1. What is scan conversion?

Soln: A major task of the display processor is digitizing a picture

definition given in an application program into a set of pixel-intensity
values for storage in the frame buffer. This digitization process is called
scan conversion.

2. Write the properties of video display devices?

Soln: Properties of video display devices are persistence,resolution, and
aspect ratio.

3. What is rasterization?
Soln: The process of determining the appropriate pixels for representing
picture or graphics object is known as rasterization

4. Define Computer graphics.

Soln: Computer graphics remains one of the most existing and rapidly
growing computer fields. Computer graphics maybe defined as a
pictorial representation or graphical representation of objects in a
computer.

5. Name any four input devices

Soln: Four input devices are keyboard, mouse, image scanners, and
trackball.

6. Write the two techniques for producing color displays with a CRT?
Soln: Beam penetration method, shadow mask method.

7. What is vertical retrace of the electron beam?

Soln: In raster scan display, at the end of one frame, the electron beam
returns to the left top corner of the screen to start the next frame.

8. Short notes on video controller?

Soln: Video controller is used to control the operation of the display
device. A fixed area of the system is reserved for the frame buffer, and
the video controller is given direct access to the frame buffer memory
9. What is bitmap?
Soln: Some system has only one bit per pixel; the frame buffer is often
referred to as bitmap.

10. Differentiate plasma panel display and thin film electroluminescent

display?
Soln: In plasma panel display, the region between two glass plates is
filled with neon gas. In thin film electroluminescent display, the region
between two glasses plates are filled with phosphor, such as zinc
supplied doped with manganese.

11. What is resolution?

Soln: The maximum number of points that can be displayed without
overlap on a CRT is referred to as the resolution.

12. What is horizontal retrace of the electron beam?

Soln: In raster scan display, the electron beam return to the left of the
screen after refreshing each scan line, is called horizontal retrace of the
electron beam.

13. What is filament?

Soln: In the CRT, heat is applied to the cathode by directing a current
through a coil of wire, is called filament

14. What is pixmap?

Soln: Some system has multiple bits per pixel, the frame buffer is often
referred to as pixmap.

15. Write the types of clipping?

Soln: Point clipping, line clipping, area clipping, text clipping and curve
clipping.

16. What is meant by scan code?

Soln: When a key is pressed on the keyboard, the keyboard controller
places a code carry to the key pressed into a part of the memory called
as the keyboard buffer. This code is called as the scan code.
17. List out the merits and demerits of Penetration techniques?
Soln: The merits and demerits of the Penetration techniques areas
follows. It is an inexpensive technique. It has only four colors. The
quality of the picture is not good when it is compared to other
techniques. It can display color scans in monitors. Poor limitation etc.

18. List out the merits and demerits of DVST?

Soln: The merits and demerits of direct view storage tubes[DVST] are
as follows. It has a flat screen. Refreshing of screen is not required.
Selective or part erasing of screen is not possible. It has poor contrast
Performance is inferior to the refresh CRT.

19. What do you mean by emissive and non-emissive displays?

Soln: The emissive display converts electrical energy into light energy.
The plasma panels, thin film electro-luminescent displays are the
examples. The Non-emissive are optical effects to convert the sunlight
or light from any other source to graphic form. Liquid crystal display is an
example

20. List out the merits and demerits of Plasma panel display?
Soln: Merits. Refreshing is not required. Produce a very steady image
free of Flicker. Less bulky than a CRT.Demerits. Poor resolution of up to
60 d.p.i. It requires complex addressing and wiring. It is costlier than
CRT.

21. What is persistence?

Soln: The time it takes the emitted light from the screen to decay one
tenth of its original intensity is called as persistence.

22. What is Aspect ratio?

Soln: The ratio of vertical points to the horizontal points necessary to
produce length of lines in both directions of the screen is called the
Aspect ratio. Usually the aspect ratio is ¾.

23. What is the difference between impact and non-impact printers?

Soln: Impact printer press formed character faces against an inked
ribbon on to the paper. A line printer and dot-matrix printer are
 examples. on-impact printer and plotters use Laser techniques, inkjet
sprays, Xerographic process, electrostatic methods and electro thermal
methods to get images onto the papers. Examples are: Inkjet/Laser
printers.

24. Define pixel?

Soln: Pixel is shortened forms of picture element. Each screen point is
referred to as pixel or pel.

25. What is frame buffer?

Soln: Picture definition is stored in a memory area called frame buffer or
refresh buffer.

26. Where the video controller is used?

Soln: A special purpose processor, which is used to control the
operation of the display device, is known as video controller or display
controller.

27. What is point in the computer graphics system?

Soln: The point is a most basic graphical element & is completely
defined by a pair of user coordinates (x, y).

28. Write short notes on lines?

Soln: A line is of infinite extent can be defined by an angle of slope q
and one point on the line P=P(x,y). This can also be defined as y=mx+C
where C is the Y intercept.

29. Define Circle?

Soln: Circle is defined by its center xc, yc and its radius in user
coordinate units. The equation of the circle is (x-xc) + (yyc)= r2.

30. What are the various attributes of a line?

Soln: The line type, width and color are the attributes of the line. The
line type include solid line, dashed lines, and dotted lines.

31. What is Transformation?

Soln: Transformation is the process of introducing changes in the shape
 size and orientation of the object using scaling rotation reflection
shearing & translation etc.

32. What is translation?

Soln: Translation is the process of changing the position of an object in
a straight-line path from one coordinate locationto another. Every point
(x , y) in the object must under go a displacement to (x|,y|). the
transformation is:x| = x + tx ; y| = y+ty

33. What is rotation?

Soln: A 2-D rotation is done by repositioning the coordinates along a
circular path, in the x-y plane by making an angle with the axes. The
transformation is given by:X| = r cos (q + f) and Y| = r sin (q + f).

34. What is scaling?

Soln: A 2-D rotation is done by repositioning the coordinates along a
circular path, in the x-y plane by making an angle with the axes. The
transformation is given by:X| = r cos (q + f) and Y| = r sin (q + f).

35. What is shearing?

Soln: The shearing transformation actually slants the object along the X
direction or the Y direction as required. ie; this transformation slants the
shape of an object along a required plane.

36. What is reflection?

Soln: The reflection is actually the transformation that produces mirror
image of an object. For this use some angles and lines of reflection.

37. What are the two classifications of shear transformation?

Soln: X shear, y shear

38. A point (4,3) is rotated counterclockwise by an angle of45°. Find the

rotation matrix and the resultant point

39. Distinguish between window port & view port?

Soln: A portion of a picture that is to be displayed by a window is known
 as window port. The display area of the part selected or the form in
which the selected part is viewed is known as view port.

40. Define clipping?

Soln: Clipping is the method of cutting a graphics display to neatly fit a
predefined graphics region or the view port

41. What is the need of homogeneous coordinates?

Soln: To perform more than one transformation at a time, use
homogeneous coordinates or matrixes. They reduce unwanted
calculations intermediate steps saves time and memory and produce a
sequence of transformations

42. Distinguish between uniform scaling and differential scaling?

Soln: When the scaling factors sx and sy are assigned to the same
value, a uniform scaling is produced that maintains relative object
proportions. Unequal values for sx and sy result in a differential scaling
that is often used in design application

43. What is fixed point scaling?

Soln: The location of a scaled object can be controlled by a position
called the fixed point that is to remain unchanged after the scaling
transformation.

44. What is Bezier Basis Function?

Soln: Bezier Basis functions are a set of polynomials, which can be
used instead of the primitive polynomial basis, and have some useful
properties for interactive curve design

45. What are the important properties of Bezier Curve?

Soln: It needs only four control points. It always passes through the first
and last control points. The curve lies entirely within the convex half
formed byfour control points.

46. Define Projection?

Soln: The process of displaying 3D into a 2D display unit is known as
 projection. The projection transforms 3D objects into a 2D projection
plane

47. What are the steps involved in 3D transformation?

Soln: Modeling Transformation. Viewing Transformation. Projection
Transformation Workstation Transformation

48. What do you mean by view plane?

Soln: A view plane is nothing but the film plane in camera which is
positioned and oriented for a particular shot of the scene.

49. Define projection?

Soln: The process of converting the description of objects from world
coordinates to viewing coordinates is known as projection

50. What you mean by parallel projection?

Soln: Parallel projection is one in which z coordinates is discarded and
parallel lines from each vertex on the object are extended until they
intersect the view plane

51. What do you mean by Perspective projection?

Soln: Perspective projection is one in which the lines of projection are
not parallel. Instead, they all converge at a single point.

52. What is Projection reference point?

Soln: In Perspective projection, the lines of projection are not parallel.
Instead, they all converge at a single point.

53. Define computer graphics animation?

Soln: Computer graphics animation is the use of computer graphics
equipment where the graphics output presentation dynamically changes
in real time. This is often also called real time animation.

54. What is tweening?

Soln: It is the process, which is applicable to animation objects defined
by a sequence of points, and that change shape from frame to frame.
55. Define frame?
Soln: One of the shape photographs that a film or video is made of is
known as frame.

56. What is key frame?

Soln: One of the shape photographs that a film or video is made of the
shape of an object is known initially and for a small no of other frames
called key frame.

57. Define Random scan/Raster scan displays?

Soln: Random scan is a method in which the display is made by the
electronic beam which is directed only to the points or part of the screen
where the picture is to be drawn. The Raster scan system is a scanning
technique in which the electrons sweep from top to bottom and from left
to right. The intensity is turned on or off to light and unlight the pixel.