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Introduction To Computer Engineering

The document is an introduction to computer engineering that discusses representing and processing data, the main components of a computer and their functions, operating systems and Linux installation, computer networks and TCP/IP protocols, and principles of programming. It provides information on binary arithmetic, logical operators, the input, output, memory, control and arithmetic/logic units, and features of operating systems including file systems, memory management, and error detection. The document also briefly explains concurrency versus parallelism, network protocols, and provides examples of coding tasks in C including displaying messages, calculating averages, and generating a grading results card.

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Naveed Akhtar Baloch
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492 views

Introduction To Computer Engineering

The document is an introduction to computer engineering that discusses representing and processing data, the main components of a computer and their functions, operating systems and Linux installation, computer networks and TCP/IP protocols, and principles of programming. It provides information on binary arithmetic, logical operators, the input, output, memory, control and arithmetic/logic units, and features of operating systems including file systems, memory management, and error detection. The document also briefly explains concurrency versus parallelism, network protocols, and provides examples of coding tasks in C including displaying messages, calculating averages, and generating a grading results card.

Uploaded by

Naveed Akhtar Baloch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computer Engineering

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University Name
1. Represent data and perform binary arithmetic and logical operations used within digital
computers.

• Computers are divided into three categories based on their usefulness, size, and purpose.
• Computers may be analogue, digital, or hybrid, depending on their functionality.
• Analog computers process continuous data while digital computers process discrete data.
On the other hand, hybrid processors can process both discrete and continuous data.
Binary arithmetic:

• There are only two digits 0 and 1 in the binary system and these two digits are capable of
representing any number.
• The operations of binary addition, binary subtraction, binary multiplication, and binary
division are referred to as binary arithmetic.
• Binary arithmetic begins with the least important bit, i.e. the rightmost side. In the following
article, we will go over the various operations one by one.
Addition:
0+0=0
1+0=1
1+1=0(carry 1 to the next significant bit)

Subtraction:
1-1=0
1-0=1
1-1=0
Multiplication:
1*1=1
1*0=0
Division: quotient and reminder
Logical Operator:
A logical operator is a symbol or word used to connect two or more words, so the composite
expression value generated only depends on the original phrase and the operator's significance.
[1] [1] [1] AND, OR and NOT are common logical operators.

Language AND OR Not


C++ && || !
Python And OR Not
Java && || !
JavaScript && || !
c && || !

2. Describe the main components of a computer and explain their functions

Main Component of computer:


✓ Input Unit
✓ Output Unit
✓ Memory Unit
✓ Control unit
✓ Athematic and logical unit
Input unit: A computer responds only when the device receives a command. You can use the
feedback unit or the input devices for these instructions.
Output Unit: When a computer is commanded for a task, it returns to the action carried out
and gets us a result. The output is this outcome.
Memory unit: The data entered is automatically stored on the central processer's memory unit
when we use an input device input to the computer (CPU).
Control Unit: This is the core unit which administers the computer device's entire operation.
The computer system is one of the most fundamental components.
Athematic and Logic Unit: As the name implies, the arithmetic unit of the CPU carries out all
the mathematical calculations or arithmetical operations.
3. Describe the purpose and basic features of operating systems, install and use a Linux operating
system.
✓ Protected and supervisor modes are available.
✓ Disk access and file systems are supported. Drivers for devices Security and Networking.
✓ Execution of the programmed
✓ Memory administration the term "virtual memory" refers to Performing several tasks at
the same time.
✓ I/O operations are handled.
✓ File system manipulation is a term used to describe the act of manipulating a
computer's file system.
✓ Error detection and correction.
✓ Allocation of resources
4. Explain and apply the basics of computer networks and TCP/IP protocols.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a communications protocol that allows
application programmers and computing devices to exchange messages over a network
The Internet Protocol (IP) is a way of transmitting data from one device to another over the
internet. Every device has an IP address, which uniquely identifies it and allows it to
communicate and exchange data with other internet-connected devices.
5. Principal of Programming.
✓ Write DRY Code.
✓ Open/Closed.
✓ Single Responsibility.
✓ Separation of Concerns.
✓ Composition Over Inheritance.
Task No#1

a) Cost of Hardware:

The following are the current computer hardware platform trends:

• Digital platforms for mobile devices.


• Please bring your own gadgets.
• Computing at the quantum level.
• Virtualization is a term that refers to the process of
• The use of the cloud.
• Computing that is environmentally friendly.

Every year, the average trade association spends $74,000 on hardware and software. After
the initial purchase, 80 percent of total IT costs emerge. Gartner, Inc. is a research and
consulting firm. The annual expense of an unmanaged PC is $5,000.
Remaining

b) Size of Memory:
c) Speed of Hardware:
d) Number of processing Element:
Task No#2

Remaining
Task No#3
Single precision:
biased exponent 127+6=133
133 = 10000101
Normalized mantisa = 010101001
we will add 0's to complete the 23 bits
The IEEE 754 Single precision is:
= 0 10000101 01010100100000000000000
This can be written in hexadecimal form 42AA4000
2. Double precision:
biased exponent 1023+6=1029
1029 = 10000000101
Normalized mantisa = 010101001
we will add 0's to complete the 52 bits

The IEEE 754 Double precision is:


= 0 10000000101 0101010010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
This can be written in hexadecimal form 4055480000000000

Task No#4

Yes,
concurrency, but not parallels are possible. concurrency, concurrency, means that in an
overlapped time period two different activities or threads start working together, but that doesn't
mean that they can work simultaneously. In a concurrency, at least two processing threads should
be executed.

Task N0#5
Network Protocol:
A network protocol is a set of rules, conventions, and data structures that govern how devices
communicate within networks. In other words, network protocols are languages that two devices
must learn in order to communicate information seamlessly, regardless of infrastructure or
design differences.
Why Network protocol necessary?
Network protocols are required because they include mechanisms for devices to recognize and
communicate to one another, as well as formatting rules that define how data is packed into
messages that are sent and received.

Task No#6
❖ We would support at least 60 interfaces on Subnet1 and 26 >= 60 on Subnet2, so the prefix
for Subnet1 is 32-6 = 26 for Subnet1 = 223.1.17.x/26.

❖ We would support at least 90 interfaces on Subnet2 and 27 >= 90, so the prefix for Subnet2
is 32-7 = 25, and hence Subnet2 = 223.1.17.y/25.

❖ We would support at least 12 interfaces on Subnet3 and 24 >= 12, so the prefix for Subnet3
is 32-4 = 28, and hence Subnet3 = 223.1.17.z/28.
TASK No#7
a) Display a welcome message on the computer screen

#include <stdio.h>

int main()

{ printf("wellcom to my program");

return 0;

Part b) display average

#include<conio.h>

void main() {

int arr[10];

int i;

int sum=0,avg=0;

printf("\n Enter 10 numbers : \n\n");

for(i = 0; i<10;i++) {

printf("Enter no. %d : \n",i+1);

scanf("%d",&arr[i]);

}
for(i = 0; i<10;i++) {

sum = sum + arr[i];

avg = sum/10;

printf("Average : %d",avg);

//getch();

}
Part c) Grading marks result Card

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void){

int num;

printf("Enter your mark ");

scanf("%d",&num);

printf(" You entered %d", num); // printing outputs

if(num >= 70){

printf(" Congratulations, You got a first class degree"); // printing outputs

else if ( num >=50){ // Note the space between else & if

printf(" Congratulations, You got a second class degree");

else if ( num >=40){

printf(" Congratulations, You got a third class degree");

else if ( num < 40){

printf(" “Sorry… you haven’t got a degree");

return 0;

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