYPE TRANSFORMERS. By Lewis H.
Roller 332
Musical Advertising 291
Electric Lathe designed bv Students 291 HOW TO MAKE A DIRECT CURRENT
READINESS TO SERVE 292 AMMETER. By C. S. Newscomb 333
Motor Runs Two Weeks Under Water 294 A Sane Fourth of July Celebration 335
Water Heaters for Dentists 295 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 336-339
THE PLAYGROUNDS OF A CITY 296 Bell Wiring; Double Pole Snap Switch; Keyless
Travelling Electric Sign in Paris 300 Socket 336
Electric Driven Corn Popper 300 Special Bell Circuit 336
MAKING STEEL BY NIAGARA POWER 301 Figuring the Size of Wire 33/
337
CURRENT ECONOMY FOR MOVING PIC- Changing Motor from 133 to 60 Cycles
To make a Water Rheostat, 337
TURE ARCS. By F. E. Waldenfels 302
Transformer Connections 337
Floor Surfacing and Polishing 308
337
The Automaticon 309 Rating of Dry. Cells
Reading a Meter 337
ELECTRICITY IN THE LAUNDRY. By Nor- Puncture Test for Insulation 338
man G. Meade 310
Samson Cell 33S
Electric Turn Table 311
312 Induction Motor Speed Regulation; Mercury
Ventilator and Air Cooler Rectifier 338
Concealed Porch Lighting 312 338
313 Single Phase Motor •• • •
The Modern and the Ancient ='

Motor on 110 Volts; Connecting Batteries; Lead
The First Wire Tapper 313 339
and Zinc • • •
The New Tungsten Lamp

•
for 220 Volts 314

An Electric Humidifier 315 Vacuum Sweepers; Dry Battery; Ground Con-
nection 3o9
Moth Destroyer 315
POPULAR ELECTRICITY WIRELESS NEW ELECTRICAL INVENTIONS 340-341
340
Electric Light Bath
CLUB 316-324
Ice Cutting Machine 340
CONSTRUCTION OF A WIRELESS TRANS- Electric Auto Horn 34<J
FORMER. By Alfred P. Morgan 316
Incubator Alarm 341
Young America at the Wireless Key 320
Electric Massage Device oil
AUTO-SPONTANEOUS REPEATING SYS- SHORT CIRCUITS 342-343
TEM. By David Marcus 321
Spark Coil and Condenser 323 ELECTRICAL DEFINITIONS 344
c When your subscription expires, you a renewal will find blank enclosed here. You should fillout and return
RENEWALS.
r»EJ*XTEJ\*7 A i
slme w?th remittance once, toavoid missing number
at Positively no.cop.es
and we cannot agree to begin subscriptions with back
a will en.all.don any sub-
I
numbers. The date on

scription after same
expires unless renewed,
wrapper of your magazine shows the issue with which your subscription ends.
the old and new loca-
/-"« Kir^r* s\r* a nnnrcc Notify us promptly of any change in your address, giving both
CHANGE
a
OF ADDRESS, lion. Since each issue is printed a month before the date it
bears, we should be not.fied
at least four Weeks in advance, in order to make the necessary change in our records.
ISSUED MONTHLY BY POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUBLISHING CO., Monadnock Block. Chicago. 111.
YEARLY SUBSCRIPTION, $1.00; CANADIAN. $1.35; FOREIGN, $1,50; SINGLE COPY, 10 CENTS
No additional copies will be sent after expiration of subscription except upon renewal.
14, 1908, at the Post Office at Chicago. Under Act of March 3. 1879.
Entered as Second Glass Matter April
Copyright 1909 by Popular Electricity Publishing Co.
POPULARfELECTRICITY
Hess Furnace
4620 Satisfied
Bought Our Heating Outfits on the Same Conditions
Customers in the U. S
We Now Offer YOU. If the Furnaces and Outfits
had not been all we claim, and had they not been
easily and properly installed under our simple,
clear plans and directions,
WE WOULD HAVE LOST A FORTUNE
and Been Forced to Quit Business Years Ago. i
WE BACK OUR GUARANTEE WITH A FREE TRIAL UNTIL JAN. 1910 /
We will send you, direct from our factory, a complete Hess f urnac e I
heating outfit of best quality, all made to your measurements, for m
$25 to $100 less than you can buy from dealers. We will supply J||
plans and directionsfor installing, and will loan you all necessary lV>
tools, so you, or any handy man with tools, can put up the fe'-j
equipment easily. (_
You may place the purchase price in the hands of your
local banker, who will hold it until Jan., iqio, while you
test the heater. If the test is not satisfactory, ship the
goods back to us. We
will pay the return freight charges,
and the banker will refund your money.
HEATS 7 OR a ROOMS
The Leader No. 45 is economical. Will heat 7 or 8 rooms or a
small church, school building, store, etc.
Leader BURNS AMY FUEL

No. 45 Besides any kind of coal, gas or wood, any other fuel, such as
chips, twisted straw, corn cobs, etc., may be utilized.
Hess Steel Furnace FREE HEATING PLANS
Send us a rough sketch of any building you wish to heat and we
PRICE $4922 will have our experts prepare a simple, clear plan showing the best
arrangement of furnace, pipes and registers, for your building to-
Delivered any Station East of
Omaha and North of Ohio River. gether with the exact cost to you of the complete outfit.
PIPES AND REGISTERS EXTRA SEND FOR THESE BOOKLETS

Our booklet "Modern Furnace Heating" contains nu- "These Bear Witness" gives the names of thousands of
merous illustrations and clearly explains every principle users of Hess Furnace Outfits, some of them, perhaps,
involved in furnace heating for any building. your neighbors, to whom we refer.
Hess Warming & Ventilating Go*, 9\2 Tacoma Bidg. Chicago
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Now is new art of
the time to engage in the study of the
wireless. The demand for trained wireless operators is
growing constantly. The recent government action has
increased the demand 1 00 per cent. Salaries of trained
operators range from $15.00 to $40.00 per week.
THE AMERICAN WIRELESS INSTITUTE

is the only universally recognized school in the world for
the teaching of this art.
APPLICATIONS NOW ON FILE FOR 100 EXPERT OPERATORS

Come in and be one of the first to take a position in this
new field that offers promotion, good salaries and bound-
less opportunities.
Descriptive matter free on request. Address nearest office.
27 WILLIAM STREET UNIVERSITY BUILDING

NEW YORK, N. Y. DETROIT, MICH.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
This Key Chain Free

I
What It Is
The keyjchain replaces the old fashioned key ring which is so uncomfortable
in the pocket. The keys lie flat —
no bulging, sharp pointed bunch to wear holes
in the pocket. Turning the horse shoe so one point parallels the chain, enables
one to quickly slip keys on or off the chain. Chain is heavily nickeled, while
the electric lamp ornament is of handsome silver ox. finish.
How To Get It
I The key chain is Free. Simply read this announcement
f which will tell you how to fill in the coupon —
then clip the
coupon and mail to us. The key chain will be mailed
to you promptly.
Electric Shop
Michigan and Jackson Boulevards, Chicago
With the above name and address, we have lately opened one of the most
elaborately appointed and complete exhibit and sales rooms in America. No
matter what may be your interest in things electrical, Electric Shop is
designed to supply your needs, either in person or by correspondence, with the
utmost satisfaction, both as to quality and price.
To Consumers of Electricity
And The Public Generally
Whatever electrical lends to decorativeness, to health, comfort, convenience or eco-
nomy — whether in the home, office, store or factory — it may be had at Electric Shop.
To Contractors and Supply Builders
Electric Shop is a place where you may leave or send orders onour great ware-
house for electrical supplies, equipment and fixtures of every description. Contractors will
find it advantageous to procure all their electrical supplies from this one source, both
as regards prices and freight transportation.
To Central Stations
Central stations, desirous of increasing the consumption of electric current
by supplying their patrons with electrical utensils, devices, appliances, lamps
small or large motors, will find in Electric Shop every practical mod-
ern device in the electrical line. We invite correspondence on this subject
Send Us This Coupon

We wish to send out, from time to time, booklets and print
ed matter pertaining to electrical goods in which you will be
vitally interested. Please indicate by check marks in the c&°* ...
squares (in coupon) from what view-point you would be

most interested in such literature. Upon receipt of r*
the coupon so filled in, the key chain will be prompt- _r .& „<*
^^ \x
* <tS-/v
ly forwarded to you.
Electric Shop
Michigan and Jackson Boulevards
Chicago, 111. <?
For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Eleetricity when writing to Advertisers
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
ENTER J^v.
THE "POSITIVE"
Vacuum
EXIT
DUST
DIRT
GERMS
AND
Costs 2 cents
SICK- , an hour
Operate
NESS to
It Doesn't Make The Dust FLY

SWALLOWS IT
—""
THE POSITIVE VACUUM CLEANER is a portable, light and
efficient plant for private homes, hospitals, hotels, clubs, etc.
It will take every particle of dust out of carpets, upholstery, inac-
cessible corners, lace curtains, mattresses, etc., and the suction can be
regulated so as not to injure the nap or fibre of the most delicate fabrics.
DUST BREEDS GERMS, and brooms and carpet sweepers do
not remove much dust, they stir it up. The only way to remove it
absolutely from any material is to suck it out with a powerful vacuum.
The "Positive" creates a vacuum at the nozzle equivalent to 9^
inches of mercury corresponding to a dead "pull" of 5 pounds, and it
maintains this degree of vacuum all the time.
The dust is collected in a drawer in the cabinet. When the work
is done, take out the drawer and empty the dust. No water cans to
leak, no bags to and untie.
tie
by an electric motor taking current from the lamp
It operates
socket and driving a rotary air engine which produces the vacuum.
No valves. Only three places to oil.
There isn't much more to tell, it is so simple, but we give a lot of
practical hints on vacuum cleaning in our booklet 1252 and we will be
glad to send it to you on request.
ELECTRIC CLEANER COMPANY

1654-5-6-7-8-9 Monadnock Block CHICAGO, ILL.
For our Mutual Advantage_mentlon Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY
ELGIM . ii';J: '"''.."
BIG SPECIAL This Month

17 -JEW EL ELGIN only $14.i°
Let me send you
this High Grade Genuine
ELGIN WATCH
17- Jewel in
Hand Engraved Case on
P. S. HARRIS,
FREE TRIAL
YOU
$2.00 A Month
President Havris-Goar Co.
The House 'that sells more
IF IT SUITS
Elgin Watches than any
other firm in the world.
PAY ONLY
'You assume no risk whatever in dealing with us, because, before
you buy or pay one cent, we place the watch right in your own hands and let it do its own talking.
I
We Ask No Security and No faterert^^-^rSBS, men. Our Elgin Watches are so
CREDIT PLAN so easy, that no matter
where vou live or how small your wages, WE WILL TRUST YOU, so that you and every honest man and woman can own a
High-Grade Elgin Watch in a beautiful Guaranteed 25-year Gold Case and wear it while paying for it in such small payments
that you never miss the money.
Write Today for Our Big Free Watch Catalog

about our easy credit plan and how we send Elgin 19-Jewel B. W. Raymond and 21 and 23-Jewel Elgin Veritas
It tells all
everywhere on Free Trial, without security or one cent deposit. Positively Guaranteed to Pass Any Railroad Inspection.
% HARRIS- GO AR CO. 1334 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo.
1909
YALE 31 H.P.
Motorcycle
Price $200.00
Flat Belt with Idler or S. G. V Belt
Herz Magneto $35.00 extra
Every Claim Proved By Actual Performance
The Yale team won the Chicago Motorcycle Club Endurance Contest with carbu-
of three riders
retor, vibrator, box and spark plug sealed, in competition with most of prominent of makes,
battery
on July 9th, 10th and 1th.1 Six hundred miles without a single adjustment,. making perfect team
score with every seal intact, RECEIVING TROPHY CUP.
Average speed twenty miles per hour. Conceded by all contestants to be the
most severe contest ever held.
Chicago Tribune, July 13th, says: "When the committee examined the machines of the winning trio yester-
day, it could not discover a single defect in the mechanism, while in the others penalties were levied for various
reasons." This performance establishes a record for consistent performance unheard of in the history of motor-
cycle building.
ROOM FOR A FEW AGGRESSIVE AGENTS
THE CONSOLIDATED MFG. COMPANY
1734 Fernwood Avenue TOLEDO, OHIO
For ow Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
We Sell Millwork Our Stair Department

for all styles of will save you from $60
Porches at
^ to $125 on
Cut Prices. every job.
Gable Ornament
Millwork for this Porch, $23.38. Price 75c Oak Stairs, Complete, §28.59.
Old Houses Made New

at Small Cost!
Write for Grand Free Millwork Catalog
5000 Bargains in Doors, Windows, Mouldings, All
Material for Stairs, Porches,Vestibules, Grilles, Sc.
'Graceland" Quality and Safe Delivery Guaranteed Anywhere "Claremont." Door,
Door with Plate Glass Send for handsomely illustrated Free Millwork Catalog showing
with Clear Glass. $4.50
$11.25
all kinds of material for building or remodeling. Everything in the
k.test styles approved by best architects. Each of the 5000 items
offered at a bargain price. You can buy, direct from the world's largest
building material plant, whatever you require for modernizing both
exterior and interior of }-our home. All styles of doors, from plain
pine to finest Art Front Doors of polished hardwood. Prices SO cents
up. Windows in every size and style, from plain windows at 63 cents
to magnificent Venetian Art Glass Windows in beautiful color effects.
—
Material for complete flight of stairs, only $24.73 an actual saving of
Art Window, $3.75.
$60 to $125. You will be surprised at the small cost of Hardwood

Flooring, Plate Rail, Beamed Ceilings, artistic Mantels, beautiful
Grilles and Colonnades, Sleeping Porches and other up-to-date im-
provements that any carpenter can put in.
We Undersell Everybody 5
on Building Material
We do a business of over a million dollars a year. We
carry Immense
stocks of guaranteed building' material in our own warehouses and lumber
yards. No other concern can duplicate our prices. All our material is guar-
anteed up to the Official Grades of the Sash & Door Manufacturers' Associa-
tions. We sell for cash and ship everywhere under an absolute guarantee of
safe delivery and satisfaction or money back.
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TELEPHONY
CJ Isa handsomely illustrated, ably edited, weekly exponent of
one of the most marvelous of modern American industries.
CJ Twenty years ago thQ Telephone was a curiosity. Today it is a
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POPULAR ELECTRICITY
The new Gen- General Elec-

eral Electric tric Tungsten
Tungsten Lamp lamps make elec-
gives nearly three tric light available
times the light giv- many people who
for
en ordinary
by never before thought
incandescent lamps they could afford it.
General6££iElectrlc
Tungsten Lamps
G.E. TUNGSTEN Lamps make it easy been installed in many large stores, office and
for you to get more and
better light for your public buildings where quality and economy
money than ever before. Whether you are are both essential.
now using electricity, gas or kerosene, you For the home or the small business place they
offer the same advantages that have induced larger
should know about these wonderful new lamps.
users to install them.
The G.E. TUNGSTEN Lamp is an im- Any progressive electric light company will be
provement over the standard G.E. Edison in- glad to tell you all about this new incandescent
candescent lamp in common use.
—
lamp -or write to us for our G.E. Tungsten Book No.
32 which tells more about the wonderful metal,
The light giving filament is made of the Tungsten, and explains how the best results can be
rare metal Tungsten instead of Carbon. When secured from G.E. TUNGSTEN Lamps in home,
heated by the same electric current Tungsten office, factory or store.
Remember — every day you are without G.E.
becomes much more luminous than carbon. TUNGSTEN Lamps an inferior light is costing
The ordinary carbon incandescent lamp you more than it should.
takes more than three watts of electricity for In 1880 the General Electric Company (then the
each candle light while the G.E. TUNG- Edison Electric Light Co.) made and marketed the
STEN uses but slightly more than one watt
firstEdison carbon incandescent lamp ever manu-
factured for commercial purposes. Since that date
to produce alight of soft, even white brilliancy this company has manufactured and sold 270,000,000
closely resembling daylight. Thus G.E. Edison carbon incandescent lamps. Every notable
TUNGSTEN Lamps give the highest advance in electric lighting in the last thirty years
has been made by the General Electric Company.
quality of light at a much lower cost.
Although on the market only a short time
The genuine G.E. TUNGSTEN Lamps are
always packed in individual boxe9 bearing
G.E.TUNG ST EN Lamps have already the famous G.E. monogram. Look for it.
General Electric Company, De P t. 30 Schenectady, N.Y.
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POPULAR ELECTRICITY
If SO, you will wish to know

about our full line of TUNGSTEN
Miniature and Low Voltage Lamps.
If not, you ought to know about
them. They are Little Giants
Efficiency and Brilliancy.
Tungsten Miniature Lamps are Used by

Automobilists
Bicycle Riders
Dentists, Oculists and Surgeons
Meter Readers
Workers Among Explosives
Tungsten Miniature Lamps are also
Used for
Bedroom Clocks
General Novelty Work
Portable Searchlights
Xmas Tree and Other Decorative
Work
Oar illustrated Bulletin 8A on Tungsten Miniature
and Low Voltage Lamps is yours for the asking.
We manufacture all styles and sizes of Carbon,
Auto. Taillight Gem, Tantalum and Tungsten Lamps.
i to 4 c. p. 6 Volts —
"We manufacture only One Quality the Highest.
The Columbia Incandescent Lamp Co,

(ESTABLISHED IN 1889)
Main Office and Works, ST. LOUIS, MO.
^^gmm&^^mt&ss
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Sunbeam Tungsten Lamps

2/1
Save
You save 65 r
;
of your current consumption by displacing your 3 h watts
per candle power ordinary incandescent lamps with J watts per candle 1
power Sunbeam Tugsten Lamps.
Reduce Your Meter Bills Nearly Two-Thirds

One 32 c. p. ordinary lamp consumes in 1 000 hours, 1 1 2,000
watts at 1 0c per K. W. hour and 30c list price of the lamp
makes total cost for 1000 hours $1 1.50
One 40 watt (1 Jwatts per c. p.) Sunbeam Tungsten Lamp
consumes in 1000 hours, 40,000 watts at 10c per K. W. hour
and $1 .00 list price of the lamp makes total cost for 000 hours, $ 5.00 1
Saving in 1 000 hours 72,000 watts on each lamp, or $ 6.50

)0 lamps in 000 hours
1 $650.00
List Prices
Standard
Pkg.
Clear Frosted Quantity
25-\vatt regular $0.85 $0.90 100

40-watt small bulb LOO 1.05 100
40-watt regular 1.10 1.15 50
60-watt " 1.40 1.47 50
100. watt
M 1.75 1.85 24
250-v/att 3.50 3.70 12
No. 1 Meridian 40-watt 1.50 1.50 24
No. 2 Meridian 60-watt 1.75 1.75 24
A standard package may be assorted to contain

both 25-watt and small 40-watt —
100 lamps total,
The
beam
color of the Sun-
Tunrsten is so
also a standard package may be assorted to con-
Ian both 60- watt and regular 40-watt 50 lamps — clear and fine that pale
blue and pale pink can
total.
Sunbeam 1 ungsten be distinguished under
Small £>ulb Bulletin No. 66 tells all about them. Write the rays of this lamp as
40-watt size — free.
for it it's readily as by sunlight.
WRITE NOW— RIGHT NOW
Sunbeam Incandescent Lamp Co.

Established 1889 MANUFACTURERS
CHICAGO TORONTO NEW YORK
Western Electric Company Distributing
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POPULAR ELECTRICITY
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limited number selected, ambitious men in
Practical Drafting, Detailing, Designing
Draftsmen Drawing $125-$ 150 Monthly

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from printed book lesson.
LET ME TELL YOU:

It requires actual, practical, up-to-date
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As Chief Draftsman of Engineering firm I know
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I give
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DON'T waste TIME and .MONEY trying to learn
from books or printed "STUFF" you can onlv learn on
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aî£l- CHIEF DRAFTSMAN

Div. 10. Eng's Equip't Co. (Inc.), Chicago
MICHAEL FARADAY
U1BR.
SEP 21 1931
popular:
EX.ECTKICITY
ENGLISH IN PLAIN
VOL. II SEPTEMBER 1909 Ho. 5
MICHAEL FARADAY
The man who discovered the principle of the dynamo, upon which
rests almost all electrical science and art as they exist today
Michael Faraday's work and discoveries were the immediate forerunner of

the modern electric dynamo. In August, 83 he performed a series of five
1 1 ,
immortal experiments, extending over a period of ten days, from which began a
new era of applied electricity.
Upon the first day he obtained his first evidence that an electric current
through one of two insulated wires, wound upon one-half of a soft iron ring, induced
a momentary current in a second insulated coil on the other half of the ring,
upon making and breaking the current, as shown by the deflection of the needle of
a galvanometer connected to the second coil.
He next observed that with an iron cylinder having a helix of wire wound
about it, and the iron cylinder being placed between the poles of bar magnets, that
every time the magnetic contact of the bar magnets with the cylinder was
made or broken, there was an electric current induced in the helix. This
showed that electricity could be produced by magnetism in motion.
Upon his fifth day of experimenting he discovered the production of electricity
by the approximation of a magnet to a wire. magnet wasA cylindrical bar
withdrawn from a cylindrical wire helix, whereupon the galvanometer
thrust in or
needle was deflected. This showed that the mere presence of a magnet near the
coil was sufficient to induce a current.
Upon day he made a copper disk turn between the poles of a great
the ninth
horse-shoe magnet, the outer edge and the center of the disk being connected with
a galvanometer by wires. The needle was deflected steadily as the disk turned
in one direction, and as the rotation of the disk was reversed the needle was de-
flected in the opposite direction. This was the first dynamo.
The following day he found that a one-eighth inch copper wire drawn back
and between the poles produced the same
forth effect. This is the principle of
the operation of the modern dynamo.
Michael Faraday was born at Newington, near London, September 22, 79 1 1
At he was appointed an assistant in chemistry at the Royal

the age of twenty-two
Institute, London, the same year becoming private secretary to and attending Sir
Humphrey Davy in a tour of the Continent. Upon his return in 8 5 he was re- 1 1
appointed at the Royal Institute, and there commenced his great career of inves-
tigation and discovery in the field of electricity and magnetism. He died in
1867, one of the most honored men of all the group of early investigators to whom
modern electrical art owes its beinq.
Elementary Electricity
By PROF. EDWIN J. HOUSTON, Ph. D. (Princeton)
CHAPTER XVII. — ELECTRIC SOURCES (CONTINUED). CHEMICAL ACTION
The pressure or electromotive force pro- his experiments were repeated by hosts of in-
duced by a frictional electric machine is vestigators.
greater than practically any other source, Among the most prominent of these was
yet the quantity of electricity is extremely Volta, who at first accepted Galvani's belief
small. Frictional electric machines re- that the convulsive movement of the frog's legs
mained practically the only electric sources was due a vital fluid.
to Extended ob-
until about the beginning of the year 1800, servations, however, soon led Volta to the
when Alexander Volta, Professor of Physics conclusion that the phenomena were due not
in the University of Padua, discovered an to a vital fluid but to electricity. Further
entirely new source, that, although not capa- investigations led him to believe that this
ble of producing very high E. M. F.'s, yet electricitywas produced by the contact of
could continue to furnish a greater quantity dissimilar metals, for he obtained the most
of electricity than any form of frictional or pronounced twitchings when two dissimilar
induction machine. metals, such as zinc and copper, were em-
There is an interesting history connected ployed; the zinc, placed in contact with the
with the discovery of this electric source. It nerves and the copper with the muscles,
appears that for many years prior to Volta's while the other ends were held together in
discovery, Luigi Galvani, a noted physician the hand.
and professor of anatomy in the University A lengthy controversy followed Volta's
of Bologna, had been in the habit of employ- announcement that what Galvani had dis-
ing the hind legs of recently killed frogs as covered was not a vital fluid, but an entirely
exceedingly sensitive electroscopes. These new electric source. Indeed, when it was
legs, prepared as [shown in Fig. 75, were, afterwards recognized that a pair of dis-
according to some accounts, hung outside similar metals placed in contact at one of
the window of his laboratory against the iron their ends and connected at the other end
of a balcony. It so happened to Galvani's by a liquid capable of conducting electricity,
surprise that the nerves and muscles of the and of acting chemically on one of the metals,
frog happening to be connected by the iron would produce a current of electricity, a still
of the balcony the legs were at once set into greater difference of opinion arose as to the
strong convulsions. cause.
It is strange in view of his knowledge of Volta believed, at any rate in his early
the fact that the passage of an electric cur- experiments, that the electricity was pro-
rent would produce such convulsions, that duced by the mere contact of dissimilar
Galvani should not have recognized the fact metals, while others contended that the
that he had made the magnificent discovery cause of electricity was chemical action.
of a new electric source. But Galvani had Without going any further into this question
for many years been endeavoring to dis- it is sufficient to say that while mere contact
cover the cause of life, and being prone, as is capable of producing an electromotive
was perhaps natural, to believe that what he force, yet chemical action is necessary to per-
had observed was what he so greatly wished mit the electricity to continue to be produced,
to discover, came to the incorrect conclusion when dissimilar metals are connected at one
that the convulsions were due to a vital set ofends and have their remaining ends
fluid that, flowing out of the nerves of the connected by the kind of liquid referred to
frog and passing through the conducting above.
path of the iron, was conveyed to its muscles. Volta continued his experimental investi-
This was in the year 1786. gations and finally produced an apparatus
When Galvani published his discovery of that was named after him, the voltaic pile or
a vital fluid, an immense enthusiasm was column, and is now generally known as the
created throughout the scientific world, and voltaic battery.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY ^
Volta's original pile was constructed as electromotive force equal to the sum of the
follows: Two metallic disks, one of zinc separate electromotive forces produced by
and the other of copper, were placed on each each cell. Consequently, such a battery is
other and separated from another set of zinc capable of providing a fairly constant electric
and copper disks byâ disk of cloth or paper current that will continue to flow as long as
sufficient zinc and acid remain. * -<
In order the better to understand what

takes place in the voltaic pile or battery we
endeavor to see what takes place
will first
in a single cell. Such a cell is represented
in Fig. 114, where a zinc plate (Z) and a
copper plate (C) are dipped in water con-
taining sulphuric acid. When the portions
of the zinc and copper plates that extend
above the surface of the liquid are connected
as shown by the copper wire (M), an electric
current passes through the liquid of the cell
from the zinc to the copper plates, and out-
side the cell from the copper to the zinc.
Since that portion of an electric source or
FIG. 113. VOLTA'S PILE
moistened by water containing a small quan-

tity of sulphuric acid or common table salt.
These separate sets were placed in regular
order between the three vertical glass rods
represented in Fig. 113, so as to form a
FIG. 114. VOLTAIC ELEMENT
cylindrical column or pile. The order was
as follows: Zinc, copper, cloth; zinc, cop-
per, cloth; zinc, copper, cloth, etc., from the circuit from out of which the current flows
bottom to the top of the pile. The different is positive,and that portion into which it
portions were then brought into contact with flows is negative, the portions of the zinc and
one another by pressure. copper plates that are dipped into the liquid
The pile or battery thus formed was capa- become respectively positive and negative,
ble of producing a constant flow of electricity while the terminals that project above the
that passed from a conducting wire con- liquid are respectively negative and posi-
nected with the copper plate on top of the tive.
pile, to a conducting wire connected to the A few definitions will aid in the explana-
zinc plate on the bottom of the pile. In tions that are to follow. The zinc and copper
other words, the wire connected with the plates are known as voltaic elements. The
end copper plate at the top of the pile was liquid in which they are dipped is called the
positive, and that connected with the end electrolyte. To be capable of acting, an
zinc plate at the bottom of the pile was must possess the power of acting.
electrolyte
negative. chemically on one of the elements and of
Each combination of copper, cloth and conducting electricity. The portions of the
zinc formed what is now called a voltaic cell. plate that are immersed in the electrolyte
Since these cells were connected in series, it are knowngenerally as the positive plate and
is evident that the battery will produce an the negative plate, while the portions that
276 POPULAR ELECTRICITY
project outside the liquid are known as the cell connected with the zinc of the adjoining
electrodes or poles. cell. This leaves the zinc of the first cell
The
following facts have been discovered and the copper of the last cell as the poles or
respecting a simple voltaic cell consisting of terminals of the batten*. The cells are,
zinc and copper immersed in dilute sulphuric therefore, connected in series.
acid. "When the cell is open, that is, when In the early days of the voltaic batten-
the zinc and copper are not connected at much difficulty was experienced by the un-
their electrodes by the conductor (M), then, equal action of the acid on the zinc. In a
if ordinary commercial zinc is employed, a properly arranged cell no chemical action
chemical action still goes on, the zinc plate should take place when the circuit of the bat-
is slowly dissolved and bubbles of hydrogen ten is open, for then no regular current is
gas are given off from its surface. At the possible. Unless, however, care is taken as
same time the heat generated by this chemi- to the employment of chemically pure zinc
cal action of the acid on the zinc, which is only, a chemical action of the acid on the
practically the same as the burning of the zinc will occur whether the circuit of the cell
zinc in acid, heats the entire mass of the is opened or closed. This action is known
electrolyte. as local action and is due to impurities in the
When, however, the cell is closed, or the zinc, generally of small particles of iron, that
terminals are connected by (M), bubbles of form with the zinc minute voltaic couples
hvdroên are no longer s^ven off bv the zinc that produce electricity in local circuits.
FIG. riN. FIFTEEN VOLTAIC CELLS CONNECTED IN SERIES
plate but all appear at the copper plate, while The electricity, however, is not useful since
the energy produced by the burning zinc it never reaches the external circuit. It
now appears in the circuit no longer as heat merely attacks the zinc, uselessly burning it
but as an electric current. It is evident, at the expense of a portion of the acid of the
therefore, that the energy producing the cur- electrolyte.
rent is the chemical potential energy of the Probably one of the most important im-
zinc. provements in the voltaic cell was the dis-
As will be seen, the elements of the voltaic cover}' that this local action could be avoided
cell, in this case the zinc and the copper, have by what was known as the amalgamation
opposite polarities below and above the sur- of the zinc plate, effected by dipping the zinc
face of the liquid, those portions immersed plate into a weak solution of sulphuric acid
in the electrolyte being in the case of the zinc and then rubbing its surface by a few drops
positive, and negative in the case of the of mercury, by means of a bit of rag tied to
copper, while outside the electrolyte the a stick. There is thus produced on the sur-
copper is positive and the zinc negative. face of the zinc plate a film of amalgam con-
In Fig. 115 fifteen separate voltaic cells sisting of pure zinc combined with mercury.
are connected with the copper pole of each The particles of iron present in the zinc are
POPULAR ELECTRICITY 277
not dissolved in the mercury, but are carried stead of the hydrogen collecting on its sur-
off by the bubbles of gas and float in the face, a film of metallic copper is deposited,
liquid. There is thus produced a surface of thus absolutely avoiding objectionable polari-
practically pure zinc that is not acted on by zation.
the electrolyte until the circuit of the battery According to Ayrton anpl Perry, the elec-
is closed. tromotive forces in volts for the following
In actual practice the electromotive force different pairs of voltaic couples are:
produced by a voltaic battery rapidly de- Zinc I
9in
2l0
creases after the battery has been for some Lead f
d
little while on closed circuit. This is due to .'
'.'.".".'.'.'.'.'.'.'.;;!" 069
Tin
what is known as polarization. Tin I 010
313
Iron f
Polarization is caused by bubbles of hydro-
Iron I ,
146
4fi
gen that collect on the surface of the nega- Copper J"
tive plate. Since hydrogen forms with zinc Copper I 9 oo

ZdS
Platinum f
:
a voltaic couple, capable of producing a Platinum , o

I
lL6
-,
greater electromotive force than that pro- Carbon '. f
duced by the zinc and copper, there is a The E. M. F. produced by the contact of
tendency in a polarized cell to set up an any of the elements in this table is obtained
electromotive force in the opposite direction by adding the successive E. M. F.'s. Thus,
to the electromotive force produced by the a couple of zinc and carbon would produce
zinc-copper couple. This, of course, lowers an E. M. F. of 1.09 volts.
the efficiency of the battery for the following (To be continued.)
reasons:
(i) The bubbles of hydrogen being non-
conductors of electricity, increase the re-
Electricity an Insignificant Fire
sistance of the cell, and, therefore, decrease Hazard
the amount of current that flows through it.
(2) The oppositely directed electromo- From Jan. 1, 1908, to and including Dec.
tive force, produced by the hydrogen-zinc 15 of the same year, Chicago had 4621 fires,
couple, being opposed to the E. M. F. proof which only 1 .9 per cent, were reported due
duced by the copper, tends to decrease the to electric wires or apparatus.
effectiveness of the E. M. F. of the cell. The following record covering a period of
There are various methods by means of 135 days gives a means of comparison as to
which the polarization of voltaic cells may various causes of fires, electricity included:
be either decreased or entirely avoided. The Unknown 628
Careless use of matches 164
most important of these are as follows: Overheated stove 109
Sparks from chimneys 100
(1) Mechanical methods, by which the Defective flues 88
hydrogen bubbles are brushed from the sur- Overheated furnace 60
Supposed incendiary 52
face of the negative plate by a properly Spontaneous combustion 51
Explosion of gasoline 46
directed stream of air, so thrown against the 43
Thawing of water pipe:.
plate, as mechanically to carry off the gas. Explosion of gas 38
Electric wires 37
Since gas bubbles will cling with greater Gas jet 36
strength to a smooth surface than to a rough Oil lamps 35
Carelessness with candles 26
surface, the plan is sometimes adopted of Hot ashes 26
Boiling oil 17
roughening the surface of the negative plate. Cigar stub 12
(2) Chemical methods, which consist in Hot box ?
Christmas tree 5
employing substances possessing great oxidiz- Spark from locomotive 5
Explosion of chemictls 4
ing powers, such as chromate of potash, per- Plumber's torch 3
manganate of potash, oxide of copper, nitric Incendiary 2
Lightning 1
acid, etc., that remove the bubbles of hydro-
1633
gen by entering into chemical combination
with them. Electricity is, according to these figures,
(3) Electro-chemical methods, which con- a very infrequent offender and it is hard to
sist in employing what are known as double understand why it is that the public press
fluid cells, containing two electrolytes, and and unthinking people will almost always
dipping the negative element, say copper, attribute the cause of tires of unknown
into a solution of copper sulphate so that in- origin to "crossed electric wires."
The Palace of Mirages are the largest of their kind ever manu-
factured and measure, in each instance, n
Novel utilization of electricity has been by 1 6 feet. The dozen smaller mirrors are
largely instrumental in giving to the pleas- mounted pivotally, enabling them to be
ure loving city of Paris. France, its latest turned simultaneously and it is this facility
and in many respects its most ingenious of manipulation which makes possible the
amusement enterprise. This innovation that presentation of three different and distinct
has aroused the enthusiasm of the French schemes of decoration, each of this trio of
—
people famous for their love of new sen- decorative schemes being, of course, in-
sations — is an institution known as "The finitely multiplied by reflection.
Palace of Mirages." Fundamentally it is Stationed at the various angles of the hall,
an elaboration of the theory of the apparent erected especially for this institution, are six
multiplication of objects placed between two rotarv drums, each of these drums carrvin?
parallel mirrors. In homely phrase it might six mirrors arranged in pairs and forming
BEAUTIFUL PALACE OF MIRAGES
be referred to as a development from the three angles of 1 20 degrees each. Each angle
"crystal maze" familiar to all visitors to of the hexagon likewise measures* 120 de-
modern amusement parks. But this Parisian grees. With this mechanical arrangement it
creation represents so high a development is possible by giving the drums one-third of
and embodies so much that is unique and a turn to change the entire aspect of the hall.
interesting from an electrical and scientific here that one of the crucial functions
It is just
standpoint that it is scarcely to be mentioned of the installation is manifest.
electrical
in the same breath as its more commonplace The delicate, electrically controlled mechan-
predecessors. ism is such that the six drums can be turned
The priman' feature of the equipment of either independently or simultaneously.
this manufactory of illusions is found in six When they are stationary, the mirrors of the
large fixed mirrors, attached to the walls of drums complete the angle of the hexagon and
the building, and twelve smaller mirrors are thus, to all appearances, part of the walls.
which are revolvable and which form the The decorative effects which are repro-
angles of a hexagon. The six main mirrors duced and multiplied by reflection are in
great part affixed to the

mirrors and this circum-
stance brought about one
of the problems of opera-
tion. The mirrors must
be started, move and stop
so gradually and carefully
that none of the delicate
decorations are dislodged
or jarred from their proper
position. The solution was
found in the invention of
a new type of brake.
The drums above men-
tioned are actuated by a
frictionwheel and are
stopped without shock by
means of this special
brake.
The Palace of Mirages
presents (by means of quick
transformations effected in CANOPY MANIPULATING APPARATUS
total darkness) three differ-
ent schemes of decoration, representing, are rendered possible by the electric lights of
'respectively, a Hindu temple, a forest and which more than 2,500, involving lamps of all
an Arabian palace — each seemingly limitless colors, are employed. As many as 1,800 of
in extent, thanks to the aid of the mirrors. these incandescents lamps can be simultane-
Although there are but three main "scenes" ously illuminated and in the final effect in the
or settings, forty-five different luminous effects lastscene the mirrors create the illusion of
64,800 lamps. Not only are stationary in-
candescents used but portable or^ moving
lamps are employed in the simulation of
birds, butterflies and other aerial travelers.
The system of electrical illumination is
supplied with a direct current of 500 amperes
and no
volts. The 45 different luminous
effectsabove mentioned are controlled by
means of a special switchboard with 45 keys.
A particularly novel feature of the electrical
equipment is that provided for the manipu-
lation of a great decorative canopy which is
utilized in the forest scene in order to con-

vey to the spectator the illusion of a con-
tinuous leafy bower. Under electrical im-
pulse this huge, painted, flexible fabric slides
through a central ring and expands until it
forms a canopy over the entire central hall.
For the speedy manipulation of this tent-
like covering there are employed numerous
counterweights and a network of wires.
According to the estimates of Mr. Lewis

B. Stillwell, presented before the American
Institute of Electrical Engineers, the Niagara
Falls hydro-electric plants, during the year
1908, saved the equivalent of more than a
ELECTRICAL CONTROL OF PALACE OF MIRAGES million tons of coal.
Card Indexing the Country
By WALDON FAWCETT
The thirteenth national enumeration of the new machines require a man or woman
population of the. United States which will operative (although some are entirely auto-
be made next year may be termed, very matic in action) but this does not mean that
appropriately, the "electrical census." This they are not economical, for each electrical
nick-name is deserved because of the ex- toiler accomplishes as much, in a given
tensive dependence which will be placed time, as would scores of clerks, figuring with
upon electrical energy for carrying out this pen or pencil in the old-fashioned way.
gigantic job of figuring and by reason of The next Federal Census, as becomes the
the invention of some marvelous electrically foremost job of accounting that befalls a
operated machines for conducting the statis- progressive government, is to be taken on
tical work by mechanical means. Indeed, the card index plan
—
"card indexing the
there is no prece-
dent, either in
governmental ac-
tivities or in the
modern business
world, for such
widespread utili-
zation of the magic
current for cleri-
cal and kindred
work, and the fad
that Uncle Sam
relies so largely on
this form of pow-
er in the biggest
undertaking in
which he is called
upon to engage,
is, to say the least,
highly significant.
. The decennial
counting of every
lid by WaUlon Fcurcett. Washington, D. C.
man, woman and
OPERATING ELECTRICAL CARD INDEXING PUNCH
child in the repub-
lic, for which the
U. Congress recently appropriated the
S. country," the project has been termed with —
sum $10,000,000 will not take place
of an individual pasteboard for each and every
until the year 1910 but very active prepara- inhabitant of the United States. It is in
tions have been in progress for some time preparing and handling these personal
past for this unique enterprise which will records, probably ninety odd million in
engage the services for long or short periods number, that the newly perfected electrical
of upward of sixty thousand regular and machines find their chief functions. Just
temporary employees of the government. here it should be explained that the facts
Most important of those preliminaries has concerning the age, color, sex, nationality,
been the invention by the electrical and etc., of an individual are not penned or
mechanical experts of the United States typewritten on the card reserved for him
Census Bureau of a remarkable series of as would be the case in any ordinary card
recording and tabulating machines which, index system. Instead this biographical
under electrical impulse, perform statistical data that is essential to the compilation of
work that would require thousands of an informative census is recorded by means
human hands. To be sure, most of the of holes punched in the card. The number
and round punctures carry

locations of these can depress as many keys as are necessary
significance. In other words, the positions to record the biography in hand and after
of the holes on the surface of a minutely all the lines of inquiry have been thus
ruled and blocked card indicates to any disposed of, a button is pressed bringing
person conversant with Census Office prac- an motor into play and all the holes
electric
tice all the needed information relative to are punched simultaneously without further
the individual who is represented by the effort on the part of the operator.
card. No writing whatever is necessary. This latitude of operation has the advan-
Perhaps the most wonderful of the new tage that each key being independent of
muscled census machines is the
electrically all the others can be released at will without
card punching apparatus, the purpose of a hole being punched or any fact recorded.
which is to transform blank cards into bio- Thus the operator before turning on the
graphical records in accordance with the electric current for the punching operation,
system above described. The machine has can look over the depressed keys to make
a keyboard very similar in appearance to sure that the chronicle is correct and if an
error be discov-
ered the wrong
key can be re-
leased and the
error rectified be-
fore any punching
is done, thus ef-
fecting a great
saving both in
cards and labor.
An average oper-
ative can by
means of one of
these new ma-
chines punch
more than 4,000
cards per day,
as compared with
perhaps 900 cards
per day with the
old-style hand
punch which this
Copyright by iwcett, Washington, D. C. new
invention has
ELECTRICAL TABULATOR superseded ..More-
over, not one per
that of a typewriter but with 240 different cent of the cards are spoiled in the
keys instead of less than one-sixth that course of the operation.
number. Each key when depressed records While the operator of one of these new
one fact. The keys are not only inscribed punching machines is recording the dis-
to indicate their functions but the main tinctive facts concerning the individual
groups of facts are differentiated by keys of whose card is in course of preparation,
different colors, thus guarding against con- the machine is automatically performing
fusion. The machine, in its operation, a supplementary operation of almost equal
differs from the typewriter in one important —
importance namely applying by means
respect. In the familiar type of writing of a "gang punch" a mark common to a
—
machine a record is made that is a letter considerable number of cards, for instance,
—
or figure is printed every time a key is all the cards for a given city, count}- or
depressed and if a mistake is made it must state —
cards that would obviously be dupli-
be crossed out or corrected with some in- cates of one another in so far as their geo-
convenience. In this novel new form of graphical data is concerned. As further
recording mechanism, however, the operator evidence of the versatility of this new card
instead of punching one hole at a time, punch, it may be mentioned that automatic
counters are attached to the keys and thus go a similar operation, after which the
even' time a hole is punched the fact is motor stops automatically.
duly recorded on a dial. This adjunct is Invented to supplement the work of the
exceedingly valuable in census practice machine above described, particularly in
since will make possible the announce-
it compiling combinations of facts that in-
ment important totals as soon as all the
of volve more or less intricate records, is the
cards have been punched. There are a lately perfected electric tabulator. This
dozen of these dials on each punching tabulating machine is in the form of a
machine and once the ninety million cards, heavy cabinet from the front of which ex-
representing the country's population, have tends a movable arm or lever attached to
been put through the punching process the the outer extremity of which is a "pin box"
can. by consulting the dials, learn
officials containing a needle for each possible hole
not only the exact total of the country's in a card. When the pin box is brought
population but the numerical strength of down over each card in turn, that is fed
the grand divisions of the population as into the machine, the needles which meet
to males, females, native, foreign, white, the unpunched surface are repressed while
colored, married, single, etc. those that pass through holes make an
Finally, the cause of economy is furthered electric contact below and by means of
by the circumstance that there is no hand relays cause one or more counters or dials
feeding of cards in the new machine. The to register. The complement of dials are
operator places about 600 cards sufficient — connected with an automatic recording and
for the average "run" —
in a magazine at printing system, suggestive in its operation
the back of the machine sets up in front of
: of the familiar stock ticker, and thus the
her in an automatic "schedule turner" the
'
totals compiled by the tabulator are printed
sheet of returns received from a census on tapes.
enumerator in the field, and leaves the rest The form of tabulator above described
of the work to the machine. All she has is semi-automatic but requires the constant
to do is to touch the keys as above described. attention of an operative when in service.

When the keys have been depressed as de- However, the census experts are now at
1 the operator touches a bar similar work on a tabulator designed to be wholly
to the space bar of a typewriter and the automatic in its action, which will feed
motor with one complete revolution punches cards from a magazine and receive them
all the holes in the card; gang punches the into another magazine after the fashion of
card; records all the required facts on the the new card punch. Electric motors of
automatic counters, and turns the schedule one-half horse power are employed for the
to the next set of facts. At the same time operation of the new census machines and
the punched card is fed out automatically great numbers of these will be in simul-
to a magazine in front of the machine and taneous operation when the work of com-
a blank card is fed in from the rear to un 1 -r- pilation is in full swins:.
Memorizing Ohm's Law

"E" stands for the pressure
£
Which we are taught to use. _q
Divided by "R", for resistance, -^
Will give us "C." the juice
E divided by R."
Q= ^
With this we don't get very far. -^
•R times C'vou see. E=RXC

E
And ••R" is "E divided bv C R=—
C
••\Y." watt, is "Current times
Electromotive force." W=<
And seven
*
k
of them
The "Power of a horse." ;4 6=H.P.
— Telegraph Age.
Rapid Transit and the Round City short haul passengers. Therefore transpor-
tation facilities must be extended out in all
All large cities tend to grow round in form directions toward these limits and the city
unless there are natural restrictions to such becomes a circle.
growth. The cause of this tendency is the A peculiar state of affairs exists in New
necessity of concentration in a compara- York city. It has tried its hardest to be-
tively small area of the great interests in the come a long city. Manhattan and the
world of trade, where a large portion of the Bronx, occupying as they do a long point
city's inhabitants find their daily occupa- with the Hudson River on one side and East
tion. The agent which makes possible this River on the other, tend naturally toward
state of affairs is rapid transit or more this condition. So the city started out to
strictly speaking electric rapid transit, for grow with the evident intention of over-
without electricity subways and elevated throwing this law of great cities. First the
roads would be practicably impossible. surface cars took the people to the point
Without swift and ample transportation where lies the greatest activity. They were
facilities great cities of today would be com- soon overwhelmed. Then the elevated roads
posite in character, consisting of a number —
were built four long parallel lines of them
of business centers instead of being a single — and they likewise could not handle the
unit built up around one great center. traffic. Then came the famous subway,
Problems of transportation in a cityôf and it is now crowded to its utmost and more
two or three millions of inhabitants are the people clamoring to live farther out. The
most serious with which the city has to con- limit of this long city is reached, and slowly
tend, and they result from one cause that — and surely, with its constantly growing and
little congested district. The lateral limits magnificent system of great bridges and
of this congested distiict are restricted to a tunnels, new rapid transit outlets are being
half a mile or even a quarter of a mile from made in all directions to be filled up with
the center. Then, when necessity demands, a rush by the home-seeking public, and the
the city at this point grows straight up in New York of the future will be round.
the ten, twenty, even forty stories.
air, In Did you ever attend a great base-ball
this beehive a million people may work game, and go early to watch the crowd ar-
every day. Every morning they must be rive? If you did you may, in a manner,
brought into it, every evening taken home, watch the growth of a great city. First
and a large part of this coming and going come the "general admissions" and fill up
occurs within a period of an hour and a half the most desirable seats in the bleachers
night and morning. nearest the field. As the time draws near
Outside of a zone extending two or three for the opening of the game the bleachers
miles from the center, and which is served are filled up to the very top and to the
principally by the surface cars live the peo- farthest end. Meanwhile the grandstand
ple who are affected by rapid transit. They is filling up. Now our little city is triangu-
live in the outskirts of the city or in sub- lar in form with the congested district near
urban homes, where there is light and air. the apex.
Their station in life permits them to do this. Stillthousands are clamoring for admis-
But they object strenuously to consuming sion. So the late comers are allowed to fill
more than 30 or 40 minutes in going or up the field along the side fines, and they
coming. As the city grows it is continually crowd in along a narrow strip on each side
reaching out and out to provide dwelling extending farther and farther down. They
places for the new thousands. It it should want to fill in the whole end of the field but
grow straight out in one direction and try at first they are not allowed to do so, unless
to become a long city there would come the game is an extraordinary one. Then
a time when the distance in this direction they are not to be denied. A policeman or
would become so great that the time limit two gives away here and there along the line.
in going from and coming to the city would A little tongue of people shoots out here
be reached, also the point would be reached and another there toward the center of the
when the transportation company could no field. These flying wedges become surging
longer maintain the five cent fare, for people crowds. In a few minutes they fill up the
carried above a certain distance are carried entire back part of the field in a neat semi-
at a loss which must be made up for by the circle and our little round city is complete.
So it is with the building of a great city. never dreams. For instance the two car-
Conditions demand a common meeting point bons do not burn away alike. The positive
or center. Rapid makes possible
transit carbon, which is generally made the upper
this single number of
center instead of a one in the lamp does not burn away evenly
isolated ones. The quickest and easiest way but is hollowed out at the end like the crater
to reach this center is along radial lines and of a volcano. The lower or negative carbon
the city becomes round. on the other hand soon forms a point and
is consumed very slowly.
How Light is Made It isfrom the crater that most of the light
is emitted, not from the incandescent vapor
We are all more or less familiar with the of the arc. The temperature of this crater
effects of different sources of electric light. is3500 C, or 742o°F. which is the tempera-
But how many are able to explain the prin- ture of melting carbon, the most refractory
ciples of the four most common kinds of substance known. This crater of a carbon
electric lights? There are the arc lamp, arc is literally "the hottest place on earth"
incandescent lamp, the mercury vapor or and will melt any known substance.
Cooper-Hewitt lamp and the Nernst lamp. The light emitted by the arc crater ap-
What are they and how do they make light? proaches very nearly that of sunlight, con-
THE ARC LAMP taining all the colors of the spectrum in
nearly sunlight proportions.
Fundamentally the arc lamp consists of
The ordinary direct current open arc con-
two carbon rods inserted in a break in the
sumes about 10 amperes at 45 volts, or 450
electric circuit and separated a slight dis-
watts. This means that in the little crater,
tance so that the current jumps across the
a fraction of an inch across, there is con-
break and continues on its way. The car-
stantly being used up over one-half of a
bons are first touched together to complete
horse power of energy.
There are various types of arc lamps now
on the market. They are made for alter-
nating and for direct current, open and
Carbon enclosed, for series and for multiple opera-
Crater tion, with solid and with special cored car-
bons (the flaming arc is an example of the
latter), but they all embody the principle of
S$L Carbon the current jumping across a gap between

the carbons.
Crapor It may be interesting to know that Sir
Humphrey Davy, in 1808, made the first
arc lamp. This was before there was a
_/Vegaticre commercial dynamo even. He used a gal-
Carbon vanic battery of 2000 cells. The arc lamp
did not become a commercial proposition,
however, until the dynamo was developed.
ACTION OF THE ELECTRIC ARC THE INCANDESCENT LAMP

the and start the current flowing,
circuit The incandescent electric lamp is perhaps
then they are drawn apart, the current con- simplest of all and the public is the most
tinuing to flow across the gap through a con- familiar with it. It was found in the be-
ducting vapor of carbon which is formed. ginning that electricity flowed more easily
This is the principle. There are a great through large wires than through small ones,
many accessories to the arc lamp, however, the latter presenting a greater resistance.
which are provided for automatically main- To force current through a small wire takes
taining the proper distance between the car- energy which is expended in the form of
bons. These are operated by electro-mag- heat. Edison first applied this principle to
nets affected by the current flowing through the incandescent lamp. To do this it was
the arclamp circuit. necessary to make the resistance element of
There are many interesting features in the carbon in the form of a fine filament. A
carbon arc of which the casual observer wire of copper or iron that fine would melt
like wax from by the cur-

the heat developed cury vapor. This vapor then conducts the
rent trying to crowd through it. The car- current across from one terminal to the other
bon filament must even be enclosed in a bulb through the tube, but in passing it heats the
from which the air is exhausted, for if it particles of mercury vapor to a high state
were operated in the open air the oxygen of incandescence, emitting the peculiar light
combining with the carbon at the high mentioned. This is the principle of the
temperature would very soon destroy the mercury vapor arc although there are modi-
filament; in other words it would be oxidized fications such as devices for starting the arc
or burned up. without tilting the lamp, etc.
He a cry Circu it. Cu-i re NERNST LAMP

An interesting type of incandescent lamp
is known has a glower
as the Nernst. It
Fine Cvine which is neither carbon nor metal and
F•lament of this glower has first to be heated by ex-
High Resistance
ternal means before the lamp will light up.
PRINCIPLE OF THE INCANDESCENT LAMP The glowers are made of a mixture of "rare
earths", something like those used in the
The incandescent lamp is, therefore, mantels of Welsbach burners. They are in-
nothing more than a very fine filament of serted in the circuit as in the case of the in-
high resistance inserted in an electric cir- candescent lamp, though no protecting bulb
cuit and enclosed in a vacuum bulb for pro- is necessary. But they do not heat up at
tection. The current passing through the fila- once as the current cannot flow through
ment heats it up to incandescence and it them while cold. So a wire from the main
emits light. circuit, very fine and of high resistance, is
There are many different types of incan- wound around them. When the current is
descent lamps, such as the carbon filament, turned on, this fine wire heats up as in the
metallic filament, tungsten, tantalum, etc., case of the incandescent filament and in do-
the newer types, such as the tungsten, having ing so, soon heats up the glowers to a tem-
a higher efficiency, owing to the fact that perature at which they will conduct elec-
they can be operated at a higher temperature. tricity. The current then flows through the
glowers and maintains them at the tem-
MERCURY VAPOR LAMP
perature of incandescence. Meanwhile the
Most have seen the long glass tubes
of us
fine wire heating coil, being no longer needed,
which emit a greenish or bluish light and
is automatically cut out of the circuit.
which gives one's face a peculiar ghastly
tinge. These are mercury vapor lamps or
Electricity in Kodak Films
Some of the hitherto unexplainable tricks
played upon photograph films have been
3E found to be caused by static electricity. The
Q
CTerminal
Glass Cracuum Tube
Mercury
1L
Terminal
PRINCIPLE OF THE MERCURY VAPOR LAMP
^ band of celluloid that serves as foundation
for the layer of gelatinobromide becomes
electrified by contact with the black paper
that protects the roll against light, or simply
by contact with the next sensitive layer in
the roll, so that in certain conditions there
Cooper-Hewitt lamps, as they are often are actual electrical discharges that leave
called, after their inventor Peter Cooper- on the image, after development,
their traces
Hewitt. in the form
of branched or zigzag lines.
The mercury vapor lamp consists of a A warm and dry atmosphere seems to
long glass vacuum tube in one end of which favor the accident, which occurs notably
is a little cup containing mercury. One when the operator removes the roll from the
terminal of the electric circuit enters this apparatus; if the spool is partly unrolled he
mercury; the other terminal enters the other squeezes it lightly and thus gives a slight
end of the tube. By tilting the tube and motion of rotation to the interior coils;
agitating the mercury the latter is partially then determines the phenomenon,
friction
vaporized and the tube is filled with the mer- and the harm is done.
Electrical Curing of Meats
In Cleveland, Ohio, is to be found, a model in layers in these tanks, each layer being
plant for the curing of meat^by electrical separated by wooden racks. Layer upon
process; the first of its kind. The purpose layer of meat is laid in until the vat is full,
of the plant is to demonstrate the practi- each vat holding approximately 5,000 pounds
cability of the method, and in that respect of meat. The vat is then filled with pickle
it is creating somewhat of a sensation. (no particular formula being required, as no
The company's object in erecting a plant change in a packer's formula is necessary).
of 50 tons capacity of cured meat per month, The electric current is turned on. The cir-
was not for the purpose of engaging to a culating pump is started, and, if the meat be
large extent in the packing business, but bacon, four days are required to produce a
MEAT CURING VATS WITH ELECTRIC CIRCULATING PUMPS
that the packers might be able to see the perfectly mild cured meat, ready for the
practical side of a complete plant —
and have smoke, No handling of the meat is necessary
demonstrated to them by actual trial on a during the process of curing and the same is
commercial scale that electricity fits into the true whether the meat be bacon in cure four
curing of meats just as perfectly as it has days, hams in cure 30 days or beef 20 days.
into every other enterprise to which it has No changing of meat from tank to tank is
been applied with revolutionizing effect. necessary and no pickle is wasted.
The introduction of electricity to the curing The same pickle is now used with which op-
of meats adds no complications, but simpli- erations were started on March 17th, 1909,
fies the old method. The result is a saving there having been cured to date 10 batches
in time, labor, pickle, cooperage and floor aggregating 5,000 pounds to the batch, and
space. the pickle is as good as ever. The satura-
Vats about 14 feet long, four feet high, and tion is kept up by adding ingredients to the
four feet wide, are substituted for the hogs- pickle in the cooling tank outside the vat
head and barrels as seen in the packing house from time to time as needed. The purity
of today. The meat to be cured is placed and lasting qualities of the brine is attrfBu-
POPULAR ELECTRICITY 28?
table to the purifying influence of the elec- It took years of experimenting to bring
tric current. the electric process of curing to a practical
The vats in the company's plant are ar- point. All preliminary experiments were
ranged in sections of from one to as many carried on at a large packing house in Cin-
as may be required for hams, beef and bacon, cinnati, Ohio. It was with meat cured at
each section having its own formula of this plant that many
features valuable to
brine. An overflow tank with cooling coils the packer were discovered, principal among
in it takes care of the circulation of each them that of the keeping qualities. It has
section. One electrical centrifugal pump been clearly demonstrated that the meat will
and one overflow tank will cool the brine and not skipper, due to there being no im-
handle the circulation for a section of 10 purities in the meat, after it comes from
tanks or more. the electric bath, in which the skipper fly
The necessity for circulating the brine may nest. Tests have proven that bacteria,
arises from the fact that a system of elec- which cooking does not appear to destroy,
MEAT CURING TANKS— CAPACITY, 5,000 POUNDS
trodes is placed at the ends of each vat, are annihilated by the electric current.
forming the poles from which the current The company has in its offices, on ex-
travels through the brine and meat, alternat- hibition, a piece of bacon cured in five days
ing from pole to pole 7,200 times per second. by electric process, shipped to Hon. Wm.
This raises the temperature of the brine, and Canada, *U. S. Consul, Vera Cruz, Mexico,
it is therefore necessary to circulate it through by express, in a slatted box so that flies could
a cooling vat. The brine is thus constantly enter, but barring rats and mice. This
being returned to the vat at the proper tem- shipment was intended to make a quick ex-
perature by the aid of a contrifugal pump. press trip but got lost in transit and remained
Electrical control consists of one trans- in that hot country four months. It finally
former for each 20 vats, one switch and a reached Consul Canada, he examined it,
regulating rheostat for each vat, mounted found it O. K. and reshipped it to the
upon a switchboard. These devices are sender. It arrived in Cincinnati, was opened
located in the engine room and are under by a United States Inspector who passed it
the control of the engineer. as being in good condition.
When Lightning Strikes
In studying the The A flash is of the simpler type which

actions and vagaries occurs when a charged cloud approaches
of lightning it must the earth without another cloud intervening.
be remembered that In this case the discharge is not as powerful
a mass of vapor, as in the case of the B type where another
which we call a cloud. cloud intervenes between the cloud earning
as it is carried along the primary charge and the earth. In the
through the atmos- hrst case an ordinary hghtning rod may be
jjjj phere. develops upon effective either by absorbing the energy of

its surface a charge the stroke or by conducting it to ground
of static electricity in the form of a "silent discharge." In the
through friction with B type, however, the two clouds practically
the air. This static form a condenser, and when a discharge
electricity should not from the upper cloud takes place to the
be confused with lower cloud the potential between the lower
current electricity such as is developed cloud and the earth reaches appalling pro-
by a dynamo or batten*. As the name portions and the resulting hghtning stroke
implies it is "electricity at re Al- to the earth is a veritable electrical ava-
though at rest normallyhas enormous
it lanche. In its erratic course it overwhelms
potential possibilities and the charge on the everything and no Hghtning rod or conductor
cloud is at all times seeking to reach the was ever made which can for a moment
earth which is of the opposite polarity, or cam- away safely this electrical deluge.
else to jump to a neighboring cloud of lower In an English work entitled "Modern
potential or opposite polarity. The air be- Li eh tnin ^Conductors" this dirlerence be-
tween the cloud
and the earth
is a non-con-
ducting medi-
um or dielectric
which prevents
this discharge
until such tin it
as the pent-up ^^âga
-ure be-
comes so enor-
mous (millions
upon millions
of volts) that
the layer of air Jj'-W JÂW
is punctured, ORDINARY : \r.;e ORDINARY "B DISCHARGE
and then we
see the lightning flash, that which is visible tween the A and the B discharges is graphi-
to the eye being particles in the atmosphere cally illustrated.In the hrst figure we have
heated to incandescence by the passage of the ordinary A discharge which seeks the
the discharge. highest point on the earth's surface in order
Oliver Lodge, the noted English to relieve the pressure. As mentioned be-
has pointed out that lightning dis-
scientist, fore insuch an instance a lightning rod
charges are of two distinct characters which properly installed may be effective. In the
he has named the A and B flashes respec- second instance there is an ordinary A
tively. .rge from the upper cloud to the
lower one, resulting in a B

discharge to earth. The third
and fourth illustrations show
modifications of this class, the
discharge at A precipitating a
discharge at B, the place where
B occurs having been subjected
to no preliminary strain.
With the A flash the differ-
ence of pressure is gradually
established between the cloud
and earth, and in this case
pointed conductors are efficient
lightning protectors. The glow
discharge in such cases which is
noticeable on the upper parts of
the building and from the air ter-
minals of the lightning rods seems
DISCHARGE INDUCED BY A DISCHARGE BETWEEN
to prepare the path for the real UPPER CLOUDS
discharge and neutralize its force
to a great extent when it does come. The at equally high efficiency in either direction.
heated air from the chimney acts in a some- Since the ordinary steam turbine can run in
only one direction, the new method
saves the expense of a reversible tur-
bine.
Kaiser Studies Electrical Farming
Emperor William of Germany is

said be backing a series of ex-
to
periments being made to stimulate
plant growth by means of electrical
currents. An electric plant produc-
ing electricity at 250,000 volts has
been installed and a large tract of
B DISCHARGE INDUCED BY NEIGHBORING 'a" ground is strung with an intricate net-
DISCHARGE work of wires over which the electricity
is distributed.
what similar manner and conduct the
will Dr. Hoechstermann, who is conducting
discharge to the stove or source of heat in the experiments, declares that cereals, flowers
a dangerous manner, if it is not in connec- and all kinds of vegetation have grown more
tion with the eaith. The lightning rod, rapidly under this sort of electric stimulation.
if properly installed will prevent this de- It is the statement of Dr. Hoechstermann
viation. that not only will vegetation grow more
rapidly under electric stimulation, but also
Motors to Drive Ship Propellers that more abundant crops can be grown.
He also says that all fertilizers can be done
The Institute of Marine Engineers in away with. within
It is his prediction that,
London recently discussed the subject of a few years, " electrical farming" will be the
electric propulsion of ships, and H. A. Mavor rule among the agricultural classes. The
of Glasgow said that the prospect is very experiments at Dahlem station are being
hopeful. Leading ship- builders have been done in a private manner. Emperor William
considering it for some time. W. P. Durt- is greatly interested in the scheme and per-
nall said that in the all-electric Paragon mitted the experiments to be conducted on
method of driving vessels, the electric motors one of the estates belonging to the imperial
are coupled direct to the propellers, and run family.
Approved Electrical Fire Fighting filled with water, above which is air. This
Equipment tank connected with the fire pump and
is
the sprinkler system as a sort of cushion to
Acomplete fire-fighting outfit, consisting prevent a too frequent starting and stopping
of an electrically driven centrifugal fire of the motor. From the top of this tank, a
pump, motor, starting apparatus and com- half inch pipe runs to a diaphragm or pneu-
pression tank is shown in the accompanying matic governor. When the pressure in this
picture. This outfit has been accepted by tank and consequently in the system falls
the Underwriters, when properly installed in below a given point, as would be the case if
connection with sprinkler systems in Chi- a head were opened, the pressure on the
cago. These sprinkler systems consist of a diaphragm decreases, and the movement of
great number of water pipes arranged under the diaphragm automatically closes a switch
the ceilings of the rooms, each having numer- which allows current from the regular power
ous " heads" which open when the tempera- circuit to pass around through a coil of iron
ture reaches a given degree, literally drench- on the solenoid, which is the largest device
ing the room with water, putting out the fire on the board, shown on the right. A plunger
which caused the rise in temperature. in this solenoid then rises slowly, due to the
APPROVED ELECTRICAL FIRE EQUIPMENT
The most interesting part of the equip- action of the electric current flowing in the
ment is the starter shown in a metal cabinet coil, and in doing so turns the horizontal
at the left. It starts the motor (shown in shaft to which geared by a rack and
it is
the foreground), the pump being on the same pinion. On crank operated
this shaft are
shaft, whenever the pressure in the sprinkler carbon contacts. You can see a half a dozen
system falls below a certain point, and stops of them in a row, which are thrown in one at
the same whenever a predetermined high a time. These cut out in regular sequence
pressure is reached. This maintains a prac- what are known as "starting resistances" in
tically steady pressure on the system when- the motor circuit, causing the latter to start
ever a leak occurs or a sprinkler head or up and operate the pump. As soon as the
heads are fused. water pressure is restored to the desired
At the extreme rear in the illustration is a point, the diaphragm governor opens the
2,000 gallon steel compression tank partly circuit through the solenoid and the motor
stops. The motor can also be started by Electric Lathe Designed by

hand if desired. Students
No fuses are used in either of the motor
leads, circuit breakers being employed in- Students at the shops of the Worcester
stead, the idea being that circuit breakers Polytechnic Institute have designed and
can be almost instantly thrown in should built a type of electric driven, high speed
they open the circuit, while to replace a fuse lathe which operates somewhat on the prin-
requires toomuch time in case of fire. Each ciple of the friction-driven drill. The object
circuitbreaker is set to open only upon 150
percent in excess of the current which the
motor would ordinarily require, to avoid
opening except in case of extreme trouble
or a short circuit.
The motor is so well enclosed as to be
termed "splash proof." Between the motor
and pump an enclosed cooling fan to keep
is
the motor cool. This draws the air into the

short pipe, down upon the commutator of
the motor, through the machine, and dis-
charges it through the longer pipe, running
up to the ceiling, and delivers it to a point
outside the motor room. The motor is of
100 horse-power capacity, and the two stage
centrifugal pump is capable of delivering
1 ,000 gallons per minute against a net pres-
sure of 100 pounds at the pump, or equiva-

lent to four good 1 J inch fire streams.
Finally to make sure that current to the
motor can not be cut off by opening the
switch or a circuit breaker, or by failure of
the city lighting company on account of
accident, without this fact being instantly
known, the leads from the board to the motor
are connected with an ingenious electrical
device which automatically closes a trans-
NEW TYPE OF ELECTRIC LATHE
mitter circuit, sending in a fire alarm signal. of this design is to obtain absolute control
of the speed variation.
Musical Advertising Operation of the machine is as follows:
Underneath the bed is mounted an electric
A Paris correspondent of Popular Elec- motor which carries on the end of its shaft
tricity draws attention to the fact that a vertical steel disk which revolves at great
musical advertising, by means of the sing- speed. At the left of this disk, and barely
ing or whistling arc lamp, is being tried visible in the picture is a vertical shaft carry-
in that city. To the right and to the left ing a wheel with a face of some fric-
little
of one of the store entrances there were tional material which will give it a good grip
hung rather low, two singing, whistling and on the face of the steel disk. This friction
talking arc lamps, and during their opera- wheel can be moved up and down against
tion a considerable crowd would constantly the face of the disk. When it presses near
be gathered in front of the entrance listen- the center of the disk the speed is slow.
ing to the sounds. [The mechanism of When it presses near the outer circumfer-
such a singing arc lamp was described in ence where the speed of the disk is greater
the June issue.] this little friction wheel revolves at a much
Instead of offering the crowd something higher rate. The shaft of the friction wheel
to see it was enchanted by the sweet tones in turn drives the lathe. The handle shown
of a familiar tune intermingled with some on the left end of the machine is for raising
advertising talks in order to render the ad- and lowering the vertical driving shaft and
vertising most interesting. gives any speed adjustment desired.
Readiness to Serve
"My light bill was $6.87 this month" says Mr. Doane dwells upon this point in his
Jones to Smith. "Outrageous! Can't un- paper and brings out that factor in estab-
derstand it," says Smith. "The lighting lishing rates which few of us realize: that is,
company is getting thousands of new cus- the ability of " readiness-to-sene " on the
tomers even" year. The plant is more part of the central station. The following
economical than ever before. "Why don't is quoted from his remarks and will open
they think of us poor fellows and cut the the eyes of users of current to the fact that
rates a little more.'' We often hear remarks the path is not all roses to the central sta-
like these. But do we stop to think of the tion manager who endeavoring to estab-
is
problem with which the central station must lish a rate at once fair to the company and
contend? If you who are reading this to its patrons.
have figured it out suppose you propound
'
" A rather striking analog}- may be drawn

a universal plan of charging for current that to show the present situation [referring to
will do away with all "•kicks." make even- the introduction of tungsten lamps]. Sup-
customer satisfied and give the central sta- pose that a small city of 10. coo inhabitants
tion a fair return on its investment. It has organized a fire department, investing
would be an easy way to become famous; considerable money in a building and equip-
that is. if you could dream out the solution ment. A force of men is maintained con-
of the problem. But were you to begin to stantly at the station, in order to answer any
study the question and try to calculate what alarm sent in. We will suppose that, for
the rates should be you would find yourself several years, this department had on an
in more than a peck of trouble. average one call a week, and that for some
Mr. S. E. Doane. chief engineer of the reason (as illogical as that upon which the
National Electric Lamp Association recently present system of rates was based; it was
read a paper before the Canadian Electrical decided to pay the department on a call
Association on the " Conservation of Our basis, that is. so much for each call attended.
Natural Resources Through the Use of The records are carefully gone over, and it
High Efficiency Lamps." In this paper he is found that the yearly expense, including
endeavored to show how the introduction of fixed and operating charges is $26,000.00,
the new tungsten lamps, which give a much and that 52 calls (or an average of one call
greater candle power for the same current a week) were responded to during the period
than the old carbon filament lamps, will have considered. This makes a total cost of
the effect of saving a great deal of our rapidly S500.00 per call, and so, upon the basis of
decreasing fuel supply, but how it incident- these figures and conditions, it is provided
ally turns topsy tuny all the established that the department shall receive $500.00
methods of charging for current. For infor each fire attended, which amount just
stance, the central stations want to save fuel. covers all expenses.
They want to give their customers more and "Here we have adjusted the rate for semce
better light.But they don't want to neces- on a basis which very apparently is illogical
sarily "saturate" them with light by giving but which under the conditions permits an
them three times the light for the same income sufficient to meet the cost of semce.
money, and if they give them the same light After having this all nicely adjusted assume
for one-third the money fair pront will that, due to the installation of a lot of fire-
—
vanish and you couldn't expect that 1 extinguishers and sprinkler system, the num-
corporation any more than of an individual. ber of fires is suddenly reduced to one-third
What is to be done in a case like this? of the previous number so that the station
What remedy can be suggested to eradicate responds to an average of only one call in
the shortcomings of the system of charging three weeks. With the income reduced to
for current by the number of kilowatt-hours one-third of its former value the station
? IThis system has it- disadvantages and rapidly becomes heavily involved in debt.
inconsistencies realized by the central "The original figures, taken from the period
tions as well as their customers, but to date of operation before the number of fires was
it seems to have been the onlv way out reduced shows, upon closer analysis, that
the total yearly expense of $26,000 was made "Central station expense can be classified
up of fixedexpense ol $23,400 and a variable broadly under two heads, Investment and
expense of $2,600. Dividing $2,600, the Operating.
variable expense, by the number of calls "The Investment expense covers the prin-
responded to shows that the actual cost per cipal items of
call is only $50 in excess of the fixed charges. "Interest on notes and outstanding bonds.
The logical basis of appropriation would "Dividends on Capital Stock.
have been to have allowed $23,400 per year "Reserve and Depreciation Fund.
to cover the expense which is fixed regard- "The Operating expense includes all
less of the number of calls attended, and, in "Fuel.
addition, to have allowed $50 for each fire "Wages.
attended, which would have covered the "Repairs.
actual expense created by the call. "Supplies.
"The department would then have been on "General Expense.
a readiness-to-serve basis, and a fixed in- "A careful analysis of the investment ex-
come to cover the fixed expense would have pense shows that part of it is proportional
been assured. With a reduced number of to capacity and part of it to the number of
fires the saving to the community would consumers connected. Each item of in-
have been the saving due to a fewer number vestment should be considered individually
of runs at $50 each. and placed as a definite charge to capacity
"The $23,400 per year is the readiness-to- or to number of consumers connected. The
serve charge,and represents a value received same analysis can be applied to the operating
in assurance of prompt service on demand. expense with the addition of a charge to out-
The $50.00 per simply covers the expense
fire put. A
considerable part of the operating
which an actual run entails. It would be expense proportional either to the size
is
folly for the community to expect a reduction or capacity of the system or to the number
in the readiness-to-serve rate under such of consumers connected. Only part is
conditions, since fire protection represents strictly proportional to the actual output of
a certain definite value and requires a definite the station.
fixed charge to cover the interest on invest- "Tobe more specific practically all fuel,
ment, and the fixed operating expend of the oil, water and boiler room la:bor is propor-
department. A reduction in the number of tional to output, although a part of each can
fires only makes the possibility of loss more properly be charged to capacity. The ex-
remote but does not decrease the value of pense of keeping fires banked in readiness
the protection. to serve a quick rise in demand is a capacity
"Such, to a great extent, is the state of affairs charge. As to boiler room labor, as a rule
in the central station field today. The sys- the smaller the station the larger is the pro-
tem of charging for service by the number of portion of this expense which is chargeable
kilowatt-hours consumed does not represent to capacity. General office and executive
and cannot represent the true cost of service. expense is largely dependent upon the capac-
It is manifestly a poor arrangement by which ity of the plant. Meter reading, billing and
the consumer is charged for service on a basis other work in connection with customers'
which does not represent the cost of such accounts, and much of the labor and repair
service, and it needed but the advent of a of the distributing system is proportional
high efficiency lamp to make the incon- principally to the number of consumers con-
gruities most apparent. When we remem- nected.
ber that from fifty to ninety percent of the "Having analyzed the cost of service and
central station's yearly expense is fixed re- distributed every item under the head of
gardless of the output, and that the income Capacity, Consumer, or Output charge, it is
which is to cover such fixed expense and pre- very desirable to evolve a system of rates
sumably leave a margin of profit in the ma- which will cover the expense as above deter-
jority of cases varies directly with the output, mined. This is the remedy for the present
we see at once that with high efficiency lamps situation —
a remedy which would put the
there is a great possibility that the revenue entire matter of rates on a proper founda-
may be reduced to such a point that the tion, and would enable the central station
margin of profit is entirely wiped out, and to keep up its income, and conserve fuel at
the plant operated at an actual deficit. the same time.
"The Doherty Re adiness-to- Serve rate is fullest benefit of the lamp will make itself
based upon this sound reasoning, and covers felt to both the central station and the con-
the three items of expense by three corre- sumer, in the gradual reduction of fixed
sponding charges to the consumer, ^his sys- charges and the possibility of producing the
tem can be illustrated by the following light at the best economy. The saving im-
schedule: mediately felt is one in the output or current
15c per month for every 16 c. p. consumption and it is gratifying to know
lamp or equivalent c. p. con- that with every installation of high efficiency
nected, as capacity charge. lamps on central station circuits, progress is
75c per month regardless of current being made towards the more economic use
consumption or connected load, of the natural resources which it is our duty
as consumer charge. to conserve."
5c per kilowatt-hour used addi-
tional to above fixed charges, as Motor Runs Two Weeks Under
output charge. Water
"A discount of 10 percent is usually al-
lowed on the bill if payment is made before The accompanying illustration shows an
a specified time. The capacity charge of electricmotor undergoing one of the most
15c per 16 c. p. lamp connected is, as will severe tests to which it could be subjected
be noted, based upon the candlepower and and through which it passed successfully
not the wattage connected; this arrangement without a breakdown.
can be justified on the following basis: Sup- A company which manufactures a well
pose a central station has a certain number known cash register wished to demonstrate
of customers all using low efficiency carbon
lamps; if all these customers should at one
time replace their carbon lamps with the
equivalent c. p. in tungsten the current con-
sumption and connected load would both
drop to one-third of their former value.
Now the customers have to bear the fixed
expense of the station; and as neither the
fixed expense nor the number of customers
is changed by the substitution of the high
efficiency lamps the fixed charge must be

the same, that is, the only saving to the
consumers will be the saving in current con-
sumption made possible by using the high
efficiency lamps.
"The central station will, however, have
at its disposal two-thirds of its capacity, re-
leased by the use of the more efficient means
of producing light. This represents a poten-
tial saving which will benefit both the central
station and the consumer. The central sta-
tion is in a position to increase the number
of customers served very greatly without any
increase in generating equipment so that,
while the increase in customers may repre-
sent a small increase in distributing invest-
MOTOR RUNNING UNDER WATER
ment, the total fixed charges are not increased the higtr efficiency ofJ;he insulation used on
nearly as rapidly as the number of con- the motors built to operate some types of
sumers. This makes the burden of fixed the cash registers in place of the ordinary
expense per consumer less and less, as the crank handle. So one of the motors was
apparatus released by the use of high placed in a glass jar of water and the current
efficiency lamps can be utilized in supplying turned on.
additional consumers. It is only as this ap- The motor was in continuous operation
paratus is put into economic use that the under water for over two weeks. At the
end of that time the commutator bars (the water heaters are now made and are becom-
copper segments which collect the current ing widely used.
from the brushes and pass it on to the The heater shown in Fig. 1 consists of a
armature wires) were badly eaten away by nickel plated cup mounted on a polished
the electrolytic or battery action of the cur- marble base 3J inches square. This metal
rent flowing through the water from one
commutator bar to the next. But the ma-
chine was still able to be operated and the
insulation was found to be perfectly sound.
A second motor was then submerged.
This was run for one week and the current
then turned off and the motor left under
water for about two months. After this the
current was again turned on and to every-
one's surprise the motor started right off as
if nothing out of the ordinary had transpired,
despite its long bath.

The armature and field coils of these
entire
motors are impregnated with insulating com-
pound by a vacuum process. After being
so impregnated the field coils will withstand
an insulation test of 50,000 volts before they
will break down.
Water Heaters for Dentists

FIG. 2. DENTISTS' WATER HEATER
Did you ever sit in a dentist's chair and
after the tearing and rasping of the drill had cup embodies an electric heating device sup-
ceased experience the appalling sensation of plied with current from the lamp socket;
having water, either too hot or too cold, either alternating or direct current may be
used. A tumbler conforming to the shape
of the metal cup is supplied.
At the bottom of the heater is seen a small
handle by turning which five different heats
may be obtained giving approximately 90,
100, no, 138 and 165 degrees Fahrenheit.
To keep the water at the right temperature
for syringing cavities use the first or second
heat and leave the current on continuously.
So little current is used that it would not
cost over one cent for 10 hours. The fourth
heat is very convenient for softening inlay
wax.
Animportant feature of the device" lies in
the fact that it is always ready right at the
dentist's hand, saving many steps in the case

of a long operation.
Fig. 2 shows a slightly different type.
This has four distinct heats obtainable by
FIG. DENTISTS WATER HEATER moving the lever at the bottom over the con-
tact buttons of which there are five, current
squirted into the cavity? If you ever did being off on the first button. The glass
you will hope for the day when every dentist holds 140 cubic centimeters of liquid which
will be provided with an electric water heats very rapidly on the fourth button. The
heater whichwill supply water at exactly lever may then be dropped back to the sec-
the right temperature for this delicate opera- ond button, which will hold the temperature
tion, and leave nothing to guess work. Such at approximately 104 degrees Fahrenheit.
The Playgrounds of a Big City
What shall we do tonight? Too hot to country, for today the amusement park is
go to the theater. Let's go to White City, the recognized playground of a city. People
Riverview, Forest Park, San Souci. This must play as well as work in this world,
isthe question that asked and answered
is and these little and ac-
cities of light, life
by thousands upon thousands in the city tivity, which the name "amusement
to
of Chicago. The same question is asked park" has been given, present a natural
and answered in the same way in almost outlet for the pent up spirits of those who
every city of any considerable size in the play as strenuously as they work.
WHITE CITY AND ITS ELECTRIC TOWEB

CREATION— A MARVEL OF LIGHTS AND REFLECTIONS
ENTRANCE TO RIVERVIEW EXPOSITION

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^^ - - -- - !
THE GATES OF FOREST PARK

And did you ever stop to think that these Riverview Exposition with its 106 acres of
pleasure resorts owe their existence solely grounds is laid out after an entirely different
to electricity and its myriad applications? plan. Here are cool groves with lighted
In the first place there must be light light — walks, little streets of intense illumination,
almost like the day itself for both illumi- — and in the midst of all ''Creation," a central
nation and decoration. Electricity alone figure of entrancing beauty with its every
gives the desired detail faithfully re-
effect. Then, too, flected in the pool of
the various amuse- the Grand Basin.'
ment "features*' de- Forest Park in the
pend upon electricity West Side suburbs
for power to oper- is built up around
ate them and for the the steeplechase as
illusion effects which the central attraction,
can only be obtained where thousands
by use of the magk flock to enjoy a ride
current. Scenic on ''the ponic-
railways, giant San Souci is the
swings, human rou- "family park" of the
lette wheels, chutes. city. Though not
steeplechases, crea- possessing the grand-
tions and doomsdays eur and display of
— all respond to the the other parks it
turn of a switch. has a picturesque
In Chicago the beauty as distinctive
four great amuse- in its own way.
ment parks represent As an example of
four distinct types. how electric current
White City represents is utilized in some
the concentration of of the features of
light and activity. entertainment, "Cre-
Situated within the ation" at Riverview
confines of two or may be cited. The
three city blocks and LEADING THE FIELD entrance to this re-
lighted with tens of markable product of
thousands of electric lamps and with the lofty human ingenuity is shown in one of the
electric tower, second only, in beauty, to illustrations, the figure in the foreground
the famous Pan American tower, it is truly being over fifty feet high. In the deco-
the gem of the great South Side. ration of this entrance 4,680 incandescent
lamps are used. Within is a great am- which are thrown on and off in any com-
phitheater with a stage nearly twice the bination from the switchboard. In the
lengthôf that of an ordinary theater. front is a row of eight "dimmers" by which
In the rear of the stage and facing the au- the intensity of the light from these border
dience is a vaulted background against which lamps can be controlled so as to bring the
'
the wonderful effects are produced. light up from a faint glow to full brilliancy,
The successive scenes in the drama, producing any effect from faintest dawn to
silent save for the occasional uproar of the broad daylight. The wave motion of the
elements, represent the creation of the sea is produced by a device worked by
—
world the first six days and finally the electric motors, also controlled from this
day of rest. First is utter darkness: un- switchboard, as are the lamps which make
bounded space. From
out the turmoil of the
elements and the formless
nebula gradually appear
—
the waters a heaving sea
covering all. Then out of
the waters rises the first
mountain peak followed
by others until the scene
represents a land of moun-
tains, valleys and plains.
Presently plant fife appears
on the hills and in the
valleys, followed by ani-
mal life and then by the
first man and woman.
On the seventh day the
turmoil of the elements
has ceased and peace and
quiet are over all.
The performance lasts
for over half an hour and
during all this time in the
switch-board and spot-
light galleries above the
stage, and in the room be-
neath, men have been per-
forming in predetermined
sequence the various man-
ipulations necessary to the
production of the spec-
tacle.
CONTROLLING THE LIGHTING EFFECTS IN CREATION
The appearance and disappearance of the stars twinkle in the background.
the various elements which go to make up Extending across in front of the stage but
each scene, such as clouds, mountains, above it and out of sight of the audience
hills, etc., are brought about by raising and is a long gallery where are located the
lowering from beneath the stage successive thunder machines, the "volcano" cannon,
rows of painted scenes which extend higher rain machines and also eight electric arc
and higher in successive tiers toward the spot lights, among them special lamps for
back of the stage. Upon these scenes are making the sun and moon and for pro-
thrown all the electric light effects known to ducing snow and rainstorm effects, and the
the modern stage art. zig-zag lightning flashes across the vaulted
One shows the electric
of the illustrations background of the stage.
switchboard gallery from which the electrical To make the sunrise, for instance, one
effects are controlled. There are eight sets of these lamps provided with a special
is
of border lights each containing 125 lamps shutter with a round hole for throwing the
"sun" spot on the background. This wheels, according to the size of the letter,
shutter is clock-work. The
operated by so that all the letters can roll along on the
light is thrown on at the horizon and the rails. In order to insure a regular move-
clock started going, which moves the slide ment of the whole the different letters are
slowly so that the sun travels at a uniform tied together by means of steel wire.
rate up across the sky. The moon is Every third letter is provided with a
operated in the same manner, also the rain small electric motor, and when the current
and snow lamps, which project rapidly is switched on in the office the whole mass
falling points of light. of letters forming the sign is made to
Lightning flashes are projected from move clear around the whole front Hke a
other lamps having special shutters cr miniature electric
train. In the evening
screens in which zig-zag openings are cut. the letters are illuminated by incandescent
These are momentarily exposed in front lamps. The effect of such an electric
of the projector. moving sign is quite extraordinary and
••Creation" is of course but a single ex- presents a novel spectacle.
ample of the numberless concessions which
depend entirely upon electric current for Electric Driven Corn Popper
their operation. Without it there would be
Popcorn, as even' one knows, is con-
no amusement parks and it would be more
sumed literally by the wagon loads at large
difficult to find an answer to that little
amusement resorts. It is a problem for
question: "What shall we do tonight?"
those who have concessions in the most favor-
able locations to turn out the product fast
Traveling Electric Sign in Paris
enough to supply the corn hungry public.
Perhaps the most original electric sign
by old hand operated poppers hence the —
in Paris, France, that of a representative
is
electric power popper. A power driven
equipment of this nature is shown in the cut.
of an English firm. It is located on the
The small electric motor down in the left
facade of the building and the letters travel
hand corner of the picture, which is a view
around on a track hke miniature railway
of the back of the machine, drives the chain
ttlti^s&r
-
r-'k '
. . > il
i)
*?.,
_
TRAVELING ELECTRIC SIGN ELECTRIC DRIVEN CORN POPPER

gear which rotates the corn popper and also
cars. Just below the fourth floor are drives a small blower attachment. This
fastened the electric rails following the blower is used to increase the gas pressure
curves of the entire facade. On these to the burner and consequently the heat, and
rails are hung the wooden letters forming enables three or four times the amount of
the sign. Each letter has two or more corn to be turned out for the same fuel cost.
Making Steel by Niagara Power
T Ingots of solid steel, weighing 500 pounds portion of lime, the latter being used to
each, are produced by a giant electric fur- keep the material embalmed, and con-
nace in a plant located near Niagara Falls. sisting of only about four per cent. The
Electric current for this process is obtained mixture mostly used includes about 10
from one of the hydroelectric plants at the per cent of coke dust and 23 per cent of
Falls where the granulated pig
price of electric iron or cast iron
power, due to borings, and
the exceptional about 63 per
natural facilities cent being mag-
for its produc- netic iron ore.
tion, is so low as The batches
to make it avail- of this mixture
able for the are 500 pounds
making of steel. in weight, and
The electric the mixing re-
furnace is of the quires about 15
Heroult design minutes. The
and consumes electric furnace
1,000 horsepow- is charged with
er while in op- enough of these
eration. It is mixed batches
capable of mak- to make approx-
ing five tons of imately four tons
steel in a single of steel, and
heat. The Lash then steel scrap
process, which is is scattered over
used, consists of the top, 100
making a mix- pounds being
ture of concen- used with a
trated magnetic small bar of iron
ores or iron ore to form an arc
sands, granula- between the
ted pig iron and electrodes when
carbon for charg- they are lowered
ing the electric into position and
furnace. It is the current
held that it is turned on. The
not strictly a di- current then
rect process but continues to flow
is an ore and pig from one elec-
process, the ore trode to the
being greatly in other through
excess of the pig the mass and
iron employed. develops intense
ELECTRIC FURNACE AT NIAGARA PLANT The
It is maintained heat. entire
that the amount batch of mater-
of pig iron required to make a ton of steel ial being melted thoroughly the slag is
in this manner is only about half of that poured off and a final refining material
required in the open hearth furnace, as the added for producing the quality of steel
electric furnace operates with a non-oxidiz- desired.
ing atmosphere. The ore, cast iron borings It is held that the physical properties of
or granulated pig iron and charcoal or coke the steel are superior to steel made with the
are thoroughly mixed with a small pro- usual scrap and pig processes.
Current Economy for Moving Picture Arcs
By F. G. WALDENFELS
Motion pictures are a form of public en- In the use of alternating current it is a
tertainment that has developed with great problem to supply low voltage to moving
rapidity into an industry of enormous pro- picture arc lamps, and the following methods
portions, employing thousands of men and are a few solutions which best fill the re-
women and with millions of dollars invested quirements at present:
in property. As in any other undertaking, i. Jacobi & Harris Reducer: a reactance
the success or failure of a moving picture coil in series with the arc lamp.
theater depends as much upon the economy 2. Don J. Bell Auto-transformer or In-
of its operation as upon the volume of its ductor Compensator: having three sets of
business, and the ability of the manager to connections in the primaries to give about
stop the " leaks" may spell the differ-
little 55 amperes at about 33 volts in the secondary
ence between success and failure. leading to the arc carbons.
Moving picture theaters are great users of 3. Ft. Wayne Compensarc: a simple
electric current, and indeed without elec- transformer winding and core with lamp
tricity they could scarcely exist. The in- directly across the secondary winding. To
tensely illuminated snow-white fronts first adjust the current, two reactance coils are
attract the passer-by and invite him to enjoy provided in series with the arc lamp.
the sights within, and the amusing and in- 4. Winchester Magnetic Rheostat: a
structive entertainments which it is his transformer with the secondary current ad-
privilege to enjoy for the small sum of a justed by means of a magnetic shunt.
nickel or a dime are made possible only by 5. General Electric Economy- Arc: a step-
the modern electric projectoscope. down core type transformer with a one pri-
In the operation of the moving picture arc mary and one secondary coil. The secondary
lamp lies one of the opportunities to econo- coil is in series with an auxiliary winding so
mize. These arcs may be operated with a connected as to introduce a current in the sec-
great waste of current, or devices may be ondary opposite in direction to that in the
employed which will cut down this expense main winding.
to a minimum, and not only does the 6. General Electric Mercury Arc Recti-
theater management appreciate the signifi- fier: for converting alternating to direct cur-
cance of such innovations but the central sta- rent, with the assistance of a compensating
tion company furnishing the current, as well, resistance.
forit is the satisfied and prosperous customer 7. Motor- Generator: for converting al-
which in the long run is the paying customer ternating to direct current of suitable voltage
for the central station. for operating the arc.
object of this article to discuss
It is the These devices have all been tested by the
the different successful devices used for Underwriters Laboratories, for economy,
operating moving picture arcs on alternating efficiency, variable voltages, high power fac-
current so that any operator or electrician tor, insulation and break down test, tempera-
can understand them. ture rise, etc. The laboratory has endeav-
There is always a certain important item ored to induce the manufacturers to dispense
to consider in electrical construction and with the waste heat, noise and humming at
that item is safety from fire, and everything the lamp, reduce the carbon consumption
will be presented in this article from an un- and increase the light 30 to 50 percent above
derwriter's point of view, and this is to elimi- the results from the same amperage ob-
nate the fire hazard and install all wiring tained from a rheostat. Also to make the
according to the rules of the Underwriter's efficiency of the lamps great enough to over-
National Electrical Code. In the beginning come the greatest film densities, long dis-
a great many oil cooled rheostats were sold tances, irregular strength and eventually
in the field, but were condemned by the breakdowns.
Underwriters, and now most of themanu- All these devices can be subjected to a
facturers of these devices are making the severe breakdown insulation test with 1000
air cooled type which is approved. to 5000 volts alternating current and are abso-
lutely safe and indestructible. Lighting coil is much larger than the rating of the
companies are favorable toward them be- device would require.
cause they are not troublesome and are
square with the meter.
BELL AUTO-TRANSFORMER
Moving picture arc lamps operate at approx- The Don J. Bell Auto-transformer, or In-
imately 35 to 55 volts and 20 to 80 amperes. ductor-compensator is a device which is
They are generally connected to no volt used on alternating current circuits ranging
circuits, but in many cases where 2 20- volt,
Edison, three-wire distribution is used, cen-
tral stations have insisted on connecting the
arc lamps on the two outside lines (220 volts)
on account of the unbalancing of the system
that the lamps would cause when placed
across the neutral and one side of the line
(no volts).
Pastpractice used to reduce the line
voltage to that required by the lamp has
been to employ rheostats or reactance
coils. Both of these methods are very waste-
ful of energy and therefore enlarge the cur-
rent bill. Furthermore, the rheostats, nick-
named "stoves" by inspectors, are objection-
able on account of the large amount of heat
generated which not only makes the lamp
house very uncomfortable for the operator,
but is also a great fire hazard, as the rheo-
stats oftenbecome hot enough to set fire to
anything combustible that comes in contact
with them.
Reactance or choke coils, while not quite
so wasteful of energy as the rheostat, are not
desirable on account of introducing into the
circuit what is known to electricians as
"reactance" which results in a large cur-
rent at a low power factor being taken from
the system, thereby affecting the voltage of FIG. I. & H. REDUCER
J.
the lighting circuit.
Of the approved devices it remains for from 90 to 115 volts. It is provided with
the theater manager to choose the one best three sets of connections for the primary
suited to his needs, and following is a brief circuit and is designed to supply a current
explanation of the different devices: of 55 amperes in the secondary with a voltage
of 33 at the lamp terminals. It has a power
J. & H. REDUCER The core is built up with
factor of .8864.
The Jacobi & Harris Reducer, Fig. 1, is sheet iron punchings in accordance with
an air cooled device composed of choke coils standard transformer practice and held to-
and replaces the ohmic resistance type of gether with brass bolts and nuts. The coils
rheostat generally used. The coil consists are form wound and dipped in an insulating
of two windings of about No. 4 B. & S. compound and baked with two layers of tape
gauge, cotton-covered, copper wire con- over the outer surfaces of the coils.
nected in series on a core of laminated sheet The primary coil consists of a good many
iron punchings. This device is designed for turns of about No. 6 B. & S. gauge, copper
no or 220 volts, 60 cycles, 30 amperes, and wire, cotton covered. Taps are brought out
can stand the test on a machine rated as from a certain number of turns on the coil
high as 67 amperes, 220 volts. The device to separate terminal posts on the front.
is manufactured to order and wound ac- The secondary has a less number of turns of
cording to the circuit to which it is to be No. 6B. & S. gauge, cotton-covered, copper
connected. The size of wire used for the wire, with taps brought out from different parts
;
of the winding to separate binding p: sts

the front. From a common point of these recently put out is arranged so that
coils a wire is brought out to a terminal in current to the lamp can be easily varied.
the front for a conductor leading to one lamp The design of wiring has been changed in
:emnnn the secondary, otherwise the compensator is
about the same as the one previously ex-
~':V>.-~
On :re sl::e "use ::n:iine: in :'re ~e:n]
box at the top of the device, Fig. 2, are
~:un:e: :i:ree ::r:i:.s ~:rne: res:*e:rlvelY
_- 5: ::i :: imneres. in: suisrii
1
:: : :: 5 :rm is pivoted so as to
:e ::::':: le :: being 5e: :n my :re :: :nese
:::::ns. Tne rurrise :: rnis :r:nge is ::
nerrri: rei:y v:ri:rl:r in :ne im::n: :: ::r-

ren: :: :e delivered :: :::e lini: :r:m :he
5e::n::ry :ir : _:: 7i:e l:~e=: :rn:7::ge
:n :ne :::::. _f irnreres. is sufrzien: :"::
n:n. ~nn .e ~: in:
i : :- :
~
Tie :r:n: ::" :i:e rrninei : rriviie:
:ir: :=
"i:':\ three ~- ::'

ronnections as shown in
:re iiirrir:. Fig I,
for line voltages rang-
ing from 90 to 9; 100 to 104, and no to
: :
-
respective lich shows the device is
adjustable to the extreme variation of the
:^^5 ~=:-S
— C.-:c-:Mr;
C rr
i.3-^
_:'
FIG. 4. IIOXS OF BELL AUTO-
picture film very often lequires the highest

amperage obtainable. The complete device
own in Fig.
COMPEXSARC
7 y 1 ?. The Ft Wayne Electric Works manufac-
tures a Compensarc, or auto-transformer,
Terminals (Ai-ai ^3 _a 3) Fig. designed to furnish 14, 40 or 60
5,
are for 110-115, 100-104 and 00-95 volts amperes to the lamps of moving picture ma-
respective chine outfits for no or 220 volts a, c. it is
F^ (L) is the common lamp terminal for all used intead of the common iron or other
three variation- ohmic resistance type of rheostat
connected to the other terminal of the lamp It consists of a simple transformer winding
according to the current that is desired. and core with the moving picture arc lamp
directlyon the secondary of the transformer These devices are furnished for any fre-
winding. Two reactance coils are pro- quency desired, no or 220 volts a. c, and
vided in addition which may be put in series are designed to furnish currents in the lamp
with the carbons of the lamp. circuit with a voltage of 55 at the lamp car-
The transformer is of the air-cooled type, bons as follows:
and as shown in the diagram, Fig. 6, and has Position 1. Both reactance coils in series
two additional windings, one in each side of with lamp, 14 amperes. This current will
the line. The core is built up of sheet iron
punchings mounted on a flange.
A single pole, 500 volt, main-line switch
with three contact jaws, controls the current
in an odd way. When the switch is open
the lamp circuit is open. When the switch
blade makes contact with the first pair of
jaws as shown in Fig. 5, the lamp circuit is
closed with the two reactance coils in series
with the carbons. When the knife blade is
in contact with second pair of jaws the light
FIG. 6. CONNECTIONS OF COMPENSARC
warm up the lamp carbons and permit the

operator to throw a bright light immediately.
Position 2. Light reactance coil short cir-
cuited, 40 amperes. Normal running cur-
rent.
Position 3. Both reactance coils cut out;
maximum running 60 amperes.
current
This current is often used when film is thick
or smoked. The maximum loss on position
3 is about 200 watts.
WINCHESTER TRANSFORMER
A transformer with adjustable reactance
FIG. 5. COMPENSARC coils in thesecondary circuit is made by the
Winchester Electrical Works, and is a simple
reactance coil is short circuited. In the transformer as shown in Fig. 7. A re-
third position the knife blade is in contact actance coil having the winding adjustable
with the first and third pair of jaws only, in relation to the core is placed in the sec-
the second pair of jaws being so designed ondary circuit in the series with the lamp. It
that they are not in contact with the switch is air cooled and designed for a primary
blade when it is completely closed. In this voltage of no or 220 volts a. c. as desired,
position both reactance coils are short cir- and for a secondary voltage of 55.
cuited and the" lamp is directly across the About No. 4 copper wire is used for the
line with the two transformer windings in reactance coils and these are wound in the
each side. same manner as the secondary coil. These
s are mounted on a heavy wooden strip the primary with the secondary current
which is seemed at :ne ends by slide bolts. ranging from _: :: 55 amperes at 57 volts.
These bolts engage holes in the sides :: the Two coils each are provided for the pri-
and the coils are thus supported. A mary and secondary of the transformer.
Series ::" :hese holes is provided, permithr.^ Ti:e primary and secondary connections are
made on a board.
Fastened to a rod which runs through the
center of the cover is the magnetic shunt,
and by raising and lowering the shunt be-
7 en the cores, a means of adjustment of
the secondary current is provided. The

shunt rod passes through the cover of the
device and is readily accessible to the opera-
tor.
z : NOMY-ARC
Fir. : sh: s General Electric low-
:i:e
potential transformer or Economy-arc. This

is an air cooled transformer, designed for
nc or 222 volts a. c. with a secondary voltage
:: 55 volts. It is 1 s rep-down transformer,
with the secondarv coil in series with an
PIG. 7. WINCHESTER EKANSFOEMER
adjustment of the coils so as to ir the -
number of turns about the wire. This ad-

justment provides a means of regulating the
reactance in the secondary and provides for
a corresponding range in the current flow.
FIG. 9. ECONOMY-ARC
auxiliary winding so connected as to intro-

duce a current in the secondary oprx
direction to that in the main winding and
MP^s tending to reduce the low voltage current
output of the transformer. This auxiliary
is equally sub-divided into two parts, taps
being brought from each end and from the

*.*« center to three respech
between which operates a short cir-
:f contact
cuiting bar, and the coil is so arranged and

connected with respect to the main secon-
dary winding as to deliver maximum cur-
FIG. 8. IMPROVED WINCHESTER rents and 50 amperes in the three
TRANSFORMER positions of the regulating switch for the
operation of the arc lamp.
An improvement on the preceding device, The primary coil is arranged with four
by regulating the secondary current with a leads or taps so as to adopt the transformer
magnetic shunt as shown ir. 5 sup- for use on 200, 210 or 220 v. Its. The
plied by the Winchester Company. It is air- auxiliary winding is of similar construction
cooled and designed for 115 volts a. c. on and is wound between the main primary
movement of the switch and until its cor-

rra rti former
• Connect tor's responding contact piece engages with ad-
jacent clips of the switch, thus preventing
f~
fluctuations in the lamp during the period
of change. Fig. io shows connections.
To Lamp MERCURY ARC RECTIFIER

1 i-^ Mercury arc rectifiers for moving picture
machines are made in a simplified form, be-
j
ing minus all instruments, all main line and
regulating switches, circuit breakers, etc.
•SeconGtaryGjnnecttons
S^'Tc/r o/ 27 £- r The tube is equipped with an auto-
rectifier
/JrrtpSres JO 40 so matic shaking magnet in the a. c. circuit to
start the arc. The shaker attachment con-
sists of a solenoid coil and plunger in circuit
FIG. IO. CONNECTIONS OF ECONOMY-ARC with the alternating current. The electric
and secondary coils. Leads from the aux- /fecl/f/e?-

iliarysecondary winding are brought out to Tct be
copper contact plates mounted on each side /jcl/a/£ DCLoad
of the slot through which the switch is
moved. The short circuiting bar is con-
ffedctdnce
Covjpen/Scit/MQ
/Fecietc2A/c&
fig. 13. CONNECTIONS OF MERCURY ARC
RECTIFIER
FIGS. II AND 12. FRONT AND REAR OF
MERCURY ARC RECTIFIER current passing through the coil causes the
plunger to jump up and down, a series of
structed of black fibre, upon which are bolted levers communicating this movement to the
two copper contacts each which is suf- of tube carriage and starting the arc. When
ficient width to bridge across the gap be- direct current begins to flow out of the tube
tween the copper clips, and is so arranged it passes through a relay which automatically
as to maintain the short circuit during cuts the shaker coil out of the circuit.
:
The re ::izer tube is of 40 ampere capacity

whereas the compensator coils, etc, are de-
signed for 30 ampere outfits. This allows
for the initial starting current when carbons
of the arc lamp are dosed, and where nor-
mal current s approximately 30 amperes.
;
A regulating reactance is used to limit the

current for the moving picture arc, which
nee is connected in series with the a.
c. supply.
The reedner is designed :: start auto-
matically when the carbons of the arc lamp
are touched together. The shaking coil
tilts the tube and starts rhe arc as in the
mercury vapor or Cooper Hewitt lamp.

FIG. I. SURFACING 1IACHIN
As soon as the arc is started only direct cur-
rent is obtained from the terminals. Figs
11 and 12 show the front and back, respec-
tively, of a mercury arc rectifier. Fig. 13
shows connections.
MOTOR-GENERATOR
Ti:e remaining device which may be used
for the operation of the moving picture arc
is the motor-generator. This is a well
known electrical machine, used for many
purposes. It ixmsists of a motor and a
dynamo or generator mounted on one shaft.
The motor takes current from the main line,
and as it revolves it drives the generator
which latter is so designed and wound as :
give the current necessary for the economical
operation of the lamp.
Floor Surfacing and Polishing FIG. SURFACING MACHINE FOR

HEAVY WORK
.An entirely new industry has spm:._
since of electricity has been
application
made to sanding and polishing ma-
floor
chines, one that has been enthusiastically re-
ceived by architects, contractors, builders.
kind.
and tenants of large buildings of any
es
To
the owner of such a machine the
field is fresh, and active competition is not
yet a problem. These machines will go over
"\-
a floor and grind down and polish the sur- ^^£<
*4£&* | \-=^
face in a manner that cannot be approached
by hand methods. They are operated by
electric motors which take current from the
lighting circuit through a long flexible cord.
d/m
^ j£V k "^ v *•
a surfacing machine only, that is

1 is
it does not perform the sanding and polish-
ing operations. In front is seen a disk like §J

w
4)J^^
P*^* 5
cutter which bears heavily on the floor and

is at the same time revolved by the motor,
V£f«J
1
\ v
s
the latter being carried by a little truck with
r tired wheel- nt marrii \T>ING AND POLISHING MACHINE
scratching. The machine is pushed along The Automaticon

over the floor by hand and the lever permits
variation of the pressure on the cutting head. A new form of electrically operated ad-
The motor is of two horse power. In advertising device is represented by the Auto-
dition to the surfacing disk a sanding head maticon which is especially adapted for win-
or special head with carborundum blocks dow display purposes. In front of the ma-
is supplied if desired. chine is a ground glass screen 26 by 28
A heavy machine for use on large surfaces inches, fitted in a handsome frame. Ex-
of tile, mosaic or terrazzo floors is shown in tending back from this screen is a funnel
Fig. 2. The motor which drives the ma- which excludes all light from the back of the
chine and operates the surfacing disks at the screen with the exception -of that which comes
same time is of 7J horsepower. Each grind- from an automatic, self-centering arc lamp
ing head is provided with an independent situated back of the rear opening in the
pressure device. This machine leaves be- funnel.
hind it a perfectly smooth even track 33 The machine is equipped with 86 slides,
inches in width. showing any subjects desired, and when in
The sanding and polishing machine shown operation willautomatically display these
in Fig. 3 is of quite different design. The in succession uponthe ground glass screen
sanding and polishing wheels are under- at intervals of eight to nine seconds.
neath while in front is a sort of friction roller Apparatus which automatically moves the
THE AUTOMATICON
which is driven by the motor. As this roller slides in front of the projector is driven by
revolves it draws the machine along, so that a § horse-power electric motor and either
the whole device is virtually self propelling. alternating or direct current may be used.
Electricity in the Laundry
By NORMAN G. MEADE
A Con-
large shirt factor}* in Bridgeport, The manner of wiring and supporting the
necticut, has one of the most complete elec- cords is quite unique. The mains
are run
tric laundry equipments of any similar con- on the ceiling of the floor below, and double
cern in the country, including electric irons, branch cutouts placed under each table.
WHERE ICO ELECTRIC IRONS ARE USED
electrically heated The cord support

rolls, electric motor consists of a piece
drive, etc. The prin- of conduit extended
cipal feature of the through the floor and
installation is two supported by Ja
hundred Simplex flanged plate. A re-
irons in use on 150 ceptacle with two
tables, some of the plugs, one for each
tables having a iron, is mounted on
double equipment. the support within
There are two sizes convenient reach of
of irons in use, the the operator. Even-
largest 6^ pound
a iron is provided with
iron for general iron- a special regulator
ing of shirts, and the stand, so arranged
small or glossing iron that when the iron is
weighing three not in use the cur-
pounds, used for neck rent is reduced 333-
and wrist bands. percent, preventing
The large irons have the iron from over-
a round nose and a heating, main-
but
round edge, while the taining working
a
small irons have a temperature. In this
sharp edge and round installation a saving
nose and rocker- of A nearly 30 horse-
shaped bottom. APPARATUS TO PRODUCE CHLORINE BLEACH power per day is
made, as one iron is always on the stand, mixed, or when too strong for the soap water:
and the other about one-third of the time, under such conditions holes are often burned
while the shirts are folded and pinned. in linen and bad stains made. Labor in-
In the same room, but not shown in the volved in the two methods is practically the
accompanying illustration, are five electric same. The cost of bleaching powder is about
rolls for ironing bosoms of shirts. The rolls $8.50 per month as compared with the cost
revolve in one direction until the bosom is of current and salt at $12.50 per month.
covered, then reverse, returning to their The laundry is doing nearly $10,000
original position. The reversal is accom- worth of business in a month. The appa-
plished by a specially constructed commuta- ratus serves as an advertisement as it is a
tor. neat arrangement set up in the front part
A large New York laundry is using, with of the place, easily seen by entering cus-
good results,an apparatus which produces tomers, and its sanitary properties being
chlorine bleach electrolytically, by the dis- readily apparent.
sociation of salt water. This bleach con-
sists of a mixture principally of sodium hypo- Electric Turntable
chlorite and caustic soda. The hypo-
chlorite is the active agent when in combi-
Once upon a time locomotive turntables
nation with the soap and oxalic acid used in
were laboriously operated by hand. Now-
the washing of linen, and acts as a powerful
adays in the large shops and yards electric
bleach and disinfectant.
motors are made to do the work. The ac-
The apparatus consists of a supply tank companying picture shows an electrically
which contains the salt solution (about 21
operated turntable with a locomotive on it
pounds of salt in 86.4 gallons of water), an ready to be turned. To the left is the cab
electrolytic vat containing the electrodes, and
in which the controlling mechanism is placed
a tank in which flows the resultant liquid.
to feed a 10 horsepower, 115 volt, direct
Edison 120- volt service is applied directly
to the electrodes through a reversing switch
and ammeter. The reversing switch is used
to clean off the electrodes by the reversing
of the current after every four hours' run-
ning. The flow of the salt water is regulated
by a valve from the supply tank and is main-
tained at a rate which keeps the thermometer
in the electrolytic vat at about 95°F., which is
the best temperature for the proper forma-
tion of the hypochlorites. The current is
maintained at as near 25 amperes as pos-
sible, and is readily adjusted by the quantity
of salt added and by the rate of the flow of
the solution.
The method as described above, though
more expensivethan the common way,
which consists of mixing bleaching powder
with water, allowing the solution to remain
quiet for some time and using the clear liquid
ELECTRIC TURNTABLE
—
from the top for the suds gives better re-
sults and has many advantages over the old
method. The solution as obtained with the current motor located under the cab.
electrolytic process is so nearly perfect that Current is supplied to the table by wires
very little oxalic acid is required in the run underground in a conduit to the center
washing water. One gallon of solution is used of the table and collector rings are employed
with 25 gallons of water for white goods; to receive the current.
less solution is used for colored articles. The turntable thus equipped is very
Linen is given a softer finish and no spots economical in time and operation. The old
appear, as is sometimes the case when the method required from six to eight men, the
bleaching powder solution is improperly work being now done by one.
'
Ventilator and Air Cooler Concealed Porch Lighting
.Artificial cooling of the air in theaters and The main object of a fight outside the hall
public halls to make them bearable on hot door of a residence usually to light up the
is
summer nights is rapidly gaining ground. steps so as to prevent any one stumbling,
A new operated apparatus known
electrically and also,, perhaps, to enable those within
as theEnpeesee fan is one of the devices the house to see the faces of people outside
bv which this mav be done. before they are admitted.
This last consideration is often of some
".
-
moment in country districts, where tramps
are a nuisance, says the London Illuminating
Engineer, and it is worth while to point out
that the position of the lamp in this case
requires a little care otherwise it will actually
:
prevent the accomplishment of the very ob-

ject for which it is installed. If. as often
happens, the lamp is hung immediately out-
side the door, so as to be in the fine of view
of a person looking out from the brightly
illuminated merely makes it im-
interior,, it
possible for him to see anything outside at
59-1
JB jj~~^-
'C :
.^t^S^HhM
!
^TT*»' rf "^BCWa* r
W#
' ** i
1 E^
VENTILATOR AND AIR COOLER

[j
This combined ventilator and cooler con-
sists of a sheet iron casing in the lower part
of which is an which draws the
electric fan
air into a purifying chamber. This cham-
ber contains a pan filled with a chemical
solution and mineral wool and drippings from
pipes surrounding the ice chest, purifying
CONCEALED PORCH LIGHTING
the air and collecting all dust and particles all. If, however, the lamp is concealed so
that may come in through the fan. The air that he only sees the objects illuminated by
goes out at a temperature io to 15 d it. it serves its right purpose.
cooler than that at which it i> taken in at The illustration accompanying this article
the lxitt<»m. shows one form of porch lighting which
doubtless has some drawbacks, but, is, at most circuits operating at 200 to 250 volts,
any rate, an illustration of the principle on because the regular multiple tungsten lamps
which such lights should be installed. were designed for the standard voltage of
It will be seen that the sources are quite 100 to 125 volts. On these higher voltage
out of the field of view, being placed in the circuits —
for example, 220 volts in order —
cornice well above the top of the door. They to use tungsten lamps at all it was necessary
consist of incandescent lamps with reflectors, to operate two no-volt lamps in series, since
so as to concentrate the light downwards, a 1 10-volt lamp would be immediately burned
and also throw a certain amount of light on out if connected across a 220 volt circuit.
the white surface above the door, which, Most users of the higher voltages therefore
therefore, assists in promoting the general preferred to wait for the advent of the
diffused illumination. tungsten adapted to their voltage.
The method shown, besides apparently In answer to this considerable demand, a
complying with the utilitarian aspects of the new style of tungsten has been designed
problem, seems to be preferable from the which will operate on 200 to 250 volts. This
artistic standpoint. Certainly, the general gives to the users of higher voltages the op-
effectproduced by the illuminated white portunity for the adoption of the economical
moulding, lighted by the concealed sources high-efficiency lamps for multiple service.
above the door, is more interesting to the This new lamp has the usual tungsten
eye than the mere exhibition of an un- efficiency of ij watts per candle power.
screened lamp filament, which is too often
considered all that is necessary. The First Wire Tapper
New Tungsten for 220 Volts The first telegraph operator in the world
to tap a telegraph wire for war purposes was
The advantages and economy of the Emmett Howard, who since the early
tungsten incandescent over the carbon fila- seventies has been a prominent and respected
ment lamp have been practically denied to citizen of Memphis, Tenn. This feat was
performed by Mr. Howard in September,
1 86 1, while the Confederate army under Gen-
eral Pillow was concentrated at Columbus,

Ky., and the Federal army was concentrated
at Cairo, 111., under General Grant.
On September 6, 1861, Grant's cavalry
destroyed the telegraph wires between Cairo
and Blandville, Ky. After their hasty re-
turn to Cairo, Mr. Howard cut the wire a
half a mile south of Blandville, and, by using
a small relay wire, concealed under the bark
of a tree and leaves on the ground to prevent
discovery, connected it with an instrument,
which he located under a fallen tree in a
deep ravine forty feet from the road.
Watching the instrument day and night,
Mr. Howard was able to report to General
Pillow the movements of the federal cavalry
and other important matters for two weeks.
At the end of this time he was ordered to
report for duty at Columbus. When Colum-
bus was evacuated, General Polk ordered
him to remain at Hickman.
He was driven out of Hickman, along with
many other citizens, by federal gunboats,
but returned the next day and connected a
wire with an instrument concealed in the
TUNGSTEN LAMP FOR 2 20 TO 250 VOLTS woods about a mile from the town. For
three weeks he watched the river and instru-
ment day and night reporting the passage position as manager of the local office of the
of gunboats and transports to General Polk Western Union Telegraph Company.
at Jackson, Term. In the early seventies he went to Memphis
After the fall of Island Xo. 10 Mr. Howard and for twenty-five years held a similar position
reported to General Cheathan, just before there. Of late years he has been engaged in
the battle of Shiloh. A week before the fall the insurance business. —
Telegraph Age.
of Memphis he was ordered to gather up at
all stations, including Memphis, telegraph The Modern and The Ancient
apparatus and material. He reached Gren-
ada with a carload, which was of inestimable On July 5th, Pittsfield. Mass.. held a
value, as nothing in this line could possibly Fourth of July celebration, including among
be manufactured in the South. other things a civic parade with decorated
Mr. Howard ended an honorable career floats. Xow Pittsfield is the home of a
as military telegrapher by transmitting the branch one of the largest electrical manu-
of
last official despatch of President Davis, con- facturing companies in the country, so it
taining 2.000 words, filed at Charlotte. X. was fitting that this company, to which Pitts-
ILLU5TRATIXG THE AXCIEXT AND THE MODERN
C, and addressed to General E. Kirby field owes much of its prosperity, should be
Smith. This despatch contained instruc- well represented in the parade. Two unique
tions as to the disposition of fragments of the floatswere consequently fitted out, one rep-
armies west of the Mississippi River. The resenting the ''Modern and Ancient/' typi-
courier detailed to carry the despatch was fying the revolutionary effect of the modern
killedby shots from a gunboat and the mes- use of electricity for household purposes,
sage was lost in the river. and the other snowing the different appli-
So far as is known and believed. Mr. ances for light and power.
Howard is the only living person who has The modern and the ancient kitchen were
knowledge of this interesting and memorable effectively represented, the one being demon-
document. strated by almost even- kind of modern
At the close of the war Mr. Howard went electric cooking and heating device, the
to Columbia, S. C, where he accepted a other by the antiquated wood cook stove.
An Electric Humidifier motor which is situated between the two.

The units being small and self-contained
All textile fibres absorb moisture, and they may be located in such positions as are
when reasonably damp are more elastic and best suited for each particular case.
work better than when dry. Thus, in former
times, weavers set up their looms in damp Moth Destroyer
cellars and today we see how great textile
industries have grown up in humid localities An inventor of Dover, N. H., Charles P.
such as Lancashire and New Bedford. Chesley, has perfected an electrical device
for the destruction of brown-tailed moths
and other insect pests. These myriads of
flying creatures fly mostly by night and are
strongly attracted by light.
The device of Mr. Chesley consists of
a copper wire basket or frame which is
[.§!"• 'W'-Just
S&Z^tf
\
*'
-
?:
J«
--VV
intended to be suspended from the city and
town arc
below the
basket is
lights
wires, insulated
light.
made
and to
of positive and
hang about two
The mesh
from each other and de-

of the wire
feet
negative
§ SBftSk
riving their current from the light over-
head. When an insect alights on the
AN ELECTRIC HUMIDIFIER
With moist, and consequently elastic yarns,

all departments of a textile mill can be run
at top speed and a full and perfect production
assured, and in favorable weather this is
what can ordinarily be done. When cool,
dry, brisk days come with the moisture in
the air at a minimum we find ends breaking
and snapping, machinery stopping, and
trouble everywhere, accentuated by the fact
that in dry weather fibres in process become
highly electrified.
Artificial humidificationhas been resorted
to in order that such trouble may be cured,
and by placing humidifiers in the stock room,
quilling department and other suitable places
much loss may be avoided. One type of
humidifier for this purpose is called the
Hygrosso and the illustration gives an idea
MOTH DESTROYER
of the appearance of the apparatus. The
water, hot or cold and with or without pres- framework and touches any two wires it
sure, is fed into the hollow of the vertical immediately closes the circuit and is killed,
revolving disk and reduced to the finest pos- falling to the ground, or into the basket.
sible vapor by the centrifugal force. At the A practical demonstration of the device,
same time the fan blowing directly over the with honey bees as the victims, is said to
case distributes the moisture uniformly have been a great success. The expense
throughout the room. Both the fan and the of the device is confined to its first cost.
disk are mounted on the shaft of an electric which amounts to about $5 per lamp.
LfflOTYWlM
Membership in Popular Electricity Wireless Club is niad.3 up of readers
of this magazine who have constructed or are operating wireless apparatus
or systems. Membership blanks will be sent upon request. This depart-
ment of the magazine is devoted to the interests of the Club, and
members are invited to assist in making it as valuable and interesting
as possible, by sending in descriptions and photographs of their equipmerTs
Construction of a Wireless Transformer

ALFRED P. MORGAN
In commercial wireless telegraph stations one of the coils, known as the primary it
where alternating current is available the generates a magnetic flux, which in flowing
induction coil has been superseded by the through the other coil induces in it an
more modern transformer. The trans- electromotive force. The magnitude of
former is also favored by many amateur the secondary electromotive force is in
experimenters since it is more efficient afld nearly the same ratio to the primary in-
less expensive to construct. ducing electromotive force or voltage as
A one quarter kilowatt transformer is the number of turns in the secondary is to
probably the size best suited to the average the number of turns in the primary winding.
private installation. It will transmit mes- For example, if it is desired to raise the
sages from 50 to 100 miles when used with voltage of the no volt circuit to 22,000
a proper aerial about 80 feet high. volts, the number of turns in the secondary
The electromotive forces developed in must be 200 times as many as in the primary.
a wireless transformer are seldom greater It seems almost unnecessary to state
than 15.000-20.000 volts, while those of here,but it possibly may save work for
induction coils range from 20,000 to 300,000 some not familiar with the underlying
volts. However the currents generated in principles, that a closed core transformer
the secondary of the transformer are much cannot be used with an interrupter on a
greater and they develop more powerful direct current circuit. The reason is be-
and penetrating waves than the induction cause the interrupted primary currents
coil. The efficiency also being greater, cannot die away quickly enough on a closed
larger amounts of the initial energy are core generate sufficient electromotive
to
transformed into oscillations. For these force in the secondary.
reasons a transformer is always rated by A circular ring of iron wire wound with
its output in watts or kilowatts rather than two coils presents several theoretical ad-
its spark length. The spark length of a vantages as a transformer but would be
250 watt transformer is only 0.2 5-0. 50 inch. difficult to construct. The core is usually
The spark of a 500 watt or h kilowatt in the form of a hollow rectangle. The
transformer might be the same length but core is built up of thin sheets of very soft
stillrepresent more energy. iron carefully insulated from one another
There are two distinct types of trans- by a coat of varnish. If the core were
formers in use, known as the "open o solid or not insulated, heavy currents known
and the '"closed core," but in this article as eddy currents would be set up in the
we shall concern ourselves only with the core and cause great heating. There would
latter type. also result a considerable loss in the electro-
A closed core transformer in its simplest motive force and efficiency of the trans-
form consists two independent
of coils of former.
wire wound upon an iron ring. When (
>ne hall of both the secondary and primary
an alternating current is passed through of a properly designed transformer are
placed on opposite sides of the rectangle The strips must be dipped in some good
in order to reduce the leakage of magnetic insulating varnish such as P. B. com- &
flux to a minimum. Do not put thep rimary pound and dried before they are assembled.
Both "legs" (the longest sides) are built
up with alternate ends overlapping as
shown by (A) and (B) in Fig. i. The short
pieces (C) and (D) are slipped between the
— ~h
over-lapping ends and squared up. One
end of the core is left open until all the
windings are in place. Three or four
ft$*. r
j-
layers of well varnished linen cloth are
"f
wound over the legs preparatory to wind-
ing the primary.
A B
+ PRIMARY
2* c A
B 4-
Four fibre heads or cheeks (H) 4f inches
square and J inch thick are made as shown
-If
D fl C
in Fig. i. A square hole if by if inches
is cut in the centre. One of these is placed
on each of the assembled legs as shown in
FIG. THE DIMENSIONS OF CORE Fig- 3-
all
The
on one side and the
secondary all on the other.
only difficulty involved
in the first method is the
EMPIRE CLOTH
PRIMARY-
SECTION
\^ SEPARATORS
proper insulation of the

primary and secondary.
This point must be given
very careful attention in
constructing a transformer. VARNISHED
CORE
FIG. 3 , PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
The dimensions and
assembly of the core are shown in Fig. 1. The primary winding is 4J inches long
Strips if inches wide are cut from soft and is wound in six layers, three layers
FIBRE FIBRE on each leg. The wire used is No. 16
RATOR B. & S. gauge double cotton covered mag-
HEAD
net wire. About three pounds will be
required.
The
terminals of the tw o windings should
y
alllead out through the fibre heads at the

same end of the transformer and as near
to the core as possible. The windings
should not be carried close up to the fibre
heads but begin and end about one quarter
inch from them. The remaining space
is by winding in a strip of empire
filled
cloth one quarter of an inch wide. A strip
CONSTRUCTION HEADS
of micanite or empire cloth 5 inches wide
Russian or Swedish stovepipe iron. Half is wound over both of the primary wind-
of them should be 7} inches long and the ings close up to the head until it forms a
other half 5 inches. Enough of the strips layer one-half of an inch thick.
should be cut to make two piles of each size
SECONDARY
1 1 inches high when compressed. The com-
pleted core will form a hollow rectangle qJ A form must be constructed on which to
by 6 J by if inches. wind the secondarv sections. The sections
are sixteen in number. They are in the form flux. Paraffin some silk taffeta binding
of hollow squares and measure 4J by 4J such as dressmakers use and w rap the r
by 7-16 inches outside dimensions. The joint or connection with a small piece
dimensions and form of the winder are of it.
most easily understood from Fig. 4. The The from the

sections as they are taken
secondary sections when mounted on the winder must be carefully and distinctly
transformer are insulated from one an- marked with an arrow- which points up or
other by fibre separators (S). (Fig. 2 and in the direction of the winding. The ter-
minals are led out on op-
THREADED.
TO FIT Ax
posite faces of the sections.
THUMBy The two methods of
connecting up the sections
are illustrated in Fig. 5.
The second method (B)

is the best. It will be
noticed that the arrow on
every alternate section
points down. This does
double:
//^ WINGED^ not mean that the wire
lines
y^T
show saw .
slots
THUMBSCREW was wound in the opposite
direction on the form.
fig. 4. secondary former The coils are simply
turned around so that the
Fig. 6). Theyare 4I by 4I inches on the arrows come on a reverse side of the core from
outside, inch thick and have a square
$• the othersand point in an opposite direction.
hole 3J inches square cut in the centre. This precaution must be taken in order
The wire used to wind the secondary of that the current will flow through all the
the transformer is No. 34 B. & S. gauge sections in the same direction. The first
enameled copper wire. About ten pounds method (A) does not require this reversal
is required. Cotton covered wire should but is not to be recommended.
not be used in this transformer because a Careful scrutiny of (B) will show that
sufficientnumber of turns cannot be se- the inside terminal of one section is con-
cured to bring the secondary current up
to the proper voltage. By observing all B
the instructions and precautions given be-
low no trouble will be experienced in wind-
ing enameled wire. The form should be
placed in a lathe chuck or in some other
similar machine which is convenient and
whereby it may be revolved. Saw slots are
cut in the flanges and centre of -the winder
or form so that silk threads may be passed FIG. 5. METHODS OF CONNECTING SECTIONS
under and around the completed section
and tied up so that a possible cave in of nected to the inside terminal of the adjacent
the wire prevented.
is section, and the outside terminal of that
The section may then be removed from section is connected to the outside terminal
the form and wound with insulating tape. of its adjacent section.
The wire must be evenly and carefully Place eight of the completed and taped
wound on the form. No loops or kinks sections on each leg of the transformer
must be wound on. They must first be and interpose one of the fibre separators
straightened out or untangled. In case between each pair. Connect the terminals
the wire becomes broken the connection up as in (B) Fig. 5 and solder them.
must be smoothly made and soldered. Do Put the remaining fibre heads (H) on
not attempt to use acid as a flux or to heat the core up flush with the windings and
the wire by means of a flame. Use a piece finish assembling the core by slipping the
of No. 8 B. & S. gauge tinned copper other end strips (D) in the alternating
wire as a soldering iron and rosin as a overlapping ends of the legs.
Square the core up perfectly true. The sparks from jumping from one winding
whole transformer is then fastened to- over to the other.
gether by four fibre strips (M), Fig. 6, of The primary windings should be con-
inches long, if inches wide and \ inch nected in series. It will then consume from
thick. A J inch hole (P) is bored in each 250 to 300 watts. If the transformer is placed
end of the strips. The strips are placed in in a box and the box filled with some boiled
the position shown in Fig. 6 at the ends amber petroleum, the windings may be
of the transformer. Four J-inch bolts, connected in parallel. The transformer
two of them three inches long and two may then be rated at over i kilowatt and
will transmit over 100
H miles, providing the aerial
is at least 100 feet high.
Fig. 7 shows a diagram
of the complete wiring
connections. The ordin-
ary, transmitiing helix,
condenser spark gap, etc.,
of a tuned transmitter
are connected as usual
with the exception that
the spark gap must not
be placed directly across
the transformer terminals
as in some circuits but
must be in series with the
helix as shown. This pre-
vents much of the arcing
across the spark gap
which otherwise takes
place.
FIG. 6. PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF TRANSFORMER PARTS The reactance coil is

placed in series with the
3J inches long are passed
through the holes in the
fibre strips. The nuts
are screwed on the bolts
and tightened until the
fibreclamps the core firmly.
The two longer bolts
should both be placed at
the same end of the trans-
former.
The terminals of the
primary are led out to four
binding posts mounted on
the fibre strips. The sec-
ondary binding posts are
mounted on pillars. The
GROUND
pillars are one-inch fibre fig. 7. COMPLETE WIRING CONNECTIONS
rods, two inches long. A
hole is bored in the lower end of each and tap- primary of the transformer to steady the
ped so that they may be screwed onto the ends current and prevent further arcing of
of the longer bolts which clamp the strips the spark. A suitable reactance coil may
together. A
piece of fibre five inches be constructed by making a hollow coil
square and J inch thick must be placed of wire and sliding an iron coil in or out.
between the .two secondary windings to The core should be built up of sheet
form an insulating shield and prevent iron and form a rectangle i| by ij by
eight inches. The winding is composed of necessary when the transformer is used to
two layers of Xo. 12 B. & S. gauge capacity at \ K. W.
its full
double cotton covered magnet wire. The When making changes or connections
layers are six inches long. Make a hollow about the transformer be very certain to
wooden tube from cigar box wood. The disconnect entirely all alternating current
iron core should just slide in and out of leads from the primary for an accidental
the tube. Wind the wire over the wooden passage of the full secondary current through
tube and leave it on permanently so that the body would prove very serious and
itwill retain its form. probably fatal.
Five ^-gallon Ley den jars form the right
condenser capacity for the transformer Young America at the Wireless
when the primary windings are in series.
Key
Twice that number must be used when
the windings are in parallel.
The front cover picture of this issue is
A glass plate condenser is perhaps more indicative of what "Young America" is do-
convenient and desirable than Leyden jars.
way of wireless experimental work.
ing in the
In this case all blistering of the tinfoil is
The Young Marconi, whom you see in the
avoided and brushing or corona discharges
picture, is C. H. Brubaker of Columbia,
eliminated. This, besides giving a better
Pa., one of the enthusiastic members of
spark, makes much sharper tuning possible.
Popular Electricity Wireless Club.
A condenser may be built up from old All the receiving apparatus is home-
photographic plates. About twenty-four 8
made with the exception of head telephone
by 10 inch plates are necessary. The
receivers. The sending apparatus consists
emulsion may be softened and washed off
of a spark coil operated through a water
with boiling water.* The tinfoil is cut
rheostat by no volt lighting current, although
6 by 8 inches so as to leave an inch margin
a transformer will be installed soon which
on all sides. The condenser is assembled will increase the efficiency of the sending out-
as in Fig. 8. The alternate sheets of tin- fit. The sending equipment also includes
an ordinary telegraph key, home-made spark
gap, home-made brass wire helix and ad-
-TIN FOIL justable leyden jar condensers. The send-
ing range is about three miles.
For receiving there is an enameled wire,
m
6^ i 1
BINDIHQ POSTS
single-slide
electrolytic,
condenser.
tuning
detectors, 1500
coil, potentiometer,
carborundum and molybdenite
ohm receivers and a variable
The young experimenter has also rigged

up an ingenious switchboard, part of which
shows in the picture, to control the different
apparatus. It is provided with the neces-
FIG. 8. METHOD OF ASSEMBLING CONDENSER sary switches, test lamps, fuses, etc. Meters
will be put in later.
With this apparatus messages have been
foil connected together by a strip of
are
received from the large stations within its
thin copper foil or thick tinfoil about an
range, up to 400 miles.
inch wide. It is a good plan to lead out
the last two or three strips on one side
separately and connect them to binding It is stated that the wireless telegraph
posts. The capacity of the condenser may station on the tower in Paris has been
Eiffel
then be adjusted by connecting one or more receiving messages from the station at Glace
of the strips in with the rest. bay, Canada, a distance of 3,250 miles. A
The condenser must
be placed in a wooden new installation is being fitted at the Eiffel
box about 9 by 10 by 5 inches and poured tower, by means of which it is hoped to
full of boiled oil. Otherwise the spark establish wireless telegraphic communication
would jump around the glass plates. Two with Saigon (Cochin-China), a distance of
such condensers connected in parallel are 6,800 miles.
Auto-Spontaneous Repeating System
By DAVID MARCUS
The object of this system is to repeat To entirely remove the above obstacles,
spontaneously and automatically to the and to bring both operator at the transmit-
operator of the transmitting station send- ting station and operator at the receiving
ing the message an exact duplicate of the station in closer relation as to the condition
signals being received at the other station. of each other's transmitting and receiving,
Receiving stations experience more or the writer has invented the following sys-
less difficulty in receiving a perfectly intel- tem:
ligible message, due to the unfavorable con- Connect up instruments as shown in
dition of the " magnetic waves," especially Fig. i, (A) representing the
transmitting
station, and (B) the re-
ceiving station. By care-
fully tracing and studying
the various connections
the reader will easily find
that the only important
change from the various
systems now employed is
in the use of a second re-
lay with additional switches
to throw in or cut out
the repeating relay.
When the station is not
transmitting, the single
pole, double throw switch
5
(S ) should always be kept
closed on the contact (b),
G - Ground which from the wiring in

\ A-Aerial RTC-Receiuing Tuning Coil
B- Battery \_R- Relay VC - Variable Condenser the diagram puts the
S - Double Role Single Throuu Switch D - Decoherer second relay (R 2 ) in ser-
SK— Signal Key
I ~ Interrupter
C -Coherer ies with relay (R) and
R 2 - Repeating Relay
P - Primary of Induction Coils S s- Single- Pole, Double -Throw Suritch the decoherer circuit (D).
SC~ Secondary of >>
S 4— Double Pole Sinqle-Throw Suritch
N -Zinc Spark Gap
••
B 2 - Batteries
,
Now if you desire to trans-
C -Adjustable Condenser S 3 - Double-Pole, Single Throur Switch mit signals, all that will
SH~ Sending Helix B - Battery of Single Cell
S' Double Pole, Double-Throas Suritch
be necessary is to throw
2
RC~ Resistance Coil or Rheostat
S Single Pole, Single- Throw CK- Choking Coils the switch (S 5 ) on the
contacts (c) which cuts out
CONNECTIONS OF AUTO-SPONTANEOUS REPEATING SYSTEM the repeating relay (R 2 ).
The action of the system
if the message be of a long distance trans- will then take place as follows:
mission. With the present systems of wire- You desire to call a friend or some other
less telegraphic communication the opera- wireless station with a call letter P. E. and
tor at the transmitting station is absolutely a wave length of 400 meters.
ignorant as to the condition of the receiving Regulate your transmitting tuning coil
capacity of the station with which he is to the proper wave length, and throw the
communicating. It therefore often happens switch (S 5 ) on the contact (c), thus cutting
that thetransmitting operator is several out the repeater. Now call your station,
times requested to repeat his message, and also giving them your call letter and wave
if his receiving instruments are improperly length. If you are in proper tune with
balanced sensitively, he fails to receive, or your distant station and both transmitting
intelligently understand the sender's com- capacities of the required radius, you
plaints. should receive a duplicate of the exact call
you have made. For given, the switch (a)
you will understand of your receiving
that the switch (S 5 ) station should
be
at the receiving sta- adjusted on the con-
you are com-
tion that tact (b), then await
municating with has the final O. K. from
the repeating relay your distant station,
(R 2 ) in series with which will be re-
the relay (R) and peated back to him
the decoherer (D). as an acknowledg-
As it is customary ment from you.
to call a station at It will be neces-
least three times,, a sary to enclose the
short space of time coherer in a metal
will be required by case with a wire lead-
the operator to ing from the case and
properly adjust the connected to the
tuning coil of the ground. This will
transmitting station, ground the oscilla-
to the station that RECEIVING JRATUS tions which other-
you desire to com- wise would infringe
municate with, in order that the regula- upon the receiver and cause confusion of
tion of the signal may be in tune with your the incoming signals.
2
receiving capacity. For your receiving ca- Switches (S 1 ) and (S ) form a novel ar-
pacity may be of 600 meters wave length, rangement to ground the aerial when the
while that of the station you are communi- station not in use. or in case of electrical
is
cating with is only 400 meters. It is there- storms. To ground

the aerial it is only
fore advisable to make each call at an in-
2
necessary to close the switch (S ). When
2
one minute. The operator
terval of at least operating. (S ) must always be open, and
of transmitting station will therefore
the (S
1
) adjusted, depending on the will of the
only receive one or two repetitions of his operator.
call, depending on the promptness of the
operator at the other end in adjusting his Wireless Works Best By Night
apparatus. If the coherers at both sta-
tions are properly adjusted no difficulty It is one of the many marvels of wireless
whatsoever will be experienced in receiving telegraphy that the ether waves which cam-
correct repetitions. Should the repet"tion its messages, unlike light waves, suffer no
at the transmitting station be received or- absorption in mist or fog. Quite the oppo-
rectly, the operator site, in fact, is the case,
may continue sending for the effect on them
the message, at the of clear sunshine is so
same time directing marked that they can
his attention to the be sent with equal ini-
receiving apparatus tial power less than
and noting whether half the distance by
the repetitions are day as by night.
just as those trans- For reason press
this
mitted. If they are dispatches and long-
not the "error" sig- distance messages
nal should be in- sent by wireless teleg-
serted and the word raphy whenever
are,
again repeated until possible, committed
the correct repetition to the ether waves
is received. after sunset, when
When the message they may be trans-
is completed and the mitted to a much
" finished " signal TRANSMITTING APPARATUS greater distance.
WIRELESS QUERIES —
Coherer; Leyden Jars
Questions. (A) Will a receiving set embodying
a coherer fastened to a slowly revolving toy motor
Spark Coil and Condenser
Questions. — (A)
Please give data for a six-inch
shaft, so as to dispense with the decoherer, a 150
ohm standard telegraph relay and a sounder,
spark coil which no finer wire than No. 30
will use
work on a line about a mile long, with a one-inch
B. & S., S. C. C. for the secondary and give a
spark coil at the transmitting station? Coherer
big fat spark. (B) What voltage is required for
made of brass tube about two inches long, filled
above coil? (C) If a coil is connected as shown
with powdered antimony. (B) Can I increase my
in the diagram will it be damaged? (D) What sending distance any by bridging two small Leyden
condenser is best to use, a jar or plate condenser?
jars across the secondary circuit, or would it be
— C. S., Newark, N. J.
better to have them in primary circuit? (C) Does
—
Answers. (A) We refer you to the ar- an aerial necessarily have to be made of many
ticleon "Spark Coil Construction and bare wires strung between two poles, or would a
lightning rod serve the purpose if severed from the
Operation," in the May to August issues.
—
ground? E. K. O., Essex, Mass.
Answers. — (A)
Coherers have been made
Condenser in the manner you describe, but none have
ever proven successful. The ordinary metal
filing coherer will answer, as it is easy to
construct and handle. With a set built
up with a one-inch spark coil at the sending
end, a 150 ohm relay at the receiving end,
you should be able to work up to about
one-half mile, considering that the aerial
is about 40 feet in height.
Ground (B) To increase the sending efficiency,
the Leyden jars should be bridged across
SPARK COIL CONNECTIONS the secondary terminals and spark gap.
All spark coils are equipped with the con-
(B) Approximately 12 to 15 volts and
denser across the vibrator contacts, there-
five to sixamperes.
fore, it would be useless to connect the jars
(C) No, but we fail to see where any
at this point.
increased results would be had from this
(C) No, but for more efficient results we
manner of connecting. would recommend an aerial of this type.
(D) Either the Leyden jar or glass plate
The lightning rod scheme would answer
kind will answer.
for short distance use, but can not be recom-
mended.
Wave Length; Condensers
Questions. —
(A) How is a wave length measured ?
(B) Which are best, Leyden jars or a common
layer condenser with 50 sheets of tin foil 5 by 6 Coil and Aerial Dimensions
inches ? Questions.— (A) How large a coil will be needed
Answers. —
(A) The proper measurement for sending wireless messages a distance of two
miles over the resident portion of this city? (B)
of wave length is usually found by use of
How high an aerial ? Would it work successfully
a wave meter, which is especially calibrated with an aerial under 35 feet high? (C) Would the
for this purpose. A rough method that is coil used be efficient for experients with X-ray
prevalent at the present is to multiply the tubes? (D) Would a 75 ohm relay be sensitive
aerial length by four. Considering that —
enough? C. C. H., Indianapolis, Ind.
the height of the aerial is 50 feet the wave Answers. —
(A) We refer you to the ar-
length, according to this rule, would be ticle " Spark Coil Construction and Oper-
200 feet. ation" May to August issues. A two inch
(B) This
depends on the purpose for coil built up as described would probably be
which the condenser is to be used. If for of sufficient capacity.
use across the vibrator contacts of a spark (B) The aerial should be at least 50 feet
coil, the paper type would answer, but high. The 30 feet aerial might answer,
across the secondary in the closed circuit but the higher one is recommended.
set the Leyden jar should be used, as the (C) No.
paper type could not withstand the high (D) Yes, provided a well made sensitive
voltage current. coherer were used.
—

Rheostat; Detector of a poundof No. 36 on the secondary.
Questions. —
(A) How can I construct a 300 ohm This should give a quarter inch spark.
regulating rheostat? Kindly show diagrams. (B)
The secondary need not be wound in sec-
Where can I purchase silicon? (C) What metal
can be used in a detector in the place of silicon? tions. For the condenser use 25 sheets of
M. E. S., San Francisco, Cal. tinfoil 3x1^ inches. This coil will operate
Answers. — (A) You
to state the use
fail well on four volts and two amperes.
for which the rheostat intended. If for
is
use in a wireless telegraph receiving circuit Transmitting Tuning Coil

as a potentiometer, build up by winding
—
Questions. (A) Please give me dimensions of
2\ pounds of No. 22 S. S. C. German silver a transmitting tuning coil that can be used with a
wire on a circular wood frame that is three \ K. W. transformer ? (B) What does 100 meters
wave length mean in speaking of a receiving tuning
inches in diameter. The frame is now coil? (C) How is a transmitting tuning coil used ?
mounted on a suitable base and one of the — L. R., Madison, III.
leads connected direct to a binding post.
A portion of the winding is scraped bare coil
—
Answers. (A) A good, simple sending
can be made by securing a wooden or
all the way down the frame, and a sliding
paper drum about eight inches in diameter
contact counted so that connection may by 12 inches long and winding it with 30
be made with the different turns. The sliding turns of No. 32 copper ribbon \ inch wide.
contact is connected to a binding post
The turns should be equally spaced and shel-
mounted on the base.
lacked. After the coil is thoroughly dried, a
(B) Apply to some of the dealers adver-
bare place about \ inch wide, should be
tising in this magazine.
scraped along one side of the coil. Two
(C) Carborundum, Molybdenite, etc.
Wireless Sending Parts

Questions. —
(A) Could I use a regular Morse
telegraph key in sending messages with a 12-inch -
spark coil? If not, what kind of key should I
use? (B) Can you give me any information of
how to build a tuning coil to be used in tuning
in most stations around San Francisco? (C) I
am using an aerial 70 feet high; two horizontal
wires each 100 feet long. Would that do satis-
factory work at a distance of 250 miles? (D)
Could I use a relay to work a sounder in above
—
distance? -R. J. Loewe, Visalia, Cai.
—
Answers. (A) Yes, but we would sug- TUNING COIL CONNECTIONS
gest that you get one with somewhat heavier
contacts.
wooden disks 8^ inches in diameter and one
(B) Make the tuning coil as follows:
wood strip 14-x^x^ inches should be made
Make a cylindrical insulating frame, wind
around the outside 115 turns of bare, tinned
next. The ends are screwed on and the strip
placed over the bared place on the coil. A
copper wire, No. 18; turns 3-32 inch apart.
binding post is connected to one end of the
Provide sliding contacts to work up and
winding while the other two connections are
down the frame so as to touch any of the
turns of wire.
made by inserting two pieces of spring brass,
bent in the shape of a V, under the wooden
(C) Yes, for receiving.
strip. (See diagram.)
(D) A liquid detector and telephone
(B) A tuning coil having a wave length
receiver should be used.
of 100 meters is one having turns enough to
Winding a Spark Coil

respond to a wave 100 meters long. A coil of
this size is not of much practical use, as all
Question. —
I have a core four inches long by \
commercial stations use a wave longer than
inches in diameter. Please tell me how much wire
to use, the kind and also the length of spark possible. 100 meters.
—A. H., Meadville, Pa. (C) See drawing. Put (A) on about four
—
Answer. For general details see serial turns, then adjust (B) to where a hot wire
"Spark Coil Construction and Operation." ammeter, in series with the aerial, gives the
For your coil use five ounces of No. 18 maximum reading. The proper working
wire on the primary, and three-quarters place can be found by a little experimenting.
Electrical Men of the Times
GUGLIELMO MARCONI
Marconi did not invent the wireless tele- He became interested and began experi-
graph, as is popularly believed. He, how- menting in electricity as a boy, and he was
ever, performed the great service of given a good school and college education.
making the first practical application of He was but fifteen when be began to devise
wireless telegraphy to commercial uses. instruments to show that an electric wave,
In other words, Marconi is a human bene- if started in any given direction, will follow
factor by actually leading the way in the an undeviating course without need of a
development of a new art which is becoming wire or other conductor. He continued his
increasingly useful to man in its practical electrical work from his love of it, and he
applications. received his greatest reward on that mem-

Wireless telegraphy .orable day, December
is simple in its funda- 12, 1901, when he
mental principle. It received at Signal
involves the erection Hill, Newfoundland,
of a receiving instru- three little clicks, the
ment or station and a dots of the letter "S",
transmitting instru- signalled by pre-ar-
ment or station, both rangement rom the
electrically grounded coast of England, two
to the earth from and thousand miles across
to which messages the waters of the At-
may be sent through lantic.
the vibratory ether. The inventor is a
No insulated conduc- man of medium sta-
tor is necessary, but ture, high strung, yet
an electrical connec- deliberate and of great
tion with the body of nervous and mental
the earth. The mes- activity. His capacity
sage is sent flying out for work isbest meas-
of the transmitter by ured by his signal
the generation of an achievements, in his
electrical spark, like mastery over opposing
a lightning flash, in forces. He is a man
a storm of contending of science and imagi-
elements, to be caught nation as well as an
up by the antennae or feelers of the attuned inventor, and, moreover, a practical busi-
receiving instrument. But it took a Mar- ness organizer, being the controlling head
coni to even dare to suppose that these ether of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Com-
vibrations, which others had discovered, pany now operating for the conduct of
could be generated and controlled. business in the United States and leading
Guglielmo (William) Marconi was born countries of Europe.
only thirty-four years ago, in the Italian Marconi is a quiet man, of a keenly sensi-
city Marzabotto, near Bologna, of an
of tive disposition. He doesn't speak much.
Italian and an Irish mother. His
father But he uses the power of directed thought
father gave him a Roman heritage, pro- upon the work in hand. He overcame
viding strength for his conquests of nature. great material obstacles, laboring faithfully
His mother was a highly cultured woman, into mastery at last, and a new application
a talented musician and member of the of knowledge has been made to add strength
celebrated Guinness family of Dublin. and zest to the life of man.
W** IN THEr
HOUSEHOLD
A Modern Residence Laundry
The problem has been talked

servant As far as possible every operation is
about, has been written about and car-

it performed by the magic current. The
tooned about; and it is still with us. But revolving washing machine is run by an
there is one kind of servant that never gives electric motor and is started going by the
any trouble, is ready on the instant, never simple throwing of a switch. When the
takes a day off at clothes are clean
the wrong time and they are transferred
never "gives notice." to the rinsing tanks
That servant is elec- of shining enamel,
tricity. with hot and cold
No department in water always avail-
the household per- able. After passing
haps gives rise to through the tanks
more heated discus- there is waiting at
sions or is such a the last one an elec-
hotbed of rebellion tric driven wringer
as the domestic laun- ready to perform,
dry; that is, under at another turn of
the old conditions. a switch, another of
But now that elec- the old time dis-
tricity can be made agreeable and tire-
to perform, with some tasks.
minimum labor, Then there are
what was once the artificially heated
drudgery of house- drying cabinets to
keeping, one of the take the place of the
bones of contention dust and soot laden
has been removed. "four winds," and
The three pictures last of all the elec-
which are shown tric irons for all
here illustrate what MOTOR OPERATED WASHER kinds of work from
a modern residence coarse articles to the
laundry should be. Introduce a servant to finest ruffles. The arrangement of these
a neat basement apartment so equipped irons is very convenient. The conductors
and the chances are you will not hear, in which bring the current from the lighting
abrupt but expressive language: "What! circuit are brought up through tubes and
Do the laundry work? Nbl for mine." are then carried out on flexible arms.
WW
RINSING TANKS AND MOTOR DRIVEN WRINGER
ELECTRIC IRONING APPARATUS

Advantages of Vacuum Cleaning
Discovery of germ life and its effect on The only thing that remains, therefore, is
healthwas one of the greatest steps in medi- to make constant war on dust and it is just
cal science. The discovery, isolation and final- there that the broom or carpet sweeper and
ly the method combatting certain specific
of the feather duster are hopelessly lacking in
germs which caused some of the most dreaded efficiency. They stir up any amount of dust
diseases of the past, such as diphtheria for only to leave it in a little different place tijl
instance, has resulted in the reduction of the next sweeping.
the mortality of these diseases to comparative A few years ago vacuum cleaning came
insignificance. This knowledge has also into vogue. At first we only saw it in con-
revolutionized surgery. No more striking nection with installations of considerable
example of the respect with which these foes size, with gasoline engine and suction pump
of human life are held by the medical fra- mounted on a truck in the street and with
CLEANING CARPETS BY VACUUM PROCESS
ternity may be had than to go through a long lines of hose running up into the win-
modern hospital. There are no wall paper, dows of the building undergoing the cleaning
no carpets, no sharp corners in the walls or process. Then, as in almost everything else,
ceilings even, for everything is made to be electricity was called to the task and portable
scrubbed and and scrubbed again
sterilized outfits were made which could be owned ex-
and again, with endless monotony, in the clusively by the householder. All that is re-
constant warfare with unseen inhabitants of quired in the operation of these devices is
the germ world. to attach the electrical conductor and plug
In our own homes these precautions can- to the lamp socket and turn on the current.
not all be taken without making rather The motor then operates the vacuum pump
dreary habitations. We like rugs and which is attached through a short hose to
carpets, pretty pictures, tapestries, curtains various "tools" adapted to clean carpets,
and a hundred other things that catch and upholstery, curtains, etc.
hold dust, and wherever there is dust there The pictures herewith show one of the
also are germs —
countless millions of them. newest types of electric vacuum cleaner in
operation. Mattresses may be renovated, A range of from o to 12 inches of vacuum

upholstered furniture cleaned, dust sucked can be obtained with this machine. Twelve
up through the carpet; all the refuse being inches of vacuum means that if the suction
DUST IS READILY REMOVED EROM UPHOLSTERY
DOES THE WORK OF A MATTRESS RENOVATOR
drawn through the tube into a receptacle in were applied to the top of a tube standing
the cabinet. Two cents worth of electricity with its lower end open in a dish of mercury
an hour will operate it. the pressure of the outside atmosphere
would raise the mercury in the tube to a festivals, In one instance, the arch-
etc.
height of 12 inches, or corresponding ap- way under which the guests passed was
proximately to six pounds pressure. Twelve arranged with three columns of pine wood
inches of vacuum is sufficient to draw the on each side as in Fig. 2. The sheet metal
dust out of the heaviest carpets but will not
injure the nap. For light work such as
delicate curtains, etc., a less vacuum may
be obtained. 0° tf goo 80* °°o° »./ s °°s l.«
Electric Lighting in Ornamentation
Houses of the present time contain many

aichitectural features which lend themselves
readily to ornamentation by electric lamps.
Millwork plays an important part in the
plans in the present time, and columns,
newels, etc., are utilized at various points Tnrn ata. nil '1 /rvrrh
in rooms, halls, arches and arbors, where

the brilliancy of electric lamps may have FIG. 2.
full play. Some modern homes are marvel-
ous in this respect, and the business of de- front signwas installed on a panel supported
by these posts.
Sometimes the decoration involves the
use of a single strong lamp on the top of a
post as in Fig. 3.
Heavy timber work shows off to good
advantage where there is good illumination.
ne i.
signing such features has almost reached

the dignity of a profession.
In the construction of some of these com-
binations, the key-note is simplicity. In
the designing of some others, the intricate
plan is quite conspicuous. An attempt is fig. 3.
often made to introduce grille work, scrolls,
stars, etc. The tendency now-a-days is towards more
Various tastes have to be accommodated. light. This fact is noticeable in
all parts
Hence, in some cases we find that the set- of the
country. The people are getting
piece is of the order shown in Fig. i. This educated to a point where a more intense
stands prominently in a hallway. It serves brilliancy is demanded. The owners of
as a lighting ornament. The hardwood homes are not satisfied with merely a well
columns are all well polished. There is a lighted interior but wish to have a blaze
section of lattice work intervening, and the of light streaming from the windows. Light
columns are furnished with the three light is cheaper now than it used to be and it is
globes each. The wires extend along the not so essential that we curtail at every
floor line, then up the line of the posts to point. The man of the house who used
the lamps. to follow about turning off every possible
On some special occasions signs may be light, now often lets them burn simply for
introduced at little expense, for church the satisfaction and good cheer derived.
JUNIOR.
SECTION
Construction of Ring and Core-Type
Transformers
Fy LOUIS H. ROLLER
Many persons find it difficult to see why- per magnet wire. (D) is a cross-sectional
alternating current, instead of direct, is used view of complete transformer.
so extensively for light and power purposes. The core may be considered as the founda-
It possesses such peculiar characteristics, tion of the transformer, so its construction
and to the amateur is so difficult, both of will be gone into in detail. Fig. 2, in two
comprehension and computation, that it ap- views, illustrates the winding of the core.
pears useless alongside of direct current. Upon a cylindrical form about four inches
But the one in diameter and
feature of al- at least three
ternating cur- inches long,
rent in which made of wood
it excels'direct, pipe, or a tin
is the economy can, a layer of
and ease with heavy string is
which it is wound, its use
transformed being to release
from onej po- the wire from
tential or vol- the form after
tage to a high- winding. Over
er or lower one. this string a
So the experi- layer of paper
menter who de- isput on, and
sires to work then a few turns
with alternat- of the soft iron
ing curre nt, wire, which
will find a should not be
transformer s' larger than No.
the simplest FIG. I. STEPS IN CONSTRUCTION OF RING TRANSFORMER 20, are wound
and most fun- on. At this
damental piece of apparatus with which to point the binding strings, (A), (B), [C)
start. and (D), Fig. 2, should be slipped under
Fig. i shows the steps in the construction the turns of wire already on, and the re-
of a ring wound transformer; (A) is the core mainder of the winding finished. Then
of soft iron wire; (B) the secondary winding, the binding strings should be tied up, and
and (C) the primary winding, both of cop- the release string pulled out, leaving the ring
of soft iron wire loosely on the form. This and carefully guiding the wire as it unwinds
ring is kept from falling apart during from spool onto core, no difficulty should be
handling by the binding strings tied around experienced in obtaining a good winding.
it;to keep it together permanently, make it The leads (S, S') (P, P') should be thor-
solid, and insulate it, several layers of cotton oughly taped where they lie next to other
or friction tape are wound on tightly, and wires as they come out from their respective
the core is finished. windings, and in putting in the windings care
This core should have about three square should be exercised to see that not a single
inches cross-sectional area, and will require turn of wire is short-circuited by defective
about three or four pounds of soft iron wire. insulation, as this will cause the transformer
FIG. 2. WINDING OF THE CORE
It should be as solid as possible, but need to heat up unduly, and perhaps burn out.
not be wound in perfect layers, nor need it The wires of an alternating current light-
be of one continuous piece of wire. ing circuit of no volts should be connected
Now the secondary is put on the core. directly to (P, P'), and if these directions
This winding consists of one hundred turns have been followed, an alternating current
of No. 14 B. &
S. double cotton-covered of twenty volts pressure may be taken from
magnet wire, and is wound on as shown at (S, S'). The size of the core permits this
(B), Fig. 1. About one pound of wire will secondary current to be anything from a
be required for it. The primary consists of fraction of an ampere up to about 20 amperes,
550 turns of No. 20 B. &. S. double cotton- thus adapting the transformer to running
covered magnet wire, and is wound on the small motors, and lighting a number of small
secondary, being insulated from it by a lamps in multiple or series-multiple. The
layer of tape. This winding will take about current in the primary varies in direct pro-
three layers, (C), Fig. 1, and will require portion to that in the secondary; thus, a five
about one and a half pounds of wire. Each ampere current in the secondary will require
layer should be insulated from its neighbor almost one ampere in the primary at 1 10 volts,
by taping, and a layer of tape over the whole while 20 amperes in the secondary will re-
winding will finish the transformer. quire nearly four amperes in primary. Thus
The easiest way to do this winding is to the cost of secondary current is proportional
calculate the length of wire required, wind to the amountused.
that much and a little more on a spool small The type transformer operates on
core
enough to pass through the hole in the ring, the same principle as the ring wound type
and by passing the spool through and around, and is similar in construction, the chief dif-
POPULAR'ELECTRICITY 333
ference being that its core is built up of The two bundles are now placed side by
sheets of soft iron, instead of wire. More side and the 3^ inch pieces for the yokes art
tools and skill are required in its construc- slipped in the dove-tail ends, completing the
tion than in that of the ring wound, but it transformer, as shown in Fig. 3.
takes a great deal less time. Care should be taken in connecting the
To make the core for this type of trans- two primaries and the two secondaries to-
former, have the hardware man cut for you gether to see that the current will travel in
a pile of pieces of the very thinnest soft iron the same direction around the core on each
side.
Referring to Fig. 3, when (P, P') are sup-
plied with no volts, the voltage between (S)
and and between (S) or (S') and
(S') is 20,
(S") is ten. At the same time the primary
winding may be used as an auto-trans-
former, and 55 volts taken from between
(P) or (P') and (P").
To make the primary winding in either
transformer for use on 220 volts, wind with
1 100 turns of No. 23 B. & S. magnet wire,
the secondary remaining the same.
How to Make a Direct Current

Ammeter
Many amateurs would like to make their
own instruments, partly on account of the
cost of such instruments when purchased
outright and partly for the love of construct-
FIG. 3. STEPS IN CONSTRUCTION OF A CORE

TYPE TRANSFORMER
sheet four inches high, \\ inches wide and

3i inches long, and another pile four inches
high, ij inches wide and 5^ inches long. fig. 1
Then pile up 5J inch pieces in two

the
bundles seven inches long and two inches ing, which gives one the shortest road to
high, by laying one sheet on another so it fullunderstanding of the instrument. The
projects ij inches beyond it on one end, ammeter described herein does not require
then the next sheet \\ inches beyond that on any special tools or materials. When care-
the other end, and so on, until the bundle, fully made it is quite accurate for small
when completed, will resemble a piece of direct current measurements.
wood with dove-tailed joints. When the To begin the instrument secure a good
bundles are made up, clamp them in a vise piece of soft sheet iron, commonly called
and wrap tightly with tape within \\ inches stove-pipe iron. Set a pair of compasses at
from each end. two inches and draw a true circle as shown
Fifty turns of heavy wire are wound on in Fig. 1. Then draw another
smaller circle
each bundle for the secondary, and 275 turns with the center point about one-fourth of
of lighter wire for the primary, making this an inch to the right and about the same dis-
winding the same as for the ring wound. tance above the first center. The width at
(a) must be about one-fourth of an inch and sorbing moisture and warping. The scale
After draw-
will gradually taper to the heel. block shown at (E) and (G) should be five
ing the other lines at (P). cut out with a pair inches long and of sufficient width to allow
of tin shears and the shape will then be as the cardboard scale to be glued to it, and
shown in Fig 2. at (N). Using this for a about two inches thick. The pointer is cut
pattern cut out enough pieces to make a out of thin sheet brass or copper and should
compact mass one-fourth of an inch thick. be soldered to (D) and bent to the shape
shown in the side new so as to come up over
the scale block. This is done so that the
scale will be near the glass when the instru-
ment boxed.
is The pointer can be made
jet black by covering it with India ink and
allowing it to dry slowly.
The coil (B) comes next and the size of
the wire will be determined by the number
of amperes that you wish the instrument to
register. We will say that this one will be
called upon at times to register 30 amperes.
Therefore it must be wound with not less
pig. 2 than Xo. 8, B. and S. gauge insulated wire.
This coil is wound on a hollow iron cylinder,
These should be all clamped together in a 1 J inches in diameter, and the coil
should
vice and the outer edges all smoothed up not be over if inches long. It should be
at the same time until they are perfectly wound carefully and evenly and it would be
even and then with a soldering iron and acid well to try say 2^ turns. The coil should
carefully sweat the whole outside, making be carefully taped and placed in position
one solid mass. Next bore a one-eighth and securely held there with the small br:.ss
hole in the top of the shank for a little sup- striprunning through it as shown by (R).
porting shaft. Care should be exercised to Its positionon the board is such that the
get the hole at right angles to the surface. curved part of the movable member will be
Next secure a piece of steel wire that will drawn up into the hole in the coil as shown
make a snug fit in the hole just drilled. more clearly at (M), Fig. 2. This action
Cut it off one and a half inches long and takes place when current is sent through the
bring the end to a perfect V point. This coil (B) and is on the principle of the sol-
will require some pains and if the first time enoid.
you do not succeed try again. As soon as a
perfect point has been made it should be
tempered glass-hard and smoothed up with
very fine emery paper, placed through the
hole in (P; and soldered there.
Next secure an old alarm clock. The
balance wheel in these clocks runs in
pivot bearings and as this balance wheel
sets in the center of one of the brass side
strips of the frame they are just what we want,
as these strips will be 2\ inches long and
about three-eighths of an inch wide. These
should be cut out and if it so happens that
there are no holes in the extreme ends
for screws they should now be drilled.
Secure a good piece of wood for the back tig.
board and with small screws secure one of
the strips to it as shown at (K) Fig. 3. It is supposed that the amateur to cali-
Make a block of wood, well seasoned, as brate thisinstrument has the use of a
shown at (A) and this will want to be about standard instrument. If such is the case
if inches thick and should be thoroughly they both should be connected to the fight-
dry and well shellacked to prevent it ever ab- ing circuit in series and with a water rheostat.
Slowly immerse the plates in the salt solution into five equal divisions each, so that the
until the standard instrument has reached scale will show one ampere divisions.
30 amperes. Note where the pointer of this We are now ready to box the instrument
lies on the scale. If you have too many which is a simple job. Provide a glass to
turns in (B) it will be over to the right too go over the scale. Two heavy binding posts
far, probably off the scale altogether. If should be secured and the terminals of (B)
there are not enough turns it will swing should be carried one to each post. The in-
to the right but a short distance. If the strument is now ready for use and will be
latter is the case more turns of wire should accurate in proportion to the workmanship
be added, if the former, take off a few of the builder.
turns. These instruments have their drawbacks
Whenthe extreme limit of the scale is as they must be used in a vertical position,
reached on 30 amperes, mark the point with the same as all gravity instruments, which
a lead pencil. Then by means of the can always be told by the pointer resting on
water rheostat vary the current so as to as- zero when no current is on. The instrument
certain the 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ampere should not be used near the powerful fields
points on the scale. Mark these also. of a dynamo as this is apt to cause the read-
Finally, mark these five ampere spaces up ings to be far from true.
A Sane Fourth of July Celebration

On July 4th and 5th a group of boys of of the coil and led these to the cannon,
about 14 to 16 years of age got together to which was several feet away, the coil being
celebrate. They were firm believers in the out of the danger zone. The cannon was
"sane" Fourth, which has been advocated loaded and the two ends of the wires were
so widely throughout the country, and al- inserted in the vent, but not quite touching.
though they wanted to make some noise, as When the key of the spark coil was pressed
usual, they down, send-
were deter- ing current
mined to do from the
so in a man- battery
ner to pre- through the
vent scorch- BATTERY primary of
ed faces, the coil, the
torn thumbs spark, in-
and other stead of
common jumping the
forms of FIRING CANNON BY SPARK COIL regular
mutilation spark gap,
too fre- jumped a-
quently at- cross be-
tendant up- tween the
on Indepen- two ends of
dence Day the wires in
ce le b ra - the vent,
tions. ^- "
(3ROUND
igniting the
One of CONNECTION powder.
the boys was IT ALSO WORKED WITH GROUNDED CONNECTIONS The boys
a wireless were also
enthusiast and owned a very good spark coil successful in shooting off the c annon, at a
and was determined upon as a means of
this distance of 15 feet, with a ground circuit as
firing a cannon owned by one of the other shown in the second illustration. One ter-
boys, and the diagram shows how they ac- minal of the coil was grounded. The other
complished the trick. terminal was connected to a wire leading
First they connected two rubber covered into the powder in the vent, but not touch-
wires to the two terminals of the spark gap ing the metal of the cannon.
pQUESTIONSAND ANSWERS
Readers of Popular Electricity are invited to make use of this department. State
your questions as clearly and concisely as possible. Xo consideration will be given
to communications which do not contain the full name and address 01 the writer
Bell Wiring; Double Pole Snap Switch; of cotton, wound in opposite directions,
Keyless Socket paraffined and varnished. By
some, the
how
Questions. (A) — Please give diagram showing
arrange a circuit to ring one bell from two
extra cost of using rubber covered wire of
to the above number is so small that it is con-
push buttons some distance apart. (B) If a sidered poor economy not to use it. The
keyless socket has the lamp removed will the meter
register any current? (C) When are double pole same size wire is used throughout.
snap switches required on lighting circuits? (D)
In wiring for annunciators should the main wire Special Bell Circuit
carrying the current from the batten' to the various
T In the answer to H. A. E. in the July
push* buttons and annunciators be larger than the
wires which run from the push buttons to the num- issue a diagram was shown for the operation
bers on the annunciators? "What size wire should of four call bells at once by a fifth push but-
—
be used? J. W., Sudbury, Ont., Can. ton. While the system would work with
Answers. — (A) See diagram. the fifth push button as shown, all four
(B) Xo. The center contact of the bells would of course also ring upon push-
socket is of one polarity and the screw shell ing any of the other buttons unless switches
o (not shown in the diagram) were put in be-

tween the first four buttons on the upper
common wire, to be opened on each side of
the ringing button only when that particular
k <?
button was to be used. Another way the
first four buttons could be made to ring
their bells independently, and at the same

time ring the four bells with the fifth button,
BELL WIRING would be to use relays as shown attach of
the stations. These relays are so arranged
of the other. The circuit is complete only
when the lamp is screwed in until its center
contact strikes the socket's center contact.
(C) Chicago city rules say: "Switches
must not be single-pole, except when the
circuits which they control supply not more
than six (6) sixteen (16) candle power
lamps or their equivalent." Referring to
double pole switches these rules under %l
electric heaters say: "Switches must be
-©Ttjl %J7ZIW
double pole where the device controlled re- SPECLAX BELL CIRCUIT
quires more than three hundred and thirty
(330) watts of energy." In the National that upon pushing the fifth button the
Electrical Code double pole snap switches armatures will draw up and close the cir-
are referred to under electric heaters as fol- cuits to all four bells, but when the fifth
lows: "Switches must be double pole ex- button not in use the bells may be operated
is
cept where the device controlled does not singly by their individual buttons.
require more than 660 watts of energy." The diagram shows the relays connected
(D) For "annunciator wire"
electric bells in series. With this arrangement and low
is much Xo. 16 B. and S. gauge
used. It is resistance relays, say 20 ohms in all, about
copper wire insulated with two thick layers 12 dry cells in series would be required for
the operation of the relays, about four being vide circular iron plates (PP) 3-16 of an
sufficient for the bells as shown. The relays inch in thickness. At the bottom of the
might also be connected in parallel in which barrel place three or four porcelain knobs
case six cells would be sufficient. or three line glass insulators. Make con-
nections as shown using stranded copper
wire, rubber covered. Vary the resistance
Figuring Size of Wire by adjusting the distance between the plates.
In the answer to H. C, Sedalia, Mo., By adding salt the current will be increased
July issue, the formula for circular mils con- owing to the increased carrying capacity.
tains the factor L, or length of wire in feet. Use clear water to start with. It is not usual
This means the total length of the two wires to add more than two or three percent of
of the circuit and in applying the formula salt. Salt is not good for accurate work,
should be taken as twice the distance tra- sulphuric acid being better, using very small
versed by the line. In the example given, quantities.
the length of the line is 7920 feet and L, the
length of wire in feet, should have been taken
as 15,840 feet instead of 7920 feet. Transformer Connections
Question. —Referring
to Fig. 3, page 56 of the
May, 1909, issue,the primary wires were delta
if
Changing Motor from 133 to 60 Cycles connected and the secondary Y

connected, what
Question. —
What is necessary to change an in-
would be the voltage between phases? A. H. M., —
Montreal, Canada.
duction fan motor from 133 cycles to 60 cvcles.
M. S. W., Linton, Ind. Answer. —The primary leads as there
- —
Answer. The iron cross section of the shown are Y connected to the line and the
field for 60 cycles should be twice as great as secondary are delta. If, as you suggest,
for 133 cycles, a thing not easily complied the primary wires are delta connected to the
with. The motor will run at only one-half line, each of the three windings will receive
its former speed. To make it run at its 2,200 volts as in Fig. 1. Arranging the
former speed it would be necessary to pro- secondary as a Y connection, the secondary
vide only one-half the present number of voltage will be ^x(i/3 or 1.73) giving
poles. Under this condition it would not be 190.3 volts between phases.
practicable to attempt to change the motor
over.
Rating of Dry Cells

To Make a Water Rheostat
— Question. — What is the voltage, current and in-
Question. Please give directions for making a
ternal resistance of the ordinary dry cell? —F. B.
500-volt water rheostat. —
J. L., Milford, Mass.
O., Chicago.
—
Answer. The sketch shows in general a
—
Answer. No dry cell should be kept in
plan that may be used in making a water
stock longer than one year. The internal
resistance of fresh dry cells varies from 0.1
to 0.7 ohm, and the E. M. F. from 1.3 to
1.6 volts. Dry cells of the ordinary size
should not be used where a current of over
0.15 ampere is required.
Specifically, the following rating is given
the cells named:
E. M. F. Internal "Resist-
Volts ance, ohms.
Leclanche 1.48 .3 to .0
Smee 1. to .59 .1
Nungesser
(1900 Dry Battery). 1.6 .1
Reading a Meter
WATER RHEOSTAT
Question. — Please—give directions for reading a
rheostat. The vertical rod (R) may be ad- electric light meter. P. McD., Jefferson, Iowa.
justed bymeans of a pulley as shown. Use —

Answer. See article on "Measuring Elec
an ordinary barrel for your purpose. Pro- trieCurrent" in the June, 1909, issue.
Puncture Test for Insulation Induction Motor Speed Regulation; Mercury
Question. —
Will you explain the puncture test
Rectifier
so that same may be applied to any high insulating Questions. —
(A) Kindly give diagram of the
material. —A. R. H., Portland, Ore. ordinary induction motor showing method of speed
(B) Explain the mercury arc rectifier.
Answer. —
The dia-
regulation.
— C. T., Kansas City, Mo.
gram shows how con-
nections may be made
Answers. — (A)
An induction motor tries
to .run in synchronism with the alternator
to make a test. An al- except as losses due to friction, etc., check it.
ternating current gener-
ator or service wires
may be connected to
the primary of a step-
up transformer, a rheo-
stat (R) being placed
in series with one side.
From tests for high volt-
INDUCTION MOTOR DIAGRAM
ages we know that
the following pressures
The diagram shows a Y-wound armature,
will spark across needle with the three terminals connected to slip
points in air as shown rings (S. R.). With the resistance arms in
in the figure:
the position shown each winding has in
Spark Gap
Volts in Inches series with it a resistance. When the re-
10,000 .47 sistances are thus placed in the armature cir-
20,000 1.0
30,000 1.62 cuit the slip must be large in order to make
40,000 2.45
50,000
sufficient current flow to provide the neces-
3.55
100,000 9.6 sary torque. Hence when these resistances
In accordance with, the are in, the speed of the motor is low. In
above, the needle points crane work this method is common. With
are set so that a spark the arms resting on points (Ai), (A2) and
willjump across them (A3) all resistance will be out of the
when the voltage has armature and the full voltage will be im-
been raised to the value pressed on the windings. Each arm is con-
at which it is desired to nected to the main line.
test the insulation. A (B) See answer to S. N. in June, 1909,
voltmeter (V) may also issue.
be connected to a trans-
former (T) and its Single Phase Motor
readings multiplied by —How would you reverse the direction
Question.
of rotation of a phase, four
single alternating
pole,
the ratio of the trans-
current motor? — C, Keokuk, Iowa.
J. S.
W71 former in order to check

the accuracy of the
—
Answer. An induction motor with only
PUNCTURE TEST a single winding on the field, instead of two
needle setting and the
or more sets of windings differing in phase,
high voltage.
connected to single-phase mains will not
start of its own accord. If given a start it
Samson Cell will come up to speed in whichever direction
it is set going provided no load is applied.
Questions.
to recharge a
—Samson
(A) Please me what
tell
wet battery.
is necessary
Single phase motors, however, are often
(B) Is it neces- I
sary to short circuit this battery for 24 hours after provided with two or three-phase windings
—
recharging? G. A. B., Spencer, Mass.
for starting, and the pressure displaced or
—
Answers. (A) Four ounces of sal am- split in phase by introducing resistances and
moniac in water enough to fill the glass jar inductance in the circuit of these special
outside the porous cup is sufficient, the windings. After the motor comes up to
jar being -4^ inches in diameter and 6 speed these resistances and inductances with
inches high. Boil the carbon for one hour their windings are cut out. Reference to
in water. some standard treatise on induction motors
[> (B) No. will give you further information.
POPULAR ELECTRICITYJ 339
Motor on no Volts; Connecting Batteries; carbonate (ZnC02) are its important ores.
Three-way Switches Commercial zinc always contains some lead
Questions. —(A) Please explain how to connect
a 6-volt motor in series with 16 candle power lamps
and iron, and traces of sulphur, arsenic, and
cadmium. With lead, zinc readily com-
on a no-volt circuit. (B) Which is the best for bines when the two metals are melted
running motors, four batteries in series and three
series in parallel, or twelve batteries in series? (C) together, but on cooling the zinc forms an
Give diagram for connecting two three-wav switches. upper layer while the lead forms at the bot-
— R. Y. X., Tilton, N. H. tom. German silver consists of copper,
Answers. — (A)
Place in one side of the zinc, and nickel in the form of an alloy.
All brass is now made by melting together
circuit to the motor two standard 5 2 -volt
lamps. This will give six volts across motor copper and zinc.
terminals. (C) Yes, bronzes or brasses which are
(B) It depends upon the voltage and harder than the pure metal being the result.
current required by the motor. Knowing
this, and also the voltage and current avail-
Vacuum Sweepers; Dry Batteries; Ground
able from one cell of your battery arrange
Connection
the connections according to the following
rule. Connect in series the number of cells Questions. —
(A) In a vacuum sweeper how is
the dust kept from going into the suction part?
necessary to give the pressure required by (B) Can an old dry battery be recharged by passing
the motor, that is, the voltage of one cell a no-volt direct cm rent through it. (C) Can the
multiplied by the number of cells in series ground wire for a wireless apparatus be connected
gives the voltage across the line to the motor. to the gas pipe in the operator's house? My
friend and I are not able to communicate, using
If more current strength is required place
this method. Do you think that is the trouble?
more series sets in parallel across the motor H. E. S., Detroit, Mich.
supply mains.
(C) See answer to W. W. H. in the Feb-
make
Answers. — (A) Explaining briefly
of sweeper, a centrifugal suction fan
one
ruary, 1909, issue.

is operated in a chamber by a motor, direct
connected, the latter being outside the
Soldering Fluid Formula; Lead and Zinc
fan pocket. The mouth of the suction-
Questions. —
(A) Will you give a formula for
making a soldering fluid ? (B) What is the differ-
portion running over the floor has a few
ence between lead and zinc? (C) Will lead mix inches inside, a wire sieve or screen which
with copper in the form of an alloy? —
J. A. H., stops the coarser dirt, a drawer being pro-
Chicago, 111. vided into which it drops. The finer dust
Answers. — (A) The
following formula passes on through the fan and is blown into
for soldering fluid suggested by the Na-
is a cylinder or dust chamber. This chamber
tional Board of Fire Underwriters in the has a sort of cheese cloth arranged so as
National Electrical Code: to form three concentric bags, the dust-
Saturated solution of zinc ladened air being forced into the first,
chloride 5 parts through this, then through the walls of
Alcohol 4 parts the second bag and finally through the
Glycerine 1 part * third cheese cloth wall. The air by this
Soldering fluid containing acid is not recom- time has been cleaned or strained and
mended because of the effect on the in- comes out through many fine perforations in
sulation of wires. For bare wire work, how- the walls of the metal cylinder. The cheese
ever, this may be made as follows: Take cloth sacks are so arranged as to be made
two ounces of muriatic acid; add zinc till of a single piece of cloth. In removing the
bubbles cease to rise; add one-half teaspoon- dirt the cylinder is taken off the pipe leading
ful of sal ammoniac and two ounces of to it and the top removed. The cheese
water. cloth sacks are then removed and cleaned.
(B) Zinc is a common
metal found in (B) No.
the form of ore combined with sulphide and (C) Gas pipe is a good ground though
carbonate. Belgium and the Rhenish prov- not a safe one, unless the ground wire is
inces produce more than one-half of the connected on the street side of the meter.
world's supply, and the Belgian process is Your trouble must be elsewhere than in
commonly used to separate it from the ore. this ground. Water piping is considered
Zinc blend or "black [jack" (ZnS) and the the best ground.
ELECTRICAL INVENTIONS
Electric Light Bath of Emmons CollinsChicago, 111.
of It
consists of a half with interior
cylinder
The efficacy of strong light upon the body reflecting surface studded with incandescent
in the treatment of certain diseases is well lamps. It is placed over the patient when
known, its value being largely in the germi- lying in bed, the light being both radiated
cidal effect of the rays and the stimulation and reflected to the body, and at the same
derived from the heat and radiant energy. ime permitting massage treatment without
Sunbaths we all know to be healthful, and thedisarrangement of the apparatus.
Ice Cutting Machine

The unusual idea of applying electricity
to the cutting of ice isembodied in a patent
recently issued to Luna M. Macy of Adel,
la. The diagram of this invention is self-
explanatory. A motor is mounted on a sort
of sled and by a system of chain and sprocket
gears drives a toothed wheel for propelling
the machine forward and a saw for cutting
through the ice as it proceeds.
Electric Auto Horn

ELECTRIC LIGHT BATH
The diagram shows an electric automo-
artificial from electric lamps
light is used bile horn which operated by the regular
is
with almost the same results. storage battery carried on the car for ignition
A new application of the electric light purposes. On electric vehicles it is operated
bath is shown in the cut and is the invention by the battery which drives the car.
ICE CUTTING MACHINE

In the base of the horn are two small elec- Electric Massage Device
tromagnets similar in principle to those of
an ordinary buzzer or electric bell. An A massage device, which embodies an
armature is mounted in front of the poles of electric heating element, is the invention of
the magnets and has a projecting member Nellie L.Coon of Rochester, N. Y. It con-
which moves the diaphragm of the horn a massage roller with suitable handle.
sists of
back and forth. When current is switched The roller is hollow, containing an outer
into the electromagnet coils it energizes the compartment for water and an inner com-
pole pieces and causes them to give the
armature a strong pull. This draws the

armature up toward the pole pieces but in
doing so the circuit to the electromagnet is
broken, causing the pole pieces to become ELECTRIC MASSAGE DEVICE
de-energized and to let go of the armature.
partment for the electric heating element.
The latter then flies back and closes the cir- When current is turned into the latter it is
cuit repeating the operation. This occurs
heated by the passage of electricity through
many times per second as long as the switch a coil of very fine wire, and this heat is im-
to the battery is closed, and causes the
parted to the water in the outer casing. The
diaphragm to be vibrated back and forth wires from the electrical source may then be
with the armature, creating a loud sound in
disconnected and the water retains the heat
the horn.
for a considerable length of time.
The apparatus is the invention of C. H.
O'Brien of Augusta, Me.
Incubator Alarm
This invention relates to a thermostatic

alarm. Inside the incubator is a thermostat
which 'expands and contracts with the rise
and fall of the temperature. This is con-
nected by means of a system of levers to
a circuit opening and closing device con-
nected with an electric bell and battery. So
sensitive is the device that should the tem-
perature rise above or fall below that which
must be maintained for the hatching of the
eggs the bell circuit will be closed and the
signal given. Perry S. Martin of Broadway,
Va., is the inventor. LNCUBATOR ALARM
:
Lb
SflORJ CIRCUITS
Hue Shakespeare Club of New Orleans used to give "Now. children," commanded the austere in-
amateur theatrical performances that were distin- structor in advanced arithmetic, "you will recite in
r ished for the local prominence of the actors. Once a unison the table of values
so aal :t e .-" with gorgeous costume, as one of the
:. Thereupon the pupils repeated in chorus:
Lords in Waiting, had only four words k say Ilie ten mills make a tro
queen has swooned." As he stepped forward hie ^ru :: mal-:e
:
;
: = : ::::.. me
friends applauded vociferously. Bowing his thanks "Ten combines make a merger;
he faced the ang and said, in Terr iaigla-mt;__e_ - en mergers make a magn
voice. "The swoon has queened." '
One magnate makes :
Fhere was a roar of laughter: but he waited pa-

ly, and made another attempt:
"
The sveen has coor e
em": lea and the s:::t manage:
said, in a voice which could be heard all over the
house. "Come off. you doggoned fool." Dolly was out for a walk and met an old friend of
But the ambitious amateur refused to surren he: father.
in ;. :
-
ir :e
-
: ..-.
"And how old are you, little one?" asked
he screamed: "The coon has sweenecL" gentleman.
But _ y was indignant.
"I'm hardly old at all; I'm nearly new," she an-
swered, tossing her head.
A young once asked Mark Twain if he liked

girl
gifts. "Well, that
istmas lepra
drawled the great humorist. "If a book has a le
really valuable as i razoi stro]
a brief, c: the French An old nesro had gone toap:- Mississippi
useful to put under the short leg of a wabbly table. and offered for the mail a letter that was over the
An old-fashioned book with a clasp can't be be weight specified for amp. "This is too
to hurl at a dog: and a lare^ like a : : heavy put
geography, is as good as a piece of tin to nail over a another stamp on it."
broken pane of glass." The old darkey's eves widenea -ament.
"Will anudder stamp make it any lighter, boss?" he
aslaea.
A Baltimore bank having a draft for collection on

a firm in Florin raft forward for collection,
the followi: r letter: J. J. McGraw. the baseball expert, denie
Dear —
I wi-h to call your attention
Sir:
am
I banquet in New York, the marvels attributed to the
that no longer located at
I street, this city, spit ball.
and through force of circumstances, hard times, bad "It's a good ball." he said. It fools the
ess. I am no longer the "Big Noi-e" of the firm them. But when I hear some of the miracles put to
who-e name appears on this letterhead.
The firm who-e officers, board of directors, office force
redit — well, then I think of Harriet Hare, of
and sales department eonsi>ted of the writer, has folded "I once read in a 'Frisco paper: 'Harriet Hare, of
It- lily-white hands a .nd turned Nob Hill, got a needle in her waist two years ago. and
up its pink toes to the daisies, and is solemnly si only last week this needle worked its way out of the
ing botany, examining the dandelion's root and tender arm of a young Los .
feeders of the forget-me-nots.

The firm name of is now of the past no longer ;
will its blithesome fog-horn voice be heard in the busy

slaughter house of trade, and no more will the guileless
jeweler be the mark of our rapacity and list price,
with 60 per cent added.
We have entered the service of the rmed up.
Company, "Let ua follow civilization's torch." he cried. Be
ich we are the "Slender Noise," but still able to
fore he could say more a little man in the back part of
be heard. the hall suddenly bobbed into view.
"What is civilization's torch?" he shrilly demanded.
The lecture:
:he brakeman.
- a-a-a it's an - —
"It ain't got nothin' to do with Standard He. has
"Don't care if you did. smarty." said t he voung swain
who had just kissed his girl. "We are going to be "No." the lecturer shouted back.
married next month anyhow, so it's nobody's business en you can go ahead with your lectum
but our own." the little man as he _ disappeared from view.
W'ERODE Off HORSE CARS WE USED KEROSENE LfiWPS
WE HUD TO 00 WR BURGLING WTti THttE OLD STYLE ffNP - WE BLEW OUT T//E Gq$
OIL DARK LRNTERNS-
or TH/S MOT EC
THffT TH£ CIS jHMi.
HOT SF eiEMOVT
of you
-00NT
blow out the
l'iwric£ 1
'to fl
Ifiooe Hurl
[i/iiiiT rt//>r\
by. CO WjrJ
•
a; Tfcer«>
Of T1ift,(Tg
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ISLOIVOIT
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WHAT DID WE EVER DO WITHOUT ELECTRICITY.'

Below are defined a few of the most common electrical terms. They are reprinted
from month to month and will be of assistance in understanding the magazine text
Accumulator. —See secondary battery. —
Fuse. A short piece of conducting material of
Alternating —That
Current. form of electric low melting point which is inserted in a circuit and
which will melt and open the circuit when the current
current the direction of ilow of which reverses a given
number of times per second. reaches a certain value.
Ammeter. —An instrument measuring for electric —
Generator. A dynamo.
current. —
Inductance. The property of an electric circuit
Ampere. — Unit current. of the quantity It is by virtue of which lines of force are developed around
which flow through a resistance of
Insulator. —Any substance impervious to the
of electricity will
one a potential of one volt.
ohm under The inter-
national ampere is the current which, under specified passage of electricity.
conditions, will deposit .001118 gram of silver per Kilowatt. — 1,000 watts. (See watt.)
second when passed through a solution of nitrate of Kilowatt-hour. — One thousand watt hours.
silver in water. Leyden Jar. —Form of condenser which
static
Ampere Hour. — Quantity of electricity passed by willstore up static electricity.
a current of one ampere flowing for one hour. Lightning Arrester. — Device which permit will
Anode. —The positive terminal in a broken metallic
connected to the carbon plate
the high-voltage lightning current to pass to earth,
circuit; the terminal but will not allow the low voltage current of the line
of a battery. to escape.
Armature. —
That part of a dynamo or motor
carries the wires that are rotated in the mag-
—
Motor-dynamo. Motor and dynamo on the
which same shaft, for changing alternating current to di-
netic field. rect and vice versa, or changing current of high volt-
Brush.
which
— The
slides,
collector on a dynamo or motor
over the commutator or collector rings.
age and low current strength to current of low voltage
and high current strength and vice versa.
Bus Bars. — The heavy copper bars to which —
Multiple. Term expressing the connection of
dynamo leads are connected and to which the out- several pieces of electric apparatus in parallel with each
going lines, measuring instruments, etc., are con- other.
nected. —
Neutral Wire. Central wire in a three-wire dis-
Buzzer.
bell,
—An electric alarm similar to an
except that the vibrating member makes a
electric tribution system.
—
Ohm. The unit of resistance. It is arbitrarily
buzzing sound instead of ringing a bell. taken as the resistance of a column of mercury one
—
Candle Power. Amount of light given off by
The legal English and standard
square millimeter in cross sectional area and 106
centimeters in height.
a standard candle.
American candle is a sperm candle burning two grains —
Parallel Circuits. Two or more conductors
starting at a common point and ending at another
a minute.
—
Capacity, Electric. Relative ability of a con- common point.
—
Polarization. The depriving of a voltaic cell of
ductor or system to retain an electric charge.
—
Charge. The quantity of electricity present on its proper electromotive force
—— *
the surface of a body or conductor. Potential. Voltage.
—
Choking Coil. Coil of high self-inductance which
See self-
Resistance. The quality of an electrical conduc-
tor by virtue of which it opposes the passage of an
retards the flow of alternating current.
inductance. electric current. The unit of resistance is the ohm.
—
Circuit. Conducting path for electric current. —
Rheostat. Resistance device for regulating the
—
Circuit-breaker. Apparatus for automatically strength of current.
—
Rotary Converter. Machine for changing high-
opening a circuit.
—
Collector Rings. The copper rings on an alter- potential current to low potential or vice versa.
—
Secondary Battery. A battery whose positive
nating current dynamo or motor which are connected
to the armature wires and over which the brushes and negative electrodes are deposited by current
from a separate source of electricity.
slide.
—
Commutator. A device on a dynamo shaft for —
Self-inductance. Tendency of current flowing
in a single wire wound in the form of a spiral to react
gathering the current from the various coils of the
armature and sending it out over the line as direct upon itself and produce a retarding effect similar
current. On a motor it takes current from the fine to inertia in matter.
and passes it on to the armature coils. Scries. —
Arranged in succession, as opposed to
fitntif* diirSTPS
—
Condenser. Apparatus for storing up electro- parallel or multiple arrangement.
—
Scries Motor. Motor whose field windings are
Cut-out. Appliance— for removing any apparatus in series with the armature.
—
Shunt. A by-path in a circuit which is in parallel
from a circuit.
—
Cycle. Full period of alternation of an alter-
nating current circuit.
with the main
Shunt Motor.
circuit.
—Motor whose field windings are
——
A non-conductor.
Dielectric. in parallel or shunt with the armature.
Dimmer. Resistance device for regulating the —
Solenoid. An electrical conductor wound in a
spiral and forming a tube.
intensity of illumination of electric incandescent
lamps. Used largely in theaters. —
Spark-gap. Open space between the two elec-
—
Direct Current. Current flowing continuously trodes of a spark coil or resonator.
in one di r ection.
Dry — A form of open
Battery. battery in circuit — —
f*,orage Battery. See secondary Battery
^.ncrraostat. Instrument which, when heated,
which the solutions are made practically by ad- solid eludes an electric circuit.
dition glue
of gelatinous
jelly, silica, etc. —
Transformer. A device for stepping-up or step-
Electrode. — Terminal of an open electric circuit. ging-down alternating current from low to high or
Electromotive Force. — Potential difference caus- igh to low voltage, respectively.
ing current to flow. —
Volt. Unit of electromotive force or potential.
Electrolysis. — Separation of a chemical compound It is the electromotive force which, if steadilv applied
Into its elementsby the actionof the
electric current. to a conductor whose resistance is one ohm, will
A
Electromagnet.— mass of iron which is mag- produce a current of one ampere.
netized by passage of current through a coil of wire
— —
Volt Meter. Instrument for measuring voltage.
wound around the mass but insulated therefrom. Watt. Unit representing the rate of work of
——
Farad. Unit of electric capacity. electrical energy. It is the rate of work of one ampere
flowing under a potential of one volt,
Feeder. A corner lead from a central station to Seven hun-
some center of distribution. dred and forty-six watts represent one electrical horse
—
Field of Force. The space in the neighborhood of power.
—
an attracting or repelling mass such as a mapnet or Watt-hour. Electrical unit of work. Represents
a wire carrying current. work done by one watt expended for one hour.
DQ= £0:
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TXJ TX7
HELP WANTED PATENTS
WANTED— CENSUS OFFICE CLERKS, RAIL- PATENTS — Advice and books free. Highest refer-
WAY MAIL CLERKS, City Carriers, Postoffice ences. Best results. I procure patents that protect.
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where. $600 to $1,600 yearly. Short hours. Annual Washington, D. C.

vacation. Salary twice monthly. Over 10,000 ap- PATENT'S SECURED— Inventor's Pocket Com-
pointments during 1909. Country and city resident panion free. Send description for free opinion as to
equally eligible. Common education sufficient. Po- patentabliity. W. N. Roach, Jr., Metzerott Bldg.,
litical influence not required. Candidates coached Washington, D. C.
Write immediately for schedule. Franklin
free.
Institute, Dept. J 61, Rochester, N. Y.
TWO BOOKS FREE. Shepherd & Campbell,
Patent Attorneys, 2196 McGill Bldg., Washington,
THE UNITED TRADE SCHOOL CONTRACT- D. C; 246 Canal St., New York; Kimball Bldg.,
ING CO., conducts a trade school and w ants men to r Boston. Prompt service.
learn plumbing, bricklaying or electrical trade. No MOST PATENTS ARE WORTHLESS—Have
expense and hundreds have learned in a few months. your ideas investigated and good patents developed
Steady work guaranteed. Address 120 E. 9, Los by expert engineers. Electro-Mechanical Engineer-
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10,000 TELEGRAPHERS wanted by

PATENTS SOLD for 5 per cent. We force sales
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commercial and wireless companies. have a We Sales Co., Merchant ville, N. J.
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Write today for our booklets. National Telegraph SCHOOLS
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$200 TO $600 MONTHLY EASILY MADE
AN EXCEPTIONAL OPPORTUNITY is offered fitting Short, easy mail course.
eye glasses. Reduced
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manufacture of electric wiring devices. Must be a free "Booklet O." National Optical College, St.
practical mechanic, with the ability to produce new Louis.
devices to meet the requirements of the trade, and TELEGRAPHY taught quickly. R. R. wire in
must also have ability and experience to superintend school. Living expenses earned. Graduates assisted.
their manufacture. Address Box 1253, care of Popu- Correspondence course if desired. Catalog free.
Chicago, stating age, experience, salary
lar Electricity, Dodge's Institute of Telegraphy, 49th St., Valparaiso,
expected and when available. All communications Ind. Established 1874.
will be considered strict! v confidential.
WANTED — Learn to write advertisements; you
CHAUFFEURS, INCREASE YOUR SALARY. can positively earn $25 to $100 per week; prospectus
Send for a complete instruction book that tells all sent free. Paê-Davis Co., 611 Page Bide.. Chicago.
about driving and adjusting automobiles; it explains AUTOMOBILE SCHOOL— LEARN the automo-
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N. Pearson, Bala, Pa. work. We
give a thorough and practical course in
road work and repairing. For full particulars address
I OFFER YOU a good position —liberal commission Academy of Automobile Engineering. 14J0 Michigan
and salary —
for a little easy work in your spare time.
Ave., Dept. "C," Chicago, 111.
Need not interfere with your present occupation.
Previous experience not essential. Write for par- CIVIL SERVICE EMPLOYEES are paid well
ticulars. Circulation Manager, 1251 Monadnock for easy work; examinations of all kinds soon; bi
Block, Chicago. 50, describing positions and telling easiest and qu
way to secure them, is free. Write for it now.
PATENTS in<?!on Civil Service School, Was D. C.
YOUNG MEN wanted to learn Wireless TV

PATENTS— H. W. T. Jenner, patent attorney and phy, 1,000 vacant positions. We qualify you to hold
mechanical expert, .608 F. Street, Washington, D. C. any position with a wireless company. Our new
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port if patent can be had, and the exact cost. Send for Enclose stamps for particulars. Wireless Institute.
full information. Trade-marks registered. San Francisco.
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in
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governor and timer, screws, etc., $10. Comet Motor
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LUBRICANTS, asbestos, graphite and mica candles

BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES for loose pulleys and shaftings; no drip; no dirt; econo-
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WE'RE THE LOSERS if our Mechanics soap
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Formula Co., 307 Niagara St., Buffalo, N. Y. for $2 free offer and particulars. Fair Mfg. Co.,
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CONCRETE— Learn how
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to
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BRASS BULL DOG
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Enclosed find sketch, from which make us another 1ELEPHONES $4.00. Never before have such
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guaranteed. Wiley Sanderson, Dept.Ê,^Ypsilanti,
Mich. HOW TO GET A HEKTO GRAPH that will
ELECTROLENE CREAM. A make 150 copies in 10 minutes. Costs $2.00, for

positive cure for.
letter size. Write for circular. Hey er Duplicator Co.,
freckles, moth patches, pimples and facial blemishes.
86 LaSalle St., Chicago.
Improves the most beautiful complexion. Marvelous
discovery. Satisfaction guaranteed. Sold in jars by GET A GOLD FOUNTAIN PEN FREE. See our
mail postpaid $1.00. Electrolene Cream Co., 181 special offer elsewhere in this issue. Don't fail to read
Griffith Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. Popular Electricity Publishing Co., Monadnock
it.
Block, Chicago.
WE MANUFACTURE GLASS PAPER. Plain
glass windows made to look like real stained glass. A modern article for modern people is an ELEC-
Easily applied and beautifies the home. Something TRIC CLOCK. We have all kinds. Imperial
new for agents. Two sheets of this glass paper sent Electric Clock Co., Granite City, 111.
as a sample with catalogue in colors and complete
instructions on receipt of 10 cents. S. H. Parrish & SAFETY RAZOR BLADES sterilized and sharp-
Co., 216 Clark St., Chicago. ened better than new; 2 cts. each. 5 years' success.
Send for blade box and circular. Electro Stropping
THREE BIG LISTS, description and synopses Co., 122 Shelby St., Detroii, Mich.
of monologues, farces, vaudeville sketches,
plays,
parlor comedies, French plays, mock trials, drills, SOUTHERN STAMPING & MFG. CO., Manu-
marches, imitations, popular entertainments and hand- facturers of special and patented articles. R. A.
books. How to write plays, minstrel joke books Nashville. Tenn.
make-up material and books, pantomimes, tableaux,
parlor magic, etc., etc. Three big lists mailed to
BROTHER—Accidentally have discovered root
that will cure both tobacco habit and indigestion.
any address for 10 cents. Charles MacDonald &
Gladly send particulars. F. F. Stokes, Mohawk, Fla.
Co -> 53 Washington St., Chicago, 111.
DO YOU WANT
Post Cards sent to you from all
POST CARDS: Exchange with others. Send over the world? Join Post Card Exchange Club.
for our latest exchange list, 10c. Shepard Company, Send ten cents silver to C. H. Annes, 3316 Woodland
Liggett Bldg., St. Louis, U. S. A. Ave., Kansas City, Mo.
— —
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING WIRELESS

(CONTINUED) WIRELESS EXPERIMENTERS—The Wireless
Equipment Co. has taken over the business of W. C.
MISCELLANEOUS Getz and will continue the same high efficient appara-
tus. Address all communications to Wireless Equip-
AGEXTS — We can show you how to make from ment Co., West Arlington, Md.
S3 to Sio a day selling our "full nickel-plated" hatchet.
Biggest winner ever out. 10 tools in one. Sells to WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY. Complete instruc-
farmers, housekeepers and storekeepers. Write quick tions,with diagrams, for making 1 inch coil, two types
for agent's proposition. No experience necessary. of receiver, and all other instruments necessary for
Thomas Mfg. Co., 261 Third St., Dayton, Ohio. a complete wireless sending and receiving station.
Price, 25 cts. (coin). Box 519, Lima, Ohio.
WIRELESS WIRELESS EXPERIMEN PERS— Join our Wire-
Club. No fees. Handsome club button free to
less
WIRELESS SUPPLIES—Norway Iron Core wire

members. Send for application blank. Secretary
Popular Electricity Wireless Club, Monadnock Block,
straightened and cut to length, per Magnetic
lb., 20c.
Chicago.
Interrupters, heavy platinum contacts, Si. 00. Tin
foil, per lb. 2,000 sq. inches, 35c. Spark gaps, with JUST OUT. Best work on the subject ever pub-
interchangeable zinc and brass spark plugs, each Si. 50. lished. Wireless Telegraph and Tele-
"Operators
Electrolytic Detectors, fitted with 1-1000 Wollaston
phone Handbook," by Laughter. A storehouse of
wire, Si. 50 each. Send stamp for Catalogue of other up-to-date, authentic information. 000 pages. Il-
supplies. O. S. Dawson, 156 Wabash Ave., Chicago, lustrated. Money back if not all we claim for it.
111.
Price Si. 00 postpaid. Free for two paid yearly
subscriptions to Popular Electricity. Popular Elec-
THE NEW SILICON DETECTOR will increase
tricity Book Department, Monadnock Block, Chicago.
your receiving radius 500 per cent. Only type sold
to experimenters authorized by owners of Silicon
TYPEWRITERS
patents. Infringers prosecuted! Send for special
drice list. W. C. Getz, 345 N. Charles St., Baltimore, I AM OVERSTOCKED; Olivers, Remingtons and
Md. cheaper typewriters sold to dealers and everybody,
less than clearing house prices. S5 up. Ship on ap-
SPECIAL PRICES — 1,000 ohm wireless receiver, proval. A. E. Atchison. 4125 West 21st St., Chicago.
double pole, special diaphragm, Si. 75. Leather-
covered head-band, single, 60c; double, Si.oo. "Sealed
in Point" electrolytic detector, $2.00. "Eclipse"
double slide tuning coil, S3. 00. Sending helix, 450
meters, S2.75. "National" receiving condenser, 30c.
WATER- A
IF YOU WANT book of convenient
reliable electrical reference
Wireless
HOUSE
Telephone transmitter,
BROS., Bourne, Mass.
$1.25. size —
one that you can depend on. that will be in-
stantly accessible when you want it, that will give
you just the information desired, in language vou
WIRELESS OPERATORS AND EXPERIMEN- can understand
TERS — You should have a copy of the "Story of
Wireless Telegraphy" by A. T. Storey, price Si. 00
postpaid; or send $1.50 for the book and a year's
YOUHandy
The
SHOULD GET
Electrical Dictionary
subscription to Popular Electricity. Don't miss this
chance. Popular Electricity Publishing Co., Monad- This practical pages, margin
nock Block, Chicago. popular little indexed, with
volume is d< -
-
definitions of
CARBON WIRELESS DETECTOR SENT pre- c- to meet the
1 over 4S0O elec-
paid upon receipt of 50c. Simple, sensitive and needs of begin- trical terms and
strong. Dept. Q., 357 E. 46th St., Chicago. ners in electric- phrases and 7
ity and at the pages of dia-
WIRELESS. A publication devoted to reporting sametimefurnish grams. Furnish-
the rapid development of the Wireless Telegraph and a compact, au- ed in two bind-
Telephone and the great opportunities for investors thentic ready cloth o r
in this field. Send for free sample copy. Address reference for limp leather.
Wireless, 5 Beaver St., New York. electrical work- and just fits the
ers and experts. vest pocket.
contains 224
WIRELESS EXPERIMENTERS, 1200 OHM It
receivers, each S3. 00. Wound with copper wire and PRICE — Postpaid to any address:
very sensitive.
plated headband.
Baltimore, Md.
First 25 sold will be fitted with nickel
W. C. Getz, 345 N. Charles St., Cloth
Binding Arf</w Gilt
AC
Limp Leather P* /\
Zoc r -s
Gil1 Edges r)UC
Gilt Embossed <JV*-'
'
Order now —no one interested in electricity-

should be without it
1,000 OHM Wireless Receivers Si. 7 5. Very sen-
sitive and absolutely reliable. New Wireless Detector. Popular Electricity Pub. Co.
You want to know about both. Send stamp for de- Book Department
scriptive circulars. Alden Wireless Co., Campello, Monadnock Block Chicago, III.
Mass.
POPULAR' ELECTRICITY
The "Bate" Duplex

Sparking Battery
For Automobiles For Motor Boats
List Prices
$28.50 and $33.50

ESj,
-eigV
Contains a Small Emergency Battery in addition to the

regular Sparking Battery.
The Emergency Battery is an insurance against delay in
case the regular battery is over-run. You will never get stalled
if your battery is an "iExuV* Duplex.
Regular "ExuV* Sparking Battery for $7.75 to $46.75.
The Electric Storage Battery Co.

years' experience in Building Batteries,
21 years' the Largest Builder of Batteries.
Does that mean highest quality to you ?

Some of the applications for Storage Batteries manufactured
by this Company.
Central Lighting and Power Stations Telegraphy
Isolated Electric Light Plants Telephony
Street and Interurban Railways Sparking Batteries for Stationary Gas and
Alternating Current Regulation Gasolene Engines
Electric Vehicle Propulsion Fire Alarm Signals
Vehicle Interior Lighting Medical and X-Ray "Work
Automobile Lighting Portable Lighting
Railway Car Lighting Motor Boat Searchlights
Railway Interlocking Switch and Signal Laboratory Work
Wireless Apparatus Small Motor Work
Used by the great Electric Light Companies, Street Railways, Steam Railroads, The
Western Union Telegraph Co., The Postal Telegraph Co., The Bell Telephone and large
Independent Companies, Automobile Companies, and by over 90 per cent, of all the
Electric Vehicles manufactured.
Buy What the Experts Buy

888
TheElectricStoraceBatteryCo. 909
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
New York Boston Chicago St. Louis Cleveland Atlanta San Francisco Toronto
And GCO Distributors throughout the United States
For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing )o Advertisers.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Name Your Machine

We have the Motor
which
antee to
we guar-
run it. /£ /
The Same Motor
can not be used
for every Service.
We consider
your require-
ments and
guarantee
results.
Write us
Now.
Motors For Every Service

"Name Your Requirements'
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
ed finis
WHAT kind of luck do you have trying to get fine results from varnish or shellac ?
Did you ever get hold of a varnish that would dry hard in half an hour and
wouldn't show scratches and heel prints ?
Did you ever see a shellac that wouldn't lap, pull or crawl before you could get it
spread ?
Varnish is too long at it. Everything has a chance to stick to it and spoil all hope of a
fine polish.
Shellac — spite of all —
you can do dries too quick. Gets a mottled look, considerably
worse than no But try Under-Lac.
finish.
You'll have a finish that will do your heart good.

Brilliant, lasting —
all the fine effect of expensive, hand-
rubbed work, with little cost and no trouble.
is
Under-Lac
made from
pure gums and denatured alcohol.
Is and quickly applied with no lapping,
easily
pulling or crawling. Dries hard in a half hour and
won't show marks.
Use it wherever you would use shellac or varnish.
With more artistic effectand at less expense. Over
stain, dye, filler or on bare wood.
And it has absolutely no equal for preserving and
beautifying linoleum, oil cloth, etc.
A Test Package Free

Send coupon for a free sample of Under-Lac.
this
Prove what we
say at our expense. Once use it and
we know nothing can ever take its place for you. We
are sure of the outcome if you just accept our free-test
offer. Don't you think it's worth a two-cent stamp and
a minute's time right now? Here's the coupon.
l
TJie Wood Finishing
Authorities"
<fy
/,7
Vo^
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
* Wireless (lull
If you are a Wireless Operator or are

building Wireless Telegraph Equipment
you will want to join
Popular Electricity Club

Send for particulars and membership blank.
You will also want this splendid

This room. 13x13 feet. L
E-401 **I-Comfort" nxtui
Lamp. Cost of lighting =
one GO-watt tungsier
ordinary 16 candle
WIRELESS BOOK
power lamp.
Save Your Eyes! THE STORY OF

THE WIRELESS
By using the New Eye Comfort
TELEGRAPH
"I-Comfort" System
of Indirect Illumination
<J Imagine a room evenly iUuxamated, a Non-Technical

raellow radiance froni a concealed source
flooding it with a light soothing to the In Plain English
nerves, becoming to the complexion and
yet perfect for reading or sewing. Illustrated
<J Those who experience discomfort after Sent with one year's
a short time under a direct light, suffer
no unpleasant effects from an evening's subscription (new or
work under the I-COMFORT. Scientists
and oculists have long agreed on the per- renewal) to Popular
fection of such a system of lighting but Electricity for $1 .50
heretofore the cost of maintaining and
installing has proven prohibitive. The
I-COMFORT is simple and inexpensive:
under a 60 to 100 Watt Tungsten electric
lamp is placed a glass reflector with
spiral and vertical corrugations over Popular Electricity Pub. Co.
pure silver, giving the most perfect re- Monadnock Block CHICAGO, ILL.
flecting surface known to science: the
light is thus thrown upon the ceiling and
is evenly distributed throughout the I enclose herewith $1.50, for which enter me for
room with wonderful efficiency, artistic one year's subscription to Popular Electricity and
effect and eye comfort.
send me The Story of Wireless Telegraphy.
*J Thousands already in use in residences,
offices, hotels, banks, clubs, art room?
and auditoriums. Name
<I Endorsed by the leading architects,
Address
oculists and illuminating engineers.
<JIf your electrical dealer does not City
handle them address Department F. A.
State
National X-Ray Reflector Co. P. E. W. T. Sept. '09
247 Jackson Blvd.. Chicago. Ill
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Federal FREE FUEL

The Most Wonderful Stove Ever Invented
Shaving Mirror Fuel Drawn

BURNS AIR Principally from Atmosphere
COOKING OR HEATING
MAKES SHAVING A PLEASURE Air now burned in this won-
derful stove is free to rich and
poor alike. No trust in control.
This Valveless, Wick-
less Automatic Oil-Gas
and Air-Burner Stove

automatically
from kerosene
generates
oil, mixing
gas
it
^^
with air.
Scientific test proves it
uses 395 barrels of air to
one gallon common kero-
sene oil. Sectional Cut of Generator.
CHEAPEST FUEL— SUMMER COMFORT

Intense heat but concentrated under cooking vessels and ab-
sorbed by articles being cooked — not thrown out to overheat your
kitchen.
— —
To operate turn knob oil runs into burner touch a match; it —
generates gas, which passes through air mixer, drawing in about a
barrel of air to every large spoonful of oil consumed. That's all. It
is self-regulating, no more attention. Same heat all day or all night.
For more or less heat, simply turn knob. There it remains until you
come again. To put fire out, turn knob, raising burner oil runs back —
into can, fire's out. As near perfection as anything in this world.
Ideal for summer use- Not dangerous iike gasoline. No dirt, soot
—
or ashes. No leaks nothing to clog or close up. No wick not even —
a valve, yet heat is under perfect control— kitchen always cool.
D. CARN,
Ind., writes: "It costs me only
4 1-2 cents a day for fuel."
L. NORRIS, Vt. f writes: "The Harrison
Oil-Gas Generators are wonderful savers of
fuel, at least 50 to 75 per cent over wood
and coal."
E, ARNOLD, Neb., writes: "Saved
$4.25 a month for fuel by using the
The Federal Electric Shaving Mirror Harrison Oil-Gas Stove. My
range costs me $5.50 per month,
furnishes perfect light for shaving. It the Harrison $1.25 per month."
THOS. VINCENT, Wis.: "My
throws all of the light on the face and not wife never had anything she en-
joyed so much as her stove. It
into the mirror. The reflector is equipped is very
quick,
with a cylindrical incandescent lamp. It no heat-
ed room
can be adjusted so that the rays from the or dirt.
Surpas -
lamp are reflected covering the entire ses anv-
t h ing
face below the eyes. The mirror itself we ever
saw."
also can be tilted to the desired angle. "
ALL SIZES
Finished in nickel, brush brass, or oxi- NOT LIKE THOSE SOLD IN STORES.
dized copper, the former sent unless other- Ideal for roasting, cooking, baking, ironing, canning fruit, picnics,
cottages, camping. In winter use Radiator for heating houses,
wise specified. stores, rooms, etc. No more carrying coal, kindling, ashes, soot and
dirt. No hot fiery kitchens. Absolutely safe from explosion. Not
—
dangerous like gasoline. Simple, durable lasts for years. Saves ex-
pense, drudgery and fuel bills.
IDEAL FOR HOME USE AND A ALL SIZES, PRICES $3.25 UP. LOW—
Sent AND
to any address. Give this stove atrial. Send no money
NECESSITY FOR THE TRAVELER only send your name and address. Write today for full
description, thousands of testimonials. Our 1909 proposi-
tion. Circulars FREE.
Price, complete, including lamp
Exciting Business for Agents
and six feet of silk cord, express
prepaid $4.15 SALESMEN- MANAGERS— MEN or WOMEN at home or travel-
— showing —taking orders — appointing agents, etc.
ing, all or part time
Messsrs.HEAD & FRAZER, 'Texas, write: "Enclose i
$81.00. RUSH. Sell like hot cakes. Sold 5 stoves in our town."
B. L. HEUSTED, Mich., writes: "Been out one day and sold 1
stoves." This patent new. Nothing like it. Demand enormous.

Federal Electric Company Agents reaping great harvest. Where operated people
interested, want to buy at once. Show dozen, sell ten.
stop, look, get
Write today for special agents new plan. Send 9
MANUFACTURERS no money. World unsupplied. Get in early for territory.
Lake and Desplaines

The World Manufacturing Co.
Sts., CHICAGO
460 World Bldg. - - Cincinnati, O.
—
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
How Long Have You

Smoked Your Present
Brand of Cigars?
rn I have customers, not a few,
t" Automobile Trade but many, who have smoked my
wkh Panatelas continuously for seven
Dyke's Course of
years, or since their introduction.
That seemsto prove that my
Automobile Instruction Panatela wears well," that it is not

too heavy or strong for continuous
STUDY
during spare time —
Dyke's Course is now
only Sio and you would never miss the amount. smoking; that the tobacco is not
The Automobile and
Gasoline Engine profession is
the best profession and there is a big demand for help in drugged or doctored; that the
this line. quality is uniform year in and
IF YOU OWNan auto, or launch, owner or in anyway connected
with gasoline engines then this course willbe of greatbenefit to you also. year out.
DYKE'S COURSE is the only course in the world which can suc-
cessfully be taught by mail. "We use wonderfully clever Working mod-
els (made in Europe) of the Gasoiine Engine and Maeneto and Car- My Panatela has a filler of clear,
burettor that actually work and they picture the meaning while you
study our interesting Instruction Pamphlets. clean, long Havana leaf, grown in
JUST IMAGINE, having in your room an engine Cut in half and
with each and every part lettered and numbered, also a Carburettor and
Magneto lying on your study table while you study our interesting
—
Cuba and nothing else. This I
course—that's practically what we give you in our Working models. guarantee, and will prove to anyone
You will play with these models like a boy with a toy and the more you
play the clearer the subject willbe to you. on request. (I emphasize '
grown
IN ADDITION we give 24 lessons which are so interesting you w. ll
Cuba" because
;
—
finish them all they are illustrated with 34 large clear charts. in poetic or other
WE TEACH YOU everything there is to learn about the Automobile licenseseems to allow tobacco grown
and Gasoline Engine such as valve setting, timing ignition, how the
cylinders fire, construction of all forms of Magnetos and how to set
them, storage batteries and all systems of wiring, and many other im- in the United States from Havana
portant subjects.
ONE CUSTOMER SATS: seed to be labeled "Havana.")
"I've learned more
my ten years work around the
in three weeks study
shop."
of your Course than during The wrapper of my Panatela is
Another customer who knew nothing about the Auto or Gasoline En- genuine Sumatra, and the cigars are
gine says he can now run any car and set valves, etc.
OUR LIBERAL TRIAL OFFER of inspection is proof of our claims, hand-made throughout by expert
get our fine pamphlet and testimonials.
AUTOMOBILE OWNERS will save the cost the first month. men cigar-makers.
Automobile Engineering is a profitable trade to learn. Our Course
—
qualifies you write today.
My way
—
NOTE We are considering the advisability of raising the price on of selling cigars gives
this wonderful Course. Even our students say it is worth a great deal
more and it is. my customers cigars at wholesale
MR.
fifth
DYKE was the first Auto Supply man in America and built the
successful Automobile in this country. His experience is embodied
in this course. Mr. Dyke made a special trip to Europe to secure addi-
prices —
about half what equal
tional matter for this great Course. The working models were designed quality costs in retail cigar stores.
and are made in Europe by a leading mechanical artist-
NO MATTER how much you would pay you could not possibly get Incidentally, it is chiefly because my
a course equal to this one.
customers are continually sending in
repeat orders of their own accord,
that I am able to give and continue
giving the cigar values that I do.
These repeat orders cost me nothing
and keep down selling costs —and
selling costsare a big item in the
SHIVERS'
cigar business, when done in the PANATELA
usual wav. EXACT SIZE
AND SHAPE
MY OFFER IS:— I will, upon request, send

Panatela Cigars on approval to a
fifty Shivers'
reader of Popular Electricity, express prepaid.
He may smoke ten cigars and return the remain-
ing forty at my expense if he is not pleased
The working models of our Gasoline Engine and Magneto —they with them; if he is pleased, and keeps them, he
actually work — a working model of the Carburettor is also supplied.
The real features of our Course, however, are our Zt simple agrees to remit the price, $2.50, within ten days.
Illustrated lessons. We also include a Text book.
It is groat all our customers sav so — not one, In ordering please enclose business card or
but all.
m
1300
THIS AUTO
SEND FDR
DYKE'S Corsp' School Motoring
Bk. Commerce Bldg
BUTTON
IT TODAY
St. Louis
give personal references and state whether mild,
medium or strong cigars are desired.
917
HERBERT
Filbert Street
D. SHIVERS
Philadelphia, Pa.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
A COMPLETE
ELECTRICAL
By
WORKER'S LIBRARY Henry C. Horstmann and Victor H. Tousley
Positively Up-to-date and Written for the

Men who do the Work
We defy any publisher in the world to produce a more practical collection of books for the electrical worker than
this series. The immense sale of these popular books since date of publication has been greater than any electrical books
ever sold to working electricians.
The reason? They are practical and do not confuse the worker. They also have the highest endorse-
ment of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union.
t= To substantiate this claim we offer the sum of One Hundred Dollars to any publisher who will produce a sworn
statement showing a greater sale of any similar book or books treating on the subject matter that these do, for the length
of time they have been on the market. As to our reputation for keeping business promises, we will refer you to any bank
or business house in Chicago.
For the next sixty days we are making a special introductory offer of the complete set of four volumes, neatly cased,
(regular price S6.00.) Our special introductory price, to electrical workers, $5.00, prepaid to any
address upon receipt of price. To all persons ordering this set prior to October ist, we will present free of charge, our
Handy Electrical Dictionary for the Vest Pocket, bound in Red Russia Leather, gold edges, indexed, 224 pages, illustrated.
If the books ordered are not found entirely satisfactory in every way, they may be returned and your money will be
cheerfully refunded. To electrical workers already having any of the below enumerated volumes, we will supply single
copies of any one or more books at $1.50 each, post-paid to any address in the world.
Electrical Wiring and Construction Tables, 120 pages, 70 diagrams.
Modern Electrical Construction, 340 pages, 173 diagrams.
Modern Wiring Diagrams and Descriptions, 250 pages, 200 diagrams.
Practical Armature and Magnet Winding, 232 pages, 128 diagrams.
Each volume is substantially bound in full Persian Seal Grain Morocco Leather, stamped on the outside covers in
genuine gold leaf, round corners, red edges, pocket size, printed on super-calendered book paper. Address all orders to the
publishers, FREDERICK J. DRAKE & COMPANY, Fisher Building, Chicago, TJ. S. A.
For full description of these volumes, we will send free to any person writing: us and mentioning the paper this adver-
-
tisement appeared in, our new 1909 and 1910 complete, illustrated, descriptive catalogue.
Bath Medicine)
Room Lockr (Cabinet J
Something New For Your Home

Made —
Smooth Steel Finished in Finest Everlasting
of Solid
—
Baked White Enamel Inside and Out Has Ad- —
justable Enameled Steel Shelves
Better Than Wood and Costs No More

No home is complete without a Hess
Sanitary Bath-Room 'Locker. It is
germ and vermin proof.
Style "A" Locker is made to recess into the
wall and projects one inch from face of wall.
It has a beveled plate mirror 16x24 inches
and measures 19^ x 24 J inches inside. Below '
the mirror is an open shelf 19^x6 inches.

Style "B" is the same size and finish, made
not to recess into the wall, but to be suspended
f 1;
on the wall.
Price of Style "A" $8.00
Price of Style "B" 9.00
Without Mirror deduct $1.50
Without Open Shelf deduct $1.00
Order of your dealer. If he will not supply
it send us the price and we will ship the locker
direct to you, prepaying freight charges any-
where east of Missouri and north of Ohio -
rivers.
Send For Illustrated Circular

We are makers of the Hess Steel Furnace. Important booklet,
"Modern Furnace Heating" Sent Free.
SEE THAT Hess Warming & Ventilating Co., 912 LTaeoma

CHICAGO
Bldg.
I
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
EXCELSIOR AUTO-CYCLE
THREE AND ONE-HALF HORSE POWER. $225
:: L Always on the Job. More features of real practical excellence than all others combined.
EXCELSIOR SUPPLY CO. 1436-1435 Michigan Avenue

23-3-237 Randolph Street
MARVELOUS CURES IN INDIGESTION. NERVOUS

PROSTRATION, INSOMNIA. LA GRIPPE, RHEUMA-
TISM. GOUT. SCIATICA, and COMPLAINTS ARISING
FROM CONGESTION or SLUGGISH CIRCULATION,
back to the original lines of force and concentrates them over

—
the vital organs. Scientific, yet simple it is vital energy con-
centrated; the essence of nerve force that revitalizes the blood
and enables the system to throw off disease. Does not cost one
Send for booklet of testimonials and particulars.
The Motosphere Mfg. Co.

31 East 27th St.. New York City
The "WORDY" Whistle for Motor Boats

Afoot-operated, all-brass, two-tone whistle. The "Wordy "Whistle
consists of an air dash pot with a capacity of 27 cubic inches
It is self-contained and requires but five square inches below the deck.
The whistle can be placed anywhere in the boat, wherever most con-
venient, and connected to the dash pot below the deck with standard
one-half inch pipe connections. It operates with the foot independent of
Pi pin 6 the engine. This is positively the latest Jdevice on the market and is
fully guaranteed. It is dust, water and frost proof, and is vastly supe-
rior to any exhaust or battery whistle.
OX
Price S9.00 complete. Sent
oacj^
prepaid upon receipt of price or express C. O. D.
WORDINGHAM FOOT HORN CO.
-£ 211 Grand Aveune Milwaukee. Wis.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
The "IMPERIAL Vacuum Cleaning Machine

99
A
combining
Portable
efficiency, practicability and economy.
attached to any electric light socket.
Can be
The Best Book
1" On 6% Bonds
/.*:/
\ We have written a book on Irrigation

Ml Bonds, based on long experience and
intimate knowledge. Every investor,
small or large, owes to himself its perusal.
We want to send you a copy.
In the past 15 years, we have sold 70
separate issues of Drainage and Irriga-
\ 1 tion Bonds, without a dollar of loss to
any investor. We are the largest dealers
in these Reclamation Bonds, and they
f-^t have become, in late years, our most
popular bonds.
_
Irrigation Bonds are secured by liens
EFFICIENT— Because thoroughly accomplishes its purpose.
it on the most fertile farm lands in America.
PRACTICAL— Becauseof its simplicity and compactness.
ECONOMICAL— Because of its minimum cost of maintenance The value of the land is often more than
and operation. four times the loan.
A Dividend Payer for Central Stations
Some are municipal obligations, form-
Growing- concerns and responsible parties wanted as ag-ents.
Exclusive territory given. Send for Catalogue and Particulars. ing tax liens on the real property located
Price $100, Complete in populous districts.
EMPIRE VACUUM COMPANY They are serial bonds, running from
1 1
York
2 West 30th Street, New
two to twelve years. Each year, as the
loan is reduced, the security back of
the rest is increased.
PHILADELPHIA The denominations

$1,000, so one may invest
are $100, $500 and
either little or
much.
The interest rate is six per cent. No
other large class of bonds, equally well
secured, now pays an equal rate.
These bonds are bound to become

more and more popular as they become
better known. They are the utmost in
six per cent bonds. Please send us
this coupon today for our free book, so
you may
know the facts.
(Established 1893)
Municipal and Corporation Bonds

Sty? 8lttt?ttl}jm0£ First National Bank Bldg. 50 Congress Street
BOSTON
CHICAGO
TJie Rittenhouse is one of the most Bank Bldg\
First National
exclusive hotels in Philadelphia, SAN FRANCISCO
catering to transient and permanent
guests alike, making it a most desir-
Gentlemen: — Please send me your new
able hotel for ladies traveling alone.
Bond Book, "The World's Greatest In-
dustry."
Rooms $1.50 per day and up
American Plan, $4.00 per day and up Name
Write for Booklet Town
J. C. HINKLE, Mgr. State 395
—
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
RHEUMATISM
I want to send every sufferer who reads this
paper a pair of Magic Foot Drafts
TO TRY FREE.
Send Me Your Address Today
Write me. I'll send you a Si.oo Pair of

Magic Foot Drafts, the great Michigan external
remedy that is curing thousands, to try FREE.
FREE For Thirty Days N

Frederick Dyer. Corresponding Secretary
matter where the pain, whether acute or chronic
:
muscular, sciatic, lumbago, gout and however stubborn—

you will get the Drafts by return mail Then
This Splendid after you get them and trv them, if you are fully satisfied
with the benefit received*, send me One Dollar. If not.
keep your money. I take your word.
Meister Piano I make this unequaled 'offer because I know what

remarkable cures the Drafts
—
are performing cures after
30 and 40 years of suffer-
tmoehas* /
at S175 baths
—
ing cures after doctors and
and medicines had
utterly failed. Won't ycu
Delivered to your own home in any part of America try them? I am sure you'll
—
and freight charges prepaid for one month"*
unlimited trial. If it is not the best piano at the
be glad if you do. and you cannot lose a penr.
Magic Foot Draft Co.. 940 F Oliver Bldg.', Jackson,
price in existence, and you do not Up- Mi. h. B end no money. Write todav.
take it back an-i pay' the return freight. We
merely want the chance to place this piano in your
*
home so you can judge its merits for yourself.
No cash payment down. No interest. Xo
Home Study Courses under
extras. TYe par the freierht.
^
i le»d-
S1.00 Weekly or ieiOntc tti Agncatoral,

Pr*iir»ttry,
Nirail tai Cnnl Sernct Departaects.
Preparation for College. Ttacher$' and Ciril
$5.00 a Month lamination*.
I-.'
254 pi|c ciiiit| fret. Write ti-tfay.

A splendid educator for the children, a wonder- THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL
ful entertainment for all the family. Refining, ele- Dept. 100, Springfield, Mm.
vating, instructive. Try 30 days free of all
it for
cost. A Rothschild 10-year guarantee bond with
each instrument.
We Sell Direct from Factory to You

ve you the big profits usually paid on ;
Piano stool and scan free. Send at once for our

magnificently illusira: iâno book. r>
tPianos ir.
Rothschild & Company

SM Mate Bft., Chicago, ill.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Weight
50
only
lbs.
X- ft Vacuum Cleaner
IS BACKED BY
A Guaranty that MEANS SOMETHING
The Santo Electric Vacuum Cleaner was invented, developed,
and perfected in our own factory, by our own workmen. Every
detail of its construction is original with us. The title to this
invention is therefore vested in us.

Like all articles of superior merit the Santo has its imitators.
The Santo is the original round, portable cleaner. It can not
be approached in efficiency, durability or comDleteness, by
any other cleaner at any price.
Sold Under a Guaranty Bond

Instead of the verbal promises given with most cleaners and which
are seldom worth anything, we give you a guaranty bond bearing our
corporate seal and signature.
We agree and guarantee to replace without Any electric cleaner having less efficiency than
cost toyou any parts proving defective in material the Santo will utterly fail tomeet your requirements.
or workmanship at any time, whether it be in one The highest grade polished aluminum equip-
year, five years, or longer. ment ever furnished with a vacuum
,
This guaranty means something. It insures —

cleaner nothing more to buy.
you against loss and protects you in your right to
use the Santo.
The Santo has been perfected after an experi-
ence of over 15 years and at an experimental cost
of over $50,000. It is perfect —
the final in vacuum
cleaners, you can not buy more in a portable
vacuum cleaner, even at five times the price.
Our cleaner is built as perfectly and of as fine
material as the most expensive automobile. No.
tin, paper mache or other flimsy material enters
into its construction. No wood except the hard-
wood top handle.
,As a result of our experience we have deter-
mined the efficiency absolutely necessary to do per-
fect cleaning. Our standard as embodied in the 1 — cable
Electric connecting cleaner
for lamp socket.
to
Santo is as follows: 2 —Mercerized braid-covered vacuum hose.
It will produce a maximum vacuum of 7 to 8 3 — Hollow renovator handle.
inches Mercury standard. 4—6-inch nozzle thoroughly cleaning
for rugs,
carpets, etc.
It has a calculated displacement of 25 to 30

5 —4-inch nozzle
6 — Rubber nozzle
upholstery,
for portieres, clothing, etc.
tufted upholstery,
for corners, etc.
cubic feet free air per minute.
It may be operated continuously without stall-
7 —Wall brush, mouldings,
for walls, ceilings, etc.
8 — Book brush, cleaning books,
for hats, furs. etc.
ing or overheating. 9— 10-inch wood face nozzle and rapid sweeping.
for light
It does not require special heavy fuses, and 10— 12-inch nozzle, sweeping
felt-faced, for floors.
will not endanger your wiring. 11 — Mercerized braid-covered blowing hose dryingfor hair.
bedding,
airing etc.
It is strictly within the limits set by Insurance
12 — Tube lubricant which eliminates greasy
of can. oil
Underwriters, viz., electrical consumption of not
more than 200 Watts when operated at its full The Santo cleans everything without removal.
capacity. It makes your home spotlessly clean and dustless.
SANTO HAND POWER CLEANER

This little machine isa real vacuumcleaner, equipped with a powerful rotary pump which runs at a spec
revolutions per minute. It is driven by a
fly wheel. It does twice as much work as any other hand power cleaner and is the
easiest to operate. Beautifully finished and weighs less than 30 lbs. Worth $50.00 but sells for $35.00.
BOOKLET FREE — The "Dustless Home" describes both our cleaners in detail. It is handsomely illustrated, inter-
esting— complete. Your name on a postal brings it. Write today.
KELLER MANUFACTURING CO., Dept. 2E, Philadelphia. Pa.

W. P. PRESSINGER CO., 1 W. 34/// Street, New York City
Gen. Agl. for N- Y New Eng. and X. J., north of Trenton
'.,
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
PROVEN TO BE THE BEST THE IN-
DUSTRY CAN PRODUCE FOR AUTO-
MOBILE,MOTOR BOAT AND AIRSHIP
The most satisfactory results are
obtained from our specialties
The Radium Storage Battery has proven The Standard
by actual test to be superior to the general Spar'K Plug is
line of storage batteries. It is built forlong the spark plug
and continuous service and can always bs that allows
depended upon. The jars are made ol the every owner of
best quality of heavy hard rubber with hard a gas engine to
rubber covers which are removable, is forget spark plug troubles because of the special way the Victor Plug is
equipped with patent fluid tight vents, and constructed. The spark is produced atthe center of compression where
anti-splashers. The plates, post and all it is the most effective, while the inside of the Victor Plug is porce-
metallic connections are cast in one solid lain lined, making it a doubly insulated plug, thus lowering the chance
piece of pure lead. We guarantee this bat- for spark leakage and increasing the power of the explosion 10 per cent.
tery for two years. *1.00 each, 6 for $5.00
6 volts, 40 amp $18.00
6 " 60 " ,
•_
2.00 Discount to the trade
6 " 80 " 30.00 A postal card will getyou bulletins P & E of these two articles
8 60 " 30.00 Write today
GENERAL ACCUMULATOR & BATTERY CO., - 168 2d St., Milwaukee, Wis.
FOR THIS
OSTER DIE STOCK
Cutting 1-4, 3-8, 1-2, 3-4, I and 1-4" pipe
NO LOOSE BUSHINGS
OPENING DIES
SEND FOR COMPLETE CATALOG
2180 E. 61st Street,
THE OSTER MFG. CO., CLEVELAND, O.
We Can Help You Electric Railway

Power Stations
Sell Electric Current By Calvin F. Swingle, M. E.
Is a new work, of
large importance on" a
Our service consists in planning, subject of vital inter-
writing, illustrating and placing Cen- est. Treats in a plain
tral Station advertising in news- practical manner,

from the standpoint
papers. The value of our sen-ice is of the operating en-
indicated by the fact that we are now gineer, of the modern
engaged in the fourth consecutive Central Power Sta-
tion. Important top-
year of advertising service for the ics of design and con-
Commonwealth Edison Companv struction receive due
Chicago. We are just beginning our attention, while the
most reliable, thor-
New York Edison Com-
sen- ice for the ough and up-to-date
pany, and have recently completed detailed information
contracts with other Central Stations. and data is given re-
garding installation,
Our facilities are such that no mat- and the best, safest
ter where a Central Station is located, and most economical
we can sent it quite as efficiently as methods of operation
in the production and
though it were in Chicago. distribution of elec-
trical energy.
Ask for Particulars Covers fully the various types of machines, such as steam
engines (both reciprocating and turbine), gas engines (and
gas producers) applicable to Central Power Station work,
and other forms of prime movers, as well as dynamos,
Wm D. McJunkin
.
switchboards, alternators and all other apparatus and
appliances.
Contains 718 pages, with over 350 illustrations and 28
useful tables. Handsomely bound in "rich, olive cloth.
Advertising Agency Progressive engineers who desire to keep abreast of the
times and advance in their profession cannot afford to be
without this book.
167 Dearborn St., Chicago Price, postpaid. $2.00. FREE for four paid,
yearly subscriptions to Popular Electricity.
POPII.AR KI.KTHKITY BuokDept., Jlonadno*k Blk.. CHICAGO
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
months in
AYEAR^PAY
Jnst consider what a wonderful convenience it would be to you to be able to take 10 to 30
which to settle for your purchases. Consider the advantage of being able to furnish your
home completely and to enjoy the full use of the goods while paying for them. That's
exactly what we offei you today— and it is by far the most generous credit service that was ever
given by any home furnishing institution on th9 face of the globe. Remember, it matters not
where you live or what your position or income may be, you are perfectly welcome to
this most helpful credit service. Use it freely ! Send only a small amount with your order,
and then pay the balance a little each month as you earn the money. We charge abso-
lutely nothing for this credit accommodation— NO INTEREST—
no extras of any kind.
OUR 22 BIG RETAIL STORES

do a volume of business greater than that of any other store or comhination of
stores on earth— none excepted. We have furnished nearly 2,000,000 homes—have been
in business 54 years and stand today pre-eminent in our line— the oldest, largest and
best known home furnishing concern on the American Continent. Capital and surplus
larger than that of any other similar institution in the world.
PRICES POSITIVELY UNMATCH ABLE

We you from 20% to 40% on any article you may need in your home. We can
can save
cut under the prices of any other firm in the business. You can't afford to place
an order with any other Concern on earth, until you have received our Big Catalogues
simply can't afford to.
u^This Solid Oak Rocker

Is strongly constructed and beautifully finished, solid oak frame, hand
carved, also massive carved heads, full spring seat and tufted back, up-
holstered in Nantucket leather which has the wearing quality of genuine
leather. TERMS—75c cash and
50c monthly.
Our new
CATALOG FREE
Furniture Catalogue is the largest and handsomest book
fall
of the kind ever published. It is an immense volume, just filled with uil-
matc liable bargains in everything to furnish and beautify the home, includ-
ing furniture, carpets, rugs, draperies, crockery, sewing machines, clocks,
silverware, and pianos, a portion of the goods being beautifully illustrated in
colors. Our special Stove Catalogue is also an immense volume of world-
—
beater bargains positively the biggest values ever offered. Write for these two
big catalogues at once write for them today.
SATISFACTION OR YOUR MONEY BACK

L Our guarantee of satisfaction is not limited to 80 days, but is given for an indefinite period. We refund mom
and freight charges on ail purchases not entirely satisfactory. Our policies are broad, liberal and generous.
Cut out this

coupon and Hartman Furniture and Carpet Co.. B3F" State whether you wish Catalogue
of Furniture, Catalogue of Stoves, 01
mail it to us 223=225=227 and 229 Wabash Ave., Chicago. U. S. A. Catalogue of Furniture and Stoves.
today.
Please mail me Big Free Catalogtie of
Name
P. O. A ddress
HARTMAN FURNITURE AND CARPET CO., CHICAGO, U. S. A.
HOW YOU CAN EARN $300 OR MORE A MON1

One box ball alley costing: 5150, took in JMJ tne nrsi
fifty-one days at Sullivan, Indiana. Two
other alleys
costing $365, took in $1,372.95 in five months. Four large
alleys costing $840, took in $1,845.20 in fifty-nine days,
more
than $900 a month. not start in this business in your own
Why
town? Both men and women go wild with enthusiasm; bring
their
friends, form clubs and play for hours. Players set
pins with lever— no
pin boy to employ. Alleys can be set up or taken
down quickly. rite for ^
illustrated booklet explaining EASY PAYMENT PLAN. Send tor it today.
AMERICAN BOX BALL CO., 1902 Van Buren Street, Indianapolis, Indiana
For ourifMutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY
WIRELESS APPARATUS
THE STEINER
MOTOR
A HOUSEHOLD NECESSITY
This is the surprise ve promised you. Our "Tri-mount Junior

Receiving Set" (Tvpe A) consists of the following-.—
a Slide Tunine Coil $2.50
udenser. .003 rnld 1-50
tment Detector Stand 1.00
1000 OhmTelephone, with 3 foot cord. Split
.and and 3 Phone Block 4.25
Double Pole Double Throw Sv.itch 65
31 .led Antenna Wire 1.25
Annunciator Wire 35
Mounted on Baseboard, complete . . .50
Cost, if bouffht separately S 12.00
OCR PRICE delivered 10.00
-
The
Steiner Family Motor Outfit is the
U be found to en - .
mount Quality." It is ient set and is sure to grivt- greatestHousehold labor-saving device ever
satisfaction. Send for prices on anythir.2 - a i as . - .uire,
invented since Electricity' has become gen-
;
a advertisements in previous numbers.

The Tri-Mount Wireless Supply Co. erally used.
R. A. CHANDLER, Manager
I3B Irving Street BOSTON. MASS. Itdoes all the hard work that is tiring
to the —
Housewife invaluable on wash days
— does all the hard work when preparing
meals -
—a
man-of-all-work during house-
GUDEMAN & COMPANY cleaning time. It will polish your silver,

run your sewing machine, make Ice Cream,
Artistic Electrical Decorations
grind your coffee, chop your meat, etc., etc.
1 1 4- 1 1 >» Ea>t -:3rd Street. - - BBW YORK. N. Y.
.Anything around the house that is hard
r
work for you. The Steiner family motor
Electrically
Lighted will do it and in 1 -2 the time.
The above illustration is outfit No. 3
containing 1 Motor, 1 High-Grade Ball
Bearing \\ ringer, 1 Clear \>"hite \X asher.
1 Sewing Machine Attachment, Polisher 1
and Grinder, Grater, Ice Cream Freezer.

1 1
1 Meat Cutter, 1 Coffee Mill. .ALL BEST

GOODS OBTAINABLE, sold at a price
that is within the reach of all.
FLORAL Sent on 30 days free trial Outfits

FESTOONS No. and 2 include the same Family Motor
1
only there are not so many appliances.

\^ rite for folder and price.
Over WOO in Use

Miniature and Decorative Lamps
Agents can make big money selling Steiner family
Christmas Tree Outfits
motor outfits.
Our poods are on sale at
Central Stations and Electrical Supply Houses
iii< trii shop write immediately for our proposition.
Michigan and Jackson Blvd., Chicago, 111,
Steiner Mfg. Co., St. Louis, Mo.
Write for descriptive catalogue
2605 N. 14th STREET
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Thordarson's
ALCOHOLISM
EARL'S ANTOL has estab-
lished a most remarkably suc-
cessful record in the treatment
Junior of the Liquor Habit. It is simple
and convenient to take, it is pleas-
Bell -Ringer antly exhilarating in operation, it
is most effective in results, and
Eliminates All Battery A MERE TRIFLE
THE COST IS
Trouble
The Antol Treatment will not hamper you
with inconvenient or embarrassing conditions,
for you can carry these tiny capsules in your vest
Price $3.^ pocket and take them while attending to your

—
ordinary business without consulting anyone
or attracting the attention of inquisitive people.
I am so absolutely certain of the successful
outcome of the Antol Treatment that I fearlessly
Suitable for residence
buzzers, and
door
all classes of
bells,
GUARANTEE
the return of your money in full, without question or com-
ment, should you not be thoroughly satisfied with the result.
light signal work. I have also guaranteed —
under the "Food and Drugs
Act" — that Antol does not contain any Drug injurious to
health, so just as soon as you have made up your mind
Consumes no current. "Will last a lifetime.
TO QUIT DRIINK.IING
Approved by Board of Underwriters write for my Free Booklet on the Curious Manifesta-
tionsproduced by Light, Medium, and heavy Drinking;
own particular symptoms, and send
study therein your
for a bottle of Antol.
Thordarson Electric Mfg. Co. Clip this notice out, for future reference, but write
now for my Free Booklet. Address, JOHN C. EARL,,
151-157 So. Jefferson St. CHICAGO, ILL. Antol Laboratories, 660 Gates Avenue, DIontcIair, N. J. , U. S. A.
Intense Light
Made by a Warner Flaming Arc attracts attention at a
distance or close by.
^ Admitted by all to be the strongest lig\t yet produced.
€JLamp practically indestructible, and made of fireproof,
material.
fj Made for multiple use on A. C. or D. C. and for Series
on High Tension D. C. Series.
^ Vertical Carbon 5-8x1 2. Only one to trim.
^ First cost less, maintenance less, and service
greater than any other lamp made.

Flaming Arc
Warner Arc Lamp Co.

Muncie, Ind. Wilton, Iowa
For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers
- —
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
We Sell Anything Electrical

The largest Electrical Mail Order House in the Country. \\ e sell you
your Electrical Supplies by Mail at Bargain Prices.
.Anything for the Household, Office, Store, Factory, also the Student
and Experimenter. Large stock always on hand. Deliveries prompt.
Some of Our Specialties for September
Eclipse Socket Fans for Home Use

This is the most convenient Fan for the Omce and Home. Can be
tinned at any angle, the stand remaining permanent —finished m brais
is an ornament to any home. Hardly any noticible dinerence on youi
ElCCtriC Light Bill. Keep the room Cool and Sanitary, price so
reasonable that even' home should be equipped with one.
- -
Stand ha* - TO Morion: ca "-,
- ; z.
igle, or used as a
^Z :^- 1 i'. Price. 104 Volts. 60 Cvr 1- S13.0U
104 " 133 •' 14JO0
Direct Current 8-inch Blade Socket

Socket Fan Fan Motor
Combination Stand also fur- can be screwed into any ordinary
« nisned with this Fan at lamp socket without any* additional
plug or socket.
$2.00 Extra The body of the Motor is made of
tie Volts, complete. slO.OO aluminum and the trimmings are
nickel finish. Total weight is 1|
: : ur. .
^ The Pacific
LAMP
Easy Chair
alL Ought to be in every home
Prices 104 Volts. 60 Cycle SIIjOO

104 •• 133 •' 12.00
:es: Elr::ri: r :::-

:
able ever manufac red. This Lamp is

as portable as a candle-stiek and may
be placed wherever light is desired, ir-
ive of whether there is a table or
The Ever-Ready Dry Battery
I at hand or not. The light may
be eaiily raised or lowered and an ad- This battery is beyond doubt the
justable shade and a hinged joint at the most efficient "for Wireless Telephone
socket, permit of perfect {adjustment of or Telegraph work does twice the
work of other battries and lasts
—
the light for By the
:his Portable, the Ught may be so longer. Its square shaoe makes it
ged as to fall on the reading mat- moft convenient for all kinds of
ter or work only, thereby shading and £ work where the cells are exposed.
resting the
Price S5.00 Electrical Experimenters should
Regarding this Lamp. Mr prea-
<ient and treasurer of the Massillon Light. Heat and Ask us for our special price in
: Co. of Massillon. Ohio, writes as folic quantities.
"The No. 50 Easy Chair Lamp ordered for the wr ter s
3Cs:-2 .sec-- ed in due time, and is not only a f — e' x-
. Price per cell . . .30)
•_-c. Ml a C = E^T SAVER TO POCKET AS WELL AS
EYES. Please send me three 3 more,"
We Are the Manufacturers of

the Famous American Vibrator
Note—Lei us quote you on everything Electrical. Send jor our Frt Cat
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS ELECTRIC CO., St Louis, Mo.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
is the most wonderful and interesting scientific study of the age.

Every boy, girl and grown-up should know about it. Our
fascinating 112 page book just out makes it easy for you to learn.
We'll send you this new, enlarged catalogue on receipt of 6c.
YOUR CREDIT
It contains a coupon which entitles you to a rebate of your 6c
on first order of 50c or over.
IS GOOD
Catalogue contains hundreds of Illustrations and descriptions
Any honest person can
us. buy a diamond
any other article of jewelry from our complete
of Voltamp electrical products —
Wireless Instruments, Motors,
here or
stock,
,
and pay for it on easy payments to suit one's

Dynamos, Machine Models, Toys, Telegraph Instruments,
Batteries, Meters, Coils, Switches, Geissler Tubes, Lamps,
—
convenience one fifth down and the balance in eight
monthly installments is about as preferable a way as
Flash-Lights, Telephones, Bells, Miniature Railways, etc.
A boon
any. _
No red tape inquisitive systems are used — it is
to the experimenter as well as the practical electrician. a plain business proposition, based on dealings with
honest people.
Voltamp Electric Mfg. Co., Our integrity and reliabilty is unquestioned; we
refer you to all commercial agencies and express com-
Baltimore, Md. panies in the United States. Our numerous buying
facilities give you the benefit of low prices
is easily saved by dealing with us.
— one-third
Buy a diamond
for yourself, your father, mother, sister, brother or
sweetheart. It is an ideal gift, remembered by *he
one so dear to you after all other presents are lonj:
forgotten.
The ladies' and gents' elegant rings shown hero are
extra specials, reduced to $45.00, so as to give everybody a
chance to buy advantageously. The diamond is a beauty
exceptionally white, guaranteed pure, perfect and flawless.
Send your name and address, with size of ring desired,
and we willsend you same by express prepaid. I* perfectly
satisfied, and we know you will be so, pay the express
ELECTRICITY agent $9.00; the balance you yav in îght easy monthly
installments of $4.50 each. These fines
Practically and Individually you see right here are worth, at any
Our pupils actually

TAUGHT
handle the tools and ma-
retail store, from $60.00 to $75.00
Our line of high grade watches,
silverware, etc. iscomplete. Our hand,
chinery. —Instructors stand beside them, direct-
some illustrated catalog with many more
money sating prices and exquisie dsscrip-
m
ing , criticising and showing the how t o work
—spect
Jay and Evening
J —
sessions. Call and in-
ii-rs of exquisite jewelry is Tree for the
asking. Write right away.
our school and equipment or write WM. E. RENICH CO.
for prospectus. Dl.raonds, Watches, Jewelrr
i
124-130 State St. Chicago, HI,
New York Electrical School
36 West 17th Street, New York
— .
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Six Months to Pay

Perfect
For Good Clothes Light
Plenty of
n Water
^T~\ can be piped or wired
all over your place
For this Splendid
All- Wool Suit-
A Fairbanks-Morse
Electric-Light Outfit
made in the latest Will give you all the light, water and power you need for
style. Your choice your farm, country place or store at a surprisingly low cost.
Engine can be left running for hours after starting without
of cloth. attention, and stopped by pressing a button. The safest.
most convenient, and healthful light known. It is restful
to the eyes and does not consume the life-giving oxygen
in your rooms as the lamps or gas. Same engine runs
pumps and other machinery. It is usually desirable to in-
$3.35 Cash stall alsoa storage battery, so that lights can be used at
any hour, night or day. without the necessity of starting
the engine each time. Engine operates on gas,
gasoline, kerosene or distillate.
$1.60 Monthly Cut out complete advertisement and
send for special catalog JVo. C A 1163.
This Suit will be Fairbanks, Morse & Co.

Chicago, 111.
sent on approval.
Dress in Clever Style KLEIN'S TERMINAL WRENCH

Our free Fall Style Book shows photographic-
IS A TROUBLEMAN'S FRIEND
63W This Xo. Wrench
plates of the swellest suits and overcoats for fall is especially adapted for
and winter wear. We
want to send it to you. use on terminal nuts,
With it we send samples of all-wool clothes in receivers, transmitters,
thirty desirable patterns. We
buy nothing but and binding posts, etc.
all-wool cloth. Every yard is guaranteed. There are three differ-
We also send a tape line with simple instruc- ent side openings, with
tions for taking your measure. We
will fit you dimensions as follows:
perfectly, as we have thousands of others.
I inch, f inch, and 7-16
This book quotes prices on high-grade clothes inch, whichwill engage either square or hexagonal nuts. One
which are astounding. You never saw clothes end bent at an angle of 45 degrees, to allow its use in conhncd
is
like these sold so low. You have probablv paid places. Total length, 2 13-16 inches. The cost is so small, and
at least S18 for such suits as we sell for $12.95. the convenience so great, that one of die wrenches should be in
The reason lies in our enormous output. every Electrician's Tool Kit. Mailed to any address for 17c.
Any suit or overcoat, made in any cloth we Have you one of our latest catalogues? Send 3c in stamps for
show, will be sent you on approval. guaran- We a copv.
tee the workmanship, the price and the fit. If
not entirely satisfactory, send the garments back. MATHiAS KLEIN & SONS, Station U. 3, Chicago. III.
Manufacturers and Jobbers of
and all your first payment will be returned. Electrician's.Linemen's and Construction Tools
We on six months'
sell credit, without any se-
curity and without any interest. Our credit
prices are exactly the same as for cash. You
can pay a little down and a little each month,
and dress just as well as the best dressed man Wire, Goils and Cordage
you know.
We ask a chance to please you once, and secure
your permanent trade. Please send this coupon I cores. COTTOX, SILK and EX-
—
send it today for our free Fall Style Book and I AMELED MAGNET WIRE,
samples. heavy and fine sizes for pri-
mary or secondary windings,
receiver coils or coils of any
THE CLEMENT CO. COILS wound
kind.
to your specifications.
385 Franklin St., Chicago BELL WIRE and ELECTRICAL CORDS for
every purpose
Mail me your Style Book — free The above furnished at lowest prices in small
quantities for wireless telegraph or experimen-
\<nne tal purposes, or in large quantities for manu-
facturers.
Write for prices to Dept. E.
BELDEN MANUFACTURING COMPANY

194 Michigan Street CHICAGO, ILL
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Protect Your Tungsten Lamps With a

TRADE MARt
Tungsten Life-Saver
Prevents Injurious Shocks from
Vibration
TUNGSTEN LIFE-SAVERS Prolong the

Life of Tungsten Lamps, and makes
possible their use in Shops, Factories,
Etc., where there is vibration. Are
m- -
IL easy to install and require no repairs.
FIT ANY STANDARD FIXTURE.
BULLETIN No. 40
TUNGSTEN SHOP CLUSTER

An inexpensive cluster made of steel, with
plain black finish, equipped with an 18
inch steel, porcelain enameled shade and [
Tungsten Life-Saver.
BULLETIN No. 42
American Arc Lamp Company 10

SPECIALTIES DEPARTMENT
Manufacturers
KALAMAZOO - - MICHIGAN
This Complete Electrical Experimental Outfit for $5.00

This generator (weight 6 J lbs.) will light a 16 C. P.
—
Lamp excite coils, test through 0,000 Ohms. Other
1
Supply Houses ask Six Dollars for this
Machine alone. Just the thing for testing
department or experimental bench. Also
1 —Motor with Pulley.

\ — Relay wound with wire 00 Ohms.
silk 1
2— Miniature Incandescent Lamps. J* $$-
2 — Miniature Sockets Lamps.

for
1 Box Swedish Iron Filings
1 — Laboratory Test Lamp and Socket. 1— Permanent Magnet.
1 — 200 page Compend of Electricity. 1— Electric Bell.
1 — 250 page Electrical Dictionary. 1— Coil Wire. 1— Switch.
4 Pair— Electric Magnets (all different). 1— Push Button.
1—Solenoid Magnet ( J lb.) 1
SPECIAL— Genuine Swedish Iron Filings 25c per box prepaid.

Generators alone $3.
597
Western
So.
Electric
Washtenaw Atfenue,
Salvage Co,
CHICAGO, ILL.
&
For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing Advertisers.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
We Want You can save

To Tell You
not only the dealer's profits but bis excessive charges
How We Put
Every Cent
for installation and repairs by dealing direct with the manufacturers.
You can keep in your own pocket at least one-third the retail price of of the Dealers
a heating plant. Let us tell you all about the
Profits Jnto Your
Do
>
Jahant ££ u Furnace Pocket
Only S10 down and $10 peP month, with freight prepaid east of the Mississippi River.
I ierfal furnace has proTen its superiority a Hove all others duxin? the last years. It is without d: 30
S from >g to J4 in fuel bUls. because the patented ""; .--s hard
.-
nkcn giving full heating value of e*ei - part deoffneL Weeds less ittra
.
i:i: sir :r.:: -.:i v z ever sv ? Guaranty Bond"* got i with every Jahant." which allows f v. a
'
. 3©0 days
free use of the furnace, risk, as we supply special plans, full directions and give free all neces-
sary tools, -."-.it a-v
=
-
1 drive a n ail can successfully install a Jahant.
»r n? yon are considering, let us tell you more about the many conveniences
~.r : 5 "r. ri'.t'.. .- r = - .. .. : : :ar_
Write today for our book.

The Jahant Heating Co., 200 Mill St. Akron, Ohio.
come to trie bnal summing 7. — : -::-:::. — you win duv

PEACEMAKER ELECTRIC IRONS
EVERT POINT COTEEED
1 -t - are built to meet this decisive moment, and win.
TTE CAS SHOTT YOTT
A thirty days' trial will tell you all. save
the life of the iron.
We have sold thousands of Peacemaker Ir*»s which
have been in continuous nse—nine hours per day-
more than two years, without the necessity of re-
pairs, and are still in service.
will ship you. charg-es prepaid, any Peacemaker
Iron weighing under 8 lbs- for $4.00.
If you are not satisfied after 30 days, return the
iron at our expense, and your money will be re-
funded or the charge? cancelled-
ST. LOUIS ELECTRIC HEATINC CO.

ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI C arN< :
Will You Accep t Thi«

A "SANITARY"
Water Supply System
Business Book if We
"ITS AUTOMATIC" Send it Free?
Water under pressure marks
the greatest difference between Sign and mail the coupon below. Send no money!
the city and the
residence fake no ris
One hundred and twelve the world's master business
of
country or suburban home.
Our "Sanitary" Water Sys-
men have written ten books
secrets, ideas, methods. In
— 2.079 pages —
1.497 vital
them is the best of all that they
tem will furnish ample know about
—
-
Salesmanship — • on-Getting
—Credits — n-Holding
— —
WATER UNDER ê:r:-=
-
-
—
. rr—
g
;: :.
Plans
tr.:e
—
—
Man-Handling
Man-Training
— :eping —
PRESSURE — — —Competition Fi|
ess Generalship
for all purposes at a

— Retailing —
Methods
rtC rand tndn ondre
Is an 1 hun-
for e- dreds of other vital busi-
very small first — - - line ind ::: nunc :.: -rrr 51ll JBCtS.
-•vord booklet has been published describing, explaining, picturing
cost and an ex- the work. Pages 2 and 3 tell about managingbusinessesgreatand^mall; pages
al with credits, collections and with rock-bottom purcrasi:
tremely low cos 6 and 7 with handling and training men ; pages 7 to 12 with salesmanship: with
rketing of goods through salesmen, dealers and by
of running. mail; pages 12 to 15 with the great pr : market -
—
price for your services no matter what your line; and the last page tells how
you may get a complete set— bound in handsome half morocco, c.
They are op- colors— for less than your daily smoke or shave, almost as little as your daily
erated by newspaper.
WtU you rtad the hook if ir* $*nrt it freet
gas engine - 1 i no money. Simply sign the coupon.
or electric motor. -The System Co., 151-153 Wabash Ave.. Chicago-
Catalogue free. in your books, any new ways to increase my t
re,
If roar plumber can't sapptr yon, write and give us joo* Bane.
y salary. should like to know them. So send on your 16-page tree
I
tscriptive booklet. 1*11 read it
THE SANITARY PUMP COMPANY
17 So. Car.al St.. Dayton. 0.
Name —
42 Broadway. New York City, If. Y Address
58 Dearborn St.. Chicago. I1L
507 Main St, St. Louis, Mo.
Position
For our.Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Increase Your
Honk 300
The Wordingham Foot Horn is the
very latest departure in Auto Sig-
nals and can be operated by the
heel or toe of the driver independent
of the engine, leaving both hands
Use It with the Regulation Auto-Horn free.
Not being operated by the engine exhaust
the metal not corroded by gas and the
is
time and expense of installation is insig-

nificant.
An air dash pot, all brass, with a capacity
of 27 cubic inches, which is dust, water
and frost proof. Attached underneath the
foot-board; requires but five square inches.
There are three distinct types:
(1) —
It may be applied to the ordinary
auto horn with the usual flexible tube, no
Or Apply the Beautiful Two-Toned Whistle more bulbs to crack, leak and tear, or be
at the mercy of the mischievous boy.
Price $7.50.
(2) — Or itfurnished complete with a
is
beautiful two-toned whistle. Price $9.00.

(3) —For those who desire a noise never
before produced the unchokeable reed
horn is supplied. It will wake the dead.
Price $10.00.
These advantages of indestructibility, sim-
plicity, tone variety and foot operation
can be secured at a cost less than that of
Or if Tou Want the Most Unearthly Noise the ordinary horn. Let us send you full
This Is It particulars. Sent prepaid upon the re-
ceipt of price or express C. O. D.
We also want a few first class rated agencies.
WORDINGHAM FOOT HORN CO.

209 Grand Avenue Milwaukee, Wis.
For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing: to Advertisers.
POPULARÊLECTRICITY
VITAL POWER You get the enjoyment out of Life

< that nature intended you should
have, if health prevails.
The Swedish Electric

Vibrator
'Will cultivate your system up to the top notch stand-
ard; it CURE nearly every ailment;
will it will give
you VITAL POWER; it will throb and thrill you
into a tireless human engine with POWER to think
TWICE AS CLEARLY and DO twice as MUCH.
When you come from a hard day's work, it will
in
SOOTHE, REST and REVITALIZE you from
head to foot; it will cause your blood to go LEAP-
Swedish Electric Vibrator ING and BOUNDING through your veins and
No. 5 cause the flow of nerve fluids to saturate
arteries;
Operates on any electric light current, anywhere, direct You can actuary feel disease
the innermost nerve.
or alternating.
The only massage Vibrator that gives the TRUE and weakness being driven from you and NEW •
Swedish rotary movement, fast, medium or slow. Noise-

less in its operation, mechanically perfect and with ordi-
LIFE and power being generated.
nary care will last a lifetime. The 50,000 penetrating, revitalizing strokes per
minute convey to the flesh a very peculiar vibration,
$ 25 oo unlike any sensation you ever realized. It SETS
LOOSE in the blood and lymphatic vessels all stray
and impure matter that CLOG UP the capillaries. These im-
purities are poisoning and weaking your system and need only to
be RATTLED LOOSE, combined with blood" so that it can
and will be TAKEN OUT OF THE BODY through the
excretory organs.
It takes a big, illustrated book, with charts and diagrams
and instructions in PLAIN ENGLISH to SHOW and TELL
HOW OUR VIBRATOR cure any ailment, correct any
will
physical condition. We will send it to you FREE. Our Great
Expert will write you a special letter of advice on male or ANY
female disorder, disease, or condition, FREE of charge, if you
will write us a history of YOUR or YOUR FRIEND'S case.
Don't neglect to write us today.
Our Vibrator runs with batteries or any electric light cur-
rent; works in the farm home as well as where they have electric
lights, comes in an elegant, portable case, including six cells of Swedish Electric Vibrator
powerful electric batteries, and all the different applicators. No. 2
Full and complete instructions accompany each outfit. So Operated by its own powerful dry bat-
, i
simple, a child
pi
-u can safely •, tV i .
operate it. Electric shock u i

absolutely
'•
i i 4. i
ter,es ' equally as effective as the IN
5, but for the use of those not having
impossible. Write now for the big. FREE book. We pay ail access to the electric light current.
express charges on Vibrators.

$15.22
Swedish Electric Vibrator Company
611-621 Farragut Avenue CHICAGO, ILL.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
THE
GERNSBACK
ELECTROLYTIC
Washday INTERRUPTER
Bugaboo Banished has been declared to be the
most efficient interrupter of
modern times. This inter-
Simply turn on the power and forget that the rupter has been described in
wash being done. All the nerve-racking,
"is the August issue of Popular
muscle-straining, back-breaking, day-long toil Electricity, page 245, where
of weekly washdays gone forever. particulars may
be found.
Figure No. 2 shows spark
obtained of a 2" coil on a 6
T1
makes
»ELMOwSr
this seeming fairy tale possible — a new
volt battery.
rupter. A
Figure No. 3
of the same coil on 110 volts
with the Gernsback inter-
FLAME
one
ideawasher that beats all other washers in every quarter inch thick is obtained
single detail that makes a washer worth having. such as you never saw before.
Efficiency of coilis increased
Mechanical perfection is attained by strength-
ening the weak points of ordinary washers and fully 500%. No resistance
improving the best features. The "back gear" necessary, hook up the inter-
driving principle is a marvel of ingenuity and rupter in series with the coil
runs on less power with greater rapidity than any and 110 volts for operation.
other washing mechanism. When your neighbors are doing Coils from \" up to 12"
their washing your clothes will be spark length are used suc-
on the line and you will be ready cessfully with the new inter-
for callers. rupter. Price complete $2.50.
The Elmo has the only reverse wring- Send two cent stamp for our
er ever put on any washing machine.
wonderful 120 page electrical
How a Penny Pays for cyclopedia containing im-
mense quantit y o f informa-
II costson,y a -ent
the Wash an hour to run The tion especially WIRELESS.
Elmo Power Washer. We tell you
the whole story in a neat book.
May wesendit to you? Your name ELECTRO IMPORTING CO.
and address bring it. Write today.
86B W. Broadway, N. Y.
THOMPSON BROS. CO.,
Dept. 66 Grinnell, la.
FIG. 3 Everything for the Experimenter"
Until You Investigate the
Don't Buy Gasoline "Master Workman'

a two-cylinder gasoline, kerosene or alcohol engine, superior to
any one-cylinder engine; revolutionizing power. Its weight and
bulk are half that of single cylinder engines, with greater dura-
Engines —
bility. Costs less to Buy Less to Run. Quickly, easily started.
Vibration practically overcome. Cheaply mounted on any wagon.
It is a combination portable, stationary or traction engine.
THE TEMPLE PUMP COMPANY, MFRS.

Send for Catalogue Meagher and 15th Sts. Chicago This is Our 56th Year
New Vest Pocket Flashlight with a

jff£ Tungsten Lamp and Refillabie or
,Mr Dry Battery, only 75c, postpaid,
"^S" or with 2 extra batteries, $1.00.
Net Catalog full of bargains for stamp. Discount to Dealers.
ELECTRIC NOVELTY CO., Mfrs. and Imp.
246 3rd Avenue, Pittsburg, Pa.
Attention Wireless Operators

HIGH GRADE RECEIVING SET, including the celebrated Fcrron
ELECTRIC MOTOR Detector, with a Proven Range of MOO miles— for only $12.75.
— Sent prepaid to any address for 35c —

Fully tw/ice the ranse of any other set for the price.
for our NEW
of wireless instruments alone.
J. J. DUCK, 428 St. Clair Street.
Send So- stamp
BIG CATALOG of ANYTHING ELEC CRICAL. 85 pages
TOLEDO. OHIO
Empire Elec. Works, 1 1 74 Bridgeport, Conn.
1
—""
GOLD
Wfcl* TEETH-""-
I1a I I Odd finished shell
AGENTS PORTRAITS 35c, FRAMES

15c,
sheet pictures lc, stereoscopes 25c.
views lc. 10 days credit. Samples and Catalog Free.
that any ones tooth. Easily adjusted: removed at
fits
will. Looks lik« regular dentists' work. Fools them
all. Over two million sold. Everybody wants a gMd tooth.
Price 10 cents each. 4 for 2& cents. IS foi
Consolidated Portrait Co., 290. 110 W. Adams St., Chicago MOHLER'S SUPPLY HOUSE. Kewanee. 111.
—
POPULART ELECTRICITY
No. 602 Wireless Apparatus

No. 2 RECEIVING SET
"ULERY" $8
Pocket Knife Tool Kit Without
Receivers
foray one has use Knife, for a
Reamer, File, Saw, Chisel
or Screw Driver. This out-
fit is practical, yet so small, be-
ing in a Leather
contained
Pocket Book 4^x31 inches,
is, by carrying it in youi pocket, i
to 300 meters— Latest
always at hand for immediate i e detector condense r
Mounted on mahogany base.
use, whether Camping, Boat-
ing, Teaming, Driving, in Double Head
the Shop, Factory, Office,
Store, "Warehouse, Auto-
Receivers
mobile, on the Farm, Bi- Style AM
cycle, or around the Home. 200 Ohm - - - $4.50
iooo Ohm - - - 5.50
Any Tool firmly attached or iôo Ohm - - - 6 5J
detached to the Pocket Knife 2000 Ohm - - - 7.51
3000 Ohm - 8.50
d&> in a second. - -
Postpaid
Sent postpaid on receipt of price $2.25 This apparatus is of the
highest quality and is guar-
Use it five days and ifnot satisfactory return it and anteed by us to be perfect
we vv/7/ refund your money in every respect.
U. J. ULERY CO. Wm. J. Murdock & Co.

25 X Warren Street New York, N. Y. 50 Carter Street CHELSEA, MASS.
XX
A School Within Itself There are chapters in all, XIX
fundamental principles of electricity on through the various
branches to a point where the careful student comprehends the
complete designing, care and operation of a dynamo or motor, and I chapter on electric
carrying you from the
automobiles, outlining their construction, care and operadon, and all about storage
batteries and how to handle them. Each subject is carefully written and to the point.
After a student studies a subject, he is questioned on that subject in such a manner as to
bring clearly to his mind the points he needs to know regarding same. A DICTIONARY
in back of book will enable him to learn the meaning of any electrical word term or
phrase used in this book, as well as hundreds of others in common use. All required
tables necessary in the study are in it.
TABLE OF SUBJECTS:
Chapter Chapter
I —
Wiring. XII—Armature Reaction.
—Electric Batteries, Electro Plating.
II XIII—Sparking.
Ill — Magnetism. —
XIV Winding of Dynamos and Motors.
IV— The Magnetic Circuit XY—Proper Method of Connecting
V — Magnetic Traction. Dynamos and Motors Self —
VI — Magnetic Leakage. Excitation.
\ — Energy in Electric
"II Circuit. XII — Diseases of Dynamos and Motors,
\ III — Calculation of Size of Wire for Mag-
netizing Coils.
their symptoms and how to
Cure Them.
IX — Calculation of EMF's in' Electric X\7I —Arc and Incandescent Lamps.
Machines. XYIII —Measuring Instruments.
X— Counter EMF. XIX — Alternating Current.
—
Hysteresis and Eddy Currents.
XI XX —Automobiles.
A Dictionary of over 1500 Electrical Word Terms and Phrases, giving a brief meaniner
,
which are in common

of all
$2.00 PER COPY-FIFTH EDITION— 24.000 COPIES SOLD
The offer we make of refunding money if book is not satisfactory upon examination is AS UNUSUAL ONT in connection with the
sale of a book. But we have no fear of its return. Your decision will be what thousands of others have been. Money would not buy it
i' it could not be duplicated. We could print testimonials by the hundreds. It is best to order and be your own judg-e of its merits.
CLEVELAND ARMATURE WORKS, Cleveland, Ohio *S^^^T£tmE3™
ILLUSTRATING
Law— Pharmacy —Cartooning — Short hand— Bookkeeping — Horsing — Journalism — Telegraphy — Penmanship
Taught by mail and in our resident schools. Founded 1850. Income increased while learning. Graduates
everywhere. Write for our free booklet tells — all. State course desired.
NATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS 42 N. Penn'a St, Indianapolis, U. S. A.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
For AUTOMCBILISTS
"YEMCO" QUICK SET BALL-BEARING WRENCH KflKft,
operated with
Easily
ONE HAND.
Strongest and best
to tb %M -Mty^p
Automatic Wrench on
the market.
Made from best steel
dro p f orgi — hard
ngs -
ended and tempered.
How works: — Press
it _-
button as and
illustrated
jaw will slide to nut to be
gripped —holding to that
point until released. Quick Set
From your dealer or
mailed postpaid forSl.
SMITH & HEV1EN WAY CO., 108-110 Duane St., New York City
LOFTiS SYSTEM
PS
DIAMON SS_CRE1 SNATCHES
YOU CAN EASILY OWN A DIAMOND OR WATCH, orpresent one an a gift to some loved one. Send for oar beautiful descriptive
catalog. Whatever you select therefrom we send on approval. If you like pay one-fifth on delivery, It. balance In 8 equal
monthly payments. Your credit la good. Our prices the lowest. As a good investment nothing is safer than a Din.
THE OLD RELIABLE ORIGINAL DIAMOND mond. It Increases in value 10 to 20% annually. Write today for our
I
AND WATCH CREDIT HOUSE, (descriptive catalogue, containing 1,500 Illustrations, it Is free,
I OH OS. * CO* Dep U K685 • 98 to 98 State St., Chicago. BUL—Branch Stores Pittsburg, Pa., and
: St. Louis. Mo. | Do it note.
Salesmen Wanted ROTARY CYLINDER

Hundreds of good positions open. Traveling
Salesmen earn more money than any class or
PRINTING PRESS
men in the world. Over 600,000 employ- PKICE
ed in the United States and Canada,
and the demand for good salesmen al-
ways exceeds the supply. Marshal Field,
the most successful merchant in the
$3 to $10
world, commenced his business career
as a salesman. If you earn less than PRINTS CARDS,
850.00 a week, send for our free book,
•'A Knight of the Grip." It will show
LETTERHEADS
yon how to increase your earning capac-
ity from two to ten times above what
PROGRAMS;
vou now earn, regardless of what your
CIRCULARS, BILLS "OF FARE, Etc., Etc.
business may be. Through our Free A practical press (with complete outfit —
type, ink, tweezers,
Employment Bureau we have assist- bronzing puff, roll of paper) in 4 sizes, $3, $5, $7.50 and $10.
ed thousands of men to secure good po-
Hundreds of them who formerly vou can make MOIiey
sitions
earned from
and better salaries.
S40 to 875 per month now earn 1 rom 8100 to
$5UU a BOYS
month and all expenses. Write for full particulars today. It Make money your spare time with this wonderful little press.
in
costs nothing to investigate. Address nearest office. Write today for our Free circular No. 6, which tells all about these
DEPT. 158 NATIONAL SALESMEN'S TRAINING ASSOCIATION, presses.
N°w York. Chicago, Kansas Citv, Minneapolis, San Francisco. L. 31. CARROLL & CO., 160 E. WASHINGTON ST., CHICAGO
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY GET ACQUAINTED

OUR WIRELESSmoney back
COILSare fully guaranteed—
not sntlsfactory. The one and one-quarter
if
with our new course in practical electricity. Issued
in three parts, the three books "COMPLETE CON-
inch spark, $5.00, is equal to, if not better than, any
other coil at the price, but the two inch coil, $7.75, far surpasses
DENSED ELECTRICITY," fully illustrated, in-
cluded.
anything now offered in this line at anywheres near the price. For $4.00 we will send you Parfl, complete with book. We do this
These coils are not overrated as to spark length as many other to introduce our system which speaks for itself. We know that when
coils are. The spark is fat and is most efficient for Wireless you "get acquainted" you will want the full course, price $12.00.
work. We will gladly ship C.O.D. if desired. Send today for Send a postal anyway and learn more about our proposition.
circulars describing these and many other Wireless instruments,
both amateur and professional.
BARNES MANUFACTURING CO.
16 Belmont Street Susquehanna, Penna.
INTERNATIONAL WIRELESS CO., Dept. E., LIMA, OHIO References: First National Bank; City National Bank.
Buys This
The Barnes Variable
Speed Alternating
2.90 Artistic Lamp
Made of Mission Weathered Oak.
and Direct Current hand rubbed, wax finished — 84 in.
high, with handsome four-panel
Motor Art glass Shade of green and white. 15 in.
1-12 and 1-8 H. P. square, 7 in. deep. Sent complete, ready for
use, for either
The only high speed,
single phase, alternating Gas, Oil or Electricity
motor that absolutely lamp Is a lasting ornament, makes hone
u ill not heat. Respon- more homelike. Inviting rest and
sible agents wanted. meditation. Order today for your
library or sitting room. Fu ly
our special low
Barnes Mfg. Co. guaranteed at
price, $8.90. Address
Susquehanna, Pa. L. w. Gi'lespie. Dept. 8F. Marion. Ind.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
TEN THOUSAND TELEGRAPHERS WANTED
bv railroads, commercial companies and Wireless Companies. Only schools in America teaching
We
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY
operate fifteen Wireless Stations. Main Line R. R. Wires in each of our Institutes.
Supervised by R. R. Officials. Write for prospectus.
NATIONAL TELEGRAPH INSTITUTE
CINCINNATI, OHIO PHILADELPHIA, PA. MEMPHIS, TENN. DAVENPORT, IOWA PORTLAND, ORE. COLUMBIA, S. C.
10 DAYS FREE TRIAL

We Ship on approval, without a cent
deposit, freight prepaid. DOJJ'T 4-in-l Volt-Ammeter
PAY A CENT if you are not satisfied
Bfter using the bicycle 10 days.
Measures high and low volts,
DO HOT BUYoât °mr aanK amperes and resistances. It's
at any price until you receive our latest
art catalogs illustrating every kind of accurate, compact, inexpensive.
bicycle, and have learned our unheard of
prices and marvelous new offers.
Send for complete catalog
nilC PENT is a11 >* wil1 cost you to No. 14 of portable and switch-
Utlk Utn I writ* a postal and every-
board voltmeters and ammeters.
thing will be sent you free postpaid by
return mail. You will get much valuable in-
formation. Do not wait.writeitnow. ~L. M. PIGNOLET
TIKES, Coaster-Brakes, Built-
up-Wheels and sundries at half usual prices.
MEAD CYCLE CO. Oept. P25i CHICAGO
all
78 Cortlandt St., New York
A GENUINE 21 JEWELED,
$50.00 GOLD WATCH GOVERNMENT POSITIONS
$3.75buys an elegantly engraved Double Hunting
Case Watch fined with ar. accurate Stem Wind A Civil Service Manual by Ewart. Field and
ana Set. high grade Rlby Jeweled movement. Morrison prepares for the examinations.
Guaranteed for 25 Years Adopted by over 500 Business Colleges, Y. M.
and a handsome Gold" watch chain and charm. C. A.'s, and Public Evening Schools.
Send us this ad and write if you want Ladies or
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lor Free Examination & afteT you examine the
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it is equal to a 21 jeweled 550.00 Gold Watch, pay
S3.7S and express charges and they are yours

GREAT WESTERN WATCH THE HOME CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL
CO. Dept. 129, Springfield, Mass.
Dept.3 3 KEWANEE. ILL.
Don't Buy Wireless Goods HI 59c. DOORBELL OUTFIT

consisting of iron box bell, dry battery, cherry or walnut wood
GET A CATalog from any wireless firm. push button, 50 ft. wire, stapies, etc., all ready to install, only
GET A BULLetin from us, compare prices, 5qc, not mailable. Without dry battery 46c, by mail 20c.
Send stamp for catalog of electric novelties. Mention Popu-
considering the QUALITY. Then send us lar Electricity.
your order. Bulletin for 2c. stamp.
CHICAGO WIRELESS SUPPLY CO. Trembly Electric Co.
52c Auditorium Office Did*.. - - - CHICAGO, ILL. Centerville
TELEGRAPHY
WIRELESS
The Electro-Lytic Detector is the most sensitive re-
The Omnigraph Automatic Trasmitter com-
bined with standard key and sounder. Sends
sponder invented. We can prove this statement by refer- you telegraph messages at any speed.
ring' to Electrical Magazines and Text Books.
Commercial and Government stations 2C0 miles 5 Styles, $2 up. Circular
away can be heard very distinctly when our free.
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ments costing a mere trifle.
Send 2c stamp for our catalogue.
OMNIGRAPH
ETHERIC ELECTRIC CO. MFG. CO.
71 Barclay Street New York City
39 H. Cortlandt St., New York
Learn Telegraphy W. H. CRUMB & COMPANY

At My Practical scnooi
Contractors
lOnly school graduating full-fledged operators. Estab- Engineers
lished 1874. Housed in its own large, modern build-
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.
Telephone Engineering and Construction Plans,

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Specifications and Estimates Promptly
I
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'
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or Wireless. Catalog Free. GEO. 31. DODflK, Chicago,
r
i
Pres. , Dodge's Institute, 21st St. , Valparaiso. Ind.

1126 Commercial Nat'l Bank Bldg. III.
ELECTRIC MOTORS
"Wireless Experimenters Attention" POLISHING LATHES
Commercial Tuning Coils for S3. 50 and S4.00. Sliders ball-
bearing type each 25c, and rods 12 inches long for same 30c
Copper pyrites and zincite for Peri-
ROTH
—__ FORGE BLOWERS
SPECIAL MACHINERY
and 35c, all nickel plated.
con detector 50c per set. Spools containing from 2000-3000
ohms G. S. S. S. No. 38, at 25c per spool.
Si .00, Silicon detector Si. 00 and $2.00.
Electrolytic detector
Parts for all instru-
ROTH BROS. & CO.
ments sold separate. Enclose two-cent stamp for our catalogue. 419 W. Adams St.
THE I. W. T. WIRELESS, 728P B'DWAY, BROOKLYN. N. Y.
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TECHNICAL WORLD MAGAZINE
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<g A A A
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NEW PEERLESS 12-INCH GLOBE 9 O.VU

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New Peerless 12-inch Globe

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ball, or globe proper,
is high-grade varnish and is,
finished with
therefore, impervious to water. It can be
kept bright by an occasional wiping with

a damp cloth.
TIME DISC By means — of a time disc at

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may be instantly approximated by noting the
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ico is the Analemma representing a figure A
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the months, in turn, into days, and //
Heighth 20 A shows just where the direct rays /^ Pop.
^^
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Inches.
of
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year.
the sun strike the
day in the
earth for
/ ^
//
Ar
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ORDER
Elect.
blank
// Technical
NOTE. The globe weighs eight pounds when packed // WorId Magazine
ready for shipment. The subscriber must pay the
freight or express charges when delivery is made.
/f
ed
//
J/ ^ Chicago,
Ll me^
Technical World Magazine
u s. a.
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MOTORCYCLE SUPREME.
country roads is the latest record for &%#/• the
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AURORA AUTOMATIC MACHINERY COMPANY
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^
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H K. Electric
Aerial Swings
Operate from Dry Batteries
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{log This Wash Day

is
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1 50,000 People-
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The development of this marvelous force together with

the great strides made in the manufacture of electrical
accessories used in the home, in the office, in the factory and

on the farm, has made it vitally important that the manu-
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It is the general opinion that all who have exhibited at

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f~ 1 \ / '///////////A V///////////A v//////////////r m
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C. L. PARKER, Patent Lawyer

Patents, Caveats, Trade Marks, Copyrights, Reports as to Patentability, Validity and Infringement.
Patent Suits Conducted in all States.
REFERENCES : American Tire Co., Automatic Vending Machine Co., Lippincott Pencil Co., International Ore
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Mr. Parker on November 1, 1903, after having been a member of the Examining Corps of the U. S. Patent Office for
over five years resigned his position to take up the practice of patent law.
Address 12 McGILL BUILDING - - D. C. WASHINGTON,
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McMeen & Mille
Kempster B. Miller
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FORTUNES IN PATENTS
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B.S.<feA.B.LACEY,WaBhington,I).C.,Dept52 Est. 1869 WHAT TO INVENT
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regarding prizes offered for inventions, among which is a
PRIZE OF ONE MILLION DOLLARS

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PATFNT^
i h i uii i
^FPIIRFn
o oluu
Inventor's Pocket Companion free.
llLU g en(j description for free opinion as
i
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to patentability. W. N. Roach, Jr.,
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RATHBONE & andPANIGOT
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CO.
Washington & Jefferson Sts., Chicago
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Ring Bells from Light Circuit

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY
A Valuable Work
Bound Volume I
START LI h^
Of the First Twelve Issues of ^£% Watch
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Electricity ûritHlfenlpftel
contains over 800 pages of authentic

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famous eiectric baths and beauty and health massage at
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This book also lists the latest improved Batteries (Prices £1.95
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r ^htest,
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tor
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he "LITTLE GIANT"
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Removes every particle of dust from Books, Pictures, You MUST do better work. Your lack
44
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Send for Literature You've GOT to do better, or out you go.
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SEATTLE OFFICE, 35 ARCADE BUILDING
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By SYDNEY AYLMER-SMALL edge that fits them for their natural line of work.
A complete, practical The proof of this is in the fact that every month
guide for the beginner in an average of 300 I. C. S. students voluntarily
the study of electricity report promotions and better salaries received
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ments, imparting a thor-
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August the number was 246.
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ELECTRICAL RAILROADING
is a book of especial importance at this time. The "electric locomotive is no longer a matter of
speculative theory. It is here Now it is merely a question of gradual development and improve-
!
ment, until, in time, it will displace the steam locomotive. The value of a work of this nature, there-
fore is apparent.
The author. 'Sir. Aylmer-Small, conducted a course of lessons in New York City for Rail-
way Men when they were' confronted with a change from steam to electric operation, and in this
book he has embodied the essential features of that course.
In addition, he leads the reader up through the elementary stages of electricity into the
practical features of the work, explaining each step thoroughly, making clear the laws and princi-
ples involved and describing fully the construction and use of all equipment and apparatus required,
until he has made the reader so familiar with electricity in all its details that he readily compre-
hends how it is applied to railway operation at the present time, and is equipped to put the
knowledge obtained to practical use.
The book will appeal to even.- one desirous of obtaining a broader knowledge of electricity
in one of its most important fields and will prove of particular value to even- railroad man who
is ambitious to keep abreast of his rapidly developing profession, and be prepared for the changes
which are bound to be brought about by the inevitable march of progress. Those who know the
most about electricity will stand the best chance in the next few years.
The book is a library in itself, containing 924 pages, profusely illustrated with more than
500 photographs, line drawings, sketches, diagrams, circuits, etc., besides eight two, three, and
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Not 3 Toy, but a correctly designed Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity

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efficient piece of
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used and endorsed by the Medical Pro- rightup to the minute with reliable information it is the —
fession in the treatment of Constipation, real head of the department because it contains the work
Goitre, Headache, Insomnia, Rheumatism, and knowledge of over thirty practical electrical engineers,
experts and teachers. This work contains a complete
Neuralgia, Obesity, Etc.
record of their experiments, discoveries and observations.
Lateral Stroke —Percussion Stroke Just the information that the head of any electrical de-
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with so-called electric washing machines still ent topics. Hundreds of special photographs, diagrams, sections,
condensed tables and formulas. Page size 7x10 inches. Printed in _
in the experimental stage. large, clear type on special paper ; substantially bound in half red
We have been making an excellent line of

Cylinder Washing Machines ever since 1903. PARTIAL SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS ;
If you buy the

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Telegraphone, etc
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embodies all the essential features cf durabil- With this special offer we will also include as a monthly supple-
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and ser-
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engineers to be the AMERICAN SCHOOLof CORRESPONDENCE

Acme cf Perfection CHICAGO, U. S. A.
and mechanical in-
FREE OFFER COUPON
genuity. American School of Correspondence:
Before buying any Please send me Cyclopedia of Applied Electricity for five days' free
examination. Also T. W. for one year. I will send $2 within five days
washer do not fail to and $2 a month until I have paid $18.60; otherwise I will notify you and
hold the books subject to your order. Title not to pass until fully paid.
send for our illustrated
Catalog A 1 4. Name
PARAGON
MFG. CO.
Address....
Occupation
1909 ^^^*B^T Ashland Ave.
Model W 3619-23
CHICAGO
Employer .
Pop. Elec., 9-09 1
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Z X L. ST z. —S" Z X
H
IF YOU REQUIRE
rJ DRY BATTERIES for WIRELESS
QLOBE RECEIVERS, OPERATING SMALL
Dry MOTORS, TELEPHONES, CALL N
BELLS, ANNUNCIATORS, MEDICAL
Battery BATTERIES, ETC., you should have a
The Globe DryBoHer/i 3 "12 "'
;ia
"y for open circuit*^
copy of our BATTERY CATALOGUE. A
l!n ,
|" dv»Hl3rv e
better results
and W Sent free to all who mention this publica-
"
'T ,r 'han any other Br/B*
1
tion.
MANUFACTURED Bf
NaTI0n We are the largest battery manufacturers in \
!
A l CARBON CO-
CLEVELAND, 0. the World and can meet your requirements in
every particular.
In lots of 12 or more v\
13Jc each NATIONAL CARBON COMPANY
No extra charge for CLEVELAND, OHIO
Fahnestock Clips
LT Z X "Z X Z. X -7_ $
"Something Electrical for Everybody"
|
Electric Drilling MINIATURE BATTERY RHEOSTAT
Suitable for regulating the voltage
Outfits of battery circuits in connection with

miniature lamps, small motors,
Experimentalists, Physicians, sur-
etc.
geons, workers in laboratories, etc.,

will find this very useful and efficient.
Can be attached to PRICE - - 80.50
any lamp socket. A Red Seal Dry Battery

practical electric drill A" 2 Jx6|
'•
S0.20
"B"3 x7| 35
for experimental "C" 3Jx8$ 45
shops, laboratories, EUREKA TELEGRAPH INSTRUMENT
home work shops.and 5 Ohms S 1.15
20 Ohms 1.25
Mesco Jr. Battery Fan Motor 7.50
regular manufactur- Complete with Battery Box, Etc., 10.00
Gem Battery Motors 75
ing plants. Takes a Pony Dynamo, 4 to 10 volts 3.00
Trouble Lamp Outfits 1.25
drill up to 5-1 6ths of Battery Connectors, "Sta-There". .03 . .
Mesco Spark Plugs 50

an inch inclusive. Medical Induction Coils S1.00, 1.25
Electric Window Tappers 1.00
Call Bell Outfits 60
CWhen Bulletin
inquiring for prices refer to
32 A- 1 and state voltage 24E, 184 pages, 1000 illustra-
and whether direct or alternating current.
CATALOGUE tions. Mailed on request.
Catalog of Automobile Accessories now ready
The Holtzer-Cabot Electric Company Manhattan Electrical Supply Co.
Boston (Brookline Station) Mass.
395-397 Dearborn Street, Chicago
NEW YORK CHICAGO
17 Park Place 188 Fifth Ave.
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
"1
rfe
TRAINING
Outweighs Long Service
There is no better proof of this than the everyday scenes of long-service
untrained employees at the beck and call of younger men who occupy the big posi-
tions because of their training. It's a case of Training vs. Long Service with the —
odds all in favor of the trained man.
Get out of the untrained rut. Mark the attached coupon and let the International
Correspondence Schools of Scranton tell
you how you can qualify for a better
rjow you can protect yourself
position.
against servitude in your old age. How SAURY-MSIHG COUPON
you can become an expert at your chosen
line of work. No necessity for leaving INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS
Box 1102 Scranton, Pa.
home. No books to buy. Mark the cou-
,
Please explaiu, without further obligation on my part, how

I can qualify for employment or advancement in the position
pon. It will bring you advice and infor- before which I have marked X
mation worth dollars to you. Marking the Median. Draughtsman
Bookkeeper
coupon puts you to no expense and places Stenographer Telephone Engine?
Advertisement Writer Elec. Lighting Sup
you under no obligation. Mark it NOW. Show Card Writer Mecli. Engineer
Plumber & Steam Fitter
Window Trimmer Stationary Engineer
Commercial Law
HOW THE I.C.S. RAISES SALARIES Illustrator
Civil Engineer
Building Contractor
Civil Service Draughtsman
Architee'l
That
the Business of the I.C.S. is to Raise Chemist Architect
Salaries is shown by the monthly average of 300 Textile Mill Supt. Structural Engineer
Electrician Banking
letters VOLUNTARILY written by students report- Eiec. Engineer Mining Engineer
ing salaries raised and advancement won through
I. C. S. help. During October the number
was 274.
Street and No.
So long as you can read and write there's
an I. C. S. way by which you can succeed in City
life. Let the I. C. S. tell you what it is.
MARK THE COUPON NOW
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
I am King, the Tailor

I tailor clothes to order, dealing di-
Rich, steady tone, true
rectly with the consumer. Yon pay to pitch, assured
no middlemen's profit.My custom-
tailored suits cost you less
then ordi-
nary ready made clothes. I'll make a
snappy, stylish, perfect-fitting suit or Send for unsolicited testi-
overcoat to your measure a better — —
monial letters from t le
looking, better wearing garment than
you can possibly get from your local greatest organists ai.d
dealer or tailor— and save you mon-
ey besides. builders of the United
States and England prais-
This Suit to $1 C ing the

Blowers.
Kinetic Organ
Your Measure ^**

Points of Superiority
a suit that your tailor would ask $30
f> r. I make Suits and Overcoats to
measure for $12.50 to 125.00 and prepay Readily applied to old organs by any
the express. My system of home mechanic
measurement is so easy there is abso-
lutely no chance for mistakes. I take Motors unenclosed, independent of Fan
all the risks. I actually make it easy
for you to order stylish, tailor-made
Û, Shaft
garments by mail at less than ready a Annular Ball Bearings
made prices.
Quiet— Efficient— Reliable
Style Book & Samples FREE Eliminates severe vibration which in-
My Style Book contains samples of [ures delicate parts of organ
the newest weaves and designs for Fall
and Winter, and also fashion plates Not affected by dampness, heat or cold
showing the latest Xew York modes.
FREE—
It is send for it today.
For ten years, in the same location, I have made clothes Send for Booklets and full information
for thousands of satisfied customers: I'll satisfy you, or
refund your money. The Wisconsin National Bank of
Milwaukee, with resources of over $20,000,000, and with whom
I have been doing business for over ten years, will tell you Kinetic Engineering Company
I am responsible.
Let me be your tailor. Write for style book; it is Free. Ealtimore Avenue and 61st Street
King Tailoring Compaouj PHILADELPHIA. PA.
^193-195 West Water Street. Milwaukee, Wis.
:•;
J
MADE IN SIZES TO 99
MEET YOUR "JARVIS
REQUIREMENTS Electrical Driven House
Pumps
Are very highly recommended for use wherever
The Motor can also be
electricity is available.
used to operate the Washing Machine, the
Wringer, the Sewing Machine, the Ice Cream
Freezer, the Food Chopper and numerous other
household duties.
Fully Guaranteed.
Write today for our New Bulletin, Xo. 101.
and obtain our reasonable prices.
\ DVIO
J| J\I\ Vlj,
910 River Street,
LANSING, »MICH.
A New Book on an Important Subject

AT A POPULAR PRICE
PRACTICAL ARMATURE AND MAGNET WINDING
By Henry C. Hortsmann and Victor H. Tcmslcy
isa practical, concise treatise on this important subject. Presents the matter
so simply that it can be readily grasped by those without the benefit of a pre-
vious education along this line.
Explains fully all practical armature windings, with special attention to details. Shows the
student clearly exactly how the work is done. Includes everything necessary to an intelligent
understanding. Omits all useless matter. Gives complete information in detail for designing
an armature. Especially prepared tables reduce to a minimum the number of calculations re-
quired and lessen the chance of error. Replete with numerous working drawings and diagrams.
This book will enable working electricians to increase their earning power and makes successful experi-
ments possible. Invaluable to all as a ready means for the study of the armature or for reference.
-iies -fully illustrated. Handy pocket size. Bound in full Persian Morocco Leather. Price postpaid
FREE POPULAR ELECTRICITY.
for three paid yearly subscriptions to
DON'T FAIL TO GET THIS VALUABLE BOOK
POPULAR ELECTRICITY BOOK DEPT., Monadnock Block, Chicago
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
Your calleron the opposite side of desk can use

the telephone without either of
you getting up
Up and off the desk and out of the way

when not in use
If anyone wishes to use telephone while stana-

ing, you do not have to get up but
simply push it up and over
Permits one to adjust telephone to their position,

not adjust self to position and con-
venience of telephone
Perfectly balanced; can be moved up or down,

sidewayo Of iQC circle with the slightest
touch and will remain in any
— position you put it
The Radio Arm Ideal

Telephone Holder
Never in the way but always ready for instant
Price $3.50
service, sitting or standing in connection T7>th any make of desk
Can be used
Telephone, roll or Aab top desk
The Radio is simplicity and perfection, has fewer parts than any other Telephone Holder, is
better made and finished, meets with instant approval of all who see it Fine enamel and oxidized
copper finish. Agents wanted. Write for terms.
Swedish-American Telephone Co,

CHICAGO
BRANCH KANSAS CITY, MO. 113-115 West 6th Street
POPULAR ELECTRICITY
My Boy!
Here's Your Chance
It's more than a chance you can make it a certainty —
depends entirely upon yourself. It's your opportunity
because it
to rise to one of the countless positions open to the trained man and obtain a
_^
trained man's salary.
The man who sits in his private office and " hires and fires" and lays out your work, was
no more qualified to fill that position a few years ago than you are to-day. He saw his
chance and made the nost of it. He obtained his training and knowledge by study. You
—
can do the same the American School will help you.
FREE INFORMATION COUPON

American School of Correspondence:
__^_^_^_^__
Please send me your free Bulletin of engineering informa-

tion and advise me how can qualify for position marked "X."
.Book-keeper
I
-Draftsman
You don't want to remain in the ' 'time-clock and
dinner-pail" class all your life
just a common job at small pay.
—don't be satisfied with
Show the boys at the
—
shop that you have it in you to advance you owe it to
yourself and to your family.
Don't be afraid to mail the coupon, you won't be
bothered by agents or collectors. Like all strictly edu-
-Stenographer -Architect
cational institutions the American School depends, for
.Accountant -Civil Engineer growth, upon reputation and the success of its students.
.Cost Accountant -Electrical Engineer
-Systematizer -Mechanical Engineer
Don't let a little thing like filling in and mailing a
-Certified Public Acc'nt -Sanitary Engineer coupon stand between you and success, congenial work
.Auditor
.Business Manager
.Steam Engineer and more pay. Accept your chance to-day.
Fire Insurance Engineer
.Commercial Law -College Preparatory WE HELP MEN HELP THEMSELVES
NAME
American School of Correspondence
ADDRESS ....
CHICAGO, U. S. A.
OCCUPATION
Popul.tr Ele< tri, iiv. '••'"'<
*
For our Mutual Advantage mention Popular Electricity when writing
to Advertisers.
*650
/Buys the Material Needed
to Build This Home!
Price Includes Blue Prints; Architect's
Specifications; Full Details; Working
Plans and Itemized List of Material.
OUR HOUSE DESIGN NO. 6

This is our leader, the best seller of any house ever de-
signed anywhere, by anybody, at any price. Why ?
Because it comes nearer to filling the requirements of a
home than any house of its size ever built. It is 23 ft.
wide and 33 ft. 6 in. long, not including the porch. It has
seven rooms, bath, pantry and a large front porch. It is
of handsome appearance and symmetrical proportions.
It is magnificently lighted and perfectly ventilated.
Embodies every modern comfort and convenience. Our
extremely low price makes it the best bargain proposi-
tion on the market. We cannot recommend this design
too highly. Even if you don"t need a home, build this
house for an investment. You can sell it ten times over
before it is finished.
We Save You Big Money on Lumber and Building Material!

The Chicago House Wrecking Co. is the largest concern in the world devoted
to the sale of Lumber, Plumbing, Heating Apparatus
and Building Material direct to the consumer No one else can make you an offer like the one shown above. We propose to
furnish
you everything needed for the construction of th.s building except Plumbing, Heating and Masonry material.
Write for exact details
of what we furnish. It will be in accordance with our specifications, which are
so clear that there will be no possible misunderstanding.
We
How We Operate Free Book of Plans
purchase at Sales, Receivers' Sales
Sheriffs' and Manufac- We publish a handsome, illustrated book containing designsof
turers' Sales, besides owning outright sawmills and lumber yards.
Usually when you purchase your building material for the complete
Cottages, Bungalows, Barns, Houses, etc. We can furnish the
material complete for any of these designs. This book is mailed
home shown above, elsewhere, it will cost you from 50 to 60 per cent free to those who correctly fill in the coupon below. Even if you
more than we ask for it. By our "direct to you" methods we have no immediate intention of building, we advise that you obtain
eliminate several middlemen's profits. We
can prove this to you. a copy of our FREE BOOK OF PLANS. It's a valuable book.
What our Stock Consists of Our Guarantee !

We have everything needed in Building Material for a build- This company has a capital stock and surplus of over
ing of any sort. Lumber, Sash, Doors, Millwork, Structural Iron, $1,000,000.00. We guarantee absolute satisfaction in every detail.
Pipe, Valves and Fittings, Steel and Prepared Roofing. also We If you buy any material from us not as represented, we
will take it
have Machinery, Hardware, Furniture, Household Goods, Office back at our freight expense and return your money.
Fixtures, Wire Fencing— in fact, anything required to build or
We recog-
equip. Everything for the Home, the Office, the Factory or the
nize the virtue of a satisfied customer. We will in every instance
'Make Good." Thousands of satisfied customers prove this. We
Field. Send us your carpenter's or contractor's bill for our low refer you to any bank or banker anywhere. Look us up in the
estimate. We will prove our ability to save you money. WRITE Mercantile Agencies, Ask any Express Company. Write to the
US TODAY, giving a complete list of everything you need. publisher of this publication. Our responsibility is unquestioned.
High Grade Bathroom Outfits! Hot Water Heating Plants!
Strictly new and as We furnish new complete hot water heating
good as anyone sells. outfits at half the usual prices. Our proposi-
We have everything tion includes all necessary plans, specifica-
needed in Plumbing tions, blue prints and detailed instructions;
Material. Our prices so that any ordinary mechanic handy with
mean a saving to you of the use of tools can easily install it.
30 to 60 per cent. We Youcan"t go wrong when you deal
can easily prove it if with us. We stand back of every
youwill gi ve usa chance. sale. You send us today a
Here is an illustration sketch of your building and we
of a bathroom outfit we will make you a proposition ton
are selling at $37,50. furnish you a complete steam or*
Price of this Bathroom Outfit, $37.50 Your plumber would hot water heating outfit.
ask you about $60.00 for We also have hot air furnaces.
this same outfit. This is a positive fact, It's only one of ten Our booklet on heating plants
other complete outfits that we are offering at prices ranging tells every feature of the heating question.
from $25.00 to $100.00. Our catalog describes them in detail. You We can quote radiators & heaters separately.
need the book if you want to keep posted on up-to-date businesi Whether you buy from us or not it is a valu-
methods. Get our prices on Pipe and Fittings. Write us today able book for you to own. Write us today.
Send Us This Coupon Free Publications ! Water Supply Outfits !
Chicago House Wrecking Co,:

Fill in the coupon to the left and we will Modern Air Pressure Water Supply Sys-
send you such literature as best suits your tems at prices ranging from S-tS.OO to £800.00.
needs. AVe publish a 500 page mammoth They are strictly new, tirst-class and com-
I saw this ad. in Popular Electricity catalog fully illustrated, giving our business plete in every detail. It makes no differ-
history and showing all the vast lines of ence whether you live in the country, you
I am interested in _ merchandise that we have for sale. We buy can enjoy every city comfort at littleex-
our goods at Sheriffs', Receivers' and Manu- pense. Why not investigate this? We are
facturers' Sales. Ask for Catalog No. 891 ready to furnish you with all facts free of
Name Our Book on Plumbing and Heating Appara- charge. All material fully guaranteed.
tus contains 150 pages of useful infomation. We also have a complete stock of Pipe.
Our free "Book of Plans" is described Valves and Fittings at -10 to 00 per cent.
elsewhere in this advertisement. saving. Gasoline Engines at low prices.
Co.- -state- Chicago House Wrecking Co., 35th & Iron Sts., Chicago.
—
Clothes Receive Gentler Handling in the
Thor-Electric
Any Than in Other Washer Made.
WHY?
clothes are put in a wooden drum,
The
in water heated in, and by the washer.
This drum revolves a number of times in
one direction, then reverses automatically,
and continues this process until stopped.
The clothes in the drum are carried on a
cleat or shelf —then dropped and the opera-
tion repeats.
All this time the hot suds are pouring

through every mesh. They cannot be
rubbed, squeezed, stretched, pounded,
pulled or abraided in the slightest degree.
The action is simply the gentle one of lift
and drop— lift and drop, while the hot
suds pour through and through the clothes,
until every particle of dirt is loosened. There
are no paddles to stretch or strain them
nothing that can possibly wear the clothes
inany way. As the clothes are constantly
changing their position they cannot become packed in a wad. This is an exclusive feature
of the Thor-Electric.
By attaching the UNIVERSAL ROD (sold only with the Thor) the Thor-Electric can
be made to perform by electricity countless daily household tasks now done by your wife,
housemaid, washwoman, butler or man-of-all-work. Such as:
Washing the Clothes Churning the Butter
Wringing the Clothes Turning the Grindstone
Working the Ironing Machine Freezing the Ice Cream
Working the Food Chopper and Doing Scores of
Sharpening Knives Other Household Duties
Sent on 30 Days* Free Trial.
Write us for free illustrated hook, "Easy Way Wash Day," showing all styles, sizes and
rapacities. Ask for our new easy payment plan.
107 S. Clinton St.

HURLEY MACHINE 71 First St.
CO.
2607 Flatiron Bldg.
CHICAGO SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. NEW YORK

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PRICE 10 CENTS

000 copies have been sold at its

Manufacturers of the Famous "Newgard" Waterproof

Wireless Telegraphy for Amateurs

Direct to the Consumer at Factory Prices

Complete Hot Water or

Kitchen pressure. 30 gal., only «r*««™

STEEL ROOFING B^'VETC GalvaDizedRu,,ber

about 30 days in connection

This roofing will impart no taste to rainwater, and can be

n « r "«" "''i'dlnc Mat-rial In-

HENRY WALTER YOUNG, Editor

Vol. II SEPTEMBER, 1909 No. 5

The Modern and the Ancient ='

The New Tungsten Lamp

for 220 Volts 314

numbers. The date on

WE BACK OUR GUARANTEE WITH A FREE TRIAL UNTIL JAN. 1910 /

Leader BURNS AMY FUEL

PIPES AND REGISTERS EXTRA SEND FOR THESE BOOKLETS

Hess Warming & Ventilating Go*, 9\2 Tacoma Bidg. Chicago

THE AMERICAN WIRELESS INSTITUTE

APPLICATIONS NOW ON FILE FOR 100 EXPERT OPERATORS

Descriptive matter free on request. Address nearest office.

27 WILLIAM STREET UNIVERSITY BUILDING

This Key Chain Free

Send Us This Coupon

squares (in coupon) from what view-point you would be

It Doesn't Make The Dust FLY

ELECTRIC CLEANER COMPANY

For our Mutual Advantage_mentlon Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

ELGIM . ii';J: '"''.."

BIG SPECIAL This Month

Write Today for Our Big Free Watch Catalog

% HARRIS- GO AR CO. 1334 Grand Ave., Kansas City, Mo.

We Sell Millwork Our Stair Department

Old Houses Made New

$60 to $125. You will be surprised at the small cost of Hardwood

World's Largest Building Material Plant

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POPULAR ELECTRICITY PUB. CO. Send me HANDY ELECTRICAL DICTIONARY

Name Name Town.

For our Mutual Advantage^mention Popular Electricity when writing to Advertisers.

Easy to Learn at Home

American Telephone Practice, K. B. Miller

Telephony, A. V. Abbott (6 Vol.)

The new Gen- General Elec-

General Electric Company, De P t. 30 Schenectady, N.Y.

If SO, you will wish to know

Tungsten Miniature Lamps are Used by

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power Sunbeam Tugsten Lamps.

Reduce Your Meter Bills Nearly Two-Thirds