Object 1

hi I'm Lucas on the TOEFL expert at

Magoo's calm and in this video you're
going to get some listening practice
that's just like listening on the real
TOEFL but first let me introduce you to
the listening section so you know what
to expect you're going to see or hear
three recordings this is a full set on
the TOEFL listening but at a real TOEFL
you'll have two sets with six recordings
all together
here in this video we'll do just three
and in that set of three you're going to
hear a conversation between two students
a lecture from a professor and a
classroom discussion with a professor
and students talking together in class
each of those recordings
you should hear only one time do not
stop the video when you're listening do
not rewind and listen again just listen
once and take notes because after every
recording you're going to see questions
five or six multiple-choice questions
meaning a B C or D write your answer as
the question is on the screen similar to
the real test you'll have about 30
seconds per question so we will keep
that question on the screen in the video
for about 30 seconds and in that time
you should write down your answer a B C
or D after looking at your notes from
what you heard before and then you'll
see the next question at the end of all
three recordings with all of their
questions you'll you'll see the answers
so you can grade your answers and find
out which ones you got right and which
ones you got wrong so you can learn from
your mistakes and know how to improve
before test day okay so let's get
started they're going to hear the first
recording next and then it's the first
set of questions and after that the
second recording with the second set of
questions
etc
now listen to a conversation between a
student and a professor
so Aaron in your email you said you
wanted to talk about the exam yeah um
I've just never taken a class with so
many different readings I've managed to
keep up with all the assignments but I'm
not sure how to how do how to review
everything yeah in other classes I've
had there's usually just one book to
review not three different books plus
all those other text excerpts and videos
well developmental psychology is a
little more involved compared to some
other subjects you've looked at the
study guide I assume kind of yes I mean
I haven't gone through the whole thing
yet I'm still just doing the stuff on
the first page you haven't looked at the
second page of the study guide at all
yet no I've barely had time to go back
over the first two readings from the
first page well no wonder you're so
confused about where to start let me
show you a copy of the study guide look
here see what it says at the top of the
page this first page is just a list of
all the texts and videos that'll be on
the test the actual guide is on the
second page see oh wow and it says what
I need to remember from each reading aha
so for example from the intro to
adolescent psychology book
you only need to review the
developmental stages from Chapter two
and it looks like I need to know
everything from the main textbook the
big one right you'll want to review all
the core concepts in the first four
chapters of development through lifespan
well almost all I forgot to mention this
on the study guide but the test won't
really go into Freud stages of
development those are a little outdated
compared to newer research but we're
still going over all of piaces
developmental stages for children right
exactly and notice that you only need to
review about half of the supplemental
readings just the ones that focus on
adult psychological development and the
video on Alzheimer's disease the brain
disorder and elderly people see I marked
it right here
okay I feel like I understand a lot
better now I
I guess I should have looked at the
second page huh
yeah and I actually did mention that in
class you know you really should have
checked with your classmates before
coming to me well I've always studied
alone before I don't think students
should be studying solo in any class
it's always better to study with a
partner or a group it can really help
avoid confusion yeah I've really had
trouble keeping up in class so far I
think I'll join the class study group in
the library tonight yeah please do
your classmates can probably help you
more than I could you know when it comes
to organizing your notes getting
together a good study strategy that sort
of thing
why does the student visit her professor
you
why does the student think review
the test is especially hard in her
psychology class
you
what is the professor's attitude toward
study groups
you
what does the professor imply the
student should do if she has any more
questions about the exam
you
listen again to part of the conversation
then answer the question and notice that
you only need to review about half of
the supplemental readings just the ones
that focus on adult psychological
development and the video on Alzheimer's
disease the brain disorder and elderly
people see I marked it right here why
does the professor say this and the
video on Alzheimer's disease the brain
disorder and elderly people see I marked
it right here
you
listen to part of a lecture in
theology class you'll recall that soil
erosion is a process where soil is worn
away over time we've looked the way the
wind can move soil pull it apart blow it
away now I'm going to tell you about
some of the ways that rainwater can
erode soil remember soil is very loose
gets very soft when it's wet so water
can have a real impact there are a few
different types of soil erosion caused
by rain water behaves a little
differently for each type of erosion and
the effects are different for some
context let's consider bank erosion
first this kind of wearing a way of the
soil happens along the banks of rivers
and streams hence the name the soil
nearest to the water loosens up and
starts to wash away plants growing in
the soil come loose to grass bushes even
trees can eventually fall into running
water if you look at the edge of a river
you can notice this the way that the
land along the river seems to hang out
over the water with the current under
the edge of the land this is because the
soil beneath the bank has been eaten
away the effects of this are pretty
clear I'm sure you can all picture it
well enough the first a significant
stage of rain erosion is a bit harder to
spot we call it sheet erosion this
process happens more slowly
it'll happen on land that sloped slanted
in one direction or another as gravity
pulls rain down a slope the rain grabs
some soil takes it along for the ride
Hills will seem more sandy than level
ground because they've lost some of
their soil to sheet erosion but this
effect happens even on land that's just
a little tilted it just happens more
slowly it can take years to really make
a difference but eventually it really
does very gradually rain will strip away
the soil and pull it to the bottom of
the slope and the higher land will
become sandy plants will start to
struggle and die off
sheet erosion really only happens on
slopes that are smooth so that the
rainwater flows in one big sheet flows
evenly across the whole slope this
doesn't really leave room for that bank
erosion I mentioned earlier it's just an
initial stage but once the slope is a
little more bumpy with uneven soil
erosion will happen less evenly - when
it rains water will naturally flow
through the lowest smoothest path on the
slope it'll flow around the bumps in
other words and form tiny streams I mean
not real streams just little paths of
flowing rainwater these flows are called
rills soil from the higher parts of the
land can get washed into the real a
little but most of the erosion happens
to the soil that's directly in the reels
path this soil gets washed away to lower
ground and the real erosion makes a
sandy path through the surrounding dirt
a path you can see even when it's not
raining rills
can change the shape of an open surface
as the soils pushed forward big lumps of
it can form in the reel and not move all
the way down the slope so the reel will
have new different bumps to flow around
the next time it rains a real can change
its path completely eventually on the
other hand sometimes it doesn't change
all that much just goes along pretty
much the same path every time it rains
reels can get really deep if that
happens widening at the same time via
the bank erosion process I mentioned
earlier they can develop into a more
dramatic groove that's all sand and no
soil kind of looks like a dry riverbed a
big reel like that is called a gully
gully erosion can really mess up a piece
of land pull the soil away from the land
in large strips so that big pieces of
land are no longer plant friendly at all
there are actually more types but it's
these
that will need to understand the process
the progression toward barren land made
when soil is left vulnerable to the
effects of rain farm land between
harvests the forested expanses unless
they're covered and protected the soil
will start moving
what aspect of water erosion does the
lecture focus on
you
according to the lecture what are the
physical effects of bank erosion choose
two answers
you
according to the professor what is the
effect of sheet erosion on plant life
you
what can be inferred about how rills
are formed
you
when does gully erosion happen
you
listen again to part of the lecture then
enter the question Hills will seem more
sandy than level ground because they've
lost some of their soil to sheet erosion
but this effect happens even on land
that's just a little tilted it just
happens more slowly it can take years to
really make a difference but eventually
it really does
what does the professor imply when she
says this it can take years to really
make a difference but eventually it
really does
listen to part of a lecture in a physics
class so we obviously know that gravity
causes things to fall to the ground and
stay there
controls orbits causes the times at
least all the scenes obvious now but for
the longest time rabbity was a mystery
to scientists it took thousands of years
for scientists all around the world to
work out how the different effects are
connected how this invisible force does
its thing Susie you have a question well
yeah I mean thousands of years
I thought Newton didn't discover gravity
until like the 1700s
that's less than a thousand years ago
oh um 1600s actually but I'm glad you
brought him up Newton is important he's
kind of the opposite of the first
gravity scientist though Newton actually
finalized much of what we know about
gravity what it actually does a lot of
scientists looked at gravity before he
did there were the ancients like
Aristotle the ancient Greek philosopher
he believed every object had its own
gravity and this is why a feather would
fall slower than a stone Aristotle would
say it had less gravity inside it less
than the rock did Roger it looks like
you have something to say
didn't Aristotle also think that some
things fell up I mean instead of falling
down
that's a very good point Roger yes well
it's a very confusing idea Aristotle had
he believed that the gravity and things
didn't just determine how fast they fell
but what direction they fell in so to
Aristotle the earth was the center of
the universe and he believed most things
in the universe had a gravity that
naturally pulled them to the center to
the the ground but Aristotle also
believed that certain other things had
different natural places for example
fire Aristotle thought that flames
pointed upward because the natural place
for a flame was up in the air above the
earth but below the moon is that what
you are getting at Roger yeah I guess I
just thought Aristotle thought flames
kept going up and up and up no Aristotle
thought the flames would stop at some
point at their natural place in the sky
but I can understand how you'd be
confused Aristotle's ideas seemed odd to
us today now there was another early
scientist whose ideas on gravity may
seem more familiar an ancient Indian
thinker from the 500s Brahma Gupta that
was his name he believed that the earth
was basically a giant ball that was full
of gravity and pulled things down to it
so a round earth with its own
gravitational pull just like we believed
today now yes Susy sorry I I'm confused
again I thought nobody knew the earth
was round until people sailed all the
way around the world in in like the 14
or 15 hundreds how did Brahma Gupta
figure out the world was round
well actually Susie the theory the world
is round is a very old one in fact it
was during Aristotle's life that some of
his fellow Greek scientists realized the
earth had to be round in many ways this
idea of a round earth was the first step
toward our modern understanding of
gravity
and Brahma Gupta took that as step
further realizing there was gravity
within the sphere of the earth now
Aristotle was right - in a sense things
can fall at different speeds but that's
because of differences in air resistance
the atmosphere for counteracting gravity
when it hits things that are not so
compact not not dense aristotle rama
gupta other ancient thinkers were
missing an important theory well a fact
I'm talking about heliocentrism the idea
the earth isn't the center of the
universe that it revolves around the Sun
that idea became popular much later in
the 1500s does anyone know who
Copernicus is Roger he said the earth
revolved around the Sun but didn't he
get in trouble for that then the church
make him stop saying it well he wasn't
punished but he did get a lot of grief
from religious leaders at the time the
idea certainly wasn't traditional but
other scientists and the public they
embraced his ideas about planetary
orbits this new scientific attention to
orbits set the stage for Newton to
realize that gravity made things fall to
the earth but they also made the moon
circle the Earth and then Newton figured
out what we all know now larger objects
have gravitational power over smaller
ones what aspect of gravitational
science is the lecture mainly about
you
according to the professor what two
important things did the Indian Science
Brahma Gupta realize about the earth
you
how did Copernicus's study of planetary
orbits help scientists understand
gravity
you
listen again to part of the lecture then
answer the question yeah I guess I just
thought Aristotle thought flames kept
going up and up and up no Aristotle
thought the flames would stop at some
point at their natural place in the sky
but I can understand how you'd be
confused Aristotle's ideas seem odd to
us today why does the professor say this
Aristotle's ideas seem odd to us today
you
listen again to part of the lecture then
answer the question in fact it was
during Aristotle's life that some of his
fellow Greek scientists realized the
earth had to be round in many ways this
idea of a round earth was the first step
toward our modern understanding of
gravity what does the professor imply
when he says this in fact it was during
Aristotle's life that some of his fellow
Greek scientists realized the earth had
to be round
you
match each gravitational theory below to
the scientist who held the theory
you
for answers explanations and help
scoring go to TOEFL Mukesh calm /youtube
listening answers you're done good job
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come to Mukesh come we have many more
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enjoyed this happy studying