BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual

Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

1. OBJECTIVE:
To study the heat transfer phenomena in vertical condenser and horizontal condenser.
2. AIM:
2.1 To calculate overall heat transfer coefficient for vertical condenser.
2.2 To calculate film coefficient for vertical condenser.
2.3 To calculate overall heat transfer coefficient for horizontal condenser.
2.4 To calculate film coefficient for horizontal condenser.
3. INTRODUCTION:
When saturated vapor is brought in contact with a cooled surface, heat is transferred from the
vapor to the surface and a film of condensate is produced. During the process of condensation,
one can obtain either film wise or drop wise condensation. If the surface is wettable, film wise
condensation occurs; otherwise drop wise condensation occurs. However one cannot completely
eliminate mixed condensation.
4. THEORY:

4.1 FOR VERTICAL CONDENSER:

The heat transfer coefficients obtained during film wise are 1/5th to 1/6th of drop wise
condensation. In the case of vapor condensation on a vertical tube, the condensate film
flows downward under the influence of gravity, but is retarded by the viscosity of the
condensate film. The flow will normally be streamline and heat flows through the film
by conduction.

4.2 FOR HORIZONTAL CONDENSER:

The heat transfer coefficients obtained during film wise are 1/5th to 1/6th of drop wise
condensation. The value of the condensing coefficient for a given quantity of vapor on a
given surface is significantly affected by the position of the condenser. In a vertical tube
about 60% of the vapor condenses in the upper half of the tube, Provided that the
condensate film is flowing under laminar flow condition. But in case of Horizontal
condenser vapours condense throughout the surface completely. The physical properties
are evaluated at film temperature, Tf, for both type of condenser, where

Tf 
1
Th  Tw 
2

5. DESCRIPTION:
The set-up consists of two shell and tube heat exchanger mounted horizontally and vertically
named as horizontal condenser and vertical condenser. Shell is made of S.S. and tubes are made
of copper. The experiment is conducted on one type of condenser at a time. Water passes
through the tubes and steam condenses over the tubes. Steam generator is provided with heater

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

to generate the steam. The heater is controlled by digital temperature control. A valve is
provided to allow the steam either in horizontal condenser or in vertical condenser. Steam is
supplied to the condenser from the steam generator. Steam trap is provided to collect the
condensate from condenser. A valve is used to regulate the flow of steam. Rotameter is provided
to control the flow rate of water. Temperature sensors and digital temperature indicator are
provided to measure the inlet and outlet temperatures of water and steam.
6. UTILITIES REQUIRED:
6.1 Electricity supply: Single phase, 220 V AC, 50 Hz, 32 Amp MCB with earth
connection.
6.2 Water supply: Continuous @ 5 LPM at 1 Bar.
6.3 Floor drain required.
6.4 Floor area required: 1.5 m x 1 m
7. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
7.1 STARTING PROCEDURE (FOR VERTICAL CONDENSER):
7.1.1 Close all the valves V1-V14.
7.1.2 Open funnel valve V9 & air vent valve V10 of steam generator and fill 3/4th of it
with water.
7.1.3 Close both the valves V9 –V10.
7.1.4 Fill water tank with cold water.
7.1.5 Ensure that switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
7.1.6 Connect electric supply to the set up.
7.1.7 Set the desired steam temperature (110 to 120 oC) in the DTC by operating the
increment or decrement and set button of DTC.
7.1.8 Switch ON the heater and wait till desired temperature achieves.
7.1.9 Switch ON the pump.
7.1.10 Open water supply valve V6 and adjust the flow rate of water by control valve
V4.
7.1.11 Open steam supply valve V1 of steam generator.
7.1.12 Open valve V3 for supply of steam to condenser.
7.1.13 Open vent valve V8 before steam trap of condenser to release air and then close
it.
7.1.14 Record temperatures, flow rate of cooling water and steam pressure.
7.1.15 At steady state (constant temperatures) start the stop watch and collect the steam
condensed in measuring cylinder.
7.1.16 Note down the time and volume of steam condensed.
7.1.17 Repeat the experiment for different flow rates of cold water.

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

7.2 CLOSING PROCEDURE (FOR VERTICAL CONDENSER):

7.2.1 When experiment is over switch OFF the heater.
7.2.2 Partially open vent valve V10 of steam generator to release pressure.
7.2.3 Switch OFF the pump.
7.2.4 Switch OFF the main power supply.
7.2.5 Drain cold water tank by open the valve V14.
7.2.6 Drain water from the condenser by open the valve V12.
7.2.7 Drain water from steam generator by the drain valve V13.
7.3 STARTING PROCEDURE (FOR HORIZONTAL CONDENSER):
7.3.1 Close all the valves V1-V14.
7.3.2 Open funnel valve V9 & air vent valve V10 of steam generator and fill 3/4th of it
with water.
7.3.3 Close both the valves V9-V10.
7.3.4 Fill water tank with cold water.
7.3.5 Ensure that switches given on the panel are at OFF position.
7.3.6 Connect electric supply to the set up.
7.3.7 Set the desired steam temperature (110 to 120 oC) in the DTC by operating the
increment or decrement and set button of DTC.
7.3.8 Switch ON the heater and wait till desired temperature achieves.
7.3.9 Switch ON the pump.
7.3.10 Open water supply valve V5 and adjust the flow rate of water by control valve
V4.
7.3.11 Open steam supply valve V1 of steam generator.
7.3.12 Open valve V2 for supply of steam to condenser.
7.3.13 Open vent valve V7 before steam trap of the condenser to release air and then
close it.
7.3.14 Record temperatures, flow rate of cooling water and steam pressure.
7.3.15 At steady state (constant temperatures) start the stop watch and collect the steam
condensed in measuring cylinder.
7.3.16 Note down the time and volume of steam condensed.
7.3.17 Repeat the experiment for different flow rates of cold water.
7.4 CLOSING PROCEDURE (FOR HORIZONTAL CONDENSER):
7.4.1 When experiment is over switch OFF the heater.
7.4.2 Partially open the vent valve V10 of steam generator to release pressure.
7.4.3 Switch OFF the pump.
7.4.4 Switch OFF the main power supply.
7.4.5 Drain cold water tank by open the valve V14.

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

7.4.6 Drain water from the condenser by open the valve V11.
7.4.7 Drain water from steam generator by open the valve V13.
8. OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:
Specifications:
Inner diameter of tube Di = 0.0095 m Number of tubes N = 12

Outer diameter of tube Do = 0.0127 m Length of tube L = 0.5 m

OBSERVATION TABLE (FOR VERTICAL CONDENSER):

Sr.No. W (LPH) T1 (oC) T3 (oC) T4 (oC) T6 (oC) V (ml) t (sec)

OBSERVATION TABLE (FOR HORIZONTALCONDENSER):

Sr.No. W (LPH) T1 (oC) T3 (oC) T4 (oC) T6 (oC) V (ml) t (sec)

CALCULATIONS (FOR VERTICAL CONDENSER):

T1  T3 o
Th  ( C)
2

T4  T6 o
TW  ( C)
2

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

TW  Th o
Tf  ( C)
2

Find the property of steam (λ, ρs) at temperature Th from data book.

λ = _____ (J/ kg)

ρs = _____ (kg/m3)

Find the properties of water (Cpw, ρw) at temperature TW from data book.

Cpw = _____ (J/kg oC)

ρw = ______ (kg/m3)

Find the properties of condensate (Cpf, ρf) at temperature Tf from data book.

ρf = _____ (kg/m3)

Cpf = _____ (J/kg oC)

W  W
MW  (kg/sec)
3600  1000

QW  M W  C Pw  (T6  T4 ) (W)

V f
MS  (kg/sec)
10 6  t

QS  ( M S   )  {M S  C pf  (T1  T3 )} (W)

QS  QW
Q (W)
2

T1  T1  T6 (oC)

T2  T3  T4 (oC)

T1  T2 o
Tm  ( C)
ln T1 T2 

Ai  N Di L (m2)

Ao  N Do L (m2)

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

Q
hi  (W/m2 oC)
Ai  Tm

Q
ho  (W/m2 oC)
Ao  Tm

1 1 D 1
  i  
U hi  DO ho 

hi  ho  Do
U (W/m2 oC)
hi  Do  ho  Do

CALCULATION TABLE (VERTICAL CONDENSER):

QW QS(W) Q(W) ΔTm(°C) hi(W/m2-°C) ho(W/m2-°C) U(W/m2-°C)

S.No.
(W)

CALCULATIONS (FOR HORIZONTAL CONDENSER):

T1  T2 o
Th  ( C)
2

T4  T5 o
TW  ( C)
2

TW  Th o
Tf  ( C)
2

Find the property of steam (λ, ρs) at temperature Th from data book.

λ = _____ (J/ kg)

ρs = _____ (kg/m3)

Find the properties of water (Cpw, ρw) at temperature TW from data book.

Cpw = _____ (J/kg oC)

ρw = ______ (kg/m3)

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

Find the properties of condensate (Cpf, ρf) at temperature Tf from data book.

ρf = _____ (kg/m3)

Cpf = _____ (J/kg oC)

W  W
MW  (kg/sec)
3600  1000

QW  M W  C Pw  (T5  T4 ) (W)

V f
MS  (kg/sec)
10 6  t

QS  ( M S   )  {M S  C pf  (T1  T2 )} (W)

QS  QW
Q (W)
2

T1  T1  T5 (oC)

T2  T2  T4 (oC)

T1  T2 o
Tm  ( C)
ln T1 T2 

Ai  N Di L (m2)

Ao  N Do L (m2)

Q
hi  (W/m2 oC)
Ai  Tm

Q
ho  (W/m2 oC)
Ao  Tm

1 1 D 1
  i  
U hi  DO ho 

hi  ho  Do
U (W/m2 oC)
hi  Do  ho  Do

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

CALCULATION TABLE (HORIZONTAL CONDENSER):

QW QS(W) Q(W) ΔTm(°C) hi(W/m2-°C) ho(W/m2-°C) U(W/m2-°C)

S.No.
(W)

9. NOMENCLATURE:

Nom Column Heading Units Type

Ai Inner Area of heat transfer m2 Calculated

Ao Outer Area of heat transfer m2 Calculated

Cpf Specific heat of condensate at mean temperature J/kg oC Calculated

Cpw Specific heat of water at mean temperature of water kJ/kg oC Calculated

Di Inner diameter of tube m Given

Do Outer diameter of tube m Given

g Acceleration due to gravity m/sec2 Given

hi Film coefficient for inner surface W/m2 oC. Calculated

ho Film coefficient for outer surface W/m2 oC. Calculated

L Length of tube m Given

MS Mass flow rate of condensing steam kg/sec Calculated

MW Mass flow rate of water kg/sec Calculated

*
N Number of tube Given

Q Average heat transfer W Calculated

QW Heat gain by water W Calculated

QS Heat loss from steam W Calculated

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

o
T1 Steam inlet temperature for horizontal and vertical C Measured
condenser

o
T2 Steam outlet temperature for horizontal condenser C Measured

o
T3 Steam outlet temperature for vertical condenser C Measured

o
T4 Cold water inlet temperature for vertical or horizontal C Measured
condenser

o
T5 Cold water outlet temperature for horizontal condenser C Measured

o
T6 Cold water outlet temperature for vertical condenser C Measured

o
Tf Film temperature C Calculated

o
Th Mean temperature of steam C Calculated

o
Tw Mean temperature of water C Calculated

t Time sec Measured

U Overall heat transfer coefficient W/m2 oC. Calculated

V Volume of condensing steam ml Measured

W Flow rate of water LPH Measured

 Latent heat of condensate at film temperature J/kg Calculated

f Density of condensate at mean temperature of condensate kg/m3 Calculated

s Density of condensate at mean temperature of steam kg/m3 Calculated

w Density of water at mean temperature of water kg/m3 Calculated

T1 Inlet temperature difference o

C Calculated

T2 Outlet temperature difference o

C Calculated

Tm Log mean temperature difference o

C Calculated

* Symbols are unit less quantity.

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

10. PRECAUTION & MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS:

1. Never run the apparatus if power supply is less than 200 volts and more than 230 volts.

2. Never switch ON mains power supply before ensuring that all the ON/OFF switches
given on the panel are at OFF position.

3. Operator selector switch OFF temperature indicator gently.

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

Experiment No: Batch No:

ID No: Name:

Date: Marks Obtained: Sign of Instructor:

Objective:

Apparatus used:

Precautions:

Observation table (for vertical condenser):

Sr.No. W (LPH) T1 (oC) T3 (oC) T4 (oC) T6 (oC) V (ml) t (sec)

Observation table (for horizontal condenser):

Sr.No. W (LPH) T1 (oC) T3 (oC) T4 (oC) T6 (oC) V (ml) t (sec)

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

Sample Calculations step by step (for vertical condenser):

Result:

CALCULATION TABLE (VERTICAL CONDENSER):

QW QS(W) Q(W) ΔTm(°C) hi(W/m2-°C) ho(W/m2-°C) U(W/m2-°C)

S.No.
(W)

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

Sample Calculations step by step (for horizontal condenser):

Result:

CALCULATION TABLE (HORIZONTAL CONDENSER):

QW QS(W) Q(W) ΔTm(°C) hi(W/m2-°C) ho(W/m2-°C) U(W/m2-°C)

S.No.
(W)

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BITS-PILANI Hyderabad Campus Heat Transfer Lab manual
Vertical & Horizontal Condenser

Conclusions: (Your own results)

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